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“!ामान एक ऐसमा खजमानमा > जको कभज च 0 रमायमा नह B जमा सकतमा ाैह”
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
IS. 456 : 2000
( R•• fflrmed 2005 )
Indian Standard
PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE -
CODE OF PRACTICE
( Fourth Revision)
Tenth Reprint APRIL 2007
(IncludingAmendments No. I and 2)
ICS 91.100.30
C BI52000
CONTENTS
PAGE
SECTION 1 GENERAL
|✒}⋤ⅻ108棘䁱䗤樛픊噻 )J
ᮤ䘑㢖庖 睛훴
훴 ञ皚 11
쩈晚늮栵粐䰘⣌吟ﴖ罥
11
¥菲愱¦ʴ捁§鶨斿¨↢©䢘䵜
¯蠈唋°㫎㓌±扠乕²⿈䱧³ᇂ劣 11
SCOPE
0 REFERBNCES
1 TERMINOLOGY 13
2 SVMBOU
13
SECTION 2 MATERIALS, WORKMANSHIP, INSPECTION AND TESTING 13
0 MATERIALS 14
5.1 Cement 14
5.2 Mineral Admixtures IS
5.3 Aggregates 15
5.4 Water 15
5.5 Admixtures 15
5.6 Reinforcement 15
5.7 Storage of Materials
15
0 CONCRETE
17
6.1 Grades
17
6.2 Properties of Concrete
17
0 WORKABIUTY OF CONCRETE
18
1 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
8.1 General 22
8.2 Requirements for Durability 22
22
0 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING
23
9.1 Mix Proportion
23
9.2 Design MixConcrete
9.3 Nominal Mix Concrete 23
0 PRODUlllON OF CONCRETE
24
24
10.1 QualityAssurance Measures
10.2 Batching
25
10.3 Mixing 25
0 FORMWORK 25
25
1J.1 General
11.2 Cleaning and Treatment of Fonnwork 25
11.3 Stripping Time 26
0 ASSEMBLY OF REINFORCEMENT 26
·13 TRANSPORTING, PLACING, COMPACTION AND CURING 26
26
J3.1 Transporting and Handling
13.2 Placing
13.3 Compaction
5
IS 456: ZOOO
PAGE
13.4 Construction Joints and Cold Joints 27
13.5 Curing 27
13.6 Supervision 27
14 CONCRETING UNDER SPECIALCosornoss 27
14.1 Work in Extreme Weather Conditions 27
14.2 Under-Water Concreting 27
15 SAMPLING AND STRENGTH OF DESIGNED CONCRETEMIX 29
15.1 General 29
15.2 Frequency of Sampling 29
IS.3 Test Specimen 29
15.4 Test Results of Sample 29
16 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 29
17 INS"EcrlON AND TESTING OF STRUCTURE 30
SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
6
IS 456: 2000
PAGE
0 EXPANSION JOINTS
46
50
SECTION 4 SPECIAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
FOR
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS AND SYSTEMS
28 CONCRETE CORBELS 51
28.1 General 51
28.2 Design 51
5888 DEEP BEAMS
51
29.1 General 51
29.2 Lever Arm
SI
29.3 Reinforcement 51
0 RIBBED, HOLU)W BLOCK OR VOlDEn SLAB
52
30.1 General
52
30.2 Analysis of Structure
52
30.3 Shear
52
30.4 Deflection
52
7
IS 456: 2000
PAGB
30.5 Size and Position of Ribs S2
30.6 Hollow Blocks and Formers 52
30.7 Arrangement of Reinforcement 53
30.8 Precast Joists and Hollow Filler Blocks 53
31 FLAT SLABS .53
31.1 General 53
31.2 Proportioning S3
31.3 Detenninationof Bendin. Moment S3
31.4 Direct Desip Method 54
31.5 EquivalentFnme Method 5'6
31.6 Shear in Flat Slab S1
31.7 Slab Reinforcement .59
31.8 Openingsin Flat Slabs 61
32 WAUS 61
32.1 General 61
32.2 EmpiricalDesign Method for Wall~ Subjected to Inplane Vertical Loads 61
32.3 WallsSubjectedto CombinedHorizontal and Vertical Forces 62
32.4 Design for Horizontal Shear 62
32.S Minimum Requirements for Reinforcement in Walls 62
33 STAIRS 63
33.1 Effective Span of Stairs 63
33.2 Distribution of Loading on Stairs 63
33.3 Depth of Section 63
34 FOOT1NOS 63
34. J General 63
34.2 Moments and Forces 64
34.3 Tensile Reinforcement 65
34.4 Transfer of Load at the Base of Column 6S
34.5 Nominal Reinforcement 66
SECTION 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN (LIMIT STATE METHOD)
8
IS 456: 1000
PAGE
38.1 A.lumptions 69
39 LIMIT STATB OF COUAPSS: COMPRESSION 70
39.1 Assumptions 70
39.2 MinimumEccentricity 71
39.3 ShortAxiallyLoaded Members in Compression 71
39.4 Compression Members with HelicalReinforcement 71
39.5 Memben Subjected to Combined Axial Load and U~iaxial Bendins 71
39.6 Memben Subjectedto Combined Axial Load and Biaxial Bending 71
39.7 SlenderCompression Members 71
40 LlMrr STATS OP COLLAPSE: SHEAR 72
40.1 Nominal Shear Stress 72
40.2 DesianShear Strensth of Concrete 12
40.3 Minimum ShearReinforcement 72
40.4 DesiSD of Shear Reinforcement 72
4O.S Bnhanced ShearStrength of Sections Close to Supports 74
41 LIMrr STATE OP COLLAPSB : TORSION 74
41.1 General 74
41.2 Critical Section 7S
41.3 Shear and Torsion 75
41.4 Reinforcement in Members Subjected to Torsion 75
42 LIMIT STATE OF SBRVlCEABD.nY: DEFLECTION 75
42.1 FlexuralMembers 75
43 LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY'CRACKING 16
43.1 FlexuralMembers 76
43.2 Compre~ion Members 76
ANNEX A LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS 71
ANNEXB STRUCTURAL DESIGN (WORKING STRESS METHOD) 80
B-1 GENERAL 80
B-1.1 General Design Requirements 80
B-l.2 Redistribution of Moments 80
B-l.3 Assumptions for Design of Members 80
B-2 PBRMIsslBLB STRESSBS 80
8-2.1 Permissible Stresses in Concrete 80
8-2.2 Permissible Stresses in Steel Reinforcement 80
B-2.3 Increase in Permissible Stresses 80
B-3 PBRMIssIBLE LoADS IN COMPRBSSION MEMBERS 81
B-3.1 Pedestals and Sbort Columns with Lateral Ties 81
8-3.2 Shon Columns with Helical Reinforcement 81
B-3.3 Lon. Columns 81
"\r.
8-3.4 Composite Columns 81
211e 815/07-3
IS456:~
PAGI
B-4 MEMBBRS SUlJBCTID TO COMBINED AxIAL loAD AND BINDING 83
10
AMENDMENT NO. I JUNI .1
TO
IS 45' I 2000 PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCIITI- CODI orPRACI'ICE
("owI" R,,,,,,,,,,)
(PIa' 2,FONWOrd, ,."bu'OII' II,.,) - Subltltute 'Aa318: 1995' for tAClII', i.'.
(PilI' 1I, C/4UH ~ ) -,Delete tII,maler 'L. - HorllDntll dlltlDCI .&we..
c.DtIII oflateralllllnla,'.
Slipform work;
Pumped concrete ] Medium 75·100
Trench fi1l;
In-situ piling
] High 100 ·IS0
( Page 29, clalUe 1'.4, line2 ) - Substitute 16.1or 16.2 as the case may be'lor '1'.3-.
C
:. ( Ptl,~30, Table II, colum" 3 ) - Substitute '~Ick - 3' lor 'a Ie..-3, Ind a_ I.. "II 4 t,or '.!......
;~.
,oj
,:~~·Prlc. Greup 3 1
Amend No.1 to IS 456: 2000
(Page 33, clause21.3, line 2 ) Hll>stIMUlcticlt'f~'section'.
[Page 37, clause 23.:.2~6 -:-~bstilUte 'b '-'O~~~lo'lor '1 0' . 'b'lor 'b' and 'b: lor 'b: in the formulae.
( Page46, clause Z6.4!"- ~bstil:F¥.\3rfor 8.2.3'.
I.
l Page 49, clause26.5.3.1 (c) (2), lasI line ] -
Substitute '6 mm' for' 16 mm'.
(Page 62, clause3%.Z.5 ) - ~ubstitute 'H;" for 'Hw e ' in the explanation of e._
(Page 62, clause3%.3.1, line4 ) - Substitute '32.4' lor '32.3'.
[Page 62, clause3%.4.3 (b), line6 ] - Insert '"few' between the words 'but' and 'shall'.
[Page 65, clause34.%.4.1(1), lastline] - Insertthe foJlowing after the words 'depth of footing' :
'in case of footings on soils, and It a distance equal to half the effective deptb of footing',
(Page 68, Table 18,col 4 ) - Substitute ,_, for '1.0' against tbe Load Combination DL +ll:
(Page 72, clause 40.1 ) - Substitute 'bd' for 'bd' in the formula.
( Page 83, clause B-4.J, line 2 ) - Delete the word 'and' .
(Page 85, clause B.5.5.1,para2, line6) - Substitute 'Table 24' for 'Table 23'.
(Page 85, clause B-5.5.%) - Substitute the following for tbe existing formula:
'A. = Q) (T.y - 2dT .e I Qy ) l«; ~ 0.4 Qyb / 0.87/., ,
(Page 90, clause »-1.11, line 1 ) - Substitute 'Where' lor 'Torsion'.
( Page 93, Fig. 27 ) - Substitute''efl' 'for 'IlL'.
( Page 95, Annex F ):
0 The reference to Fig. 28 given in column 1 of tbe text along witb the explanation oCtbe symbols used in the
Fig, 28 given thereafter may be read just before tbe formula given for the rectangular tension zone..
1 Substitute 'compression' for 'campression' in tbe explanation of symbol 'a ' .
(Pages 98 to 100,Annex H) - Substitute the following for the existing Annex:
ANNEX H
(ForeM'ord)
COMMfITEE COMI)OSITION
Cementand Concrete Sectional Committee, CEO2
CluJi,,,.,,"
DR tl. C. VDVESVARAYA
·Ch.ndrib·, a' 15· Cross, 63-64 EastParkRoad,
MalleswaralD, Banplore-S60003
MeIJtbe,.f ~eprUQI/in,
2
( CDIII~ CNI""3 )
Amend No.1 to IS 456: 2000
( Coll,imuul frompa,e 2 )
Memben RepresenJing
SHIll J. P. DesAi Gujaraa Ambuja Cements Lid, Ahmedabad
SURIB.K. JAGEnA (A/ierMle)
It.,..".",
RepNlCnl;lt,
National Council for Cement andBuildin.Material., aaUabprh
AI.,.,..,
01 ANlL KUMAR National Council for Comenl and Dulldln, Malerials, BaUabaarb
SURIV. K. OtlANBlCAR Structural Enaineerinl Rete.rehCentre (CSIR), Ohazilbad
Paa. A It JAIN University of Roorkee, Roorke.,
SHII L K.JAIN InperlOnal capacity
StlRIJOI! KURIAN Centr.1 Public Worlcl Department, New Deihl
DaS.C.MAm Nallonal CoundlforCemcnllndDuildin. Material., BlUablarh
DR A. K. MnTAL Central Public Workl Department, New DeIhl
SHRI S. A. RsoDI GAmmon India Lcd, Mumbai
DR V. THlRlNBNODAM School of Planninaand Architecture, New Delhi
(CED2)
5
II .. • AMENDMENT NO. 2 SE'riMBER 2~Or
TO ~.
tW\U'"
IS 456: 2000 PLAI.N AND REINFO~D CONCRETE -
CODE OF 'PRACTICE
( FIJUrth Revision) ,
( Page 13, clause 5.2.1.1, line 1 ) - Substitute 'IS 3812 (Part 1)' for
'Grade rens 3812'.
( Page 13, clause 5.2.1.2 and corresponding Note ) - Substitute the
following for theexisting:
.. Silica fume conforming to IS 15388 may be used as partreplacement
of cement provided uniform blending with the cement is ensured.
NOTE - Silica fume is usually used in proportion of ~ to 10 percent of the cement
content of a mix.'
t Page 13. Note under clause 5.2.1.3, line 5 ) - Substitute 'be' for 'range
from being'! .
IS 3812 (Part 1) : 2003 Specification for pulverized fuel ash : Part I For
usc as pozzolana in cement, cement mortar and
concrete (secondrevision)'
('Page 79.Annex A ) ._-- Add the following at the end:
41~')1 No. Title
2116 815/07-1
(p. 80, 1-2.1...1,Ilf/oIfIMllabl, ) -Inlert the foUowlftlln the table:
5.6
( Pag, 81, TtJbl, 21 )-Insert the followiftl row after theIMt row:
'(1) (2) (3) (4)
M'S 17.5 13,0
I."
( Pag, 91, TtJbl, 26, eMf No.2, col 2 ) - Subltitute 'OM Short Ed••
(CED2)
2
18 456: 2000
Indian Standard
PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE -
CODE OF PRACTICE
( Fourth Revision )
FOREWORD
This IndianStandard (Fourth Revision) wasadopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draftfinalized
. by theCementandConcrete Sectional Committee hadbeenapproved by theCivilEngineering Division Council.
This standardwas first published in 1953 under the title 'Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete
for general building construction' and subsequently revised in 1957. The code was further revised in 1964
and published under modified title 'Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete', thusenlarging the
scopeof use of this code to structures other than general building construction also. The thirdrevision was
published in 1978, and it includedlimit state approach to design. This is the fourth revision of the standard.
This revision was taken up with a view to keeping abreast with the rapiddevelopment in the fieldof concrete
technology and to bring in furthermodifications/improvements in the light of experience gained
whileusingthe earlierversion of the standard.
This revision incorporates a number of important changes. The majorthrustin the revision is on the
following lines:
23 In recent years. durability of concrete structures have become the cause of concern to all
concrete technologists. This has led to the need to codify the durability requirements worldover.
In this revision of the code. in order to introduce in-built protection from factors affecting a
structure, earlierclause on durability has been elaborated and a detailed clause covering different
aspects of design of durable structure has been incorporated.
24 Sampling and acceptance criteriafor concrete have beenrevised. With this revision acceptance criteria
has been simplified in line with the provisions given in BS 5328 (P8l1 4):1990 'Concrete: Part 4
Specification for the procedures to be used in sampling, testing and assessing compliance of concrete'.
Some of the significant changes incorporated in Section 2 are as follows:
5888 All the three grades of ordinary Portland cement, namely 33 grade, 43 grade and 53
grade and sulphate resisting Portland cement have been included in the list of types of cement used
(in addition to other types of cement).
5889 The permissible limits for solids in waterhavebeen modified keeping in viewthedurability
requirements.
5890 The clause on admixtures has been modified in view of the availability of new types of
admixtures including superplasticizers.
5891 In Table 2 'Grades of Concrete', grades higherthan M 40 have been included.
5892 It has been recommended that minimum grade of concrete shall be not less than M 20 in
reinforced concrete work (see also 6.1.3).
5893 The formula for estimation of modulus of elasticity of concrete has been revised.
5894 In the absence of proper correlation between compacting factor, vee-bee time and slump,
workability has now been specified only in terms of slump in line with the provisions in BS
5328(Parts 1 to 4).
5895 Durability clausehasbeenenlarged to include detailed guidance concerning thefactors affecting
durability. The table on 'Environmental Exposure Conditions' has been modified to include 'very severe'
and
'extreme' exposure conditions. This clause also covers requirements for shape and size of member,
depthof concrete cover, concrete quality, requirement against exposure to aggressive chemical
andsulphate attack,minimum cementrequirement andmaximum watercementratio,limitsof
chloride content. alkali silica reaction, and importance of compaction, finishing and curing.
23 A clause on-'Quality Assurance Measures' has been incorporated to givedue emphasis to
goodpractices of concreting.
23 Properlimitshave beenintroduced on theaccuracy of measuring equipments to ensureaccurate
batching of concrete.
2116 BIS/07-:.!.
IS 456: 2000
In this code it has been assumed that the design of plain and reinforced cement concrete work is
entrusted to a qualifiedengineer and that the executionof cementconcrete work is carried out under the
directionof a qualified and experienced supervisor.
In the formulation of this standard, assistance has been derived from the following publications:
BS 5328 : Part 1 : 1991 Concrete: Part 1 Guide to specifying concrete, British Standards Institution
BS 5328 : Part 2 : 1991 Concrete : Part 2 Methods for specifying concrete mixes, British
Standards Institution
BS 5328 : Part 3 : 1990 Concrete: Part 3 Specification for tbe procedures to be used in producing
and transportingconcrete. British Standards Institution
BS 532R : Part 4 : 1990Concrete; Part 4 Specification for the proced.ures to be used in sampling,
testing and assessing compliance of concrete, British Standards Institution
BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985 Structural use of concrete: Part t Code of practice for design and
construction, British Standards Institution
BS RItO: Part 2 : 1985 Structural use of concrete: Part 2 Code of practice for special
circumstances, British Standards Institution
ACT 319 ~ 1989 Building code requirements for reinforced concrete, American Concrete
Institute AS 3600 : 1988 Concrete structures. StandardsAssociation of Australia
2
-....
IS 456: 2000
DIN 1045July 1988Structural use of concrete, design and construction. Deutschcs lnsritut fur Normung E.V.
CEB..FIP Model code 1990, Comite Euro .. International Du Bclon
The composition of the technical committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given In
Annex H.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis shall he rounded off in accordance with IS 2:
1960 'Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)'. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value ill this standard.
3
IS 456: 2000
SECTION 1 GENERAL
..
J:!
IS 456: 2000
13
IS 456: 2000
Portland cements provided uniform blending with free from injurious amounts of oils.acids, alkalis,
cement is ensured. salta, sugar, organic materials or other substances
that may bedeleterious to concrete or steel.
5.3 Allre.ates Potable water is generally considered
Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of satisfactory for mixina concrete. As a guide the
IS 383. As far as possiblepreferenceshall begivento following concentrations represent the maximum
natural aggregates. .. pennissible values:
5.3.1 Other types of aggregates such as sial and 23 To neutralize 100 ml sample of water, usir.1
crushed overbumt brick or tile, which may be found phenolphthalein as an indicator, it should not
suitable with regard to strength. durability of concrete require more than' ml of 0.02 nonnal NaOH.
The details of test are aiven in 8.1 of IS
andfreedom from harmful effects may be
3025 (Part 22).
usedforplain concrete members. but such
aggregates should not containmore than 0.5 24 To neutralize 100 ml sample of water, uains
percentof sulphates as SO]and should not absorb mixed indicator, it should not require more
more than 10 percent of theirown mass of water, than 2' ml of 0.02 nonnal H2SO•. The details
of test shall be as given in 8 of IS 3025 (Part
5.3.2 Heavy weight aggreiates Of light weight 23).
aggregates suchas bloatedclayaggregates and
sintered fly ash aggregates may also be used 25 Permissible limits for solids shall be as
provided the engineer-in-charge is satisfied with the liven in Table 1.
data on the properties of concretemade with them. 5.4.1 In case of doubt regardinl development of
NOTE-Some of the provisioDI of the code would require strength. the suitability of water for making concrete
modIfication whenthese alPlates areused: speclalilt literatuJe shall be ascertained by the compressive streolth and
may be consulted for auidance. initial setting timetestsspecified in 5.4.1.1and5.4.1.3.
5.3.3 Sizt ~fAggregate 5.4.1.1 The sample of water taken for teslin, Ihall
represent the waterproposed to beusedfor
Thenominal maximum sizeofcoarse aggregate should concreting, due account being paid to seasonal
be as large as possible within the limits specified but in variation. The sample shall not receive any treatment
no case greater than one-fourth of the minimum before te_un, otherthanthatenvisaged in theregular
thickness of the member, provided that the concrete can supply of water proposed foruseinconcrete.
be placed without difficulty so as to surround all Thesample shallbeltored in a cleancontainer
reinforcement thoroughly and fill the comers of the previo~lly rinsed out with limilar water.
form, For most work, 20 nun alareaate is suitable. 5.4.1.2 Averalo 28 days compressive Itten.th of at
Where there is no restriction to the flow of concrete leastthree l~O nun concrete cubesprepared with
into sections, 40 nun or laraor size may bepermitted. water proposed to be used shall not be lell than 90
Inconcrete elements withthinsections, closelyspaced percent of the average of strenlth of three similar
reinforcement or smallcover, consideration shouldbe concrete cubes prepared with diltilled water, Th.
liven to the use of 10 mm nominal maximum lize. cube••hall be prepared. cured and tested in
Plums above 160 nun and up to any reuonable aize accordance with the requirements of IS 516.
may be used in plain concretework up to a 5.4.1.3 The initial ••ttinl timeof te.t blockmadewith the
maximum limit of 20 percent by volume of concrete appropriate cement and the water propolld to be
when specifically permitted by the enaineer-in- used.hall not be le•• than 30 min and .hall not dlff. by
charao. The plums shallbedistributed evenly and ± 30 min from the initial .etlina time of control telt
Ihallbenotcloser than 1'0 mm from the lurface. block prepared with the lame cement ,and diltiJled
5.3.3.1 For heav.iJy reinforced concrete memben water. The telt block. ,han bepreparedandtilted In
accordance with the requirementa of IS 4031 (P.n 5).
u in the else of ribs of main beams, the nominal
maximum aize of the a'lf'late Ihould usually be 5.4.1 The pH value of water,hall be not lell than 6.
re.trietedto ~mm lei. thantheminimum clear eli.tanee
between themain bars or S mm lell than the minimum 5.4.3 Sea Water
cover to the reinforcement whichever i. Imaller. Mixinl or curin, of concrete with .ea waler il not
5.3.4 Coarse and fine alsrelate Ihall be batched recommended because 'ofPf"Once of harmful.lltl in
separately. All.in-alar.,lte may beused only where ... water. Under unavoidable Circumltaneel 1M water
lpecifically permitted by tho enlineer-in-char,e. may be used formixin.orcuriolinplainconcrete with
noembedded steel after hayiJllliven due conllderation
1.4 Water to poslible.disadvantapa and precaution.
. Waterused for mixin, and cunn'lhall be clean and includin, UII of appropriate cement system.
14
IS 456 : 2000
5.4.4 Water found satisfactory for mixing is also suitable 5.6.1 All reinforcement shall he free from loose mill
for curing concrete. However, water used for curing should scales. loose rust and coats of paints. oil. mud or any
not produce any objectionable stain or unsightly deposit \10 other substances which may destroy or reduce hondo
the concrete surface. The presence of tannic add or iron Sand blasting or other treatment is recommended to
compounds is objectionable, dean reinforcement.
5.6.2 Special precautions like coating (If reinforcement
5.5 Admixtures
may be required for reinforced concrete clcmenIs in
5.5.1 Admixture. if used shall comply with IS 9103. exceptional cases and for rehabilitation of structures.
Previous experience with and data (IIi such materials Specialist literature may he referred to in such cases.
should heconsidered in relation to the likely standards of 5.6.3 The modulus of elasticity of steel shall be taken
supervisionand workmanshipto the work beingspecified.
as 200 kN/l1llJ1·~. The characteristic yield strength of
23 5.2 Admixtures should not impair durability (If different steel shall be assumed as the minimum yield
concrete nor combine with the constituent to form stress/0.2 percent proof stress specified in the relevant
harmful compounds nor increase the risk of corrosion of Indian Standard.
reinforcement.
5.5.3 The workability, compressive strength and the
13.7 Storage of'Materials
slump loss of concrete with and without the usc of Storage of materials shall he as described in IS 40K2.
admixtures shall be established during the trial mixes
before lise of admixtures 6 CONCRETE
15
IS 456: 1000
'Dable2 Gndes of Concnte
(Clause 6.1.9.2.2.15.1.1 and 36.1)
where
Group Grade DeI.....IIOIl Spedfted Cba 1Ie
eo.,...." S til Ec is the short tenn static modulus of elasticity
2
ISO ami Cube at 210.,." in N/mm •
Nlmm2 Actual measured values may differ by ± 20 percent
(I) (2) (3)
from the values obtained from the aboveexpression.
Ordinary M 10 10
Concrete M IS IS
6.2.4 Shrinlcage
M20 20 The total shrinkage of concrete depeRds upon the
Slalldllrd M2S 2S constituents of concrete, size of the member and
Concrete M30 30 environmental conditions. For a givenhumidity and
M3S 3S temperature, the total shrinkage of concrete is most
M40 40
M4S 45 influenced by the total amount of waterpresentin
MSO SO the concrete at the time of mixingand, to a lesser
MSS SS extent, by the cementcontent.
Hi,h M60 60
Strength M6S 65
6.2.4.1 In the absence of test data, the approximate
Concrete M70 70 value of the total shrinkage strain for deslan may be
M7S 75 taken as 0.000 3 (for moreinfonnation, see IS 1343).
NOTES M80 80
6.2.S Crtepof Concrete
0 Inthedesipotion of concrete mixM refersto the mixlUld
the number to the specified compnlUive Itrenath of 150
Creep of concrete depends, in addition to the
mm size cubelit 28 days.expressed in N/mmJ. factors listed in 6.2.4, on the stress in the concrete.
1 Forconcrete of com~ssive strenath areaterthan age at loading and the duration of leading. As long
M55.desip parameters givenin thellalldllrd maynot be as the stress in concrete does not exceed one-third
applicable and the values may be obtained from specialized of its characteristic compressive strength, creep
literatures and experimcntalresults.
may be assumed to be proportional to the stress.
justifya higherstrength for a particular structure 6.1.5.1 In theabsence ofexperimental data and
dueto age. detailed information on the effectof thevariables,
6.2.1.1 For concrete of grade M 30 and above. the the ultimate creep strain may be estimated from the
rateof increase of compressive strength withage following values ofcreep coefficient (that
shall be basedon actualinvestigations. is.ultimate creep strain! elastic strain at the age of
loading); for long span structure, it is advisable to
6.2.1.2 Where members are subjected to
determine actual creep strain, likely to take place:
lowerdirect load during construction, they should
be checked for stresses resulting from combination Ageat Loading Creep Coefficient
of direct load and bending during construction. 7 days 2.2
6.2.2 Tensile Strength of Concrete 28 days 1.6
The flexural and splitting tensile strengths shall be I year 1.1
obtained as described in IS 516 and IS 5816
NOTE-The ultill1lle creep 1UIin. eatimlled as described
respectively. When the designer wishes to use an
above doesnot include the elastic IItI'lIin.
estimateof the tensilestrength from the compressive
strength, the following formula may be used: 6.2.6 Thermal Expansion
The coefficient of thermal expansion depends on
Flexural strength, fer =0.7..[l; N/mm 2
IllltUI'e of cement, the aggregate,. the cement content,
wheref", is thecharacteristic cubecompressive the relative humidity and the size of sections. The
strength of concretein N/mm2• value of coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete
6.2.3 Elastic Deformation with different aggregates may be takenas below:
The modulus of elasticity is primarily influenced Type ofAggregate Coefficient ofThermal
by the elastic properties of the aggregate and to a .Expansionfor Concrrte/"C
lesser extent by the conditions of curing avet age Quartzite 1.2 to 1.3 x 10'5
of the concrete, the mix proportions and the type
of cement. The modulus of elasticity is normally Sandstone 0.9 to 1.2 x 10"
related to the compressive strength of concrete. Granite . 0.7 to 0.95 x 10"
Basalt 0.8 to 0.95 x 10"
6.2.3.1 The modulus of elasticity of concrete can
Limestone 0.6lQ,.o.9 x 10'5
be assumed as follows: ..1
5888 '."
16
IS 456: 2000
7 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
7.1 The concrete mix proportions chosen should be be compacted with the means available. Suggested
such that the concrete is of adequate workability for ranges of workabihty of concrete measured in
the placing conditions of the concrete and can accordance with IS J199 are given below:
properly
7.1.1 In the 'very low' category ofworkability where a suitably low permeability is achieved by having an
strict control is necessary, for example pavement adequate cement content sufficiently low free water/
quality concrete, measurement of workability hy cement ratio, by ensuring complete compaction of
determination of compacting factor will he more the concrete. and by adequate curing.
appropriate than slump (see IS 1199) and a value of
The factors influencing durability include:
compacting factor of 0.75 to 0.80 is suggested.
23 the environment;
7.1.2 In the 'very high' category of workability,
measurement of workability hy determination of flow 23 the cover to embedded steel;
will be appropriate (see IS 9103). 23 the type and quality of constituent materials;
8 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 24 the cement content and water/cement ratio of
8.1. General the concrete;
A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily 25 workmanship, to obtain full compaction and
in the working environment during its anticipated efficient curing; and
exposure conditions during service. The materials 23 the shape and size of the member.
and mix proportions specified and used should be
such as to maintain its integrity and, if applicable, to The degree of exposure anticipated for the concrete
protect embedded metal from corrosion. during its service life together with other relevant
8.1.1 One of the main characteristics influencing the factors relating to mix composition. workmanship.
durability of concrete is its permeability to the ingress of design and detailing should be considered. The
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide. chloride, sulphate and
concretemix to provideadequatedurabilityunder these
conditions should be. chosen taking account of the
otherpotentially deleterious substances. Impermeability
accuracy of current testing regimes for control and
is governed by the constituents and workmanship used in
making theconcrete. With normal-weight aggregates
compliance as described in this standard.
17
2116 818/07-4..
IS 456: 2000
8.2 Requirements for DurabUity 8.2.2.2 Abrasive
8.2.1 Shape and Size ofMember Specialist literatures may be referred to for durability
The shape or design details of exposed structures requirements of concrete surfaces exposed to abrasive
should be such as to promote good drainage of water action, forexample, incase ofmachinery andmetal t)'fes.
and to avoid standing pools and rundown of water. 8.2.2.3 Freezing and thawing
Care should also betaken to minimize any cracksthat
may collect or transmit water. Adequate curing is Where freezing and thawing actions under wet
essential to avoid the harmful effects of early loss of conditions exist. enhanced durability can be
rnoisture (see 13.5).Member profiles and their obtained by the use of suitable airentraining
intersections withothermembers shallbe designed admixtures. When concrete lower than grade M 50
and detailed in a way to ensureeasy flow of concrete is used under these conditions, the mean total air
and proper compaction during concreting. content by volume of the fresh concrete at the time
Concrete is more vulnerable to deterioration due to of delivery into the construction should be:
chemical or climatic attack when it is in thin sections, in
sections under hydrostatic pressure from one side only, Nominal Maximum Size Entrained Air
in partially immersed sections andAt comersand edges Aggregate Percentage
(mm)
of elements. The life of the structure can be lengthened
by providing extra cover to steel, by chamfering the
20 S±l
corners or by using circular cross-sections or by using 40 4±t
surface coatings which prevent or reduce the ingress
of water, carbon dioxide or Since air entrainment reduces the strength,
aggressive chemicals, suitable adjustments may be made in the mix
8.2.2 Exposure Conditions design for achieving required strength.
8.2.2.1 General environment 8.1.1.4 Exposure to sulphate attack
The general environment to which the concrete will Table 4 givesrecommendations for the type of
be exposed during its working life is classified into cement, maximum free water/cement ratio and
five levels of severity, that is, mild, moderate, severe,
minimum cement content, which are required at
.
very severe and extreme as described in Table 3. different sulphate concentrations in near-neutral
Table 3 Environmental Exposure Conditions ground water having pH of6 to 9.
(Clauses 8.2.2.1 and 35.3.2) For the very high sulphate concentrations in Class
S conditions, some form of lining such as
SI No. Environment Exposure Conditions
polyethylene or polychloroprene sheet; or surface
(1) (2) (3)
coating based on asphalt, chlorinated rubber, epoxy;
i) Mild Concrete surfaces protected against or polyurethane materials should also be used to
weatheror aggressiveconditions, except
those situated in ccestal area.
prevent accessby the sulphate solution.
ii) Moderate Concretesurfaces sheltered from severe
rain or freezingwhilst wet
8.2.3 Requirement of Concrete Cover
Concrete exposedto condensation al'd min 8.1.3.1 The protection of the steel in concrete
Concrete continuously under water against corrosion depends upon an
Concretein contactor bt!riedunder non-
adequatethickness of good qualityconcrete.
aggressive soil/ground \Yater
Concrete surfaces sheltered from 8.2.3.2 The nominal cover to the reinforcement
saturated salt air in coastal area shall be provided as per 26.4.
5888 SevereConcrete surfaces exposed to severe rain,
alternate wettinl and drying or 8.%.4 Concrete Mix Proportions
occasionalfreezing whilst wet or
severe condensation. 8.1.4.1 General
Concrete ~letely immersed inseawater
The free water-cement ratio is an important factor in
Concl1'tc exposed to coosual environment
governing the durability of concrete andshould always
5889 Very severeCOncrelC surfaces exposed to sea water
spray. corrosive fumes orsevere be the lowestvalue. Appropriate valuesfor minimum
freezin, conditions whilst wet cement content and the maximum free weler-cemenl
Concrete in contact witb or buried ratio are given in Table S for different exposure
under aaressive lub-loiVaround water conditions. The minimum cement content and
v) Extreme Surface of members in tidal zone Memben maximum water-cement ratio apply to 20 mm nominal
in direct contact with liquldl solidaggressive
chemicals maximum size aggresate. For othersizesof aggregate
they should be changed81 given in Table6.
18
IS 456: 2000
8.2.4.2 Maximum cementcontent been given in design to the increased risk of cracking
Cement content not including fly ash and ground due to drying shrinkage in. thin sections, or to early
granulated blast furnace slag in excess of 450 kglml thermal cracking and to the increased risk of
should not be used unless special consideration has damage due to alkali silica reactions.
Table 5 Minimum Cement Content, Maximum Water-Cement Ratio and Minimum Grade of Concrete for
DifTerent Exposures with Normal Weight Aggregates of 20 mm Nominal Maximum Size
(Clause» 6.1.2, 8.2.4.1 and 9.1.2)
~
SI t;xposure Plain Concrete Reinforced Concrete
"
...
--
...
No.
.... Maxirnum
Minimum Maximum Minimum Minimum
Minimum
Cement FreeWater· Grade of Cement FreeWater- Gradeof
Content Cement Ratio Concrete Content Cement Ratio Concrete
kglm' kgln}l
(2) (3) (4) (~) (6) (7) (8)
i) Mild 220 0.60 300 O.5~ M20
iii) Moderate 240 0.60 MIS 300 O.SO M25
iii) Severe 2S0 O.SO M20 320 O.4~ MJO
iv) Very severe 260 0.45 M20 340 0.45 M3S
v) Extreme ~80 0.40 M2~ 360 0.40 M40
NC)T&,
0 Celnentcontent prescribed in this table is irrapeetive of the grDdes of cement and it is inclusive of additions mentioned in
5.2. The additions suchDIfly ashor aroundgranulated blastfurnace slag may hetakenintoICcountin the concrete composition
withrespecllO the cementcontentand water-cement ratioif the suitability is established and as lonl as the maximum 81nounts
cakcn into ac&.~unt do not exceedthe limilor pozzolona and alae specified in IS 1489 (Part I) and IS 4S~ respectively.
2 Minimum grade·for plainconcrete undermildexposu~ condition it nolspecified.
20
1S4S6:2000
Table 6 Adjustments to Minimum Cement evaporationmaycause seriousconcentrations of salts
Contents for Allregates Other Than 20 mm with subsequent deterioration, even wherethe original
Nominal Maximum Size .salt content of the soil or water is not high.
(Clause 8.2.4.1)
NOTE - Guidance feaarding requirements forconaete exposed
Nominal Maximum 10 sulphnte anaek is liven in 1~4.
SI Adjustments to Minimum CemeDt
No. Aarepte Size Contents In 1able 5
mm k&lm:- 8.1.6.2 Drainage
(I) (2) (3)
At sites where alkali concentrations are high or may
i) 10 +40
become veryhigh.the groundwatershouldbe
ii) 20 o lowered by drainage so that it will not come into
iii) 40 -30 direct contact with the concrete.
Additional protection may be obtained by the use of
Table 7 Limits of Chloride Content or Concrete
chemically resistant stone facing or a layer of plaster
(Clause 8.2.5.2) of Paris covered with suitable fabric, such as jute
SI Typeor Use 01Concrete Maximum Total thoroughly impregnated with bituminous material.
No. Acid Soluble 8.2.7 Compaction; Finishing and Curing
Chloride ConteDt
Exp~cd as klhnJor Adequate compaction without segregation should be
CODcrete ensured by providing suitable workability and by
(I) (2) (3)
i)
employing appropriate placing and compacting
Concretecontaining metal and 0.4
equipment and procedures. Full compaction is
steam cured at elevated tempe-
ratureand pre-stressed concrete particularly important in the vicinity of construction
ii) Reinforced concrete or plain concrete 0.6 and movement joints and of embedded water bars and
containingembedded metal reinforcement.
iii) Concrete not containing embedded J.O Good finishing practices are essential for durable
metal or any material requiring concrete.
protection from chloride
Overworking the surface and the addition of waterl
cement to aid in finishing should be avoided; the
0 Usc of low alkali ordinary Portland cement resulting laitance will have impaired strength and
having total alkali content not more than 0.6 durability and will be particularly vulnerable to
percent (as Na20 equivalent). freezing and thawing under wet conditions.
Furtheradvantagecan be obtainedby use of It is essential to use proper and adequate curing
fly ash (Grade I) conforming to IS 3812 or techniques to reduce the permeability of the concrete
granulated blastfurnace slag conforming to and enhance its durability by extending the
IS 12089 as part replacement of ordinary hydration of the cement, particularly in its surface
Portland cement (having total alkali content as zone isee 13.5).
Na20 equivalent not more than 0.6 percent),
provided fly· ash content is at least 20 percent 8.2.8 Concrete in Sea-water
or slag content is at least 50 percent. Concrete i~ sea-water or exposed directly along the
1 Measures to reduce the degree of saturation sea-coast shall be at least M 20 Grade in the case of
of the concrete during service such as use of plainconcrete and M 30 in case of reinforced
impermeable membranes, concrete. The use of slag or pozzolana cement is
2 Limiting thecement contentin the concrete advantageous under such conditions.
mix and thereby limiting total alkali content 8.2.8.1 SPecial attention shall be given to the
in the concrete mix. For more guidance design of the mixto obtainthe
specialist literatures may bereferred. densestpossibleconcrete; slag.
broken brick. soft limestone, soft sandstone, or other
8.2.6 Concrete in Aggressive Soils and Water porous or weak aggregates shall not be used.
8.2.6.1 General 8.2.8.2 As far as possible, preferenceshall be given
The destructive action of aggressive waters on concrete is to precast members unreinforced, well-cured and
progressivee The rate of deterioration decreases as the hardened. without sharp corners, and having trowel-
concrete is made stronger and more impermeable, and smooth finished surfaces free from crazing. cracks or
increasesas the salt contentof the waterincreases. Where other defects; plastering should be avoided.
structuresare only partially immersed or are in 8.2.8.3 No construction joints shall be allowed within
contactwithaggressive soilsor waters on onesideonly, 600 mm below low water-level or within 600 mm of
the upper and lower planes of wave action. Where
21
IS 456: 1000
22
different fromthat showninTable 8, it shall bepermissible
to usethat value.
Table 8 Assumed Standard Jleviation
(Clau~'e 9.2.4.2 and Tub/£' 11)
Grade of AS5Uftl,d StKndard
Concrete Deviation
z
N/narn
MIO l5
MIS
M20 4.0
M2S
MJO
MJS
M40 5.0
M4S
M SO
NOTE--The above values correspond to the site control having
properstorageof cement;weighhatchingof all material»; controlled
addition of water; regular checking of all ,nate.-juls. ag~rcgate
&J'adings and moisture content; and periodical checking of
work3hility and strength. W~rc there i~ deviation from th~ above
the values given in the abnve tnble shall he inc.:fea~cd hy IN/nun! .
Grade of Total Quantity of Dry Aggre- Preportion of Fine Quantity of Wat~r per
Concrete gates by i\lass per SO kg of A~gregateto ~oarse SO kg of Cement, Max
Cement, to be Taken as the SUID Axgre"ate (hyl\1a'tt) I
of the Individual M1I$..'ies of
Ftnt aod Coarse Al:gregH1es, kg,
MtlX
(I) (2) (4)
23
IS 456: 2000
10.1.3 Each party involved in the realization of a measured. and within ± 3 pereent of the quantity of
project should establish and implement a Quality aggregate. admixtures and water being measured.
Assurance Plan. for its participation in the project. 10.2.3 ProportionflYpe and gradingof aggregates
Supplier's and subcontractor's activities shall be shall be made by trial in such a way so as to obtain
covered in the plan. The individual QualityAssurance densest possible concrete. All ingredients of the
Plans shall tit into the general Quality Assurance concrete should be used by mass only.
Plan. A Quality Assurance Plan shall define the tasks
10.2.4 Volume batching may be allowed only where
and responsibilities of all persons involved. adequate
weigh-batching is not practical and provided accurate
control and checking procedures,and the organization
bulk densities of materials to be actually used in
and maintaining adequate documentation of the
concrete have earlier been established. Allowance for
building process and its results. Such documentation
bulking shall be made in accordance with IS 2386 (Part
should generally include:
3). The mass volume relationship should be checked as.
0 test reports and manufacturer's certificate frequently as necessary. the frequency for the given job
for materials. concrete mix design details; being determined by engineer-in-charge 10 ensure that
1 pour cards for site organization and the specified grading is maintained,
clearance for concrete placement; 10.2.S It is important to maintain the water-cement
2 record of site inspection of workmanship, ratioconstant at its correct value. To this end. determi-
field tests; nation of moisture contents in both fine and coarse
3 non-conformance reports. change orders; aggregatesshall bemade as frequentlyas possible. the
4 quality control charts; and frequency for a given job being determined by the
0 statistical analysis. engineer-in-charge according to weather conditions.
NOTE-Quahty controt charts are recommended whereverthe The amount of the added water shall be adjusted to
concrete is in continuousproductionover considerableperiod. compensate for any observed variations in the moisture
contents. For the determination of moisture content in
10.2 Batching the aggregates. IS 2386 (Part 3) may bereferred to. To
To avoid confusionand error in batching,consideration allow for the variation in mass of aggregate due to
should be given to using the smallest practicalnumber of variation in theirmoisture content,suitableadjustments
different concrete mixes on any site or in anyone plant. in the masses of aggregates shall also be made. In the
In hatching concrete.the quantityof bothcement and absence of exact data. only in the case of nominal
aggregateshall be determined by mass;admixture. if mixes. the amount of surface water may be estimated
solid. by mass; liquid admixture may however be from the values given in Table 10.
measured in volume or mass; water shall be weighed OJ' Table 10 Surface Water Carried by Aggregate
measured by volume in a calibrated tank (set' also IS 4925).
(Clause 10.2.5)
Approximate Quantity of Surface
Ready-mixed concrete supplied by ready-mixed Water
concrete plant shallbepreferred. For largeand medium
..
. 24
18456: 1000
ubifortn in colour and consistenc.y. If there is 11.3 Strlpplnl11me
.e,re,ation alter unloading from the mixer, the
COhcrete should be remixed. Fonns shall not be released until the concrete has
achieved a strength of at leasttwicethe stressto which
10.3.1 Por guidance, the mixing timeshall be at the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal
least 2 min. Por other types of more efficient of fonnwork. The strength referred to shall be that of
mixers, manufacturers recommendations shalJ concrete using the same cement and aggregates and
be followed; for hydrophobic cement it may be
admixture, if any, withthe sameproportions and cured
decided by the engineer-in-charge.
under conditions of temperature and moisture similar
10.3.2 Workability should be checked at frequent to those existing on the work.
intervals (Itt IS 1199). 11.3.1 Whilethe above criteriaof strength shall be the
10.3.3 Dosages of retarders, plasticisers and guiding factor for removal of formwork, in normal
superplasticisers shallberestricted to O.S, 1.0and circumstances where ambient temperature doesnot
2.0 percent respectively by weight of cementitious fall below ISOC andwhere ordinaryPortland cement is
materials and unless a higher value is agreed used andadequate curingis done,following striWng
upon between the! Itllftufacturer and the period maydeem to satisfy the guideline given in 11.3:
constructor based on performance test.
Type of Formwor/c Minimum Period
11 FORMWORK Before Striking
Formwork
11.1 General a) Vertical fonnwork to columns, 16-24 h
The formwork shall be designed and constructed
walls, beams
so as to remain sufficiently rigid during placing
b) Soffitformwork to slabs 3 days
and compaction of concrete, and shallbe suchas to
prevent loss of slurry from the concrete. For further (Props to berefixed
details regarding design, detailing, etc,reference immediately afterremoval
may be made to IS 14687. The tolerances on the of formwork)
shapes, lines and dimensions shown in the drawing c) Soffit fonnwork to beams 7 days
shall bewithin the limitsgiven below: (Propsto be refixed
immediately afterremoval
0 Deviation from specified + 12 of formwork)
dimensions ofcross-section
_ 6 mm
d) Props to slabs:
of columns aad beams 1) Spanning up to 4.5 m 7 days
1 Deviation fromdimensions 2) Spanning over 4.S m 14days
offootinss e) Props to beams and arches:
0 Dimensio. in plan +50 mm 1) Spanning up to 6 m 14 days
-12 2) Spanning over 6 m 21 days
1 Eccentricity 0.02 times the
widthof thefoot- For other cements and lower temperature, the
ing in the direc- stripping time recommended above may be suitably
tion of deviation modified.
butnotmore than
11.3.2 The'number of propsleft under, their sizes
SOmm
and disposition shall be such as to be able to safely
2 Thickness 0 o.os times carry the full dead load of the slab, beam or arch as
the specified
thick-ness thecase may be tOlether with any live load likely to
occur during curingor further construction.
Thesetolerances applyto concrete dimensions only, and 11.3.3 Where the shapeof the elementis such that
notto positioniolof vertical reinforcing steel ordowels. the formwork has re-entrant angles, theformwork
11.2 aeanm._ TnatmeDt 01Formwork shallbe removed as soonas possible after the
All rubbish, particularly, chippinss, shavings and concretehas set, to avoid shrinkage cracking
sawduat sballberemoved from the interior of thefonns occurring due to the restraint imposed.
before the concrete is placed. The face of formwork 11 ASSEMBLY OF REINFORCEMENT
incontactwiththeconcrete shallbe cleaned andtreated
with form release agent. Release agents should be 12.1 Reinforcement shall be bent and fixed in
applied soas to providea thin unifonn coating to accordance with procedure specified in IS 2502. The
the fonns withoutcoatingthe reinforcement. highstrength defonnedsteelbarsshould not be re-bent
2118 818/07-5 2S
IS 456: 2000
or straightcned without the approval of engineer-in- steel bars are bent. aside at construction joints ana
charge. afterwards bent back into their original positions.
Bar bending schedules shall be prepared for all care should be taken to ensure that at no time is the
reinforcement work. radius of the bend Jess than 4 bar diameters for plain
mild steel or 6 bar diameters for deformed bars, Care
J2.2 All reinforcement shall be placed and maintained
shall also be taken when bending hack bars, to
in the position shown in the drawings by providing
ensure that the concrete around the bar is not
proper cover blocks, spacers, supporting bars, etc.
damaged beyond the band.
12.2.1 Crossing bars should not be lack-welded for
12.6 Reinforcement should be placed and tied in such
assembly of reinforcement unless permitted by
a way that concrete placement be possible without
engineer-in-charge.
segregation of the mix. Reinforcement placingshould
12.~~ Placing of Relnforcement allow compaction by immersion vibrator. Within the
concrete mass, different types of metal in cont.act
Rough handling, shock loading (prior to embedment)
should be avoidedto ensure that bimetalcorrosiondoes
and the droppingof reinforcementfrom a height
not t.ake place,
should be avoided. Reinforcement should he secured
against displacement outside the specified limits. 0 TRANSPORTING, PLACING,
12.3.1 Tolerances on Placing (~fReinforcement COMPACTI'()NAND CURING
Unless otherwise specified by engineer-in-charge, the 1.3.1 Transporting and Handling
reinforcement shall he placed within the following
tolerances: After mixing, concrete shall be transported to the
formwork as rapidly as possible by methods which will
a) for effective depth 200 nun ± 10 nun
prevent the segregation Of Jossof any of the ingredients
or less
or ingress of foreign matter or water and maintaining
b) for effective depth more than ± 15mm (he required workability
200 mm
13.1.1 During hoi Of cold weather. concrete shall be
t2.3~2 Tolerancefor Cover transportedin deep containers. Other suitable methods
to reduce the loss of water hy evaporation in hot
Unless specified otherwise, actual concrete cover
weather and heat loss in cold weather may also be
should not deviate from the required nominal cover
+10 adopted.
by 0 mrn,
13.2 Placing
Nominal cover as given in 26.4.1 should be specified
TIle concrete shall he deposited as nearlyas practicable
to all steel reinforcement including links. Spacers
in its final position to avoid rehandling. The concrete
between the links (or the bars where no links exist)
and the formwork should be of the same nominal size shall he placed and compacted hefore initial setting of
as the nominal cover. concrete commences and should not be subsequently
disturbed. Methods of placing should be such as to
Spacers, chairs and other supports detailed on preclude scgreg.rtion. Care should be taken to avoid
drawings, together with such other supports as may displacement of reinforcement or movement of
he necessary, should be used to maintain the specitied Iorrnwork . As a general guidance, the maxi ...
nominal cover to the steel reinforcement. Spacers or mum permissible free fall of concrete may be taken
chairs should be placed at a maximum spacing of Im as 1.5 Ill.
and closer spacing may sometimes be necessary.
13.3 COInpaction
Spacers, cover blocks should he of concrete of same Concrete should he thoroughly compacted and fully
strength or PVC. worked around the reinforcement, around embedded
fixtures and into corners of the fonnwork.
1.2.4 Welded Joints or Mechanical Connections
13.3.1 Concrete shall be compacted using mechanical
Welded joints or mechanical connections in vibrators complying with IS 2505, IS 2506. IS 2514
reinforcement may be usedbut in all cases of and IS 4656. Over vibration and under vibration of
important connections, tests shall hemade to prove that concreteare harmful and should beavoided. Vibration
thejoints are of the full strength of bars connected. of very wet mixes should also he avoided.
Welding of reinforcements shall be done in accordance
Whenever vibration has to be applied externally, the
with the recommendations of IS 2751 and IS 94 J7.
design of formwork and the disposition of vibrators
12.5 Where reinforcement bars upto 12 mm for high should receive special consideration to ensure efficient
strength deformed steel bars and up to 16mm for mild compaction and to avoid surface blemishes.
26
IS 456: 2000
13.4 ConstMlttion Joints and Cold Joints of ordinary PortlandCementand at least 10dayswhere
Joints are a common source of weakness and, mineral admixtures or blended cements are used. The
therefore, it is desirable to avoid them. If this is not period of curing shall not be less than J0 days for
possible. their number shall be minimized. concrete exposed to dry and hot weather conditions.
Concreting shall be carried out continuously up to In the case of concrete where mineral admixtures or
construction joints, the position and arrangement of blended cements are used, it is recommended that
which shall be indicated by the designer. above minimum periods may beextended to 14 days.
Constructionjoints should compJywithlS 11817. 13.5.2 Membrane (..'uring
Construction joints shall be placed at accessible
Approved curing compounds may be used in lieu of
locations to permit cleaning out of laitance, cement
moist curing with the permission of the engineer..in-
slurry and unsound concrete, in order to create rough/
charge. Such compounds shallbeappliedto all exposed
unevensurface. It is recommended to clean out laitance
surfaces of the concrete as soon as possible after the
and cement slurry hy using wire brush on the surface of
concrete has set. Impermeable membranes such as
joint immediately after initial setting of concrete and to
polyethylene sheeting covering closely the concrete
clean out the same immediately thereafter. The prepared
surface should be in a clean saturated surface dry
surface may also be used to provide effective barrier
against evaporation.
condition when fresh concrete is placed. against it.
In the case of construction joints at locations where 13.5.3 For the concrete containing Portland pozzolana
the previous pour has been cast against shuttering the cement, Portland slag cement or mineral admixture,
recommended method of obtaining a rough surface for period of curing may be increased.
the previously poured concrete is to expose the 13.6 Supervision
aggregate with ,1 high pressure water Jet or any other
appropriate means. It is exceedingly difficult and costly to alter concrete
Fresh concrete should be thoroughly vibrated near once placed. Hence, constant and strict supervision
construction joints so that mortarfrom the new concrete of all the items of the construction is necessary during
flows between large aggregates and develop proper the progress of the work, including the proportioning
bond with old concrete. and mixing of the concrete. Supervision is also of
extreme importance to check the reinforcement and
Where high shear resistance IS required at the
its placing before being covered.
construct ion joints. shear keys "lay he provided.
Sprayed curing membranes and release agents should 13.6.1 Before any important operation. such as
be thoroughly removed from joint surfaces. concreting or stripping of the fonnwork is started,
adequate notice shall be gi yen to the construction
13.5 (:urin~ supervisor.
Curing is the process of preventing the Jossof moisture ĀĀЀĀĀĀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀ᠀ЀĀĀĀЀĀĀĀĀᜀĀᜀ
from the concrete whilst maintaining a satisfactory ĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀᜀĀ0 CONCRETING UNDER SPECIAL
temperature regime. The prevention of moisture loss . (~ONDITIONS
from the concrete is panicularly important ifthe water-
cement ratio IS low, if the cement has a high rate of 14.1 Work in Extreme Weather Conditions
strength development, if the concrete contains During hot or cold weather, the concreting should be
granulated blast furnace slag or pulverised fuel ash. done as per the procedure set out in IS 7861 (Part 1) or
TIlecuring regimeshould also prevent the. development IS 7861 (Part 2).
of high temperature gradients within the concrete.
The rate of strength development at early ages of 14.2 Under-Water Con~retinl
concrete made with supersulphated cement is 14.ZL1 When it is necessary to deposit concrete
significantly reduced at" lower temperatures. under water, the methods. equipment, materials and
Supersulphated cement concrete is seriously affected proportions of the mix to be used shall be submitted to
by inadequate curing and the surface has to be kept and approved by the engineer-in-charge before the
moist for at least seven days. work is started.
13.5.1 Moist Curing 14.2.2 Under-water concrete should have a slump
Exposed surfaces of concrete shall be kept recommended in 7.1. The water-cementratio shall not
wet condition by pending exceed 0 6 and may need to be smaller, depending on
the grade of concrete or the type of chemical attack. For
or by covering with a layer of sacking, canvas, hessian aggregates of 40 rom maximum particle size, the
or similar materials and kept constantly wet for at least
cement content shall be at least 350 kg/m' of concrete.
seven days from the date of placing concrete in case
14.1.3 Coffer-dams or forms shall besufficiently tight
27
IS 456: 2000
to ensure still water if practicable. and in any cue to .urface, and thus avoid formetion of laitance
reducethe flow of water to less than 3 m1min throup layors. If tho cluqo in tho tremie is 10lt while
the space into which concrete is to be deposited. depositin,. tho tromio shall bo naised Ilxlve
Coffer-dams or fonns in still watershall besufficiently d1e concrete surface, and unloss _04 by I c~k
tight to prevent loss of mortar through the walls. De- valvo, it shall be rc-plulledat tho topend, as••
watering by pumping shall not be done while concrete the beginninl. before refl11inl for dcpositin,
is being placed or until 24 h thereafter. concrete.
14.2.4 Concrete cast underwatershouldnotfallfreely 0 Direct plactment with pumps-As in the case
through the water. Otherwise it may be leached and of the tremie method, tho vertical end piece
become segregated. Concrete shall be deposited of thepipelineis always inserted sufficiently
continuously until it is broughtto the required height. deep intothe previoosly castconcreteand
While depositing. the top surface shallbe keptasnearly shouldnot move to tlte side during pumping.
level as possibleand the fonnation of seams avoided. 1 Dmpbouom bucket-The topof the bucketshall bo
The methods to be used fordepositing concrete under covered with acanvas flap. The bottom doors
water shall be one of the following: shallopen freely downwvd and outward when
0 Tremie-Theconcrete isplacedthroup vertical tripped. Thebucket shall bo (diedcompletely and
pipes the lowerend of whichis always inserted lowered slowly to avoid backwaah. The bottom
sufficiently deep into the concrete which has doors shall not be opened until tho bucketrests on
been placed previously but has not set. The the surface upon which the concreto is to be
concrete emerging from the pipe pushes the deposited and when dtscharged, shall be withdrawn
material that has alreadybeenplacedto the side slowly until well above theconcrete,
and upwards and thusdoes not comeintodirect 2 Bags - Bags of at least 0.028 m] capacity of
contact with water. jute or other coarse cloth shall be filled about
When concrete is to be deposited under water two-thirds full of concrete, the spareend turned
by means oftremie, the top sectionof the tremie under so that baa is square ended and
shallbe a hopperlarge enoughto holdoneentire securely tied. They shall be placed carefully in
batch of the mix or the entire contents the header and stretcher courses so that the whole
transporting bucket, if any. Thetremie pipeshall mass is interlocked. Bagsusedfor thispurpose
be not less than 200 mm in diameter and shall shallbe free from deleterious materials.
be largeenoughto allowa free flow of concrete
3 Grouting-A series of round cages made from SO
and strong enough to withstand the external
mm mesh of 6 mm steel and extending over the
pressure of the water in which it is suspended,
full heishtto be concreted shallbe prepared and
evenifa panial vacuum develops inside thepipe.
laid vortically over the area to beconcreted so
Preferably, flanged steel pipe of adequate
thattho distance between centres of the cases and
strength for the job should be used. A separate
also to the faces of the concrete shall not
lifting device shall be provided for each tremie
exceedone metre. Stone aggregate of not less
pipe with its hopper at the upper end. Unless the
thanSO mm nor morethan200 mm sizeshallbe
lower end of the pipe is equipped with an
deposited outside the stool cages over the full
approved automatic check valve,the upperend
area and heightto be concreted with due care to
of the pipe shall be plugged with a wadding preventdisplacement of the cages.
of the gunny sacking or other approved material A stable 1:2 cement-sand grout with a water-
beforedelivering the concreteto the tromie pipe cementratio of not loss than 0.6 and not marc
throughthe hopper, so that whenthe concrete is than 0.8shall be prepared in a mechanical mixer
forced down from the hopperto the pipe, it will andsentdownunderpressure 2
(about0.2N/inm )
force the plug (and along with it any water in throulh 38 to 50nundiameter pipes tenninating
the pipe) down the pipe and out of the bottom intosteelcages,aboutSO mm abovethe bottom of
end. thus establishing a continuous stream of the concrete. As the &rautio, proceeds, the pipe
concrete. It willbe necessary to raiseslowlythe shall be raised aradually up to a heiaht of
tremie in order to cause a uniform flow of the
notmorethan6000 nun above its starlin, level
concrete, but the tremieshall not beemptied10
after which it may be withdrawn and
that water enters the pipe. At all times after the
pl,acod into the noxt cale for further
placing of concrete is started and until all the
concrete is placed, the lower end of the ttemie
groutiol by the same procedure.
pipe shall be belowthe topsurface of the plastic After IfOUtinl the whole area for a heisht
concrete. This .will cause the concrete to build of about 600 mm, the same operation shall be
up from below instead of flowing out over the repeated, if necessary. for the next layer of
28
L~ 456: 1000
29
IS 456: 2000
16.5 Concrete of each grade shall be assessed 0 there is a system to verify that the quality is
separately. satisfactory in individual parts of the
16.6 Concrete is liable to be rejected if it is porous structure, especially the critical ones.
or honey-combed. its placing has been interrupted 17.2 Immediately after stripping the forrnwork, all
without providing a proper construction joint. the concreteshall becarefully inspectedand any defective
reinforcement has been displaced beyond the work or small defects either removed or made good
tolerances specified. or construction tolerances before concrete has thoroughly hardened.
have not been met. However. the hardened
17.3 Testing
concrete may be accepted after carrying out
suitable remedial measures to the satisfactionof the In case of doubt regarding the grade of concrete
engineer-in-charge. used, either due to poor workmanship or basedon
results of cube strength tests, compressive strength
0 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF tests of concreteon the basisof 17.4 and/or load test
STRU<"'""TURES (see 17.6) may becarried out.
NOTE-In the absence of established valueof standard deviation. the valuesJiven in Table8 l114y be assumed.and llttempt
shouldbe l1llIde 10 obtain resultsof 30 sampleslIS early lIS poasible to ambUsh die valueof standarddeviation.
30
IS 45(i : 200()
possible after expiry of 28 days from the lillie of placing not apply.
of concrete.
17.7 Members (1thcr Than Flexural Members
17.6.2 The structure should he subjected to a load equal
to full dead load of the structure plus 1.25 tillll'S the Memher-, other than flexural members should he
imposed load tor a period of 24 h and then the unposed preferably investigated hy analysis.
load shall he removed, 17.H Non-destructive Tests
NOTE--·-Dc:ad load includes self weight of the structural Non-destructive tests arc used to obtain estimation of the
members pili" weight of finishes and walls or partition». If any
~l'\ considered in the design . properties of concrete in the structure. TIle methods
adopted include ultrasonic pulse velocity (sec IS J 33) I
17.6.3 The deflection due to iTJIPOSl~d load only shall (Pari I) J and rebound hammer [IS 13311 (Pari 2) L prn
he recorded. If within 24 h of removal of the imposed be pc net rat i ()n , pull 0 utand mat lJ ri t y. Non-
load. the structure docs not recover at least 75 percent dcstructi vc tests provide alternatives to core tests for
of the deflection under superimposed load, the test may cstirnatiug the strength of concrete in a structure. or
be repealed after a lapse of 72 h. If the rl~CO\'CI"y is Ics~ can xupplcmcut the data obtained 1'1"0111 a limited
than XO percent .. the structure shall be dc.eln~d 1o he n UIII her of cores. These methods art' based on
unacceptable. mcusur ing a concrete properly thaI bears sonic
rl~latic.nship to strength, The accuracy of these methods, in
.7.()...ll Ir the maximum deflection in 111111. shown part. is determined by the degree of correlation
during. 24 h under load i~ less than 4()/'~/1.). where I is h('l\\.'t'l'tl~fn .. nc~th Hnd Ihe physical quality 1I1CtlSUrl,d
the effective span in m; and 1.), the overall depth of tlk' h) th~' nun destruct i vc texts.
it i\ not ncccxs.n y fOI the teL·O\CIV 10
~cclj()n in 111111, Anv of th\..~"i~ mcthodx tna~' he .uloptcd. in which cusc the
he measured and the recovery provi ,ion", of t 7.tl.~' ...,-hall ~H'n..'I'I~IIH.'l" cnll'ria ~h~lll he agreed upon prior to h'sling.
11
IS 456: 1000
SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
18 BASES FOR DESIGN be taken from Table 18 for the limit state of
collapse.
18.1 Aim of DesigD
The aim of design is the achievementof an acceptable 18.3 DurabWty, Workmanship aDd ~terlall
probabilitythat structuresbeing designedwill perform It is assumed that the quality of concrete, steel and
satisfactorily during their intended life. With an other materials and of the workmanship, as verified
appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all by inspections, is adequate fot safety. serviceability
the loads and deformationsof normal construction and durability.
and use and have adequate durability and adequate
resistance to the effects of misuse and fire. 18.4 DesllDProcess
Design. including design for durability, construction
18.2 Methods of Design
and use in service should be considered as a whole.
18.2.1 Structureand structuralelementsshall The realization of design objectives requires
nonnally be designed by Limit State Method. compliance with clearly defined standards for
Account should be taken of accepted theories, materials, production, workmanship and also
experiment and experience and the need to design for maintenanceand use of structure in service.
durability. Calculations alone do not
producesafe,serviceable and durable structures. 19 LOADSAND 'ORCES
Suitablematerials,quality control. adequate detailing 19.1 General
and good supervision are equally important.
In structural design,account shallbe taken of the dead.
18.2.2 Where the Limit State Method can not be imposed and wind loads and forces such as those
conveniently adopted, Working Stress Method (see caused by earthquake. and effects due to shrinkage,
Annex B) may be used. creep, temperature, etc, where applicable.
18.2.3Design Based on Experimental Basis
19.2 Dead Loads
Designs based on experimental investigations on
Dead loads shall be calculated on the basis of unit
models or full size structure or element may be
weights which shall be established takina into
accepted if they satisfy the primary requirements of
considerationthe materials specifiedfor construction.
18.1 and subject to experimental details and the
analysis connected therewith being approved by the 19.2.1Alternatively, the dead loads may becalculated
on the basis of unit weights of materials liven in IS
engineer-in-charge.
875 (Part 1). Unless more accurate calculations are
18.2.3.1 Where .the design is based on experimental warranted, the unit weights of plain concrete and
investigation on full size structureor element,load reinforced concrete made with sand and gravel or
tests shall becarried out to ensure the following: crushed natural stone aggregate may be taken as 24
5888 The structure shall satisfy the requirements 3
kN/m:\ and 25 kN/m respectively.
for deflection (see 23.2) and cracking (see
35.3.2) when subjected to a load for 24 h equal 19.3 Imposed Loads, WIndLoadsandSnow LoIds
to the characteristic load multipliedby ).33 Imposed loads. wind loads and snow loads shall be
Yr'where "(rshall be taken fromTable 18,for assumed in accordance with IS 87S (Part 2), IS
thelimitstate of serviceability. If within 24 h of 87S (Part 3) and IS 875 (Part 4) respectively.
the removal of the load, the structure does not
show a recovery of at least 7S percent of the 19.4 Earthquake Forces
maximum
deflection shown during the 24 h under. theload,
The earthquake forces shall be calculated In
the test loading should berepeated after a lapse
accordance with IS 1893.
of 72 h.The recovery afterthe secondtestshould
beat least7S percentof the maximumdeflection 19.5 Shrlnkap, enep and Temperature Elfeets
shown during the second test.
If the effects of shrinkagc, creep and temperature are
NOTE-If the maximum deflection in mm, shown duriftl 24
2/D
h under load is lessthan40 1 where I is theeffectivespan in
liableto affectmaterially the safety
m; and D is the overall depth of thesection in rom, it i. not andserviceability of the structure. these shall be
necessary for the ~ to be measured. taken into account in the calculations (see 6.2.4,
23 The structure shall have adequate strenath to
6.Z.5 and 6.2.6) and IS 875(Part 5).
sustainfor 24 h, a total loadequal to the charac- 19.5.1 Inordinarybuildinp, such• lowrisedwellinp
teristic load multiplied by 1.331,where Y, shall whose lateral dimension do Dot exceed 45 m, the
32
IS 456: 2000
effects due to temperature fluctuations and shrinkage 20.2 Sliding
and creep can be ignored in design calculations. The structure shall have a factor against sliding of not
less than 1.4underthe most adverse combination of the
19.6 Other Forces and Effects
appliedcharacteristic forces. In this case only0.9 times
In addition, account shall be taken of the following the characteristic dead load shall be taken into account.
forces and effects if they are liable to affect materially
20.3 Probable Variation in Dead Load
the safety and serviceability of the structure:
To ensure stability at all times, account shall be taken of
0 Foundation movement (see IS 1904),
probable variations indead load duringconstruction,
1 Elastic axial shortening, repairor other temporary measures. Wind and seismic
2 Soil and fluid pressures [see IS 875 (Part 5)], loading shall be treated as imposed loading.
3 Vibration, 20.4 Moment Connection
The stability of a structure as a whole against 21.3 The reinforcement detailing should reflect the
overturning shall be ensured so that the restoring changing pattern of the structural section and ensure
moment shan be not less than the sum of 1.2 times that both .individual clements and the structure as a
the maximumoverturning momentdue to whole contain adequate support. tics, bonds and
thecharacteristic dead load and 1.4 times the maximum anchorages for the required tire resistance..
overturning moment due to the characteristic imposed 21.3.1 Additionalmeasures such as application of fire
loads. In cases where dead load provides the resistant finishes. provision of fire resistant false
restoringmoment, only 0.9 times the characteristic dead ceilings and sacrificial steel in tensile zone, should he
load shall be considered. Restoring moment due to adopted in case the nominal cover required
imposed loads shall be ignored. exceeds 40 mm for beams and 35 mm for slabs, to
20.1.1 The anchorages or counterweights provided give protection against spelling.
for overhanging members (during construction and
service) should be such that static equilibrium should 21.4 Specialist literature may be referred to for
remain, even when overturning moment is determining fireresistance of the structureswhich
doubled. have not been covered in Fig. 1 or Table 16A.
2116 el5/07---6 33
IS 456: 2000
BEAMS
SOLID SLAB
-Pw~·
RIB I WAFFEL SLAB
SLABS
::b
" .. "..
.t':
~
f
COLUMNS
"
b bw D Bxposed
mm mill mID IIIID 111m mm mm mm mm
0.5 200 125 75 150 m tOO 150 100 100
I 200 125 95 200 160 120 ISO 120 100
1.5 200 12S 110 250 2(X) 140 175 140 100
~on
2 ZOO 125 125 200 160 160 100
3 240 ISO 150 400 .100 200 200 150
4 280 175 170 450 350 240 240 180
NOTES
0 These minimum dimensions relatespecifically to the covers givenin Teble
16A. :z p is the percentage of steel reinforcement.
34
IS 456: 2000
b) Continuous Beam or Slab - In the case of 22.4.1 Arrangement oflmposed Load
continuous beam or slab. jf the width of the
support is less than 1/12 of the clear span, the Consideration may be limited to combinations of:
Design dead load on all spans with full design
effective span shall be as in 22.2 If the
imposed load on two adjacent spans;
supports are wider than 1/12 of the clear span
and
or 600 mm whichever is less, the effective Design dead load on all spans with full design
span shall be taken as under: imposed load on alternate spans.
0.0 For end span with one end fixed and the When design imposed load does not exceed
other continuous or for intermediate three-fourths of the design dead toad, the load
spans. the effective span shall be the clear arrangement maybe design dead load and
span between supports; design imposed load on all the spans.
NOTE ----. For beams and slabs continuous over
0.0 For end span with one end free and the
support 22.4.1Ca) rna)' be assumed,
other continuous, the effective span shall
be equal to the clear spanplus half the 22.4.2 Substitute Frame
effective depth of the beam or slab or the For determining the moments and shears at any floor
clear span plus half the width of the or roof level due to gravity loads, the beams at that
discontinuous support, whichever is less; level together with columns above and below with
0.1 In the case of spans with roller or rocket their far ends Ii xed may be considered to constitute
bearings. the effective span shall always he the frame.
the distance between the centres ofbearings. 4.2.1 Where side sway consideration becomes critical
Cantilever- The effectivelength of a cantilever due to unsymmctry in geometry or loading, rigorous
shall he taken as its length to the face of the analysis ITIay be required.
support plus half the effective depth except 22.4.3 For lateral loads, simplified methods may be
where it forms the end of a continuous beam used to obtain the moments and shears for structures
where the length to the centre of support shall that arc svmmetrical. For unsymmetrical or very tall
be taken. structures. more rigorous methods should be used.
Frames - In the analysis of a continuous Irarne, 22.5 Moment and Shear Coefficientfi for
centre to centre distance shall he used. Continuous Beams
22.3 Stiffness 22.5.1 Unless more exact estimates are made. for beams
of uni form cross-section which support substantially
22.3.1 Relative Stiffness uniformly distributed loadsover three or IlH ire :'\1 ',UlS
The relative stiffness of the members may be based which do not differ by more-than 15percent of the longest,
on the moment of inertia of the section determined on the bending moments and shear forces used in design
the basis of anyone of the following definitions: may be obtained using the coefficients given in Table
1.2 and Table 13 respectively.
Gross section - The cross-section of the
For moments at supports where two unequal spans
memberignoringreinforcement: meet or j n case where the spans are not equally loaded,
b) Transformed section - 'The concrete cross- the average of ttlc two values for the negative moment
section plus the area of rc intor ccmcrn at the Stlppt ut may he taken for design.
transformed on the basis of modular ratio (St'l' B- Where coeflicients given in Table 12 are used for
I.3); or calculationof bending moments, redistributionreferred
Cracked section _.- The area of concrete in to in 22.7 shall not be permitted.
compression plus the area of reinforcement
transformed on the basis of modular rutin. 22.5.2 Beams and Slabs Over Free End Supports
Where a member is built into a masonry wall which
The assumptions made shall be consistent for (111 the develops nnly partial restraint. the member shall be
members of the structure throughout any analysis. designed to resist a negative moment at t.he face of the
22.3.2 For deflection calculations, appropriate support of W1/24 where W is the total design load and l
values of moment of inertia as specified in Annex C is the effective span, or such other restraining moment
shGUIU be used. as may be shown to he applicable, For such a condition
shear coefficient given in Table 13 at the end support
22.4 Structural Frames may be increased hy 0.05.
The simplifying assumptions as given in 22.4.1
to 22..4.3 may be used in the analysis of frames.
35
IS 456 : 2000
36
IS 456: 2000
(0) (b)
but in no case greater than the breadthof the web structureor finishes or partitions. The deflectionshall
plus halfthe sum of thecleardistances to generally be limited to the following:
theadjacent beams on either side. The final deflection due to all loads including the
effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage and
ForT-beams,h, =~ +b", + 6D,
measured from the as-cast level of the supports
I of floors, roofs and all other horizontal
For L-beams, b, =~ + bw + 3 D, 12 members, shouldnotnormally exceedspanl2S0.
For isolated beams, the effective flange width The deflection including the effects of
shall be obtainedas belowbut in no temperature, creepandshrinkage occurring
casegreater than the actual width: after erection of partitions and the application
of finishes should not normally exceed
,
T - beam,b .~I)o+ b.. span/3S0 or 20 mm whichever is less.
.:JL +4
b 23.2.1 The verticaldeflection limits may. generallybe
assumed to be satisfiedprovidedthat the span to
depth ratiosare notgreater thanthe valuesobtainedas
O.S In b
L b b below:
- eam, '=~+ w
...!l. +4 Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for
b spans up to 10m:
where
Cantilever 7
b, =effective width of flange, Simplysupported 20
In =distance between points of zero moments in Continuous 26
the beam, For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be
b", = breadth of the web, multiplied by 10/span in metres, except for
=
Dr thickness of flange, and cantileverin whichcase
calculations should be made.
deflection
= actual width of the flange.
Depending on the area and the stress of steel for
NOTE - Por continuous beams and frame., ",,'
tensionreinforcement, the values in (a) or (b)
may be
assumed lUI 0.7 time.the effective span. shall be modified by multiplying with the
modification factor obtained as per Fig. 4.
23.2 Control of Defledlon Depending on the area of compression
The deflection of • structure or part thereof shall not reinforcement, the value of span to depth ratio
adversely affect the appearance or efficiency of the be further modified by multiplying with the
modification factor obtained as per Fig. S.
37
IS 456 : 2000
I I
BEAM I I
I I
T-+----+-+----+---
Xl I I t--~-
SECTION XX
FIG. 3 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT IN FLANGB OFT-BEAM WHEN MAIN REINFORCEMENT Of
modified as per Fig. 6 and the reinforcement NOTE-When deflections are required to be calculated, the
percentage for use in Fig. 4 and 5 shouldbebased
method givenin Annex C may be used.
2·0 \
\\ \ \
',6
\ ' \ -, r-,
\\ "
<, r-,
I<, r-,
h·290 ,
I
Note: f. IS STEEL STRESS OF SERVICE
2
,LOADS IN N/mm
I
"
38
18456: 2000
.-.-. ~~ 100"""
~
~~
V
L/
V
/
,/
0-50 '-00 1-50 2-00 2-50
PERCENTAGE COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT
1/
1'100
0095
e
/
a:
~ e-sc
&L /"
z 0.85
Q /
t /
~ 0·80
a:
0·75
0.70 0'4 0·8 0'8 1·0
o 0'2
39
IS 456: 2000
capable of free rotation.or as membersof a continuous For two or more loads not in a line in the direction
framework with the supports, taking into account the of thespan. if theeffective width of slabforone
stiffness of such supports. If suchsupports are formed load does not overlaptheeffective width of
due to beams whichjustify fixity at the supportof slabfor anotherload,both calculated as in (a)
slabs, then the effects on the supporting beam, such above, then the slab for each load can be
as, the bending of the web in the transverse direction designed separately. If the effective width of
of the hewn and the torsionin thelongitudinal slabforoneload overlaps theeffective width of
directionof the beam. whereverapplicable, shall also be slab for an adjacent load, the overlapping
considered in the design of the beam. portion of the slab shall be designed for the
combined effectof the twoloads.
24.3.1 For the purpose of calculation of moments
in slabs in a monolithic structure, it will generally Table 14Values 01k for Sbnply Supported and
be sufficiently accurateto assumethat Continuous Slabs
membersconnected to the ends of such slabs are (Clause 24.3.2.1)
fixed in position and direction at the ends remote
from their connections with the slabs. i lorSlmpl, i lor CoatlDUQUI
Supported S.... 51••
24.3.1 Slabs Carrying ConcentratedLoad 0.1 0.4 0.4
0.2 0.8 0.8
24.3.2.1 If a solid slab supportedon two oppositeedges, 0.3 1.16 1.16
carries concentrated loads the maximum bending 0.4 1.48 1.44
moment caused by the concentrated loads shall be O.S 1.72 1.68
0.6 1.96 1.84.
assumed to be resisted by an effective width of slab
0.7 2.12 1.96
(measured parallel to the supporting edges) as follows: 0.8 2.24 2.08
0.9 2.36 2.16
For a single concentrated load. the effective 1.0and above 2.48 2.24
width shall be calculated in accordance with
the following equation provided that it shall For cantilever solid slabs, the effective width shall
not exceed the actual width of the slab: he calculated in accordance with the following
equation:
ber = kx (1- ..!..)+ a ber = 1.2al +a
lef where
where ber = effective width,
bd = effective width of slab, ill =distance of the concentrated load from the face of the
cantilever support, and
= constant having the values given in Table 14
depending upon the ratio of the width of = widt.h of contact area of the concentrated
load measured parallel to the supporting
the slab (/~ to the effective span Ie{ , edge.
= distance of the centroid of the Provided thatthe effective widthof the cantilever
concentrated load from nearer support,
slab shall not exceed one-third the length of the
Ir f = effective span, and cantilever slabmeasured parallel to thefixededge.
= width of the contact area of the And providedfurther that when the concentrated
concentrated load from nearer support loadisplaced neartheextreme endsof the length of
measured parallel to the supported edge. cantilever slab in the direction parallel to the fixed
And provided further that in case of a load near edge. the effective width shall not exceed the above
value, nor shall it exceed half the above valueplus
the unsupported edge of a slab. the effective
the distanceof the concentrated load from the
width shall not exceed the above value nor half
extreme end measured in the
the above valueplus thedistance oftheload from
the unsupported edge. direction parallel to the fixed edge. .
24.3.2.2 For slabs other than solid slabs, the effective
For two or more concentrated loads placed in a
width shall depend on the ratio of the transverse and
line in the direction of the span, the bending
longitudinal flexural rigidities of the slab. Where this
moment per metre width of slab shall be
ratio is one, that is, where the transverse and
calculated separately for each load according
longitudinal flexural rigidities arc approximately
to its appropriate effective width of slab
equal, the value of effective width as found for solid
calculated as in (a) above and added together
for design calculations. slabs may be -used. But as the ratio decreases,
proportionately smaller value shall he taken.
40
IS 456: 2000
24.3.2.3Any other recognizedmethod of analysis for signs),the total should be equal to that from (a).
Casel of Ilaba covered by 24.3.%.1 and 24.3.2.2 and If the resulting support moments are signifi-
fot all othet ~ase8 of slabs may be used with the cantly greater than the value from Table 26,
approvai OfaM engineer*in-charge. the tension steel over the supports will need
24.3.2.4 The critidil Medon for checking shear shall to be extended further. The procedure should
beas Jiven in 34.2.4.1. be as follows:
Takethe span momentas parabolic between
24.4 Slabs SpaDllinllD two Directions at Rllbt supports: its maximum value is as found
ADII_ from (d).
The slabs spanning in two directions at right angles Determine the points of contraflexure of the
and carryinS uniformly distributed load may be new support moments [from (c)] with the
desilned by any acceptable theory or by usina span moment [from (1)].
coefficients liven in Annex D. For determining Extendhalf the supporttensionsteel at each
bending moments in slabs spanning in two end to at least an effective depth or 12 bar
directions at right anales and carrying diameters beyond the nearest point of
coaeentrered load, any accepted method approved contraflexure.
by the engineer-In-charge may beadopted.
Extend the full area of the support tension
NOTS-The IDOII commonly UJed elastic methods are based
on Apaud', orWester-pard', theoryandthemost commonly steel at each end to half the distance from
uled limitItaJe of coUapse methodis basedonJohansen's yield- (3).
linetheory.
24.5 Loads on SuPportiDI Beams
14.4.1 Restrained Slab with Unequal Conditions at The loads on beams supporting solid slabs
Adjacent Pan,I, spanning in two directions at right angles and
In some cases the support moments calculated from supporting uniformly distributed loads, may be
Table 26 for adjacent panels may differ significantly. assumed to be in accordance with Fig. 7.
The following procedure may be adopted to adjust 25 COMPRESSION MEMBERS
them:
25.1 Definitions
Calculate the sum of moments at midspan and
IUpports (nea1ecting signs). 25.1.1Columnor strut is a compressionmember,
treat the values from Table 26 as fixed end the effective lengthof whichexceeds three times the
m<mieDts. least lateral dimension.
According tCJ the relative stiffness of adjacent 25.1.2 Shortand SlenderCompression Members
spans, distribute the fixed end moments across A compression member may be considered as short
the supports, living new support moments.
Adjult midspanmoment such that, when added to
· I h
are less
the support moments from (c) (neglecting when boththe slenderncb; ~o. Dand b
than 12:
B
LOAD IN THIS SHADED
AREA TO BE CARRIED
8V BEAM 'e'
LOAD IN THIS SHADED AREA
TO BE CARRIED BY BEAN '//
2116 818/07-1 41
IS 456 : 2000
where where
1 = effective length in respect of the major
M
Annex E. 4fbd
25.3.2 If, in any given plane, one end of a column is hd =design bond stress given in 26.Z.1.1.
unrestrained, its unsupported length, it shall not exceed NOTES
2 The development IcnJlhincludca anchomae vDlues of
JOOb
---' hooks in tension reinforcement.
[) For bars of sections other than cireular. the development
lenathshould be sufficient to develop the stras in the bar
by bone"
0°'
...",,:
..... 'lI
I,
:i
.c.
42 .;
.
IS 456: 2000
16.2.1.1 Design bond stress in limit state method for plain bars in tension shall be as below:
For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786 these In the compression zone, front the mid depth
values shall be increased by 60 percent. of the beam.
For bars in compression. the values of bond stress Stirrups-Notwithstanding any of the provisions of
for bars in tension shall be increased by 25 percent. this standard, in case of secondary reintorcement,
The values of bond stress in working stress design, such as stirrups and transverse ties, complete
are given in B-2.1. development lengths and anchorage shall be
deemed to have been
26.2.1.2 Bars bundled ;11 contact provided when the bar is bent through an angle
The development length of each bar of bundled bars of at least 90" round a bar of at least its own
shall be that for the individual bar, increased by )0 diameterand is continued beyond the end of the
percent for two bars in contact, 20 percent for three bars·in curve for a length of at least eight diameters, or
contact and 33 percent for four bars in contact. when the bar is bent through an angle of 135 and 0
...
IS 456: 2000
should betaken upby additional linka orstirrups. Bent
tension bar at a re-entrantangle should be avoided. --
16.1.3.3 Positive momentreinforcement Adequate end anchoralo shallbe providod for .",10"
reinforcement in flexural memben where roinfOJlJO"
At least one-third the positive moment mcnt stress is not direcdy proportional to mOlMltl,
reinforcement in simple members and one- suchas sloped. ltepped, or tapered footinp; brackets;
fourth the positive moment reinforcement in deep beams; and members in which the tension
continuous members shall extend along reinforcement is notparallel to the comprel.ion fICO.
thesame face of the memberinto
thesupport,to a length equal to Ld/3.
26.%.5 R,inforclment Spllcin,
When a flexural memberis part of the primary Where splices are provided inthereinforcinl ban. they
lateral load resisting system, the positive shall u f. 81 possible be away from the IeCUonl of
reinforcement required to be extended into maximum ItreS' andbeltagered. It iancommendod
the support as described in (a) shall be that splices in flexural memben Ihould "Ol bf at
anchored to develop its design stress in sections whore the bendinl moment i. more than '0
tension at the face of the support. percent of themomentof resistance; andnot mON
At simple supports and at points of inftection, Chan half the barsshallbe spliced at a section.
positive moment tension reinforcemeat Where more than one·balf of thoban are splicedat a
shallbe limited to a diametersuchthat Ld section or wbere splices are mad. It point. of
computed for !.J by 26.2.1 does not exceed maximum stress, special precaution. shall bo eaken,
44
IS456:~
suchas increasing the lengthof lap and/oruSlnS spirals at a time; suchindividual spliceswithina
or closely-spaced stirrups around the length of the bundle shall be staggered.
splice. 16.1.5.2 Strength o/welds
.u.l Lap ,plie" The following valuesmay beused where the
Lapsplicesshall not beusedforbars larger than' strength of the we1d has been proYed by tests
36 rom; for larger diameters, bars may be to be at least as great 1$ d1~of thoparent bar. .'
welded (see 12.4); in cases where welding a) Splices' in compression - For welded
is not practicable, lapping of bars larger splices and mechanical connection, 100
than 36 mm may be permitted, in which percent of the desis" strength of joined bars.
case additional spiralsshouldbe provided Splices in tension
around the lapped bars.
80 percentof the design strength of welded
Lap splices shall be considered as staggered if bars (100 percent if welding is Itrictly
the centre to centre distance of the splices is supervised and if at any cross...aectionof
not Jess than 1.3timesthe laplength the member not more than 20 percent of the
calculated as described in (e).
tensile reinf(lr~tnent is welded).
Lap lengthincluding anchorage valueof hooks for \00 pcf~nt of design strength of mecha-nical
bars in flexural tension shall be Ld tse« 26.2.1) connection.
or 30(/) whichever is greater and for direct
tension shall be 2Ld or 30~ whicheveris 16.2.5.3 End-bearing splices
greater. The straightlengthof the lap shall not End-hearing splices shall be used only for bars in
be Jess than IS, or 200 mm. The following compression. The ends of the bars shall be square cut
provisions shall also apply: and concentric bearing ensured by suitable devices.
Where lap occurs for a tension bar located at:
16.3 Spacinl of Relnloreenaent
top of a section 8S cast and the minimum cover
is less than twice the diameter of the lapped
26.3.1 For the purposeof this ~I.-"se. the diametor of around
bar, the lap lengthshall be increased by a
bar shall be its n011\"'" diamoto" and in the
case of bars w~ich ~ro no, round or in tho case of deformed
factor of 1.4.
bars or crimpod ~It tho diamoter shall be
comer of a section and the minimum cover to <l,,,~etef of aoifcle .ivinJ an equivalent
either face is less than twice the diameter of
the lapped bar or where the clear distance effecti ve arcs". Whero Ipacin. limitations and
between adjacent laps is less than 7S mm or minimum CO"QfOtc cover (I" Z6A) are bued on bar
6 times the diameter of lapped bar. diameter. a group of ban bundled in contact shall be
whichever is greater, the lap treated as a linslo bar of diameter derived from the
lengthshouldbeincreased by a factor of ).4. ' total ~quiY_'enl aroa.
Where both condition (1) and (2) apply. the lap J6.3.1 Minimum Distance Between IndividUfJI Bars
length should be increased by a factorof 2.0. The followi"g shall apply for .pacinl of ban:
NOTE-Splices ia tension members shall be enclosed in
spirals madeof bon DOl lessthan6 mmdiameter withpitch The _orizontal distance between two parallel
. not lnofe than 100mm. main'reinforcinl bars shall usually be not
less thantho lreato., of tho foUowina:
The lap lengthin compression shan beequal to
the development length in compression, I) ll-" di..meter of tho bar if the diameteR are
e4l~alt
calculated as described in ~.1.1. but not less
than 24~. 2) Th~ diameter of the larler bar if the
When bars of two differentdiameters are to be
diamolCrs are unoqual. and
S111m moro than tho nominalmaximum size
spliced, the lap le"gth shall be calculated on
the basis of diameter of the smaller bar. of ~p~ _IPlalO.
When splicing of welded wire fabric is to be doesnot preclude the use orllllpr size of
carried out, lap splices of wires shall be D.I",.itel beyond the conceated reinfon:ement in the
made so that overlap measured between the lAme member; lhe aize of ,"relates ,nay be naduoocl
extreme cross wires shall be not less than Ground con,clted reinforcement tQ comply with thil
provision.
the spacingof pross wires plus 100 mm,
_> In case of b"ndlod bars, lapped splices of Qreater horizontal distance than tho minimum
l1""dtcd ban shall bemade by splicingone bar specified in (a) should be prov~dod wherevor
possible. However when needle vibrators aro
45
IS 456 : 2000
used the horizontal distance between bars of a 26.4 Nominal Cover to Reinforcement
group may be reduced to two-thirds the
26.4.1 Nominal Cover
nominal maximum size of the coarse
aggregate, provided that sufficient space is left Nominal cover is the design depth of concrete cover to
between groups of bars to enable the vibrator all steel reinforcements, including links. It is the
to be immersed. dimension used in designand indicatedin the drawings.
It shall be not less than the diameter of the bar.
Where there arc two or more rows of bars, the
bursshall he vertically in line and the 26.4.2 Nominal Coverto MeetDurability Requirement
minimum vertical distance between the bars Minimum values for the nominal cover of normal-
shall be 15 mrn, two-thirds the nominal
weight aggregate concrete which should be provided
maximum size of aggregate or the maximum
to all reinforcement, including links depending on
size of bars, whichever is greater.
the condition of exposure described in 8.2.3 shall be
26.3.3 Maxi/nun, Distance Between Bars in Tension as given in Table 16.
Unless the calculation of crack widths shows that a 26.4.2.1 However for a longitudinal reinforcing bar
greater spacing is acceptable, the following rules in a column nominal cover shall in any case not be
shall he applied to flexural members in normal less than 40 mm, or less than the diameter of such
internal or external conditions of exposure. bar. In the case of columns of minimum dimension of
200 mm or under, whose reinforcing bars do not
Beams - The horizontal distance between parallel exceed 12 mm, a nominal cover of 25 mm may be
reinforcement bars, or groups, ncar the tension used.
face of a beam shall not be greater than the
value given in Table 15 depending on the 26.4.2.2 For footings minimum cover shall be 50 mm.
amount of redistribution carried out in analysis 26.4.3 Nominal Cover to Meet Specified Period of
and the characteristic strength of the Fire Re..sistance
reinIorcement.
Minimum values of nominal cover of normal-weight
Slabs aggregate concrete to be provided to all
reinforcement including links to meet specified
The horizontal distance between parallel main period of fire resistance shall be given in Table 16A.
reinforcement barsshall not be
morethanthree times the effective depth of 26.5 Requirements of Reinforcement for
solid slab or 300 IntTI whichever is smaller. Structural Members
The horizontal distance between parallel 26.5.1 Beams
reinforcement bars provided against
shrinkage and temperature shall not be more 26.5.1.1 Tension reinforcement
than five times the effective depth of a solid Minimum reinforcement-The minimum areaof
slab or 450 mm whichever is smaIJer. tension reinforcementshall be not less than that
....
NIJnln
2 nun mm mm mm mm
2~()
215 260 300 300 300
415 12~ 15~ 180 210 235
500 105 130 150 17S 195
N()TE - The spacingsgiven in the tableare not applicable to members subjectedto particularly agressive environmentsunlessin the
calculation of'themoment of resistance, I., hasbeenlimited to 300N/mm2 in limitstartdesian ond alii limited to 16' N/mm2 in workin,
stress design.
46
IS 456: 2000
Table 16 Nominal Cover to Meet Durability Requirements
iClause26.4.2)
Exposure Nominal Cencrete Cover In mm not Leu Than
Mild 20
Moderate 30
Severe 45
Very severe 50
Extreme 75
NOTES
For main reinforcement up to 121nnldiameter bar for nliJd exposure the nominal cover may be reduced by 5 mm.
Unless specified otherwise. actual concrete cover should not deviate from the requirednominal cover by + I 0 mm
o
3 For exposurecondition'severe' and 'very severe'. reduction of 5 mm Inf:lY he made.whereconcretegrade is M35 and above.
Table 16A
Nominal Cover to Meet Specified Period of Fire Resistance
iClauses 21.4 and 26.4.3 and Fig. I)
Resis- ...
Fire Nominal Cover
tance Beams Slabs Ribs Columns
47
15456:2000
under consideration. 1ft no case shall the spacinl 26.5.2Slab,
exceed 300mm. The rules liven in 36.1.2..1 and ZU.2.2 shall
26.5.1.6 Minim"". ,ltearrein/orreNnt apply to slabs in addition to those ,twn in
Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stinups the appropriate clauses.
shall beprovided such that: 25.1.11 Minimwn "injorceIMnt
Themild lteel reinforcemeat III lithertlli'ectidtl
ill~tatil shall not be loa thin 0,IS~ftt"' . ro\8l cross-
sectional .... Ho... tilt WI'Ue can bereduced to
where 0.12 peneIlt ~hen biSb strength deformed bars
AI. • total cross-sectional area of stirruplop or welded wire fabric are used.
effective in shear.
26.5.12 Mtuimum diGm't~r
'. • stirrup SPacinl alonl tho Ieft8th of the Thediameter of reinforciq banaball bOte~ODe4(.
member.
=- breadth of the beam or breadth of the
eisht of the totalthicblu of 1M .a.b.
web of ftanled beam. and 26.5.3 Col...,.,
I., • characteristic ItreDltb of the stirrup 26.5.11 ~ reinforcement
2
reinforcement in N/mm which shallnot I) The cross-sectional area of lonaitudinal
2
be taken pater dian 415 N/mm • reinforcement, shall be notless than 0.8 pIIIIftl
Where the maximum shearstresscalculated illels nor moro than 6 percent of the aro.' ••.
~
than half the permissible value and in memben of sectional area of the column.
minor structural importance such u lintels. this .VoIve
NOTB-"'.. of6,... Ninf........ may
provision need not be compliedwith. prlCticai dtftlcultiel inpladnl-lDIbp8cdD. of ~;
hence 10..perceMII* I. Neommencled. WhentMn ~
Z6.5.1.7 Distributioll oftorsto« Teinfol'C~nielll the col_ below have to be ....... \'fmc in the
column uDder eoDli~ .. peltentaae of steellhlll
When a member is desilned for tonion (,~, 41 or aUllI, DOlex~ 4perce•.
8-6) tonion reinforcement shallbe providedu below:
Inany column that bas a IUJer cross-sectional area
The transverse reinforcement for tonion sball be than that required to support the load~ the
rectanplar closed stirrups placed perpen-dicular minimum percenta,e of steel Ihall be bued
to the WS of the member. Thespacinl of the upon the area of concrete requlNCl to
stirrup. shall not exceed the leaJt of resist the direct stress and Dot upon theactual
.I., .I,:" and 300 mm, whele .I. and,. IR
area.
The minimum number of loqil\kllftal ban
reapectively the short and lonl dimension. provided in • column IbIIl be four in
of the ltimap. rectaDplar columns and sixillcircullr columns.
Lonptudinal reinforcement shall be placed .. close The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in
asispracticable to the cornen oftbe croa.. diameter.
section and in all casea, there shall be at leat one A reinforced concrete column havinl helical
IonJitudinai bar in eachcom. of the tiel. reinforcement shall have at leut lix bin of
When the croll-sectional dimension of the lonlitudinal reinforcement within tho helical
member exceeds 450 mm, additional reinforcement.
longitudinal bars.shall beprovided to satisfy Ina helically _fmeed column. the lonptudinal
the requirementl of minimum reinforcement bars shall be in contact with the helical
and spacinl givenin 26.5.1.3. reinforcement and equidistant around its
26.5.1.8 Reinforcement in OanlOS of T-n L-beams inner circumference.
shall satisfy the requirements in 23.1.1(b). Where ·Spacina of lonptudinal bars meuured alonl the
periphery of the column shall not exceed
tlaDles are in teuioD, • part of the main tension
300mm.
reinforcement shall be dillribuled over the effective
flanle widthor a widthequal to ~tonth of the span. In case of pedeStall in which the IORlitudinal
whichever is smaller. If the effective flanle width reinforcement is Dot takeD in account
exceeds one-tenth of the span, nominal lonaitudinal instrenath calculations, nominaIlonptudinai
reinforcement shall be provided in the outer portions reinforcement notless. than0.15 percentof
of the flap. thecross-sectional area' shallbe provided.
48
IS 456: 2000
NOTE - Pedestal is a compreuion member. the reinforcement need not. however, exceed
effective lenlthof which does notexceed three 20 mm (see Fig. 11).
time.theleast lateral dimension.
26.5.3.2 Transverse reinforcement Pitch anddiameter of laura;tits
General-A reinforced concrete compression Pitch-The pitch of transverse reinforce-
ment shall be not more than the least of
member shall have transverse or helical
the following distances:
reinforcement so disposed that every longitu-
dinal bar nearest to the compression face has The least lateral dimension of the
effective lateral support against buckling compression members;
subjectto provisions in (b). Theeffective lateral Sixteen times the smallest diameter of
support is given by transverse reinforcement thelongitudinal reinforcement bar to
either in the fonn of circular rings capable of be tied: and
taking up circumferential tension or by
300 mm.
polygonal links(lateral ties)withinternal angles
not exceeding 13.50 • The ends of the Diameter-The diameter of the polygonal links
transverse reinforcement shall be properly or lateral tiesshallbe notless thanone-fourth
anchored [see 26.2.2.4 (b)]. of the diameter of the largest
longitudinal bar. and in no case less than
Arrangement of transverse reinforcement 16mm.
If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more
than 75 mm on either side. transverse Helical reinforcement
reinforcement needonly to go Pitch-Helical reinforcement shall be of regular
roundcorner and alternate bars for the formation withthe turnsof the helix spaced
purpose of providing effective lateral evenly andits ends shallbeanchored properly
supports (set Fig. 8). by providing one and a half extra turns of the
If the longitudinal bars spaced at a distance of spiral bar. Where an increased load on the
not exceeding 48 times the diameter of the column on the strength of the helical
tie are effectivelytied in twodirections. reinforcement isallowed for, the pitch of
additional longitudinal barsinbetween these helical turnsshallbenotmore than75mm,
bars needto be tiedin onedirection by open normorethanone-sixth of thecore diameter of
ties (see Fig. 9). ' the column. norless than2.5 mm, nor less
thanthreetimesthediameter of the steelbar
Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars in a forming the helix. .In other cases, the
compression member are placed in more requirements of 26.5.3.2 shall be complied
thanone row, effective lateral support to the with.
longitudinal bars in the inner rows may be
The diameter of the helical reinforcement shall
assumed to have been provided if:
be in accordance with 26.5.3.2(c) (2).
transverse reinforcement is provided for
the outer-most row in accordance 26.5.3.3 Incolumns where longitudinal barsare offset
with 26.5.3.2, and at a splice, the slopeof the inclined portion of the bar
with the axis of the column shall not exceed 1 in 6.
no bar of the inner row is closer to the and the portionsof the bar aboveand belowthe offset
nearest compression face than three shall be parallel to the axis of the column. Adequate
times the diameter of the largest bar in horizontal support at the offset bends shall be treated
the inner row (see Fig. 10). as a matter of design. and shall be provided by metal
Where the longitudinal bars in a com-pression ties, spirals. or parts of the floorconstruction. Metal
member are grouped (not in contact) ties or spirals so designed shall be placed near (not
andeachgroup adequately tiedwith transverse morethaneight-bar diameters from) the pointof bend.
reinforcement inaccordance with 26.5.3.2,
The horizontal thrust to be resisted shall be assumed
thetransverse reinforcement forthe as one and half times the horizontal components of
compression member as a whole may be the nominal stress in the inclined portion of the bar.
provided on the assumptionthateachgroup is a Offsetbars shall be bent beforethey are placed in the
single longitudinal bar for purpose of forms, Where column faces are offset75 mm or more,
determining the pitch and diameter of the splices of vertical barsadjacent to the offsetface shall
transverse reinforcement inaccordance with be made by separate dowels overlapped as specified
26.5.3.2. The diameter of such transverse in 26.2.5.1.
2116 BIS/07-8 49
IS 456 : 2000
27 EXPANSION JOINTS 27.2 The details as to the lenith of a structure where
expansion joints have to beprovided canbe detennined
27.1 Structures in which marked changes in plan after taking into consideration various factors. such as
dimensions take place abruptly shall beprovided with temperature, exposure toweather. thetime andseason of
expansion onjointsat thesection where such changes thelaying of the concrete. etc. Normally structures
occur. Expansion joints shall be so provided that the exceeding 45 m in lenith are designed with one or more
necessary movement occurs with a minimum expansion joints. However in view of the large number
resistance at the joint. The structures adjacent to the of factors involved in deciding the location. spacing and
joint should preferably be supported on separate nature of expansion joints. the provision of expansion
columns or walls but not necessarily on separate joint in reinforced cement concrete structures should be
foundations. Reinforcement shall not extend across left to the discretion of the designer. IS 3414 gives the
anexpansion jointand thebreak between thesections design considerations, wJtich need to be examined and
shall be complete.' provided for.
Flo. 8 Flo. 9
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
...
1\\ '"
'ND'VIDUALGROUPS
Alldimensions in millimetres.
FrG. 11
FIG. 10
50
IS 456: 2000
SECTION 4 SPECIALDESIGN REQUIREMENTS FORSTRUCTURAL
MEMBERS AND. SYSTEMS
Shear reinforcement should be provided in the form extend without curtailm-..~r1t between supports;
of horizontal links distributed in the upper two-third be embedded beyond the face of each support, so
of the effective depth of root of the corbel; this that at the face of the support it shall have a
reinforcement should be not less than one-half of the developmentlength not less than 0.8 LtJ; where
area of the main tension reinforcement and should L,j is the development length (see 26.2.1). for the
be adequately anchored. design stress in the reinforcement; and
51
IS 456: 2000
be placed within a zone of depth equal to ItNcture; the top of the ribs may be connected
0.25 D - 0.0' I adjacent to the tension face by a toPpinlofconcrete of thesame strenath
of the beam where D is the overall depth and as that usedin the ribs; and
I is the effective span.
With a continuous top and bottom face but
29.3.2 Negative Reinforc,ment containing voids of rectangular, oval or
a) Termination of reinforcement - Por tensile othershape.
reinforcement required to resist negative
bending moment overa support of a deep beam: 30.2 Analysis or Stnacture
It shall be permissible to tenninate notmore The moments and forces due to desian loads on
than half of the reinforcement at a distance continuous slabs maybeobtained bythemethods
of O.~ D from the face of thesupport where liven in Section 3 for solid slabs. Alternatively,
D is as defined in 29.2;and the slaba may be designed as a seriesof simply
The remainder shall extend over the full supported spans provided they arenotexposed to
span. weather or corrosive conditions; wide cracks may
Distribution-When ratio of clear span to overall develop at the supports and the engineer shall
depth is in the range 1.0 to 2.5. tensile satisfy himself that these will not impair finishes or
reinforcement over a support of a deep beam lead to corrosion of the reinforcement.
shall be placed in two zones comprising: '
30.3 Shear
a zone of depth0.2 D. adjacent to the tension
face. which shallcontain a proportion of the Where hollow blocks are used, for the purpose
.. tension steel given by of calculating shear stress. the rib width may be
increased to takeaccount of the wan thickness of
O.S (~ - o.s) the block on one sideof therib; with narrow
precast units. the width of the jointing mortar or
where concrete may be included.
I = clearspan. and
D = overall depth. 30.4 Deflection
a zone measuring 0.3 D on either side of Therecommendations fordeflection inrespect of solid
the mid-depth of the beam, which slabs maybeapplied toribbed. hollow blockor voided
shall contain the remainder of the construction. Thespan to effective depthratiosliven in
tension steel, evenly distributed. 23.2 for a flanged beam are applicable but when
For spanto depthratios less thanunity. calculating the final reduction factor for web width.
the steel shall be evenly distributed the rib width for hollow block slabs may be assumed
over a depth of 0.8 D measured from to include the walls of the blocks on both sides of the
the tension face. rib. For voided slabs and slabsconstructed of box or I-
section units. aneffective ribwidth shall becalculated
29.3.3 Vertical Reinforctmt1l1 assumins all material below the upper flange of the unit
If forces are applied to a deepbeam in sucha waythat to be concentrated in a reetanaular rib hlvins the same
hanging action is required. barsor suspension stil'NPS cross-sectional areaand depth.
shall be provided to carry all the forces concerned.
30.5 Sizeand Poeltlonof Rib•.
19.3.4 Side Face Reinforcement
Side face reinforcement shall comply with require.. In-situ ribs shall be not less than 65 mm wide. They
ments of minimum reinforcement of walls(ste 32.4). shall be spaced at centres not greater than 1.~ m apart
and their depth. excluding any topping, shall be not
30 RIBBED. HOLLOW BLOCK ORVQIDEDSLAB more than four times their width. Generally ribs shall be
30.1 General formed alons each edge parallel to the span of one way
slabs. When the edge is built into a wall or rests on a
This covers the slabs constructed in one of the ways beam, a rib at leastas wideas the bearing shallbe
described below: fonned alons the ed,e.
As a aeriesof concrete ribs withtoPPinlcaston
forms which maybe removed 30.6 Hollow Blocks and Formen
aftertheconcreto has set; Blocks and fonners may be of any suitable material.
As a series of concrete .ribs between precast Hollow clay tiles for the filler type shall conform to
blocks which remain part of the completed IS 39~ 1 (Part I). When required to contribute to the
IS 4S6: 2000
structural strengthof a slab they shall: toll' measured centre to centre of supports.
be made of concrete or burnt clay; and Middl~ strip - Middle stripmeans a desisn strip
have a crushins strength of at least 14 N/mm
2 bounded on each of its opposite sides by the
measured on thenetsection when axially loaded column strip.
in the direction ofcompressive stressin the slab. Panel-« Panel means thatpart of a slabbounded on
each of its four sides by the centre-line of a
30.' ArraDlemeDt of Reinforcement columnor centre-lines of adjacentspans.
The recommendations liven in 26.3 resardinl
maximum distance between bars apply toareas ofsolid 31.2 Proportlonlnl
concrete in thisfonn ofconstruction. Thecurtailment. 31.2.1 Thickness of Flat Slab
anchorage and cover to reinforcement shall be as
described below: The thickness of the flat slab shall be generally
controlled byconsiderations of span to effective
At least SO percent of the total main depth ratios given in 23.2.
reinforcement shall be carried through at the
bottom on to the bearinl and anchored in For slabs with drops conforming to 31.2.2. span to
accordance with 36.2.3.3. effective depth ratios liven In 23.2 shall be applied
directly; otherwise the span to effective depth ratios
Wherea slab.which iscontinuous oversupports, has obtained in accordance with provisions in 23.2 shall
been designed as simply supported, bemultiplied by0.9. Forthispurpose. the longerspan
reinforcement shallbeprovided overthesupport shall be considered. The minimum thickness of slab
to control cracking. This reinforcement shall shall be 12S mm.
have a cross-sectional area of not less than
one-quarter that required in the middle of the 31.2.2 Drop
adjoining spans and shall extend at least one- The drops whenprovided shall be rectangular in
tenth of the clear span into adjoining spans. plan. and have a length in each direction not less
In slabs with pennanent blocks, the side cover than one-third of the panellengthin thatdirection.
to the reinforcement shall not be less than 10 For exterior panels. the width of drops at right
mm. In all other cases. cover shall be angles to the non-continuous edge andmeasured
provided according to 26.4. from thecentre-line of the columns shall be equal
to one-half the width of drop for interiorpanels.
30.8 Precuts Joists and HoUow Filler Blocks
31.2.3 Column Heads
The construction with precast joists and hollow
concrete filler blocks shall conform to IS 6061 (Part Where column heads are provided, that portion of a
and precastjoist and hollowclay filler blocksshall column headwhich lies within the
confonn to IS 6061 (Part 2). largestrightcircular cone or pyramid thathas a vertex
angle of 90°and can be included entirely within the
31 FLATSLABS outlines of the column and the column head, shall be
considered for design purposes (Stt Fig.12).
31.1 General
31.3 DetermlnatioD of Bendinl Moment
The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab
with or without drops. supported generally without 31.3.1 Methods 01Analysis and Desig"
beams. by columns with or without flared column heads It shall be pennissiblc to design the slab system by
(see Fig. 12). A flat slab may be solid slab or may one of the following methods:
haverecesses fonnedon the softlt~o thatthe soffit
The direct design method as specified in 31.4.
comprises a series of ribs in two directions. The
and
recesses may be fonned by removable or permanent
filler blocks. ' The equivalent frame method as specified in
31.5.
31.1.1 For the purpose of this clause, the following
In each case the applicable limitations given in
definitions shall apply: .
31.4 and 31.S shall be met.
Column strip - Column strip means a design strip
31.3.2 Benc#ng Moments in Panels with Marginal
having a width of 0.2S '2, but not greater than
Beams or Walls
0.25 'ion each side of the columncentre-line,
where I. is the span in the direction moments are Where the slab is supported by a marginal beam
beingdetermined, measured centre to centreof with a depthgreaterthan 1.5timesthe thickness of
supports and'2 is the spantransverse the slab. or by a wall, then:
S3
IS 456 : 2000
....-~........--r- CRITICAL SECTION 'OR
SHUR IMMfDIATlLY
ADJACENT TO COLUM
,---
/"
,,'
I'. ANY CONCRITE IN THIS ARIA
TO BE NEGLECTED IN THE
CALCULATIONS
NOTE - D. is the diameter of column or column head to beconsidered for desi... and d ia effective depth of alab or drop II
IIpproprillte"
the total load to be carried by the beamor wall A slab width between lines that are one and one-
shall comprise those loadsdirectly on the wall half slab or drop panel thickness; 1.5 D, on each
or beam plusa uniformly distributed loadequal side of thecolumn or capital may be considered
to one-quarter of the totalload on the slab,and effective, D being the size of thecolumn.
the bending moments on the half-column strip Concentration of reinforcement overcolumn head
adjacent to the beam or wall shall beone- by closer spacing oradditional reinforcement may
quarter of the bending moments for the beused to resistthe moment on this section:
fll'St interior column strip.
31.4Dlreet Destp Method
31.3.3 Transfer of Bending Moments to Columns
31.4.1 Limitations
When unbalanced gravity load, wind, earthquake, or
otherlateral loadscausetransfer of bending moment
Slabsystem designed by thedirect design
between slab and column, the flexural stresses shall be
method shall fulfil the following conditions:
investigated using a fraction, a ofthemoment given There shall be minimum of three continuous
by: spans in eachdirection,
Thepanels shallbe rectangular, andthe ratioof the
1
a
-l+~
-~ longer span to theshorter spanwithin a panel
aJ shallnot be greater than 2.0,
fa, It shall be permissible to offsct columns to a
where maximum of 10 percent of the span in the
= overall dimension of tile critical section direction of the offset notwithstanding the
for shear in the direction in which provision in (b),
moment acts,and
The successive span lenllhs in each direction shall
a2 = overall dimension of the critical not differ by more than one-third of the longer
section for shear transverse to the
direction in which moment acts. span. The end" spans may be shorterbut not
longer thanthe interior spans, and
IS 456: ZOOO
Win e K•
Mo· where
8
where s, = sum of the flexural stiffness of the
M" = total moment; columnsmeetingat the joint; and
= flexural stiffness of the slab, expressed as
W = design load on an area '2 '.; moment per. unit rotation.
In = clearspan extending from face to face of 31.4.3.4 It shallbepermissible to modify thesedesign
columns, capitals, brackets or walls, but moments byup to 10percent. so 10nlas thetotaldesign
not less than 0.651.;
moment, M., for the panel in the direction considered
'I= length of span in the direction of M o ; and is not less than that required by 31.4.1.1.
'2 = length of span transverse to ' r 31.4.3.5 The negative moment section shall be
designed to resistthe IB1Jcr of the two interiornegative
31.4.2.3 Circular supports shall be treated as design moments determined for thespansframing into a
square supports having the same area. common support unless an analysis is made to
31.4.Z.4 When the transverse span of the panels on distribute the unbalanced momentin accordance with
either side of thecentre-line of supports varies, 1 shall the stiffness of the adjoining parts.
2
be taken as the average of the transverse spans.
31.4.Z.5 Whenthe spanadjacent andparallel to anedge 31.4.4 Distribution of Bending Mo~,.ts Across the
is being considered, the distance from the edge to the Panel Width
centre-line of the panel shan be substituted for lz Bending moments at critical cross-section shall be
in 31.4.2.2. distributed to the column strips and middle strips as
specified in 31.5.5as applicable.
31.4.3Negativ« and Positive DesignMoments
31.4.3.1 The negative desiBn moment shall 31.4.5 Moments in Columns
belocated at the face of rectangular supports, 31.4.5.1 Columns builtintegrally with the
circular supports being treated as square supports slabsystem shallbedesigned to resistmoments
having the same area. arisingfrom loads on the slab system.
31.4.3.2 In an interior span, the total design moment
Mu shallbe distributed in the following proportions: 31.4.5.1 At an interior support, the supporting
Negative design moment 0.65 members above and below the slab shall be
Positivedesign moment 0.35 designed to resistthe momeat Mgivenby
thefollowing equation, in directproportion to
31.4.3.3 In an end span, the total design moment M" theirstiffnesses unless a general analysis is made:
shall be distributed in the following proportions:
(W +O.Sw, )111: -w~ I; I:'
d
Interior negativedesign moment: M =O.OS 1
0.7S _ O.l~ 1+-
al:
1+ -
at where
Positive design moment:
Wei' WI = design dead and live loads
respectively, per unit area;
5S
IS 456: 2000
= length of the clear span in the direction Eachsuchframe maybeanalyzed in itsentirety, or, for
of M, measured faceto face of vertical loading, each floor thereofand the roof
supports;
may be analyzed separately with its columns
ac = IK being assumed fixed at their remote ends. Where
--&'I'where Kc andK. areas defined
slabsarethusanalyzed separately, it may be
K.
assumed in determining the bending moment at a
in 31.4.3.3; and
givensupport that the slab is fixed at any support
w;.I'l and I:. refer to the shorterspan. two panels distant therefrom provided the slab
continues beyond the point.
31.4.6 Effects of Pattern Loading
Forthe purpose ofdetermining relative stiffness of
In the directdesign method. when theratioof members. the moment of inertiaof any slab or
liveload to dead load exceeds O.S : column may be assumed to be that of the gross
thesumof theflexural stiffnesses of thecolumns cross-section of the concrete alone.
above and below the slab. IKe' shall be such Variations of moment of inertiaalong the axis
thatex. is notlessthantheappropriate minimum oftheslabonaccount of provision of dropsshall
value ex. IltIa specified in Table t 7. or be taken into account. In the case of recessed
if the sum of the flexural stiffnesses of the or coffered slab which is made solid in the
columns. IKe' does not satisfy (a). the region of thecolumns. the stiffening effectmay
positive design moments forthe panelsball be ignored provided the solid part of the slab
bemultiplied by the coefficient P. given doesnotextendmorethan0.15'eI' into the span
by the following equation: measured from the centre-line of the columns.
Thestiffening effect offlared column heads
may be ignored.
31.5.2 Loading Pattern
31.5.2.1 When the loading pattern is known. the
structure shall be analyzed for the load concerned.
ex. is theratioof flexural stiffness of thecolumns
above and below the slab to the flexural stiffness Table 17 Minimum PermissibleValues of exc
of the slabs at a joint taken in the direction (Clause 31.4.6)
moments are being determined and is given by:
ImpoHd LoadIDelld Load Ratlo~ VII. ora....
ex = IKe: II
(1) (2) (3)
IK• O.S O.S to 2.0 o
where Kc and K. are flexural stiffnesses of 1.0 0.5 0.6
column and slab respectively. 1.0 0,8 0.7
1.0 1.0 0.7
31.5 Equivalent Frame Method 1.0 1.25 0.8
1.0 2.0 1.2
31.5.1 Assumptions
2.0 O.S 1.3
The bending moments and shear forces may be 2.0 0.8 1.5
determined by an analysis of the structure as a 2.0 1.0 1.6
continuous frameand the following assumptions 2.0 1.2S 1.9
may be made: 2.0 2.0 4.9
3.0 0.5 1.8
The structure shall be considered to be madeup 3.0 0.8 2.0
of equivalent frames on column lines taken 3.0 1.0 2.3
longitudinally and transversely through the 3.0 1.25 2.8
building. Each frame consists of a row of 3.0 2.0 13.0
equivalent columns or supports, bounded
laterally by the centre-line of the panelon 31.5.2.1 When the live load is variable but does
each side of the centre-line of the columns or not exceed three-quarters of the dead load. or the
supports. Frames adjacent'and parallel to nature of the live load is such that all panels will
anedge shall be bounded by the edge and the be loaded simultaneously, the maximum moments
centre-line of the adjacentpanel. may be assumed to occur at all sections whenfull
design live load is on the entireslab system.
S6
IS 456: 2000
31.5.2.3 For other conditions of live load/dead load greater than three-quarters of the value of 1, the
2
ratioand when all panels are not loadedsimultaneously: length of span transverse to the direction
maximum positive moment near midspan of a moments are being determined, the exterior
negative moment shall be considered to be
panel may be assumed to occur when three-
quarters of the full design live load is on the uniformly distributed across the length '2'
panel and on alternate panels; and 31.5.5.3Column strip: Positivemomentforeach span
maximum negative moment in the slab at a For each span. the column strip shall be designed to
support may be assumed to occur when three- resist 60 percent of the total positive moment in the
quarters of the full design live load is on the panel.
adjacent panels only.
31.5.5.4 Moments in the middle strip
31.5.1.4 In no case shall design moments be taken
to be less than those occurring with full design live The middle strip shall be designed on the following
load on all panels. bases:
That portion of the design moment not resisted by
31.5.3Negative Design Moment the column strip shall be assigned to the
31.5.3.1 At interior supports, the critical section for adjacent middle strips.
negative moment, in both the column strip and Eachmiddle stripshallbe proportioned to resist
middle strip, shall be taken at the face of rectilinear the sum of the moments assigned to its two
supports, but in no case at a distance greater than half middle strips.
0.175 II from the centre of the column where II is the The middle strip adjacent and parallel to an edge
length of the span in the direction moments are being supported by a wall shall be proportioned to
determined, measured centre-to-centre of supports. resist twice the moment assigned to half the
31.5.3.2 At exterior supports provided with brackets or middle strip corresponding to the first row of
capitals, the critical section for negative moment in the interior columns.
direction perpendicular to the edge shall be taken at a
31.6 Shear in Flat Slab
distance from the face of the supporting element not
greater than one-half the projection of the bracket or 31.6.1 The critical section for shear shall be at a
capital beyond the face of the supporting element. distance d/2 from the periphery of the column/capital/
drop panel,perpendicular to the plane of the slab where
31.5.3.3 Circular or regular polygon shaped supports
d is the effective depth of the section (see Fig. 12). TIle
shall be treated as square supports having the same
shapein plan is geometrically similarto the support
area. immediately below the slab (see Fig. 13A and 13B).
31.5.4 Modification of Maximum Moment NOTE - Forcolumn sections withre-entrant angles. thecritical
section shall be takenas indicated in Fig. 13Cand 130.
Moments determined by means of the 31.6.1.1 In the case of columns near the free edge of
equivalentframe method, for slabs which fulfil the a slab, the critical section shall be taken as shown in
limitations of 31.4 may be reduced in such Fig. 14.
proportion that the numerical sum of the positive and
average negative moments is not less than the value
of total design moment M" specified in 31.4.2.2.
When openings in flat slabs are located at a
31.5.5 Distribution of Bending Moment Across the distance less than ten times the thickness of the slab
Panel Width from a concentrated reaction or when the openings
are located within the column strips. the critical
31.5.5.1 Columnstrip: Negativemomentat an interior
sections specified in 31.6.1 shall be modified so that
support
the part of the periphery of the critical section which
At an interior support, the column strip shall be is enclosed by radial projections of the openings to
designed to resist 7S percent of the total negative the centroid of the reaction area shall be considered
moment in the panel at that support. ineffective (.\"ee Fig. 15), and openings shall not
31.5.5.2 Column strip:Negative momentat encroach upon column head.
anexterior support
31.6.2 Calculation ofShear Stress
At an exterior support. the column strip shall be
The shear stress tv shall be the sum of the values
designed to resist the total negative moment in
the panel at that support. calculated according to 31.6.2.1 and 31.6.2.2.
Where the exterior support consists of a column or a 31.6.2.1 The nominal shear stress in flat slabs shall
wall extending for a distance equal to or be taken as V I b d where V is the shear force due to
design load, bit is th~)periphery of the critical
section and d is the effective depth.
2116 815/07-9 57
15456: 2000
r-------l SECTION
CRITICAL
I
I ~~. ';
....
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'a: ': '';', ':
.. t: , •• ' ..
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SUliPORT SECTION
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COLUMN ICOLUMN HEAD
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SUPPORT
SECTION rr
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SUPPORT CRITICAL
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[
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;...... ""'.'
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NOTE - d i. theeffec:tive depthof the nat slab/drop.
FlO. 13 CarneAL SScnONS IN PLAN FOR SHEAR IN fLAT SLABS
~'ReE
FREE
L.-r eDGE CORNER
I 'VCRITICAL
I ~.'•••'. seCTION
."".~.
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~~ ;....
;.
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~/~-- T
CORNeR
COLUMN CRITICAL
SeCTION
" A 148
Fro. 14 EFFEcr OF FRBB BOOBS ON CRrneAL SBC110N FOR SHEAR
31.6.2.2 When unbalanced gravity load, wind, value of a shall be obtained from the equation
earthquake or other fo~s cause transfer of bending given in 31.3.3.
moment betweenslab and column. a fraction (I - ex)
31.6.3 Permissible ShearStress
of the moment shall be considered transferred by
eccentricity of the shear about the centroid of the 31.6.3.1 When shear reinf~ment is not provided.
critical section. Shearstresses shall betaken all varying the calculated shearscress at the critical section
linearly about the centroid of the critical section. The shall not exceedk."C~.
S8
IS 4~6: 2000
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OPENING
PERIPHERY OPENING
COLUMN
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REGARD OPENING AS
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S9
IS4S6: 2000
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Mark a b c d e J g
60
IS 456: 2000
31.7.4 Anchoring Reinforcement as perempirical procedure givenin31.2.The
minimum thickness of walls shall be 100 rom.
All slab reinforcement perpendicular to a
discontinuous edge shall have an anchorage 32.1.1 Guidelines or design of walls subjected to
(straight, bent or otherwise anchored) past horizontal and vertical loads are given in 32.3.
the internal face of the spandrel beam. wall 32.2 Empirical Desllll Method for Walls Subjected
or column, of an amount: to Inplane Vertical Loads
1) Forpositive reirforcement - not less than
32.2.1 Braced Walls
150 mm except that with fabric reinforce-
ment having a fully welded transverse wire Walls shallbe assumedto be bracedif they are
directly over the support, it shall be laterally supported by a structure in which all the
permissible to reduce this length to one-half following apply:
of the width of the support or SO mm, Walls or vertical braced elements are arranged in
whichever is greater; and twodirections so as to providelateralstability to
2) For negative reinforcement - such that the the structure as a whole.
design stress is developed at the internal Lateral forces are resisted by shear in the planes
face, in accordance with Section 3. of these walls or by braced elements.
Where the slab is not supported by a spandrel beam Floor and roof systems are designed to transfer
or wall, or where the slab cantilevers beyond lateral forces.
the support. the anchorage shall be obtained Connections between the wall and the lateral
within the slab. supports are designedto resist a horizontal
force not less than
31.8 Openings In Flat Slabs
the simplestaticreactionsto the total applied
Openings of any size may be provided in the flat
horizontal forces at the level of lateral
slab if it is shown by analysis that the requirements support; and
of strength and serviceability are met. However, for
openings conforming to the following. no special 2.5 percent of the total vertical load that the
analysis is required. wallis designedto CaJTyat the level of
lateral support.
Openings of any size may be placed within the
middle half of the span in each direction. 32.1.2 Eccentricity o/Vertical Load
provided the total amount of reinforcement The design of a wan shall take account of the
required for the panel without the opening is actual eccentricity of the vertical force subject to a
maintained. minimum value of O.OS t.
In the area common to two column strips, not The vertical load transmitted to a wall by a
more than one-eighth of the width of strip in discontinuous concrete floor or roof shall be
either span shall beinterruptedby the openings. assumed to act at one-third the depth of the
The equivalent of reinforcement interrupted bearing area measured from the span face of the
shall be added on all sides of the openings. wall. Where there is an in-situ concrete floor
In the area common to one column strip and one continuous over the wall, the load shall be
middle strip, not more than one-quarter of the assumed to act at the centre of the wall.
reinforcementin either strip shall The resultant eccentricity of the total vertical load on
beinterrupted by the openings. The braced wall at any level between horizontal lateral
equivalent of rein-forcementinterrupted supports, shall be calculated on the assumption
shall be addedon all sides of the openings. that the resultanteccentricity of all the
The shearrequirements of 31.6shallbesatisfied. verticalloads above the upper support is zero.
32.2.3 Max;mrlm Effectiv« Height to Thickness Ratio
32 WALLS
The ratio of effective height to thickness. Hwelt
31.1 General
shall not exceed 30.
Reinforced concrete walls subjected to direct
31.2.4 Effective Height
compression or combined flexure and direct
compression should be designed in accordance with The effectiveheight of a braced wall shall be
Section 5 or Annex B provided the vertical taken as follows:
reinforcement is provided in each face. Braced walls Where restrained against rotation at both ends
subjected to only vertical compression may bedesigned by
61
IS 456: 2000
J) floors 0.75 /1w or
where
2) intersecting walls or 0.75 [J) ~I = shear force due to design loads.
similar members wall thickness.
whichever is the lesser. = n.R >< L~ where L", is the length of the wall
Where not restrained against rotation at hoth ends 32.4.2.. ] rJndc, no circumstances shall the nominal
by
shear stress r m walls exceed 0.17 t; in limit state
vw
The critical section for maximum shear shall be taken ratio of the horizontal reinforcement area
to the cross-sectional area of wall per
at a distance from the base of O.S Lw or 0.5 H..,
vertical metre.
whichever is less.
32.4.2 Nominal Shear Stress 32.5 Minimum Requirements for Reinforcement in
Walls
The nominalshear stress t\lW in wallsshall be obtained
as follows: The reinforcementfor walls shall be providedas below:
r yw = Vu / t.d
62
IS 456: 2000
the minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement to gross be taken as the following horizontal distances:
concrete area shall be: Where supported at top and bottom risers by
0.001 2 for deformed bars not larger than beams spanning parallel with the risers. the
16 mm in diameter and with a characteristic distance centre-to-centre of beams;
strength of 415 N/mm2 or greater. Where spanning on to the edge of a landing slab.
0.001 5 for other types of bars. which spans parallel, with the risers (see Fig.
0.( :)1 2 for welded wire fabric not larger than 16 17). a distance equal to the going of the stairs
mm in diameter, plus at each end either half the width of the
landing or one metre. whichever is smaller; and
Vertical reinforcement shall be spaced not farther
apart than three times the wall thickness Where the landing slab spans in the same direction
nor450mm. as the stairs. they shall be considered as acting
together to form a single slab and the span
The minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement to
determined as the distance centre-to-centre of
gross concrete area shalt be:
the supporting beams or walls. the going being
0.002 0 for deformed bars not larger than measured horizontally.
16 mm in diameter and with a characteristic
strength of 415 Nzmm' or greater. 33.2 Distribution of Loading on Stairs
0.0025 for other types of bars.
In the case of stairs with open wells, where spans partly
0.002 () for welded wire fabric not larger than 16 crossing at right angles occur, the load on areas
rntn in diameter. common to any two such spans may be taken as one-
Horizontal reinforcement shalt be spaced not farther half in each direction a~ shown in Fig. 18. Where flights
apart than three times the wall thickness nor 450 or landings are embedded into walls for a length of nor
mm. less than I 10 mm and are designed to span in the
direction of the flight. a 150 mm strip may be deducted
NOTE _.'. The minimum remforcement may not always be
sufficient to provide adequate resrsrance to the effects of
from the loaded area and the effective breadth of the
shrinkage and temperature section increased by75 mm for purposes of design (see
Fig. 19).
32.5.1 For walls having thickness more than 200 mm,
the vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall be 33.3 Depth of Section
provided in two grids, one near each face of the wall.
111e depth of section shalt be taken as the minimum
thickness perpendicular to the soffit of the staircase.
32.5.2 Vertical reinforcement need not he enclosed by
transverse reinforcement as given in 26.5.3.2 for FOOTIN(;S
column. if the vertical reinforcement is not greater than
34.1 General
0.0 I times the gross sectional area or where the vertical
reinforcement is not required for compression, Footings shall be designed to sustain the applied loads.
moments and forces and the induced reactions and to
ensure that any settlement which may occur shall be as
STAIRS nearly uniform as possible. and the safe bearing
capacity of the soil is not exceeded (sa IS 1904).
33.1 Effective Span of Stairs
The effecti ve span of stairs without stringer heams shall 34.1.1 In sloped or stepped footings the effective
I
I
1K I
I
I
x
<1m
y
<1m
SPAN IN METRES
G·X·Y
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,---.
63
IS 456: 2000
.c 8EAM
I
UP !
I
I~N, THE LOAD ON ARE
COMMON TO TWO
w
I SYSTEMS TO
TAKEN AS ONE
81£
HAL,. IN EACH
DIRECTION
COLUMN
I
I
PLAIN
CONCRETE
PEDESTAL
Flo. 20
64
IS 456: 2000
plane which extends completely across the footing,and 34.3 Tensile Reinforcement
computing the moment of the forces acting over the The total tensile reinforcement at any section shall
entire area of the footing on one side of the said plane. provide a moment of resistance at least equal to the
34.2.3.2 The greatest bending moment to be used in bending moment on the section calculated in
the design of an isolated concrete footing which accordance with 34.2.3.
supports a column. pedestal or wall, shall be the 34.3.1 Total tensile reinforcement shall bedistributed
momentcomputed in the mannerprescribedin across the corresponding resisting section as given
34.2.3.1 at sections located as follows: below:
At the face of the column, pedestal or wall, for
In one-wayreinforcedfooting, the reinforcement
footings supporting a concrete column,
extending in each direction shall bedistributed
pedestal or wall;
uniformly across the full width of the footing;
Halfway between the centre-line and the edge of
In two- way reinforced square footing, the
the wall, for footings under masonry walls;
reinforcement extending in each direction
and
shall be distributed uniformly across the full
Halfway between the face of the column or width of the footing; and
pedestal and the edge of the gussetted base,
In two-way reinforced rectangular footing. the
for footings under gussetted bases.
reinforcement in the long direction shall be
34.2.4 Shear and Bond distributed unifonnly across the full width of
the footing. For reinforcement in the short
34.2.4.1 The shear strength of footings is governed
direction, a central band equal to the width of
by the more severe of the following two conditions:
the footing shall be marked along the length
The footing acting essentially as a wide beam, with a of the footing and portion of the
potential diagonal crack extending in a plane reinforcement determined in accordance with
across the entire width; the critical section for the equation given below shall be uniformly
this condition shall be assumed as a vertical distributed across the central band:
section located from the face of the column,
pedestal or wall at a distance equal to the Reinforcement in central band width 2
effective depth of footing for footings on piles. Total reinforcement in short direction = ~+ 1
Two-way action of the footing, with potential where ~ is the ratio of the long side to the
diagonal cracking along the surface of truncated short side of the footing. The remainder of the
cone or pyramid around the concentrated load; reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed
in this case, the footing shall be designed for in the outer portions of the footing.
shear in accordance with appropriate
provisions specified in 31.6. 34.4 Transfer of Load at the Base of Column
34.2.4.2 In computing theexternal shear or any section The compressive stress in concrete at the base of a
through a footing supportedon piles, the entire reaction column or pedestal shall be considered as being
from any pile of diameter D(1 whose centre is located D transferred by bearing to the top of the supporting
/2 or more outside the section shall be assumed as pedestal or footing.The bearing pressure on the loaded
p:oducing shear on the section; the reaction from any area shall not exceed the permissible bearing stress in
pile whose centre is located Dr/2 or more inside the direct cornpression multiplied by a value equal to
section shall be assumed as producing no shear on the
section. For intermediate positions of the pile centre, K but not greater than 2;
the portion of the pile reaction to be assumed as ~A;
producing shear on the section shall be based on
straight line interpolation between full value at D(1/2 where
outside the section and zero value at D /2 inside the
I'
AI = supporting area for bearing of footing,
section. which in sloped or .stepped footing may
be taken as the area of the lower base of
2.4.3 The critical section for checking the development
the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone
length in a footing shall be assumed at the same planes contained wholly within the footing and
as those described for bendingmoment in 34.2.3 and having for its upper base, the area
also at all other vertical planes where abrupt changes of actually loaded and having side slope of
section occur. If reinforcement is curtailed, the one vertical to two horizontal; and
anchorage requirementsshall bechecked in accordance
with 26.2.3.
A2 = loaded area at the column base.
2116 815/07-10 65
IS 456: 2000
For working stress method of design the permissible diameter shall no exceed the diameter of the
bearing stress on full area of concreteshall be taken column bars by more than 3 mm,
as 0.25!c,,; for limitstatemethodof designthe 34.4.4 Column bars of diameters larger than 36 mm, in
permissible bearing stress shall be 0.45 let. compression only can be dowelled at the footings with
34.4.1 Where the permissible bearing stress on the bars of smaller size of the necessary area. The dowel
concretein thesupporting or supported memberwould shall extend into the column. a distance equal to the
be exceeded, reinforcement shall be provided for development length of the column bar and into the
developing the excess force, either by extending the footing, a distance equal to thedevelopment length
longitudinal bars into the supporting member, or by of the dowel.
dowels (see 34.4.3).
34.5 Nominal Reinforcement
34.4.2 Where transfer of force is accomplished by
reinforcement, the development length of the 34.5.1 Minimum reinforcement and spacing shall
reinforcement shall be sufficient to transfer the be as per the requirements of solid slab.
compression or tension to the supporting member 34.5.2 The nominal reinforcement for concrete
in accordance with 26.2. sections of thickness greater than 1 m shall be
34.4.3 Extended longitudinal reinforcement ordowels z
360 mm per metre length in each direction on
of at least O.S percentof the cross-sectional area of the each face. This provision doesnotsupersede
supported column or pedestal and a minimum of four therequirement of minimumtensilereinforcement
bars shall be provided. Where dowels are used, their based on the depth of the section.
IS 456: ZOOO
SECTION 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN (LIMITSTATE METHOD)
61
IS 456: 2000
36.3 Design Values 36.4.2 PartialSafety Factor Ym for
36.3.1 Materials Mateiral Strength
The design strength of the materials.!.J is given by 36.4.2.1 Whenassessing the strength of a
sttucturcor structural memberfor the limit stale of
collapse. the values of partial safetyfactor. -r..
shouldbetaken as I.S for concrete and US forsteel.
where NOTE - y. values are .a1ready incorporated ill the
= characteristic strength of the material (see equations and tables aiven ill this .tandard for limit state.
design.
31).1). and
Ym = partial safety factor appropriate to 36.4.2.2 Whenassessing the deflection, the
material properties such as modulus of elasticity
the material and the limit state
should be taken 8S those associated with the
being considered.
characteristic strength of the material.
36.3.2 Loads
37 ANALYSIS
The design load. FI! is given by
37.1Analysisof Stnacture
Fd=FYr
Methods of analysis as in 22 shall be used. The material
where strength to beassumed shallbecharacteristic values in
= characteristic load (see 36.2).and the determination of elastic properties.of members
irrespective of the limit state being considered.
Yf = partial safety factor appropriate to the Redistribution of thecalculated moments may be made
nature of loading and the as given in 37.1.1.
limitstatebeing considered.
37.1.1. Redistribution of Moments in Continuous
36.3.3 Consequences ofAttaining Limit State Beamsand Frames
Where theconsequences of a structure attaining a The redistribution of moments may be carried
limit state are of a serious nature such as huge loss out satisfying the following conditions:
of life and disruption of the economy. higher Equilibirum between the interal forces and
values for Yf and Ym than thosegivenunder36.4.1 the extemalloads is maintained.
and36.4.2may be applied. The ultimate moment of resistance provided at any
section of a member is not less than 70 percent
36.4 Partial Safety Factors of the moment at that sectionobtained from an
36.4.1 Partial Safety Factor Yf for Loads elastic maximum moment diagram covering all
appropriate combinations of loads.
The values of Yf givenin Table 18 shall normally Theelastic moment at anysection in a member due to
be used. a particular combination of loads shall
SenlceabUllJ
DL IL WL DL IL WL
(I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
DL+/L I.S 1.0 1.0 1.0
DL+WL I.S or 1.S 1.0 1.0
..
091) ...
DL+/L+ WL 1.2 -- 1.0 0.8 0.8
NOTES
Whileconsidering earthquake effects. substitute EL for WL
For lhe limitstatesof serviceability. thevoluca or 1, liven in thistableareapplicable forshan termeffects.Whileasses.inathe
loftg term effectsdueto enep thedead loadand that part of the live loadlikelyto be permanent mayonly be conlidered.
n This value is to beconsidered whenstability apinst overturning or stressrevenal il critical.
68
15456: 2000
not be reduced by more than 30 percent of the The maximum strain in concrete at the
numerically largestmomentgivenanywhere by outennostcompression fibreis takenas 0.003
the elastic maximum moments diagramfor the 5 in bending.
particular member. covering aU appropriate The relationship between thecompressive stress
combination of loads. distribution inconcrete and thesttainin concrete
At sections where the moment capacity after may be assumed to be rectangle. trapezoid.
redistribution is less than that from the parabola or any other shape which results in
elastic maximum moment diagram. the prediction of strengthin substantial agreement
following relationship shall be satisfied: with the results of test. An acceptable stress-
strain curve is given in Fig. 21. For design
5L+ 8M SO.6 purposes. the compressive strengthof
d 100 concrete in thestnaeture shallbe assumed to
where be 0.67times the characteristic strength.
Xu = depth of neutral axis. The partial safety factor y. = 1.5 shall be
= effectivedepth. and applied in addition to this.
NOTE - Pordie streu·llrlin CUM ill rrlJ. 21 die deaip
=
6M percentage reduction in moment. stressblock plIIUIDClerI_ IS follows ('flfIPia. 22):
In structures in which the structural frame Area ofsuessblock • 0.36lot' x.
provides the lateral stability. the reductions Depthof celItle of colllplalive force • 0.42 x.
in moment allowed by condition 37.1.1 (c) fromtheextreme fim ift compression
shall be restricted to 10 percent for when:
stnactures over 4 storeys in height. I~ = chancteriatic c:omprasive lballth ofconcme.
t
III
(H7fCk
T O'42Xu
III
III
Ill: Xu O·36fc k Xu
t- 0.67 fckIrm
~
III
0·002 0·03S
STRAIN-
69
18456: 2000
~..------fy
t
I
I
,,/
I
STRESS I
I
I
I
I
,I •• -ZOOOOO "/".".2
, I
, I
·0001
'000' SlRAIN--.
-0001
23A Cold Worked Defonned Bar
,..--------"
'r
l-------- "".15
t
£,-200000 N/mm'
NOTE - The limiting values of the depth of neutraluis for 38.1 (c) for flexure, the following shallbe assumed:
diffe~nl gradesof steelbased on theassumptions in 31.1118 as
foUows: 1be maximum compressive strain in concrete in
f., x.._ld axial compression is taken as 0.002.
O.~3
2SO 1be maximum compressive strain at the highly
415 0.48 compressed extreme fibre inconcrete
SOO 0.46
subjected to axial compression and bending
The expression for obtaining the moments 0' rea.iltance for and when thereis notensionon the section
and T-Sectionl. bIIlld OIl the lIIUIIIpliouof . 1, 118
~e:tanlUlar shall be0.003 S minus 0.75 times the strain at
given in Annex G.
the least compressed extreme fibre.
LIMIT STATEOF COLLAPSE:
COMPRESSION 39.2 MW-w EeceatrIdty
39.1AlSUlDpdoM Allmembers incompression shallbedesigned for the
In addition to' the assumptions given in 38.1 <a) to minimum eccentricity inICCOIdance with25.4. Where
70
IS 456: 2000
calculated eccentricity is larger, the minimum 39.6 Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load
eccentricity shouldbeignored. and Biaxial BenellD.
39.3 Short Axially LoadecI Me.ben in The resistance of a member subjected to axial force
COlDpnaloD and biaxial bending shall be obtained on the basis of
assumptions given in 39.1 and 39.2 with neutral axis
The member shall be designed by considering the
so chosen as to satisfy the equilibrium of load and
assumptions given in 39.1 and the minimum
moments abouttwoaxes.Alternatively suchmembers
eccentricity. When the minimum eccentricity as
may be designed by the following equation:
per 25.4 does not exceed O.OS times the lateral
dimension, the members may be designed by the
followins equation:
[~]a. +[ M
uy
]a. S 10
Alux1 Atu~1
. PI = 0.4'et .Ac +0.67f, .A Ie
•
where where
moments about x and y axes due
Pu • axial load on the member. to design loads,
=characteristic compressive strensthof the
concrete,
MU l t MaYI =
maximum uniaxial moment
capacity for an axialloadof Pu'
Ac = Area of concrete, bending about x and y axes
respectively, and
t, = characteristic strength of thecompression Q. is related to PulPtJI where Py Z
reinforcement, and
=0.4S let ·Ac + 0.7S1,. Ale
Ale ==
for
area of longitudinal reinforcement
=
For values of Pu'PUI 0.2 to 0.8, the valuesof a.
vary linearly from 1.0to 2.0. For values less than
columns. 0.2, aa is 1.0; for values greater than 0.8. Q. is 2.0.
39.4 Compression Memben with ReDeal 39.7 Slender Comp....lon Memben
Relnforcemeat
The design ,of slender compression members (see
The strength of compression members with helical 25.1.1) shall be based on the forces and the
reinforcement satisfyin.the requirement moments determined froman analysis of
of39.4.1shall betaken as 1.0~ times the strensth of thestructure, including the effect of deflections on
similarmember with lateral ties. moments and forces. When the effect of
39.4.1 Theratioof the volume of helical reinforcement deflections are not taken Into account in the
to the volume of the core shall not be less than analysis. additional momentgiven in 39.7.1 shallbe
0.36(A.IAc-l)f*'f, takenintoaccountin the appropriate direction.
where 39.7.1 The additional moments M. and M.'I shall
A. =
pss area of the section, be calculated by the ~ollowinl fonnulae:
71
18456: __
NOTES of the beam.
Acolumn maybeconsidered brKedina Jivenplaneif1alaal
stability to the I1nICtUIe • I whole is provided by waUlor
The negative sign in the fonnul. applies when
bracin. or bultJaliDi deliped to ..ill aIl1alerllf - . in the bending moment My increases numerically
thatplane. It shouldotberwi. be eoDlictered _ UDbncecI. in the same direction as the effective depth d
In the cue of a bmced cola.. without uy tnnmne loadl occurriq in increases. and the positive sign whenthe
itaheiPt, the additional moment Ihallbeadded to an inidal momentdecreases numerically in thisdirection.
momeDt equal to lum of 0.4 MI' and 0.6 "'w2 where Mwj
is the laqer end moment and MI' is the smaller end moment 40.2 Desip Shear Strenath 01Coaerete
(IllUmed neptive Ifthecolumn iI bent indouble curvature). In
DO CIIe shallthe initial molDeD! be lei. than 0.4 M.2 40.2.1 Thedesign shearstrength of concrete in beams
norIhctotalmomeat incluclilll theinitialmomeat be lesathaD
without shear reinforcement is liven in Table 19.
Md - For\1Dbraced columu, the IdditiODll moment
shallbeadded to the end momenta. 40.11.1 For solidslabs, the desi,n shearstrength
UnbrKed compmsionmemben.11 anylivenlevel or1tOre)'. for concrete shall be fele, where Ie has the
lubject to lateral load are Ulually coDltrained to cleftect values given below:
equally. InsuCh cueallenclcmeu redoforucla colUllUl
may be taken _ the _venae for all eolUIDDI ICtinI Overall Dtpth 300 or 275 150 m 200 175 ISO or
ill the same diJection. 01Slab, mm more less
39.7.1.1 The values given by equation 39.7.1 Ie 1.00 1.0S 1.10 I.IS 1.20 1.25 1.30
maybe multiplied by the followins factor: NOYS - nul provilion shall not apply to flatslaba
,,= P",-Ij SI
forwhicb 31.6 shall apply.
72
18456: 2000
Table 19 DesIp Shear ~tre"'"01Concrete, 't ' NI.....r
c
(Cltuues4O.2.1. 40.2.2. 40.3. 40.4. 4O.S.3. 41.3.2. 41.3.3 and41.4.3)
btl ,.. CoDcnteGnde
l00~
,
MIS M20 M2S M30 M3S M40IIld above
(4) -
(l) (2) (3) (5) (6) (7)
~0.t5 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.1S 0.54 0.56 0.$1 0.59 0.59 0.60
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.61 0.68
1.2S 0.64 0.61 0.10 0.11 0.73 0.74
I.SO 0.68 0.12 0.14 0.76 0.18 0.79
1.1S 0.11 0.7S 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
2.00 0.11 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2.25 0.11 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92
2.50 0.11 0.82 0.88 0.9t 0.93 0.95
2.7S 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98
3.00 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01
nnd
above
NOTE - The termA Is the arell of lonaltudinll1ten.lon reinforcement which conllnues at IClISt oneeffective depth
beyond the section bein, considered exc;pt at supponwhere the full areaof tension reinforcement may beusedprovided
thedetllilina confonn.to 16.1.1 and26.1.3
c) Inclined stirrups.
Where bent-up bars are provided. their where
contribution towards shear resistance than not be
more than half that of the total shearreinforcement. A•• II: total cross-sectional area ofstirrup legs
Shear reinforcement shallbe provided tocarry a or bent-up ban within a distance s.'
shear equal to Vu - f'~bd The atrenath of ahcar • specina of the stirrups or bent-up bars
reinforce-ment V... shall be calculated u below: alona the lenath of themember,
'tv III nc)tninal shear SIre.S,
For vertical stirrupa: II:
73
21H1815/07_11
IS 456: 2000
NOTES is given by:
Where more(hanone typeof shear reinforcement is used
to reinforce the same portion of the beam. the total AI'= ayb (Tv - 2d fJa,) I 0.87/" ~ O.4ay b/O.87 ~
shear resistance shallbecomputed asthesumof the
resistance for the varioustypes separately. Thisreinforcement should be provided within themiddle
three quarters of
(lv' wherea y is less than d. horizontal shear
Theareaof the stirrupsshallnot belessthan the minimum
specified in 26.5.1.6. reinforcement will be effective than vertical.
40.5 Enhanced Shear Strength of Sections Close to 40.5.3 Enhanced Shear Strength Near
Supports Supports (Simplified Approach)
74
IS 456: 2000
similarlyweb reinforcement is determined for 3 fictitious where
shear which is a function of actual shear and torsion.
'~I is the torsionalmoment, D is the overall depth
41.1.1 The design rules laid down in 41.3 and 41.4 of the beam and b is the breadth of the beam,
shall apply to beams of solid rectangular
41.4.2.1 If the numerical value of M as
cross..section. However, these clauses may also be
defined
applied to flanged beams, by substituting bw for b in l
which case they are generally conservative; therefore in 41.4.2 exceeds the numerical value of the moment
A1 longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided on
specialist literature may be referred to.
,
11
75
IS 456: 2000
•
LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY: 43.2 Compression Members
CRACKING Cracks due to bending in a compression member
43.1 Flexural Members subjected to a design axial load greater than O.2fc... A c'
where I" is the characteristiccompressivestrength of
Jet
In general, compliance with the spacing requirements
concrete and Ac is the area of the gross section of the
of reinforcement given in 26.3.2should be sufficient member, need not be checked. A member subjected to
to control flexural cracking. If greater spacing are
lesser load than 0.2 let Ac may be considered
required, the expectedcrack width should
as flexural member for the purpose of crack control
bechecked by formula given in Annex F.
(see 43.1).
"I)
IS 456: ZOOO
ANNEXA
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERREDINDIAN STANDARDS
1199: 1959 Methods of sampling and 2506: 1985 General requirements for screed
analysis of concrete board concrete vibrators (first
1343 : 1980 Code of practice for prestressed revision)
2514 : 1963 Specification for concrete
concrete (first revision)
1489 Specification for Portland vibrating tables
2751 : 1979 Recommended practice for
pozzolana cement :
(Part 1) : 1991 welding of mild steel plain and
Fly ash based (third revision)
deformed bars for reinforced
(Part 2) : 1991 Calcined clay based (third construction (first Tn'ision)
revision) 3025 Methods of sampling and test
1566 : 1982 Specification for hard-drawn (physical andchemical) for water
steel wire fabric for concrete and waste water:
reinforcement (second revision) (Part 17) : 1984 Non-filterable residue (total
1641 : 1988 Code of practice for fire safety suspendedsolids)(first ~vision)
of buildings (general): General (Part 18) : 1984 Volatile and fixed residue
principles of fire grading and (total filterable and non-
classification (first revision) filterable) (first revision)
77
IS 456: 1000
(Part 23) : 1986 Alkalinity (first revision) (Part 4) : 1972 Types of concrete
(Part 24) : 1986 Sulphates (first revision) (Part S) : 1972 Pormwork for concrete
(Part 32) : 1988 Chloride (first revision) (Part 6) : 1972 Equipment, tool and plant
3414 : 1968 Code of practice for design and (Part 7) : 1973 Mixing, laying, compaction,
installationof joints in buildings curing and other construction
3812 : 1981 Specification for fly ash for use aspect
as pozzolana and admixture (first (Part 8) : 1973 Properties of concrete
revision) (Part 9) : 1973 Structural aspects
395I (Part 1) :. Specification forhollow clay tiles (Part 10) : 1973 Tests and testing apparatus
1975 for floors and roofs: Part 1 Filler (Part 11) : 1973 Prestressedconcrete
type (first revision)
403I(Part S): Methods of physical tests for (Part 12) : 1973 Miscellaneous
1988 hydraulic cement : Part S 6909: 1990 Specification for supersulphated
Determination of initial and final cement
setting times (first revision) 7861 Code of practice for extreme
4082 : 1996 Recommendations on stacking
weather concreting :
and storage of construction (Part 1) : 1975 Recommended practice for hot
materials and componentsat site weather concreting
(second revision)
(Part 2) : 1975 Recommended practice for cold
4326: 1993 Code of practice for earthquake
weather concreting
resistantdesign and construction 8041 : 1990 Specification for rapid hardening
of buildings (second revision)
4656: 1968 Specification for form vibrators Portland cement(second revision)
8043 : 1991 Specification for hydrophobic
for concrete
4845 : 1968 Definitions and terminology Portland cement(second revision)
8112 : 1989 Specification for 43 grade
relating to hydrauliccement
4925 : 1968 Specification for concrete ordinary Portland cement (first
revision)
hatching and mixing plant 9013 : 1978 Method of making, curing
4926: 1976 Specification for ready-mixed
and determining compressive
concrete (second revision) strength of accelerated cured
S816: 1999 Method of test for splitting concrete test specimens
tensile strength of concrete 9103 : 1999 Specification for admixtures for
(first revision) concrete (first revisiom
6061 Code of practiceforconstruction 9417 : 1989 Recommendations for welding
of floor and roof with joists and cold worked bars for reinforced
filler blocks: concrete construction (j; rst
(Part 1) : 1971 With hollow concrete filler r~\lision)
blocks
11817 : 1986 Classification of joints in
(Part 2) : 1971 With hollow clay filler blocks buildings for accommodation
(first revision) of dimensional deviations
6452: 1989 Specification for high alumina during construction
cement for structural use 12089: 1987 Specification for granulatedslag
6461 Glossary of terms relating to for manufactureof Portland slag
cement: cement
(Part J) : 1972 Concrete aggregates 12119 : 1981 General requirements for pan
mixers for concrete
(Part 2) : 1972 Materials
78
IS 456: 1000
IS No. Title IS No. Title
12269 : 1981 Specification for S3 grade (Pan I) : 1992 Ultrasonic pulse velocity
79
IS 456: 2000
ANNEX B
(Clauses 18.2.2,22.3.1,22.7.26.2.1 and 32.1)
STRUCTURAL DESIGN (WORKING STRESS METHOD)
Nllnlll'
80
Table 21 Permissible Stresses in Concrete IS 456: 2000
(Clauses B·l.3. B·2.1. B-2.l.2. B-2.3 and B·4.2)
All values in Ntmml .
I The values of permissible: shear stress in concrete are given in Table 23.
2 The bond stress given in col 4 shall be increased by 25 percent for bars in compression.
2116815/07-12
81
IS 456: 2000
Table 22 Permissible Stresses in Steel Reinforcement
(Clauses 8-2.2, 8-2.2.1, B-2.3 and B..4.2)
SI Type of Stress In Steel Permissible Stresses In N/mm2
No. Reinforcement
Mild Steel Ban MediumTensile High YieldStrength
Conforming to Steel Conform- Deformed Bars Con-
Grade I of ing to IS 432 forming to IS 1786
IS 4J2 (Pan I) (Port 1) (Grade Fe 41S)
(3) (4) (5)
I
(l) l2)
Half the guaranteed 230
Tension ( 0"1 or 011)
Compressionin bars in a bean) or The calculated compressive stress in the surrounding concrete multiplied by 1.S
slab when the com-pressive times the modular ratio or 0.: whicheveris lower
resistanceof the concrete is
taken into account
Compression in bars in a beam
or slab where the
compressiveresistance
of the concrete is not
taken into account:
a) Up to and including
20mm 140 I Half the guaranteed
yield stress subject
to a maximum of 190
190
NOTES
For high yield strengthdeformed bars of Grade Fe SOO the permissible stress in direct tensionand flexural tension shall be
Oj~.f~. The permissiblestresses for shear and compression reinforcement shall be as for GradeFe 415.
1 For welded wire fabric conformingto IS 156fl, the permissiblevalue in tension CJIII is 230 Nzmm'.
For the purpose of this standard, the yield stress of steels for which there is no clearly defined yield point should be taken to be
0.2 percent proof stress.
When mild steel conforming to Grade II of IS 432 (Part I) is used, the permissible stresses shall be 90 percent of the permissible
stressesin col 3, or if the designdetailshave alreadybeen workedout on the basisof mildsteelconformingto Grade I of IS 432
(Pan I); the area of reinforcement shall be increasedby 10 percentof that required for Grode I steel.
82
IS 456: 2000
made to transfer the load to the footing at safe TIleresultant tension in concrete is not greater than
unit stresses in accordance with 34. The base of 35 percentand 25 percent of the resultant
the metal section shall be designed to transfer the compression for biaxial and uniaxial bending
load from the entire composite columns to the respectively, or does not exceed three-fourths,
footing. or it may be designed to transfer the load the 7 day modulus of rupture of concrete.
from the metal section only. provided it is placed
in the pier or pedestal as to leave ample section NOTES
of concrete above the base for the transfer of 1 a= P for columnswithties where P.A. and
load from the reinforced concrete section of the lu.• 1 A,. +1.5mA-.. '
column by means of bond on the vertical A ...definedin B-3.1and m is the modularratio.
reinforcement and by direct compression on the 2 O'lhuIII. ::: M
concrete. Transfer of loads to the metal core shall
be provided for by the useof bearingmembers,
Z
where M equals the moment and Z equals
modulus of section. In the case of sectionssubjectto
such as billets, brackets or other positive moments in twodirections, the stress shall
connections, these shall be provided at the top of becalculatedseparately nod added algebraically.
t.he metal core and at intermediate floor levels
where required. The column as a whole shall 8-4.2 Design Based on Cracked Section
satisfy the requirements of formula given under If the requirements specified in 8-4.1 are not
(a) at any point; in addition to this, the reinforced satisfied, the stresses in concrete and steel shall be
concrete portion shall be designed to carry, calculated by the theory of cracked section in which
according to a-3.1 or B-3.2 as the case may be, all the tensile resistance of concrete is ignored. If the
floor loads brought into the column at levels calculated stresses are within the permissible stress
between the metal brackets or connections. In specified in Tables 21, 22 and 23 the section may
applying the formulae under B-3.1 or 8-3.2 the beassumed to be safe.
gross area of column shall be taken to be the area
NOTE - The maximum stress in concrete and steel may be
of the concrete section outside the metal core,
found fromtablesandchartsbasedon the crackedsection theory
and the aJlowable loadon the reinforced concrete ordirectly by determining the no..stressline whichshouldsatisfy
section shall be further limited to 0.28.t::k times the following requirements:
gross sectional area of the colurnn. The direct load should he equal to the algebraic sum of
d) Allowable Load on Metal Core Only - The the forces on concreteand steel,
metal core of composite columns shall be The moment of the external loads about any reference
lineshouldbeequalto the algebraicsumof the moment
designed to carry safely any construction or of the forces in cancrete (ignoring the tensile force in
other loads to be placed upon them prior to concrete) and steelabout the same li~."and
their encasement in concrete. The moment of the external loads about any other
reference lines should be equal to the algebraic sum of
B-4 MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED the mOlneft1 of the forcesinconcrete (ignoring the
AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING tensile force in concrete)and steel about the same line.
8-4.1 Design Based on Uneracked Section B4.3 Members Subjected to Combined Direct
A member subjected to axial load and bending (due to Load and Flexure
eccentricity of load. monolithic construction, lateral
Members subjected to combined directloadand flexure
forces, etc) shall be considered safe provided the
and shall be designed by limit slate method as in 39.5
following conditions are satisfied:
afterapplying appropriate load factors as given inTable
a) + (1chc,cal ~ 1.
a Ct, cal 18.
ace. 0cbc B-S SHEAR
where
ace,e,l! B-S.l Nominal Shear Stress
= calculated direct compressive stress
in concrete, The nominal shear stress rv in beams or slabs of
= permissible axial compressive stress unifonn depth shall be calculated by the following
<Tce
in concrete, equation:
ach~,f.~aal
= calculated bending compressi ve v
V
= - bel
stress in concrete, and
where
ache
= permissible bending compressive
stress in concrete. V = shear force due to design loads,
83
IS 456: 2000
= breadthof the member, whichfor flanged B-S.Z.l.1 For solid slabs the permissible shear stress
sections shall be taken as the breadth
of the web, and in concrete shall be kfc where k has the value liven
below:
= effective depth.
Ovemlldepth 300ar 275 2SO 22S 200 175 150(1"
B-S.l.1 Beamsof Varying Depth ofslab, mm more less
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.1S 1.201.25 1.30
In the case of beams of varying depth, the equation
shall be modified as: NOTE- This does not apply to l1at slabs for which31-' shall
apply.
v ± Mlanfj 8-5.2.2 Shear Strength of Members Under Axial
Compression
f
= d For members subjected to axial compression P. the
v bd
permissible shear stress in concrete t c given in
where Table 23, shalt be multiplied by the following
t y ' V, band d are the same as in B-5.1, factor:
= bending moment at the section, and =1+~' but not exceeding 1.5
A.fc:k
= angle between the top and the bottom edges where
of the beam. p = axial compressive force in N,
The negative sign in the formula applies when the A, = grossareaof theconcrete sectionin mm',
bending moment M increases numerically in the same and
direction as the effective depth d increases, and the = characteristic compressive strength of
Ie...
positivesign when the concrete.
momentdecreasesnumerically in this direction. 8-5.2.3 With Shear Reinforcement
8-5.2 Design Shear Strength or Concrete When shear reinforcement is provided the nominal shear
8-S.2.1 The permissible shear stress in concrete in beams stress f c in beams shall not exceed f c ..... given in
without shearreinforcement is given in Table 23. Table 24.
84
IS 456: 2000
8-5.2.3.1 For slabs, Ty shall not exceed half the greater than 230 N/mn12,
value of f t mal given in Table 24. ex = angle between the inclined stirrup or
bent-up bar and the axis of the member, not
B-S.3 Minimum Shear Reinforcement
less than 45u • and
When t y is less than t given in Table 23. minimum
c
= effective depth.
shear reinforcement shall be provided in
accordance with 26.5.1.6. Nf)TE -- Where mort. than one type of shear reinforcement is
used to reinforce the same portion of the beam. the Iota) shear
B-5.4 Design of Shear Reinforcement resistance shall be computed as the sum of the resistance for the
various types separately. The area of the stirrups shall not be
When tv exceeds t, given in Table 23, shear less than the minimumspecified in 26.5.1.6.
reinforcement shallbeprovidedin any of the
following forms: 8-5.5 Enhanced Shear Strength of Sections Close to
Vertical stirrups, Supports
Bent-up bars along with stirrups. and 8-S.5.1 General
Inclined stirrups. Shear failure at sections of beams and cantilevers
Where bent-up bars arc provided, their contribution without shear reinforcement will normally occur on
towards shear resistance. shall not be more than plane inclined at an angle 30" to the horizontal. If
half that of the total shear reinforcement. the angle of failure plane is forced to ~c inclined
Shear reinforcementshall beprovided to carry a shear more steeply than this Ibecause the section
equal to V - 'tc.bd. The strengthof shear reinforcement considered (X - X) in Fig. 24 is close to a support or for
shall be calculated as below:
!'
other reasons], the shear force required to produce
failure is increased.
For vertical stirrups
The enhancement of shear strength may be taken
v = O'svAsv d into account in the design of sections near a support
Sv
hy increasing design shear strength of concrete, ',. to
2d r/a,. provided that the design shear stress at
h) For inclined stirrups or a series of bars bent..up
at different cross-sections:
the face of support remains less than the values
given in Table 23. Account may be taken of the
sv
= C1 ~vd (sin a + cos a) enhancement in any situation where the section
Sv
considered is closer to the face of a support of
For single bar or single group of parallel bars, all concentrated load than twice the effective depth, d. To
bent-up at the same cross-section: be effective, tension reinforcement should extend on
each side of the point where it is intersected hy a
~ =G. v Asv SiDex possible failure plane for a distance. at least equal to
where
the effective depth, or be provided with an equivalent
Asv = totalcross-sectional area of stirruplegs anchorage.
or bent-up bars within a distance,
8-5.5.2 Shear Reinforcement for Sections Close to
~~y = spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars Supports
along the length of the member,
If shear reinforcement is required, the total area of
tc = design shear strength of the concrete, this is given by:
= breadth of the member which for flanged
beams, shall be taken as the breadth =
A" avb ( f v .. 2d fJav )/O.87fy ~ O.4avb/O.R~f)
of the web bwt This reinforcement should be provided within the
(J"y = permissible tensile stress
in shear middle three quarters of avo Where Q v is less than .l.
reinforcementwhichshall not be taken horizontal shear reinforcement will be more effective
than vertical.
85
IS 456: 2000
8-5.5.3 Enhanced Shear Strength Near Supports = shear.
(Simplified Approach) = torsional moment, and
The procedure given in D-S.S.l and 8-5.5.2 may be = breadth of beam.
used for all beams. However for beams carrying The equivalent nominal shear stress, 'Ye' in this case
generally uniform load or where the principal load is shalJ be calculated as gi yen in B-5.1, except for
located further than 2 d from the face of support, the substituting V by V • The valuesof 1'vc shall not exceed
e
shear stress may be calculated at a section a distance d the values of 'c max given in 'fable 24.
from the face of support. The valueof t c is calculated B-6.3.2 If the equivalentnominal shear stress 'rye does
in accordance with Table 23 and appropriate shear not exceed fe' given in Table 23. minimum shear
reinforcement is provided at sections closer to the reinforcement shall be provided as specified in
support, no further check for such section is required. 26.5.1.6.
8-6 TORSION 8-6.3.3 If 1'ye exceeds 1'\; given in Table 23, both
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement shall be
8-6.1 General provided in accordance with B-6.4.
In structures where torsion is required to maintain 8-6.4 Reinforcement in Members Subjected to
equilibrium, members shall be designed for torsion in Torsion
accordance with 8-6.2, 8-6.3 and 0-6.4. However, for
B-6.4.1 Reinforcement for torsion, when required,
such indeterminate structures where torsion can be
shall consist of longitudinal and transverse
eliminated by releasing redundent restraints, no
reinforcement.
specific design for torsion is necessary provided
torsional stiffness is neglected in the calculation of B-6.4.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement
internal forces. Adequate control of any torsional
The longitudinal reinforcement shall be designed to
cracking is provided by the shear reinforcement as
resist an equivalent bending moment, Mr l , given by
per B-S.
NOTE - The approach to design in this clause for torsion is as Mel :::M+Mr
follows: where
Torsional reinforcement is not calculated separately from = bending moment at the cross-section, and
that required for bending and shear. Instead the total
longitudinal reinforcement is determined for n fictitious (J+D/b)
bending moment which is a function of actual bending Ml = T 1.7 ,where T is the torsional
moment and torsion; similarly web reinforcement is moment, D is the overall depth of the
determinedfor a fictitious shearwhich is Il function of
IlCtual shear and torsion.
beam and b is the breadth of the beam.
B-6.4.2.1 If the numerical value of Ml as defined in 8-
8-6.1.1 The design rules laid down in 8·6.3 and 8-6.4 6.4.2 exceeds the numerical value of the moment Mt
shall apply to beams of solid rectangular longitudinal reinforcernent shall be provided on the
cross-section. However, these clauses may also be flexural compression face, such that the beam can
applied to flanged beams by substituting bw for b, in also withstand an equivalent moment Mt.2 given by
which case they are generallyconservative; therefore
Mez=Ml-M, the momentMe2 being taken as
specialist literature may be referred to.
acting in the opposite sense to the momentM.
B-6.2 Critical Section
8-6.4.3 Transverse Reinforcement
Sections located less than a distance d. from the face of
Two legged closed hoops enclosing the corner
the support maybe designed for the same torsionas
longitudinal bars shall have an area of cross-
computed at a distance d, where d is the effective
section A.y given by
'
depth, -,v = "+ t ut t e tota I
A T,s; V'Sv b h
B-6.3 Shear and Torsion
bId) (Jay 2.5d1 (J,v
B-6.3.1 Equivalent Shear transverse reinforcement shall not be less than
Equivalent shear, Ve shall be calculated from the (tv. - t c) b.s y
formula: a.v
v =V+1.6 T • where
b
where = torsional moment.
~ = equivalent shear, = shear force.
86
IS 456: 2000
spacing of the stirrup reinforcement, 0',"v = per In iss i bIe tc nsi1est rc ssin she ar
sv =
centre-to-centre distance between corner reinforcement,
hi =
bars in the direction of the width, t \'(' = equivalent shear stress as specified in
:::: 8-6.3.J., and
ri. centre-to-centre distance betweencorner
bars in the direction of the depth, 't\ = shear strengthof the concreteas specified
b ::: breadth of the member, in 'fable 23.
87
IS 456: 2000
ANNEX C
(Clauses 22.3.2, 23.2.1 and42.1)
CALCULATION OF DEFLECTION
=te
where f:ea is theultimate shrinkage strainof concrete
(Set 6.2.4).
k. =0.72 x P,~ s 1.0for 0.25 s P.- Pc < 1.0
1',
0.5 or less 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 J.I 1.2 1.3 1.4
0.03 0.08 0.16 0.30 0.50 0.73 0.91 0.97 1.0
o
NOTE - *1 is given by
where
MI'M! = supportmoments. lind
Mf , . M,.! =lixed end momenta.
88
IS 456: 2000
89
2116 818/07-13
IS 456: 2000
ANNEX D
(Clauses 24.4 and 37.1.2)
SLABSSPANNING IN TWO DIRECTIONS
I
lr
.....
"------!'!!'!.~---~-. ~
--Ii
~ T-'
MIOOLE STRIP
1E0G
1ST
~
MIOOL.I STRP .+,
.1
l I
I
I
L -----.-sToi----- ~
-i1 ~ oJ- Ly -----J j l-
25A FOR SPAN ~ 258 FORSPAN ~
90
IS 456: 2000
Table 26 Bending Moment Coefficients for Rectangular Panels Supported on
Four Sides with Provision for Torsion at Corners
(Clau.fcs D-J .1 alit} 24.4. 1)
Case Type of Panel and Short Span (~oemcient5 fl. Leng Span
No. Mumenls COlLctldered (Values or1,11. ) Coemclenltt
for All
,.. ~
(l,
Values of
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.U 'I'.
(I) (2) (3) (4) (~) (6) (7) (8) (9) ClO) (II)
Interior P(",~/.~:
Negative moment at continuous edge O.()32 0.037 O.04J O.()47 O.O's1 0.053 0.060 0.065 0.032
Positive rnornentat nlid-span 0.024 0.028 0.032 (lOJ6 O.OJ9 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.024
One Slulrl EtIJ.!e Continuous:
2
Negative moment at continuous edge O.OJ7 O.04J (Ul48 O.()~I 0.055 (l.O57 0.064 0.06& 0.037
Positive moment at mid-span O.fl28 0.OJ2· O.(H6 0.019 0.041 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.028
On«Ltm~ EtiNtDiscontinuous:
]
Negative moment at continuous edge O.cn7 0.044 OJl~2 n.OS1 0.063 Ooll67 0.077 0.085 ()'O~7
Positive moment at mid-span (),02H O.03J n.()J9 ()J)44 0.047 OJ}51 O.O~9 O,()65 0.028
O,()4~
Negative moment at continuous edge
(Un~ O.04J 0,051 0.057 0,{.>63 0.068 0.080 O.08R ().cn~
Positive moment at mid-span
7 '1'1,,·(,(, 1:·tI,t:t',\' [)i,f",mt;NulIlI.\·
moments per unit width arc given by the following and u x and a y are moment coefficients
equation: given in Table 27
().()~~
o.os:
(Iv 0.029
O.(l62 0.061 O.OSl) 0.046 n.O]7 0.020 (lO14
91
IS 456: 1000
ANNEX E
(Clmue 25.2)
EFFECTIVE LENGTH or COLUMNS
E.l In theabsence of moreexactanalysis, the effective E.2 Todetermine whether a col\JIDD is I DO sway or
length ofcolumns inframed structures may beobtained swaycolumn, stability indexQmaybecomputed
from theratioofeffective lengthto unsupported length u givenbelow:
'etl' givenin FiS.26 whenrelative displacement of the
ends of the column is prevented and in Fil. 26 when
relative lateral displacement of the ends is Dot
prevented. In the lattercase, it is recommendded -that . where
the effective length ratio 1,,11 may not be taken to be ~D =Bum of axial loads on all column in the
~.
less than 1.2. storey,
A.
FIXED
D
III
M
;:
FlO. 26 EFncnvI LBNant RATIOS POI A COLUMN IN A PRAMI.wrrH NOSWAY
92
IS 456: 2000
HINGED1.0
0.7
0.6 II:--+--+-~~_~r--~
t O.S .......--+--~--+-~
~1
0.3
0.2
0.1
FIXED 0
c
~2
..
0.2 0.3 0.' 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
HINGED
0 0.1
w
)(
u::
Flo. 27 EFFF.('-IVE LENGTH RI\TIOS FOR A COLUMN IN A
FRAME WITHOUT RESTRI\INT AGAINST SWAY
2116 BISl07-14
IS 456: 2000
18W.28 Meed.. Leaatb el Com,...... Menaben
(C'au#~3)
Deane 01 EDd
Ranlnt 01 Com"..
n wlleal
VlIIatol
•.ll._••.•
Valuetl
• lon Memben ...... .......
(I) (2)
.....
(3)
........
(4)
I
Effectively heldIn 0.501 0.651
I
Bft'ectively held in 0.701 0.101
position at bothends.
rutrained apinst
rotation at oneend
I
Effectively heldin UIOI 1.00 I
position at bothends.
but not restrained
qainst rotation
!
Efl'ectively heldin 1.00 I 1.201
position and rutrained
apinst rotation at one
end. and lit the other
restrained apinst
rotation but not held
lnposition
~
EfI'cctlvely heldin 1.501
position lIIld restrained
apinst rotation in
oneend, and at the
otherpertlally restr·
ainedagainst rotltioo
but notheldin position
L
Effectively held in 2.00 I 2.001
position lIIId mtrained
qainst rotation It one
end but not heldin
position normtnined
qainst rotation lit the
othcrend
94
IS 456: 2000
ANNEX F
(Claus" 3.5.3.2 and43.1)
CALCULATION OF CRACK WIDTH
'./Ee Ie
Ih
~""'--ST"88 IN CONC'fETE
1 N'",,,,ZIN SHORT TERM
• A. • O'SSHI'" ",2 IN LONG TERM
STRAIN STRESS
SECTION CRACKED
FIG. 28
95
IS 456: 2000
ANNEX·G
(ClGu,,38.1)
MOMENTS OF RESISTA.NCE FOR RECTANGULAR AND
T·SECTIONS
G·O The momenta of rosistance of rectanlular and exceeds the Ilmitllil value, M u. compr•••lon
T-Iectionl baled onthe .I.umptlona of38.1 areaiven reinforcement may be obtained from" the
in this annex. . followln, equation:
G·l RECTANGULAR SECTIONS
G-l.l SectloM Without COmprelllOD whore
Relntorcement Mu • My 16m' d are lame u inG·I.l,
I
The momerrt of resistance of rectanlular section. f.,. desiln strell in compre.lion reinforce-ment
without compression reinforcement should be obtained correlpondiol to a strain of
as follows: (x -d'}
Detennine the depth of netutral axia from ·0.0035 u,mu
the followin, equation : •
.xu mu
• 0.87Ix Asc where
d0.36 kkb.d Xu. JIIIII • the limitinl value of Xu from 38.1.
If the value of xuld is less than the limiting AI&: = areaofcomp'e8Sioo reinfcrcement, and
value (see Note below 38.1), calculate the d' == depth of compression reinforcement
moment of resistance by the following from compression face.
expression : The total area of tension reinforcement shall be
( Astir)
Mu =0.87 f ~l dll - obtained from the following equation :
y bdfek where A.=A. 1 +A1t2
c) If the value of xuld is equal to the limiting A :: area of the total tensile reinforcement•
•l
value. the moment of resistance of the
section is given by the following expression:
AM 1 = area of the tensile reinforcement for a
singly reinforced section for Mg. Um'
=xu. max ( 0 42 xu, max )bd2 ~
and
Mu tUm 0.36 - d - 1-. -d-
A .. =A f. I 0.871. "
Jek
It. lie Ie.: 'I
If XuI d is greater than the limiting value. the
section should be redesigned. G-Z FLANGED SECTION
In the above equations. G-2.1 For xu< Dr' the moment of resistance may
be calculated from the equation given in G-l.1 •
.xu =depth of neutral axis.
G·2.2 Thelimiting value of themoment of resistance
= effectivedepth,
of the section may be obtained by the following
.t.y = characteristic strength of reinforce.. equationwhen the ratio Dr I d does not exceed0.2 :
ment,
2
Alit = area of tensionreinforcement. M =0 36~(1-042 Xu ,max ) I' bd
u· d · d Jek w
= characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
- width of the compression face.
M - limiting moment of resistance of
+0.4Sfek (bf -bw)Df ( d-pt)
u.lin, -
a section without compression . where
reinforcement, and Mu. oXu.mtAI• d andtc. are same as in G-l.1.
xu. ;iI"~ =
Iimiting valueof Xu from 39.1. bI=breadth of the compression
G-l.2 Section with Compression Reinforcement Where face/flange, bw =breadth of the web, and
me ultimate moment of resistance of section D, = thickness of the flange.
96
IS 456: 2000
G-Z.Z.I When the ratlo Dr/el exceeds 0,2, the where )', = (0, JS Xu + 0.65 D,.), but not greater than
moment of resi~tllnce of the section may be DI , and the other symbols ore Maine I1S in 0-1.1
calculated by the following equation: nnd G·Z.2.
0-Z.3 For x > x" > D the moment of resistance
)/ek bwd 2
,
r-h) Yr(d-t )
f " ., ••
+0.45hk(b w
n/ LI exceeds 0.43; In both caMe" substituting XU' ma_
x
ny xu'
IS 456: 2000
ANNEX H
(Forrword)
COMMI1TEE COMPOsmON
Cement andConcrete Sectional Committee, CBD 2
CItGi,.,.,.
III H.C. VIIVISYAlYA
·C ib·, .15dt0ml,
63~.MalleI B..... 560003
DR S.C. AHLUWALIA
JOINT Dlucroa STANDARDS (8&5) (CB-I) Researth. Deai.... cl StaDdIrdI OrpnlzIdoa (Ministry of Railway),
JOINTDI~ STANDARDS (8&5) (CB-II)(Alicia,,.,.) Luckaow
M,mbcrJ R,p"J,ntlllll
MDt. SBClBTAIV Central Board of Irription andPower, NewDelhi
DIIICIOI (OVIL) (Alt,""",)
M,mber-S,crtlar;e.f
SHRI J. K. PRASAD
Addl Director (Civ Engg). DIS
SHRI SANJAY PANT
CllftV',..'
M,,,,.,,
SHII V. K. GHAN8KAJl Structural Engincerina Research Centre,Ghaziabad
SHa. S. A. RIDDI Gammon IndiaLtd. Mumbai
SHa, JOSB KURIAN Central PublicWorksDepartment, NewDelhi
DR A. K. MITrAL CentralPublicWorks Department. New Delhi
DR S.C.MAm National Councilfor Cement and Building Materials. Ballabgarh
DR AND.. KUMAR (Alternatt) University of Roorkee, Roorkee
PRop A.K. JAIN
DR V.THllUVINODAM Schoolof Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
(Cllntinued on page 1(0)
99
IS 456: 2000
tContlnuedfrom Pdf.:~ 99)
Mtmbtr.f Rtpre,felltltlN
MGIPRRND-2116815/2OO7-10,OOO. 100
Bureau of Indian Standards
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harmoniousdevelopment of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of
goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
Amendments are issued to standards as theneed arises on the basis of comments. Standardsare also
reviewed periodically;a standard along with amendments is reaffirmedwhensuch review indicates that
no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision.
Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or
edition by referring to the latest issue of 'BIS Catalogue' and 'Standards: Monthly Additions'.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc: No. CED 2 (5525 ).