ay Designation: D 4609 — 01 oe Standard Guide for Evaluating Effectiveness of Admixtures for Soil Stabilization’ This standard i sued under the fed deny ipa adoption nthe case of revision serencrpt epsilon (e) indices an edhona, 1, Seupe* 1H This guide describes laboratory techniques for evaluat- sabe efesivenessof admixtures for improving the engineer tapes of ine grtined sol, tepectiveness is assessed by comparing the unconfined | popessive strength (UCS), moisture susceptibility, and | oe density relationships (MD) of treated and untreated #905 The values stated in SI units are 40 be regarded as the saolard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for iomaton only | This standard does not purport to address all of the des concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the reponsibilty of the user of this standard to establish appro- rte safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use 15 This guide offers an organized collection of information wa series of options and does not recommend a specific cause of ation. This document cannot replace education or aerience and should be used in conjunction with professional Jnlent. Not all aspects ofthis guide may be applicable in all Scamstaces. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre- sm or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of 4 nen professional service must be judged, nor should this ‘ecament be applied without consideration of a project's many amie aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this ‘eciment means only that the document has been approved ‘imagh the ASTM consensus process. 2 Referenced Documents 21 ASTM Standards 2421 Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for led Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con- a 9422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils* se Dt sand ie jaton of ASTM Commitee D18 on Si and Rock ‘est rsponsbiity of Subcommittee DIRS on Stabilization with mare Gora sia gn approved Nox 1, 2001 Published February 2002. Originally 609 6, Last previous eiton D 4609-94. of ASTM Standards, ol 08.08 tne, "Serer 10 a Hater Ov, PO Box C70, We ‘nation D 4600; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of the Year of last revision, A mune in paretheses indicates the year of lst approval. A hangs since the last revision or reapproval D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids? D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character- istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,4000 ft-Ibt/ft'(600, kN-m/m’) 1D 2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil? 1D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass? D217 Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con- stants? 1D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies, Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction” 1D 3877 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion, ‘Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime Mixtures 1D 4318 Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils? 2.2 AASHTO Documents: SPEL Special Products Evaluation List® T99 Moisture-Density Relations of Soils, Using a 5.5-Ib (2.5-kg) Rammer and a 12-in. (305-mm) Drop’ 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions—For common definitions of soil and rock terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D 653.yp potential for improvin deformation under load, shear st 5.2. The results of these tests can to continue experimentation to assess lo practical value, and establish appropria for field trials. decision and. be used to make & ity, durability, rates of appli ation None The guy of he esa pon ce tue and fen aid. Ages tha Stel nctce B14 te vray oma aah of dure canon a soplce wih Pace D740 doe i a lars mes of eausng neo oe HOS ompete 6. Apparatus 6.1 Harvard Miniature Compaction Apparatus, oF apparatus for preparing remolded specimens for UCS as described in the ificance and Use section of Test Method D 2166. For structions on calibration, see Annex Al 7. Sampling and Test Specimens 7.1 Obtain a 150-K; four of five soil and soil: 0-Ib) supply oF have easy access to regate materials as reference tions. These samples should fained soils of different clay represent two or more fine distributed and would be likely mineralogy that are widely candidates for stabilization. One or two of the samples could represent the minus No. 10 fraction of plentiful marginal view literature and test results provided by the material manufacturer or supplier 7.3 Consult publications such as Special Products Evalua- n List (SPEL) of other produ evaluation or qualified y state highway agencies 7.4 If background search demonstrates that the subject products lists maintai material has promise, proceed with testing program. 8. Procedure 8.1 Obtain 20-kg (45-Ib) portions of two or more soil samples selected in 7.1 for an evaluation program. This quantity of soil will provide sufficient material for tests on the treated and untreated soil mixtures at three rates of application: the amount recommended by the supplier, and amounts more and less than recommended. Nom: 2—All the tests recommended in 8.2 do not need to be conducted at all our rates of application (raw soil or zero rate, recommended rate a ‘ate more than recommended, arate less than recommended.) Nore 3—The 20-kg recommended sample size is from the following Two compaction tests (arrests and optimum ate) eee . Expansion (untreated and optimum rates) 2g ‘Unconfined Compressive Strength (untreated and three -{ ‘ates of treatment) ne ee tty “Minos, Louisa nd New Jency ae the aes tht pub ach p 4609 > Test each untreated soil by the Several tes ay 2 Test ere rough 8.2.6. Perform the same ty listed im Sen For cach rate of ate five gy ed mivfure are required. Prepare a atch by con, fl ie ical Mixer carefully weighed portions of soi 88 aumechanial Mle thoroughly (normaly fr abt ts and wy dere of homoBENCY: Pepe each el Prod ately as TollOws. a Oa Erte ‘Content—Test Method D216, a Size Analysis of Soils—Test Methog $23 Liquid Limit Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Inder sthod D 4318 — Dae Density Relations—Test Methods De ‘Note S14) or T99 (Method A) (see Note 4), (Mee lume Change—Test Methods D 3877 (eee $36 Unconfined Compressive Strength (See Noe 6. Method D 2166 None 4The saniple may be reused and water aed fo ponte monte density curve if he oi mate et ap i ce in parle ize dae 10 Tepeaed compactor gat td clay into which iti ic ofncorpoate wate seeks this test method i foe some lms stabilizing admixtures may be used ‘Non 6--Specimen preparation and determination of moist tion ate described in Annex A2. The moisture absorption seinen so used for determining unconfined compressive strength wi ‘etermined in accordance with the methods indicated in 8214426 8.3 On approximately 3 kg (7 1b), determine opiman moisture and maximum density in accordance with Tex Method D 698, 84 On approximately 1 kg (2.2 1b), a8 described ine calibration procedure given in Annex Al, determine with de Harvard apparatus the number of tamps and the spring pesue required to duplicate the standard density obtained by Te Method D 698, | 8.5 Prepare a S00-g (1-Ib) batch at optimum mois content. As soon as the mixing is ¢ into three approximately equal plastic limit tests on one ‘another after overnight storage other after 7 days of ‘curing at 8.6 On approximately accordance with Test ee treated 758fl 4609 11 Pate Size Anasis—For stabilizers whose mgcha- 914 ough cementing Sine particles together, a shift inthe so re iibuton curve demonstrating coarsening or ute an ofthe soil may be interpreted as an improvement in gonttang proetics.Particle-size analysis should be per #on ie weated material after an appropriate curing io nd has elapsed. _7-Hf mechanical puverization using Practice D 421 istoo severe wn 2217 may be used. cn ample. Posie “1 Liquid and Plastic Limits and Plasticity Index— seat reduction of tiguid limit and plasticity index is Samii of provement. Rendering a sol having a platic- ie, of ser plasty oF nonplastic by treatment is a at mprovement 4113 Moistre-Density Relations—Improving soil com- ily, thats reducing the optimum moisture content or eang te maximum dry density, is often of engineering (ieane, Lowering the optimum moisture content would be ‘Eidered beneficial because frequently water must be pur- Spsod orin ny event transported, and distributed on the soi, teuritg the use of motor fuel and time 91.31 An increase in maximum dry density would indicate tht annrease in strength was afforded by treatment or that a tuzet density could be achieved with less compactive effort Te single-operator precision for Test Methods D 698 is 1.9% ‘ormacimum density and 9.5 % for optimum moisture conten; cusequeniy, a change in optimum moisture content of greater tn tout 15 % from the optimum for the untreated soil and a shunge in maximum density of about 80 kg/m? (5 pef) from the ‘a result of chemical treatment er than the expected untreated may be imerpreted because the observed changes are grea ‘experimental error 9.14 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and Mois ture Absorption—Unconfined compressive strength criteria have been established for soil-stabilizer mixtures using asphalt, ‘cement, chemicals, fly ash, fly ash-lime, lime, or others by various road building agencies.® However, these criteria are used primarily to ensure durable soil-stabilizer mixtures. For the purposes of this guide, it is suggested that an increase in UCS of 345. kPa (50 psi) or more due to treatment be ‘considered effective. Also, if specimens do not slake during, immersion, the treatment may be effective; and if no significant strength is lost due to immersion, the treatment may be effective for waterproofing soils. 9.15 Volume Change—Distress to pavements and struc- tures is prevalent in areas where subgrade soils undergo significant volume changes with changes in moisture regime; that is, shrink with decreases in moisture and swell with increases in moisture. If treatment being evaluated achieves the desited control of volume changes, the material may be judged effective. 10. Keywords 10.1 admixture sereening; Harvard apparatus; liquid limit; ‘moisture content; moisture-density; particle size; plastic limit; plasticity index; soil stabilization; unconfined compressive strength; volume change These critera ae summatized in FHWA-ID-$02, “Soil Stabilization in Paysment Siutires-A Users Man” avilable from the Superintendent of Documents, U'S. Government Printing Ofc, Washington, DC 20402, ANNEXES, (Mandatory Information) fl! In onder to prepare moisture absorption and uncon ed compressive strength test specimens having the reqh ‘undard AASHTO T99 density, itis first necessary to calibrate ‘S.Havard apparatus to determine the correct number of {BB Pe layer and to regulate the tamper springs so that ae Pressures of 10 kg (20 Ib), 15 kg (30 Ib), 20 kg (40 Ib) ree lized. Normally, ten or more tamps pet layer are Prent The calibration is illustrated in Fig. A141, which Nn’ Moisture-density curves for an experimental soil. The conan’ for the Harvard method involve two different Frigg of tamper spring loadings and numbers of tamps A 12. For the calibration, prepare a soil-water mixture from Ste mies 1000 g of soil and the amount of wate required ingge ““SHTO 799 optimum moisture content. Place this ina suitable container to prevent moisture loss, andwosTURE CONTENT facet) FIG. A1.1 Comparison of Compaction Methods A2, SPECIMEN PREPARATION AND TEST PROCEDURE FOR MOISTURE ABSORPTION AND UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH quires about 1000 g of soil-water or soil-additive-water mix- The fifth tamp should be in the center, making one comple amount of water used should be fom 0.5 to 3.0 4 in excess of of tamps has been applied. Apply the tamps atthe approxinat placed. The top layer should extend at least 6 mm (1/4 in), fet snp ts $228 Tad em ay oe and release the clamps. Press down Mi the same time pull up on the handle, Bs lows:* A22.1 With the mold and collar clamped to the base, place the amount of loose soil required for one layer in the mold. For 4 five-layer specimen, two slightly heaping teaspoonfuls will be required for each layer. Level the surface ofthe loose soil by pressing lightly with a wood plunger. A2.2.2 Insert the tamper in the mold until itis in contact with the surface of the soil, and press down firmly until the spring starts to compress. Release the force and shift the “With he exception ofthe Height of the op ayer hat extends nto the mold coll, A228 th st tx tepsof this roe ar taken fom a suggested maha ‘Ot test in Special Procedure for Testing Sol and Rock for Engineng Purp, ASTM STP 479, ASTM, 1970, pp. 101-103,(fl b 4609 nots whch wed mir i be cue nthe elo fine cnt, = et eg hh ay sets sow hw a p28 Between the compaction of the third and fourth Mens ike a 100-8 (0.2tb) sample from the remaining scare ana determine the actual moisture content by Pet D 2216 “229 Atte completion of the curing period, remove the cane material from three of the specimens, weigh the reas, mmnerse in water for 2 days, remove from the with a towel ‘er surtace-dry by blot ind reweigh, Any ‘gain in weight due to immersion represents. the moisture absorption; calculate and record for each specimen as a Pereentage of the dry weight of the specimen. If appreciable disintegration or slaking of an immersed cylinder occurs, accurate determination of absorbed moisture is not possible ‘and the record should so indicate. A2.2.10 After weighing as indicated above, test the three specimens for unconfined compressive strength in accordance with Test Method D 2166. A22.11 After testing the three immersed specimens, re- ‘move the remaining three specimens from the curing chamber, ‘unwrap, weigh, and test for unconfined compressive strength in accordance with Test Method D 2166, SUMMARY OF CHANGES. ‘hissection identifies the principle changes to this guide that hue ben incorporated since the last issue, 1) Portion of title was changed from “Screening Chemica to “Evaluating Effectiveness of Chemicals”, 2) Keywords section was added. 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