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Amostragem PDF
Amostragem PDF
Amostragem PDF
• Given: Knowledge of only the samples {x(nT )} of x(t). • Then: x(t) can be reconstructed from its samples {x(nT )}
1 SAMPLE
SAMPLE
• Means: x(t) sampled every T seconds, at rate S= T1 SECOND . • If: Sampling rate S = T SECOND > 2B=2(bandwidth).
Signal x(t) Pulse Train p(t) Sampled Signal x(t)p(t) • Where: S > 2B Here 2B is the Nyquist sampling rate.
✬✩
× ✻✻✻✻✻✻✻✻✻ = ✻✻✻
✲ t ✲ t ✻ ✻ ✲ t • Note: Co-discovered by Claude Shannon (UM Class of 1938)
✫✪
❄
❄ ❄
❄
• Note: Digital Signal Processing is possible because of this.
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0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
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sec −3
x 10
SAMPLING THEOREM: PROOF [1/3] SAMPLING THEOREM: PROOF [2/3]
R T /2
• DEF: x(t)p(t)=sampled signal=train of impulses weighted by {x(nT )}. • Fourier coefficient formula: pk = T1 −T /2 δ(t)e
−j2πkt/T
dt= T1 .
• Note: x(t)p(t)=x(t) δ(t–nT )= x(nT )δ(t–nT ).
P P
• Then: F{x(t)p(t)}= T1 F{x(t)ej2πkt/T }= T1 X(ω–2π Tk ).
P P
• Can: Reconstruct x(t) from x(t)p(t) if (S–B) > B → S > 2B . • Given: Continuous-time x(t) is bandlimited to 4 kHz.
SAMPLE
• By: Low-pass filtering x(t)p(t). Cutoff frequency=B Hertz. • Sample: 10 “kHz”=10000 SECOND > 2(4 kHz).
sin(2πBt) • F{x(t)p(t)}=Spectrum of sampled signal. Repeats in f !
• Formula: x(t)= 2B
X
2B T |
x(nT )δ(t
{z
− nT )} ∗
πt
.
SAMPLED SIGNAL x(t)p(t)
| {z }
LPF h(t)
• Reconstruct: Low-pass filter with cutoff=4 kHz.
F{x(t)} F{x(t)p(t)}=Spectrum of Sampled Signal
• Interpolation Formula: x(t)= x(nT )(2BT ) sin2πB(t−nT
2πB(t−nT )
.
P
) ✟❍ ✟❍ ✟❍ ✟❍
✟✟ ❍❍ ✟✟ ❍❍ ✟✟ ❍❍ ✟✟ ❍❍
✟ ❍ ✲ f ✟ ❍ ✟ ❍ ✟ ❍✲ f kHz
–4 4 –14 –6 –4 4 6 14
• Problem: The ideal impulse train p(t)= δ(t–nT ) doesn’t exist! • Fourier series expansion: pq (t)= pq,k ej2πkt/T . Pulse width: ∆.
P P
R ∆/2
• Sol’n: Use pq (t)= q(t–nT ) where q(t)=short pulse (does exist). • Fourier coefficient formula: pq,k = T1 −j2πkt/T 1
sin( kπ∆
P
−∆/2 e dt= kπ T ).
1 n 0.4
• Sample: x(t)=cos(2π600t) with T = 1000 . Set t=nT = 1000 : 0.3
0.1
• Since: cos(1.2πn)=cos(1.2πn–2πn)=cos(−0.8πn)=cos(0.8πn). 0
−1500 −1000 −500 0 500 1000 1500
1
• But: cos(1.2πn+1)=cos(1.2πn–2πn+1)=cos(−0.8πn+1)=cos(0.8πn–1).
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• Reconstruct: n=500t → cos(0.8π(500t)–1)= cos(2π200t–1)
0
−0.5
• 300 Hertz aliased down to 200 Hertz. Phase also changed.
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0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02