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Thermal Expansion PDF
Thermal Expansion PDF
Systems
to
Compensate
for
Thermal
Expansion
and
Contraction
Things We Have Learned From
Being Sued
6” Model MC - 6 Corrugations
Anchor Load @ 150psi - 11,600#
This is why you should use guides
Riser F3 Floor 4‐25 Room 2‐4
Use Any Natural Flexibility In
The piping layout
2008 ASHRAE Handbook
Chapter 45
For a Basic Expansion Elbow
Hard Pipe Δ
Anchor
A
B
L= 3ΔDE
L
√(144in²/ft²)SA
C
Anchor
Where Δ = Thermal expansion of leg AB
D = Pipe Outside Diameter
E = Modulus of Elasticity
SA = Allowable Stress
L = 6.225 √ΔD
For a Basic Expansion “Z” Bend
Hard Pipe
Anchor A
X Anchor
Guide L
B
X
L L
Guide
Anchor to Anchor Expansion
So what kind
of expansion
joint to use?
For a Basic Expansion Loop
Hard Pipe
Anchor
Anchor
Guide H
X X
2H 2H Guide
Anchor to Anchor Expansion
Hard Loops Pro/Con
Pro Con
Same material as the rest of Constructed on site,
piping costly to fabricate,
Constructed on site
hang and insulate
Anchor with
X
Anchor with
X
582 pounds force
180 pounds force
2.85” Exp.
2.85” Exp.
165 Feet
165 Feet
Guides
Guides
19 Feet
3 Feet
X X
19 Feet Hose & Braid
3 Feet
50 Feet
50 Feet
.59” Exp.
.59” Exp.
Flexible Loop Pro/Con
Pro Con
Very compact Some pressure
limitations
Large movement
Standard or custom fit
Least expensive option
Seismic capable
Lowest anchor loads, almost
no structural considerations.
Minimal guiding requirements
No maintenance
There’s a lot of choices of
Bellows
• Axial movement
• Lateral movement
• Angular movement
Externally Pressurized Untied Double
Axial Bellows Gimbal Bellows
Axial Bellows Bellows
externally
pressurized
Atmosphere
Built in Liner
Squirm- Strut Instability - Limits the movement of
internally pressurized bellows
The balance between the number of convolutions
needed for the movement exceeds the stability of
the bellows
Internally Pressurized Bellows
Axial
And laterally
Dual-tied bellows joint
Anchors
Calculating forces on anchors
• Pressure Thrust
Pressure X effective area ( Use test pressure if greater )
•Deflection Load –
Published Spring Rate X movement of the joint
• Frictional Resistance
Total weight of pipe, media, insulation & equip. X
coefficient
Calculating forces on anchors
• Pressure Thrust
Pressure X effective area ( Use test pressure if
greater )
• Example:
4”= 35.96 sq. in effective area x 125 PSI = 4495 #.
To calculate the thrust load:
Effective Areas
Pressure Thrust for the Model MC
Ring Controlled Self-Equalizing
Expansion Joint The average car
weighs only
3000#
Deflection Load (spring rate)
• Example:
4” with 6” Axial = Spring rate of 143 lbs/in
X
4.3 (total amount of expansion)
= 614.9 lbs
Calculating forces on anchors
•Frictional Resistance
Total weight of pipe, media, insulation & equip. X
coeff.
•Example
4” sch. 40 pipe at 10.8 #/ft x 75 ft = 1890 #
X X X
Expansion Joint
Main
Main
Anchor
Anchor
Force
Expansion Joint
Main
Anchor
X
Expansion
Joint
Location
Makes a
Difference
Guiding
Column
strength
of pipe.
Remember our Example
•Exhaust gases
•Rule of Thumb
:When velocity > 10
FPS
Install 1st. Guide a max. of 4
pipe dia. From the expansion
joint.
Install 2nd. Guide a max. of 14
pipe dia. From the 1st. Guide.
Additional guides as per EJMA
recommendations
Bellows Pro/Con
Pro Con
Low/ no pressure drop High anchor loads
Very compact Engineered anchors
No maintenance Considerable guiding
requirements
Custom fit
Torque can be a
Easy to insulate problem
Externally pressurized-
large movement
Slip type
Joints
Slip Type Joint
Slip Joint construction detail
Ball Joints
150’
8”
12”
150’
250’ 75’
6”
75’
85’ 75’
To Calculate Expansion
1 Determine design temperature – for example 200° F.
1.77”
150’
8”
12”
1.77”
150’
250’ 75’
2.95” 0.88”
6”
0.88”
75’
85’ 75’
1.0” 0.88”
Lets Establish
The Anchor Points
X
Anchor
(typ)
Anchor
1.77”
150’
(typ)
8”
12”
X X
1.77”
150’
250’ 75’
2.95” 0.88”
X X
6”
0.88”
75’
X
85’ 75’
1.0” 0.88”
First
First
checkfor
check for
Natural
Natural
Flexibility
Flexibility
Keep in Mind
90° changes in
direction are the most
efficient piping
configuration to use to
take up thermal
expansion or
contraction.
X
Of The System Anchor
(typ)
1.77”
Anchor
150’
(typ)
8”
12”
X X
22’
1.77”
150’
250’ 75’
2.95” 0.88”
X X
13’
6”
0.88”
75’
X
85’ 75’
1.0” 0.88”
Next, Complete
The System With
X
Flexible Pipe Loops Anchor
(typ)
1.77”
Anchor
150’
MLW80800
(typ)
8”
12”
X X
22’
MLW81200
1.77”
150’
250’ 75’ MLW30600
2.95” 0.88”
X X
13’
6”
0.88”
75’
X
85’ 75’
1.0” 0.88”
Or, Complete
The System With
X
Expansion Joints Anchor
(typ)
1.77”
Anchor
150’
(typ)
8”
12”
X X
22’
1.77”
150’
250’ 75’
2.95” 0.88”
0.88”
75’
placement
X
of the Metragators
85’ 75’
1.0” 0.88”
What if the 75 foot
run was only 18
X
feet? Anchor
(typ)
1.77”
Anchor
150’
(typ)
8”
12”
X X
22’
1.77”
150’
250’ 75’
2.95” 0.88”
X X
13’
6”
0.88”
75’
X
85’ 75’
1.0” 0.88”
Option 1
Use a Hose & Braid
X
Dog Leg Anchor
(typ)
1.77”
Anchor
150’
(typ)
8”
12”
X X
40”
1.77”
150’
250’ 18’
2.95” 0.21”
X X
13’
6”
0.88”
75’
X
85’ 75’
1.0” 0.88”
Option 2
Add an Anchor, and
X
another expansion Anchor
(typ)
device
1.77”
Anchor
150’
(typ)
8”
12”
X X
18’
X
250’ 18’
1.77”
150’
2.95” 0.21”
X X
13’
6”
0.88”
75’
X
85’ 75’
1.0” 0.88”
Next, Complete
The System With
X
Flexible Pipe Loops Anchor
(typ)
1.77”
Anchor
150’
MLW80800
(typ)
8”
12”
X X
18’
MLW81200
X
250’ 18’
1.77”
150’
MLW30600
2.95” 0.21”
MLW30800
X X
13’
6”
0.88”
75’
X
85’ 75’
1.0” 0.88”
Or with
Expansion Joints
X
Anchor
(typ)
1.77”
Anchor
150’
(typ)
8”
12”
X X
22’
X
250’ 18’
1.77”
150’
2.95” 0.21”
X X
13’
6”
0.88”
75’
X
85’ 75’
1.0” 0.88”