July 24, 2010 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

THEOREMS ON LIMITS DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

If:  Algebraic Functions

lim f x  M and lim g x  N
xu xu

d
c   0
dx
Then:

1. lim cf x   c  lim f x  , where c is constant.


d n
dx
 
u  nu n 1
du
dx
x u  xu 

d
uv  u dv  v du
2. lim  f x  g x    lim f x   lim g x   M  N . dx dx dx
x u  xu   xu 
du dv
f x  xu lim f x  d u
v u
M dx dx
3. lim   ;N 0.   
x u g x  lim g x  N dx  v  v2
x u

4. lim n f x   n lim f x   n M ; provided that it is real.  Trigonometric Functions

x u x u

INDETERMINATE FORMS 
d
sin u   cos u du
dx dx
The Seven Indeterminate Forms:

d
cos u    sin u du
 0 0 dx dx
 0 
d
tan u   sec2 u du
dx dx
 1

0 
d
cot u    csc2 u du
dx dx
0
  
d
sec u   sec u tan u du
 0 dx dx

 
d
csc u    csc u cot u du
 dx dx
0
For limits, when you encounter the indeterminate forms or  Inverse Trigonometric Functions
0


, apply L’Hospital’s Rule. It states that: 
d
arcsin u   1 du
dx 1  u 2 dx
Suppose f and g are differentiable and g ' x   0 . Suppose 
d
arccos u    1 du
that: dx 1  u 2 dx
lim f x  0 and lim g x  0
xa xa 
d
arctan u   1 2 du
or that, dx 1  u dx
lim f x   and lim g x   
d
arc cot   1 2 du
xa xa
dx 1  u dx
Then,
f x  f ' x  arc sec  1 du
d

lim  lim 
x a g x  x a g ' x  dx u u 2  1 dx

Solve the following questions:


d
arc csc u    1 du
dx u u 2  1 dx

3x 2  x  10  Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

1. Evaluate: lim .
x 2 x2  4
a. 3 c. no limit log e

d
log a u   a du ; a  0 ,1
b. 11/4 d. 1/3 dx u dx
ln 2 x
2. Find: lim . 
d
ln u   1 du
x  x dx u dx

a.
b.
0
1
c.
d. 1

d u
dx
 
a  a u ln a
du
dx

 
sin 2 x d u du
3. Find lim .  e  eu
x  0 sin 3 x
dx dx
a. 1/3 c. 2/3
b. 3/4 d. 0 
d v
dx
 
u  vu v 1
du
dx
 u v ln u
dv
dx

Prepared by: Engr. Joselito DL. Torculas 1

 July 24, 2010 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

8. Find y’ if y  24 x .
 Hyperbolic Functions
a. 34 x  2 ln 2 c. 24 x  2 ln 2

d
sinh u   cosh u du b. 3 2 x  2 ln 3 d. 23x2 ln 4
dx dx 9. Find the second derivative of the function


d
cosh u   sinh u du y  x2 ln x
dx dx a. x(1 + 2lnx) c. 3 + 2lnx
b. d. 2/x

d
tanh u   sec h 2 u du 2lnx
dx dx
D.C. APPLICATION : SLOPE OF THE TANGENT LINE

d
coth u    csc h 2 u du
dx dx
The slope of any given curve y  f x  at any point is equal to

d
sec hu    sec hu tanh u du dy
dx dx the derivative of the function or y ' .
dx

d
csc hu    csc hu coth u du
dx dx
 Slope of the Tangent Line
 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions The slope of the tangent line mT  at the point
of tangency is equal to y' .

d
arcsin hu  1 du
dx u 2  1 dx Equation of the Tangent Line at point (h,k) on the
curve:

d
arccos hu  1 du y  k  y ' x  h 
dx u 2  1 dx
Slope of the Normal Line

d
arctan hu  1 2 du 
dx 1  u dx The slope of the normal line m N  to a given


d
arc coth u   1 2 du curve is equal to 
1
or 
1
.
dx 1  u dx mT y'


d
arc sec hu   1 du
Equation of the Normal Line at point (h,k) on the
dx u 1 u 2 dx
curve:

d
arc csc hu   1 du
yk  
1
x  h 
dx u 1 u 2 dx y'
Answer this question:
Solve the following questions:
10. Determine the equation of the tangent line to
4. Differentiate: y  1  5x . 2 x2 + 3y2 – x + 2y = 0 at the origin.
a. x + 2y = 0 c. 2x + y = 0
5x 5x b. x – 2y = 0 d. 2x – y = 0
a. y'  c. y'  
1  5x 2
1  5x2
D.C. APPLICATION : MAXIMA AND MINIMA
b. y'  5x 1  5x2 d. y'  5x 1  5x2
At point B, the function is algebraically greater than at
5. Differentiate:
y  x 2 cos 2x . any neighboring point, the point is said to have a maximum
value, and the point is called a maximum point. Similarly, at
a. y'  2x 2 sin 2x  2x cos 2x
point D the function has a minimum value. At maximum or
b. y'  2x 2 cos 2x  sin 2x minimum points, the tangent line is horizontal or the slope is
zero.
c. y'  2x 2 sin 2x  2x cos 2x
d. y'  2x 2 cos 2x  2x sin 2x
 y '  f ' x   0
dy
Find the first derivative of y  arcsin 4 x  . dx
2
6.

8 arcsin 4 x 2 arcsin 4 x Point of Inflection

a. c.
1  4x 2
1  16 x 2 The point of inflection is a point at which the curve
changes from concave upward to concave downward, or
8 arcsin 4 x 4 arcsin 4 x
b. d. vice versa. At the points of inflection, the second derivative of
1  16 x 2
1  16 x 2 y is zero.

7. Find y’ if y  esin 2 x .
y" 0
a. esin 2 x cos 2 x c. 2esin x cos x
b.  ecos 2 x sin 2 x d. 2esin 2 x cos 2 x

Prepared by: Engr. Joselito DL. Torculas 2

 July 24, 2010 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Steps in Solving Maxima/Minima Problems: Steps in Solving Time-Rate Problems:

1. Draw the diagram if needed in the problem. 1. Draw the diagram if needed. Label the diagram with
2. Identify the variable to be maximized or minimized. the numerical values given in the problem.
3. Express this variable in terms of the other relevant 2. Determine the given rates and the rate needed in the
variable(s). problem.
4. If the function shall consist of more than one variable, 3. Using the diagram or conditions in the problem, find
express in terms of one variable using the conditions in an equation relating all the given and unknown
the problem. variables.
5. Differentiate the equation and equate to zero. 4. Find a relationship that will equate the equation into a
single variable if possible.
Solve the following problems: 5. Differentiate the equation.
6. Substitute all the necessary given values and solve for
11. Given the function y = x2(x – 2)2. Determine the the unknown rate.
coordinates of the maximum point.
a. (0,0) c. (2,0) Solve the following questions:
b. (1,0) d. (1,1)
12. Given the function y = x3 – 3x2 + 4x + 5. Determine the 19. A spherical toy balloon is being filled with gas at the rate
coordinates of the point of inflection. of 500 mm3/sec. When the diameter is 0.5 m, find the rate
a. (-1,-3) c. (0,5) (in mm2/sec) at which the surface area is increasing.
b. (2,9) d. (1,7) a. 2 c. 4
13. Two posts, one 7 feet high and the other 8 feet high, stand b. 3 d. 5
8 feet apart. They are to be stayed by wires attached to a 20. A man is riding his car at the rate of 30 km/hr toward the
single stake at ground level, the wires running to the tops foot of the pole 10 m high. At what rate is he approaching
of the posts. What is the shortest length of wire that will the top when he is 40 m from the foot of the pole?
a. -5.60 m/s c. -8.08 m/s
able to implement this setup?
b. -6.78 m/s d. -4.86 m/s
a. 17 ft c. 19 ft
21. A ladder 10 ft long is resting against the side of a building.
b. 18 ft d. 20 ft
If the foot of the ladder slips away from the wall at the
14. A man wishes to use 40 feet of fencing to enclose a
rate of 2 ft/min, how fast is the angle between the ladder
rectangular garden. Determine the maximum possible
and the building changing when the foot of the ladder is 6
area of his garden.
ft away from the building?
a. 64 ft2 c. 400 ft2
a. 0.5 rad/min c. 0.25 rad/min
b. 100 ft2 d. 1600 ft2
b. 0.33 rad/min d. 0.67 rad/min
15. A telephone company has to run a line from a point A on
one side of a river to another point B that is on the other
side, 30 km down from the point opposite A. The river is
uniformly 10 km wide. The company can run the line along
the shoreline to a point C and then run the line under the
river to B. The cost of laying the line along the shore is
P5000 per km, and the cost of laying it under water is
P12000 per km. Where the point C should be located to
minimize the cost?
a. 5.167 km c. 4.583 km
b. 6.435 km d. 3.567 km
16. Find two numbers whose sum is 36 and the product of one
by the square of the other is a maximum.
a. 13 and 23 c. 16 and 20
b. 25 and 11 d. 12 and 24
17. A rectangular box open at the top is to be formed from a
rectangular piece of cardboard 3 inches by 8 inches.
What side of square should be cut from each corner to
form the box with maximum volume?
a. 3 in. c. 1.5 in.
b. 0.67 in. d. 2 in.
18. A closed cylindrical can must have a volume of 1000 in3. Its
lateral surface is to be constructed from a rectangular
piece of metal and its top and bottom are to be stamped
from square pieces of metal and the rest of the square
discarded. What height will minimize the amount of metal
needed in the construction of the can?
a. 30/pi in. c. 50/pi in.
b. 40/pi in. d. 60/pi in.

D.C. APPLICATION : TIME RATES

The derivative of a function f(x) is a measure of the

instantaneous rate of change of the value of the function
relative to an independent variable, say x.
Prepared by: Engr. Joselito DL. Torculas 3