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Manhole Analysis PDF
Manhole Analysis PDF
1.Design Method
1.1.Design Requirements
The report aims to present necessary calculations to provide reinforcement in manholes where
infiltration, traffic load, safety and risk issues cannot be addressed.
2.General
The most crucial condition of the manhole need to be kept under consideration and that is when
the empty and the soil surrounding the wall is wet considering infiltration is blocked.
2.1.Material Properties
The properties of materials used for concrete manholes are as follows:
f`c = specified compressive strength of concrete at 28 days
= 30 MPa for concrete in box culverts
fy = specified minimum yield strength of reinforcement
= 420 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcement LRFD (5.4.3.2)
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete in box LRFD [C5.4.2.4]
3
= for normal density concrete with γ c = 2320 kg/m Ec may be taken as
0.5
= 4800 f`c
= 26290.68 MPa
3.3.Load Factors
The following Strength I load factors γ st and Service I load factors, γs1
shall be used for manhole design:
Strength I Service I
Load Factor Load Factor
Dead Load - Components DC 1.25 0.90 1.0
Dead Load - Wearing Surface DW 1.50 0.65 1.0
Vertical Earth Pressure EV 1.35 0.90 1.0
Horizontal Earth Pressure EH 1.50 0.50 # 1.0
Live Load Surcharge LS 1.50 1.50 1.0
Live Load + IM LL + IM 1.75 1.75 1.0
2
The factored resistance, Mr, or moment capacity per LRFD [5.7.3.2.1], shall be taken as:
The location of the design moment will consider the haunch dimensions in accordance with
LRFD [12.11.4.2 ]. No portion of the haunch shall be considered in adding to the effective
depth of the section.
z
s 2
in which :
1
0.7
Fe shall not exceed 1.15 for installations with compacted fill along the sides of the box section:
Fe= 1.04 Unitless
Calculate the total unfactored earth load:
W e= Fe x ϒs x S x Hs W e= 8.76 kN/m2
Distribute the total unfactored earth load to be evenly distributed across the top of the culvert:
Live Loads(LL)
Live load consists of the standard AASHTO LRFD trucks and tandem. Per LRFD [3.6.1.3.3] ,
design loads are always axle loads (single wheel loads should not be considered) and the
lane load is not used.
Where the depth of fill over the box is less than 600mm, wheel loads are distributed per
LRFD[4.6.2.10]
Where the depth of fill is 600 mm or more, the wheel loads shall be uniformly distributed over a
rectangular area with sides equal to the dimension of the tire contact area LRFD [3.6.1.2.5]
increased by the live load distribution factor (LLDF) in LRFD[Table 3.6.1.2.6a-1 ] using provisions
of LRFD [3.6.1.2.6b-c] .
Equivalent Strip Widths for Depth of Fill Less Than 600mm
When the traffic travels primarily parallel to the span, follow LRFD [4.6.2.10.2]. Use a single lane
and single lane multiple presence factor 1.2
Distribution length perpendicular to the span
S= 1.2 m Clear span width
Eperp= 2440 + 0.12 x S E= 2.608 m
Distribution length parallel to the span
LT = 250 mm length of tire contact area, in LRFD[3.6.1.2.5]
LLDF= 1.15 Unitless 1.15 times the depth of the fill in select granular
backfill, or the depth of the fill in all other cases.
as specified in LRFD [3.6.1.2.6]
Eparallel= LT + LLDF x Hs Eparallel= 0.595 m
Aeq= 1.55176 m 2
Per LFRD [3.6.1.2.2] , the weights of the design truck wheel is below. (Note that one axle load is
equal to two wheel loads.)
W wheel= 72.50 kN center and rear wheel weights
The effect of single and multiple lanes shall be considered. In this case, a single lane with the
single lane factor governs. Applying the single lane multiple presence factor:
W wheel= mpf x Wwheel W wheel= 87.00 kN mpf= 1.20
z
Per LRFD [5.7.3.4] ,the spacing of reinforcement in the layer closest to the tension face shall satify:
s 2
in which
1
0.7
Calculate the ratio of flexural strain at the extreme tension face to the strain at the centroid of the
reinforcement layer nearest the tension face:
1 Bs= 1.37
0.7
Calculate the reinforcement ratio:
ρ= As/(b x ds) ρ= 0.006
Calculate modular ratio:
N= Es\Ec n= 7.61
Calculate fss, the tensile stress in the reinforcement at the Service I Limit State. The moment arm
used in the equation below to calculate fss is (j)(h-dc)
k=((ρN)2 + (2ρN))0.5 - ρN k= 0.27
j=1-k/3 j= 0.91
Mservice= 14.99 kN/m service moment
fss=Mservice/(As x j x (h-dc) <= 0.6fy
fss= 183.37 <= 252.00 OK
Calculate the maximum spacing requirements per LRFD[5.10.3.2]
Shear Check
Shear strength provided by concrete: ACI [11.2.1.2]
V= 85 kN/m design shear at support
Vd= 68 kN/m design shear at distance d
φVc = φ0.17 (f'c)0.5 bw d
Bottom Slab
Bottom slab is also assumed to be simply supported. It is clear that wall corner will take moment
However, we know that it can not be more than qxL²/8. This approach is found to be conservative.
Mstrength= 48.55 kNm/m design strength moment
Mservice= 33.51 kNm/m design service moment
BarD= 12 mm diameter of reinforcement used
Sbar= 150 mm spacing of reinforcement
Abar= 2
113 mm area of 1 rebar
Aused= 754 mm3 area of used reinforcement
Calculate the estimated distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the non-
prestressed tensile reinforcement. LRFD[5.7.3.2.2].
dc = 46 mm
ds_i= h-cover-BarD/2 ds_i= 204.00 mm
The factor B1 shall be taken as 0.85 for concrete strengths not exceeding 30 Mpa
B1= 0.85
Per [LRFD 5.7.2.1] , if c/ds <=0.6 x fs then reinforcement has yielded and the assumption is correct.
c c= 14.61 mm
.
Per LRFD [5.7.3.4] ,the spacing of reinforcement in the layer closest to the tension face shall satify:
s 2
in which
1
0.7
Calculate the ratio of flexural strain at the extreme tension face to the strain at the centroid of the
reinforcement layer nearest the tension face:
1 Bs= 1.32
0.7
Calculate the reinforcement ratio:
ρ= As/(b x ds) ρ= 0.004
Calculate modular ratio:
N= Es\Ec n= 7.61
Calculate fss, the tensile stress in the reinforcement at the Service I Limit State. The moment arm
used in the equation below to calculate fss is (j)(h-dc)
k=((ρN)2 + (2ρN))0.5 - ρN k= 0.21
j=1-k/3 j= 0.93
Mservice= 33.51 kN/m service moment
fss=Mservice/(As x j x (h-dc) <= 0.6fy
fss= 234.30 <= 252.00 OK
Calculate the maximum spacing requirements per LRFD[5.10.3.2]
Per LRFD [5.7.3.4] ,the spacing of reinforcement in the layer closest to the tension face shall satify:
s 2
in which
1
0.7
Calculate the ratio of flexural strain at the extreme tension face to the strain at the centroid of the
reinforcement layer nearest the tension face:
1 Bs= 1.26
0.7
Calculate the reinforcement ratio:
ρ= As/(b x ds) ρ= 0.004
Calculate modular ratio:
N= Es\Ec n= 7.61
Calculate fss, the tensile stress in the reinforcement at the Service I Limit State. The moment arm
used in the equation below to calculate fss is (j)(h-dc)
k=((ρN)2 + (2ρN))0.5 - ρN k= 0.23
j=1-k/3 j= 0.92
Mservice= 23.47 kN/m service moment
fss=Mservice/(As x j x (h-dc) <= 0.6fy
fss= 199.41 <= 252.00 OK
Calculate the maximum spacing requirements per LRFD[5.10.3.2]