Kazakhstan

In the Soviet Union period, Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China - so-called Eastern
Turkestan - and some to Turkmenistan - so-called Karakalpak's region. It shares borders of 6,846
kilometers (4,254 mi) with Russia, 2,203 kilometers (1,369 mi) with Uzbekistan, 1,533
kilometers (953 mi) with China, 1,051 kilometers (653 mi) with Kyrgyzstan, and 379 kilometers
(235 mi) with Turkmenistan. Major cities include Astana, Almaty, Karagandy, Shymkent,
Atyrau and Oskemen. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also
located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe.
Kazakhstan's largest trading partner is Russia. In 1999 Kazakh exports to Russia accounted for
20 percent of all exports, followed by China accounting for 8 per

Read more: Kazakhstan International trade, Information about International trade in Kazakhstan
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Export goods oil and oil products 59%, ferrous metals 19%, chemicals 5%, machinery 3%,
grain, wool, meat, coal Main export partners China 13.4%, Russia 11.1%, Germany 10.6%,
Italy 6.9%, Romania 6.6%, France 5.7%, Ukraine 5.4%, Turkey 4.1% (2008) Imports $25.15
billion (2009 est.) Import goods machinery and equipment, metal products, foodstuffs Main
import partners Russia 34%, China 25%, Germany 6.2%, Ukraine 4.7% (2008)

Azerbaijan

Kyrgyzstan–Pakistan relations
Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan co-operate with each other in various fields for the promotion of trade
and economic relations between the two countries. A few Pakistan nationals have established
their business concerns in the fields of hoteling, pharmacy and tourism in Kyrgyz Republic

Being naturally located between two big markets in Europe and Asia,
Kyrgyzstan
together with other Central Asian countries does not have a direct access to
sea
ports. Landlockedness limits volumes of international trade and creates
obstacles
for economic growth. Results of statistical analysis show that Kyrgyz trade
neither
follows Heckscher-Ohlin model nor intra-industry trade model. Another
finding is
that open and liberal trade policy of Kyrgyzstan has a large positive effect on
trade
volumes, suggesting that bilateral trade will expand markedly if country
continues
liberalization of its trade policy with other countries. Quality of infrastructure
and
transportation costs play a crucial role for landlocked countries and a free
trade
agreement with other countries looks like a good opportunity to overcome
natural
barriers and diversify their trade.
The Silk Road, linking China and the Roman Empire,
forked through the central Asian region, was an important trade route
between the
East and the West. Goods were passing on from stage to stage, requiring
sophisticated trade arrangements, financial transactions and political
stability
Geography is believed to be another important factor in trade. Together with
golden deposits, nature endowed the country with high Tien-Shan
mountains,
which impede trade with China
Remoteness from trade centers, landlockness,
mountainousness and other nature-created variables are often associated
with
increased transportation costs, difficult cross-border migration, poor
infrastructure
development.
Inside Europe, Germany
and Switzerland are the main export destinations for Kyrgyz gold. The role of
China
as one of the biggest trade partners is steadily increasing both in exports
and
imports.
Calculated RCA index shows significant comparative advantages for
Kyrgyzstan in leather products, fresh food, clothing and minerals. It also
reveals a
huge potential for intra-regional trade. In particular, food, cement and steel
were
found as having high opportunities for trade within Central Asia (ITC, 2002).
Despite
Chinese leadership in supplying electronic goods, manufactures and clothing,
there
are still few commodity groups that China would see profitable to import
from
Kyrgyzstan and other countries in Central Asia.
The idea of regional agreement variables is
that, since trade flows are usually due to political circumstances, some
countries
may have diverted trade from certain traditional trade partners to other
traditional
partners.

Azerbaijan–Pakistan relations
Kazakhstan–Pakistan relations
kakhstan is an emerging market for Pakistani goods.[2] Kazakhs have historically, travelled to
the region of Pakistan as technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects,
teachers, theologians and Sufis during the Islamic Sultanates and Mughal Empire and settled
permanently. There are many shrines doted throughout Pakistan in honour of noted Kazakh
noblemen. Many Pakistanis claim Kazakh ancestory
Uzbekistan
It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the
east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south.
Turkmenistan to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the northeast,
Uzbekistan is not only one of the larger Central Asian states but also the only Central Asian state
to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than 150 km or 93 mi)
with Afghanistan to the south.
However relations improved after the fall of the Taliban, both countries seeking to improve
relations for the sake of trade, Pakistan wishing to gain access to Central Asian markets and
landlocked Uzbekistan to access ports on the Indian Ocean
Pakistan–Tajikistan relations
Although relations between the two countries had been strained by the situation in Afghanistan
which shares a border with both countries
The Amu Darya and Panj rivers mark the border with Afghanistan, and the glaciers in
Tajikistan's mountains are the major source of runoff for the Aral Sea. There are over 900 rivers
in Tajikistan longer than 10 kilometers
Tajikistan’s setting as difficult as it gets for trade. The country is small and
remote, with around 6.5 million inhabitants and a GDP per capita of US$ 310. A
significant part of the problem relates to its landlocked location and mountainous terrain,
but there are other issues, in particular the many neighbors with significant domestic
tensions like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, and lately also Uzbekistan and the Kyrgyz
Republic. Despite the difficult trade environment, Tajikistan’s trade openness is high--
exports plus imports amount to 120 percent of GDP—and the external sector has
contributed significantly to the strong economic performance achieved since the end of
the civil war in 1997. Real GDP has increased by almost 60 percent over the past five
years, broad macro-stability has been achieved and the poverty rate fell by 18 percentage
points between 1999 and 2003
Formal tariff barriers in Tajikistan are low, and the tariff barriers faced by
Tajikistan’s main exports are also relatively low.
The
relationship with Russia is critical not least for security reasons and to assure the
continued access of Tajik migrant workers to the Russian labor market. Good relations
with other CIS countries, Uzbekistan in particular, are also needed to assure a better
transit regime. And China, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, and Iran are set to become
increasingly important regional trading partners for Tajikistan beyond the CIS.
However, the most pressing trade issues for Tajikistan are informal barriers.
The report finds that as much as 20
percent of the costs of domestic truck transport are due to informal payments at
checkpoints. It is encouraging that in response to this finding, the Government has
already issued a decree to reduce the number of traffic police by half. Other problems
identified include the poor prioritization of road investments, with 3 large projects being
pursued in parallel instead of sequentially. This is delaying by several years the opening
of a viable alternative to transit via Uzbekistan.
The major transit route for Tajik trade runs through Uzbekistan.
Unfortunately, informal payments for road transport in Uzbekistan are even worse than in
Tajikistan. Tajikistan’s potentially attractive trade access to the South depends, beyond
positive developments in Afghanistan, on two other difficult countries: Pakistan and Iran.
The formidable Pamir mountain range separates Tajikistan from China. Both dynamic
Shanghai and prosperous Frankfurt are about 4800km from Dushanbe, as the crow
flies… While some of the political problems in the neighborhood of Tajikistan seem
intractable, the study shows in the second part of Chapter 2