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 October 2017.qxp_4/06 Cover 9/13/17 2:23 PM Page C1

OCTOBER 2017
WELDING JOURNAL • VOLUME 96 NUMBER 10 • OCTOBER 2017

FABTECH 2017
Your guide to what you can
see and do at the show

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY TO ADVANCE THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND APPLICATION OF WELDING
AND ALLIED JOINING AND CUTTING PROCESSES WORLDWIDE, INCLUDING BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND THERMAL SPRAYING
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October 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:59 PM Page 3

October 2017 • Volume 96 • Number 10 CONTENTS

FEATURES
34 Endless Rotation: The Future of Through­Arm Welding
With endless rotation technology, a through-
arm robot can perform radial-like welding with
minimal arm movement — M. Sciannella
42 Projection Welding of Fasteners to Hot­Stamped
Boron Steel
Use of hot-stamped boron steel is becoming more
prevalent for projection welding of fasteners
A. M. Agin and B. Kollins

38 Using Vibration Stress Relief in Stainless Steel Welded

Structures
Recent work studied the effects of vibration stress
38
relief on welded cabins for rail vehicles — S. Muñoz
et al.

34

42

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT

367­s Monitoring Weld Pool Surface and Penetration
Using Reversed Electrode Images
During welding, the three-dimensional weld pool
top surface shape provides important information
about weld penetration — Z. Chen et al.
389­s A Simple Test for Solidification Cracking
Susceptibility and Filler Metal Effect
A method was developed that combines laser
welding with induction heating — T. Soysal and
S. Kou

376­s Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of

Induction­Assisted Laser Welded AHS Steels
Techniques for reducing weld defects and
improving ductility and formability in autogenous
fusion welded AA5000 series aluminum tailor
welded blanks were identified — M. S. F. Lima et al.

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 3

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DEPARTMENTS
6 Editorial 130 Coming Events
8 Press Time News 134 Certification Schedule
10 Washington Watchword 136 Welding Workbook
12 International Update 137 Society News
14 News of the Industry 138 Tech Topics
20 Business Briefs 147 Section News
24 Aluminum Q&A 153 Guide to AWS Services
26 Brazing Q&A 154 Personnel
30 Product & Print Spotlight 158 Red Hots
46 AWS Show Information 176 Logos
52 AWS Schedule at a Glance 180 Classifieds On the cover: Pictured is the
56 AWS Professional Program 181 Advertiser Index Chicago skyline. (Photo cour­
tesy of Choose Chicago.)
72 AWS Exhibit Highlights

OFFICERS WELDING JOURNAL

President John R. Bray
Affiliated Machinery Inc.
Vice President Dale Flood
TRI TOOL Inc.
Vice President Thomas J. Lienert
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Vice President Robert Roth
RoMan Manufacturing Inc.
Treasurer Carey Chen
Cincinnati Incorporated
Executive Director Ray W. Shook
American Welding Society
DIRECTORS
T. Anderson (At Large), ITW Welding North America
U. Aschemeier (Dist. 7), Subsea Global Solutions
T. Brosio (Dist. 14), Major Tool & Machine
J. Burgess (Dist. 8), General Electric
D. A. Desrochers (Dist. 1), Old Colony RVTHS
D. L. Doench (At Large), Hobart Bros. Co.
D. K. Eck (At Large), Praxair Distribution Inc.
K. Fogleman (Dist. 16), Consultant
P. H. Gorman (Dist. 20), Sandia National Laboratories
S. A. Harris (Dist. 4), Altec Industries
R. L. Holdren (At Large), ARC Specialties
J Jones (Dist. 17), Harris Products Group
M. Krupnicki (Dist. 6), Mahany Welding Supply Co. Inc.
D. J. Landon (Past President), Vermeer Corp.
S. Lindsey (Dist. 21), City of San Diego
D. E. Lynnes (Dist. 15), Lynnes Welding Training Inc.
J. T. Mahoney (Dist. 5), American Arc Inc.
S. M. McDaniel (Dist. 19), Big Bend Community College
D. L. McQuaid (Past President), D. L. McQuaid and
Associates Inc.
D. K. Miller (At Large), Lincoln Electric
D. J. Roland (Dist. 12), Airgas USA LLC
M. Sebergandio (Dist. 3), CNH Industrial America LLC
K. E. Shatell (Dist. 22), Pacific Gas & Electric Co.
M. Sherman (Dist. 10), SW&E LLC
M. Skiles (Dist. 9), Airgas Inc.
W. J. Sperko (At Large), Sperko Engineering Services
J. Stoll (Dist. 18), Voestalpine Bohler Welding Group
K. Temme (Dist. 2), Matrix NAC
P. I. Temple (Dist. 11), Energy Wise Consulting LLC
J. A. Willard (Dist. 13), Kankakee Community College
Publisher/Editor Mary Ruth Johnsen
Editorial
Sr. Editor Cindy Weihl
Features Editor Kristin Campbell
Associate Editor Katie Pacheco
Assistant Editor Roline Pascal
Peer Review Coord. Sonia Aleman
Publisher Emeritus Jeff Weber
Design and Production
Production Manager Zaida Chavez
Assistant Production Manager Brenda Flores
Manager of International Periodicals and
Electronic Media Carlos Guzman
Advertising
Sr. Advertising Sales Exec. Sandra Jorgensen
Sr. Advertising Sales Exec. Annette Delagrange
Manager of Sales Operations Lea Owen
Sr. Advertising Production Manager Frank Wilson
Subscriptions
Subscriptions Representative Sonia Aleman
saleman@aws.org
MARKETING ADVISORY COUNCIL (MAC)
D. Doench, Chair, Hobart Brothers Co.
S. Bartholomew, Vice Chair, ESAB Cutting Systems
M. Walsh, Secretary, American Welding Society
D. Brown, AGONOW
C. Coffey, The Lincoln Electric Co.
D. DeCorte, RoMan Mfg. Inc.
S. Fyffe, Astaras Inc.
L. Kvidahl, Ingalls Shipbuilding
D. Marquard, IBEDA Superflash Compressed
S. Moran, American Hydro
M. Muenzer, ORS Nasco
E. Norman, EDCO Industries LLC
R. Roth, RoMan Mfg. Inc.
F. Saenger, Consultant
M. Smickenbecker, Matheson
S. Smith, Weld­Aid Products
E. Stone, Weiler Corp.
A. Sepulveda, Hypertherm
D. Wilson, Wilson and Associates
T. Lienert, Los Alamos National Laboratory
J. Bray, Ex Officio, Affiliated Machinery Inc.
C. Chen, Ex Officio, Cincinnati Incorporated
R. Shook, Ex Officio, American Welding Society
www.aws.org
8669 NW 36 St., # 130, Miami, FL 33166­6672
(305) 443­9353 or (800) 443­9353
AWS Promotes Diversity
AWS values diversity, advocates equitable and
inclusive practices, and engages its members
and stakeholders in establishing a culture in the
welding community that welcomes, learns from,
and celebrates differences among people. AWS
recognizes that a commitment to diversity,
equity, and inclusion is essential to achieving
excellence for the Association, its members, and
employees.
Welding Journal (ISSN 0043­2296) is published monthly by
the American Welding Society for $120.00 per year in the United
States and possessions, $160 per year in foreign countries: $7.50
per single issue for domestic AWS members and $10.00 per single
issue for nonmembers and $14.00 single issue for international.
Not available for resale in either print or electronic form. Ameri­
can Welding Society is located at 8669 NW 36 St., # 130, Miami, FL
33166­6672; telephone (305) 443­9353. Periodicals postage paid
in Miami, Fla., and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send
address changes to Welding Journal, 8669 NW 36 St.,
# 130, Miami, FL 33166­6672. Canada Post: Publications Mail
Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to Bleuchip
International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2, Canada.
Readers of Welding Journal may make copies of articles for
personal, archival, educational or research purposes, and which
are not for sale or resale. Permission is granted to quote from arti­
cles, provided customary acknowledgment of authors and sources
is made. Starred (*) items excluded from copyright.
Copyright © 2017 by American Welding Society in both
printed and electronic formats. The Society is not responsible for
any statement made or opinion expressed herein. Data and infor­
mation developed by the authors of specific articles are for infor­
mational purposes only and are not intended for use without inde­
pendent, substantiating investigation on the part of potential users.

4 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

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EDITORIAL OCT 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:46 PM Page 6
EDITORIAL
FABTECH: An ‘Industrial Evolution’
A 44-year career in the welding industry
has prompted me to reflect on the many
AWS shows I have attended. At my first
AWS Welding Show, in 1976 in St. Louis,
Mo., I was amazed to see our entire industry
on display with what seemed like a vast ar-
ray of welding and cutting products. From
that show, I remember the crowded aisles of
people wanting to see the newest products
and technology. A lot has changed since
then, and it’s only gotten better.
Our current show, FABTECH, will take
Ray Shook place at McCormick Place in Chicago, Ill., on
AWS Executive November 6–9, 2017, and it contains all of
Director what impressed me way back then and
much, much more. The event is organized in
large sections focusing on welding and cut-
ting, metal forming and fabricating, tube
and pipe, stamping, and finishing — all
shown with live demonstrations that will
give attendees a strong feel for what the lat-
est products can accomplish.
FABTECH is brought to you by a power-
ful group of industry partners including
AWS, SME, the Fabricators and Manufac-
turers Association International (FMA), the
Precision Metalforming Association (PMA),
and the Chemical Coaters Association Inter-
national (CCAI).
This will be my final show as AWS execu-
tive director, as I am taking a long-planned
retirement at the end of this year. Looking
back, it is extraordinary to see how the
show has evolved over time from my first
show in 1976. Probably the most significant
“This will be my change was when the AWS Welding Show
final show as AWS formed a partnership with FABTECH in
executive director, 2005. AWS held its last stand-alone welding
as I am taking a show in spring of that year in Dallas, Tex.,
and then convened again the following fall
long­planned in Chicago, Ill., as FABTECH International
retirement at the and the AWS Welding Show. Alliances with
end of this year. PMA and CCAI came later, and today we
Looking back, it is have combined four separate shows into
extraordinary to one, which — most importantly — helps
our industry partners and our attendees
see how the show save both time and money.
has evolved over In addition, even though we are the
time from my first largest metal fabricating show in the United
show in 1976.” States, we have two other North American
shows: FABTECH Mexico and FABTECH
Canada, both of which are thriving and
widely attended.
The theme of this year’s FABTECH show
6 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
is “Industrial Evolution.” Representing the
state-of-the-art in metal fabricating and re-
lated technologies, the exhibition will pro-
vide a dynamic environment where you can
meet directly with world-class suppliers, see
the latest in industry trends, and find the
tools you need to boost productivity.
We anticipate some 50,000 attendees at
FABTECH this year, a group that includes
the most important buyers and users of
welding and metalworking equipment from
all over the world. Products on display will
occupy more than 750,000 net square feet,
the largest ever, and an increase of nearly
30% from last year’s show. Of this total,
welding products will occupy 207,730 net
square feet, another record high.
Of course, FABTECH also offers much
more. In addition to more than 500 new
products on display, there will be 150-plus
educational programs, as well as keynote
speakers, expert discussions, and the oppor-
tunity to network one-on-one with your in-
dustry peers. You can also solve manufac-
turing and construction problems by con-
sulting directly with industry experts. New
for 2017 are a 3D Additive Manufacturing
Pavilion and an expanded Tube Producers
and Suppliers Pavilion. Add to this the AWS
Professional Program of technical presenta-
tions and the popular Professional Welders’
Competition.
Keynote speakers this year include
Richard Rawlings, of Fast N’ Loud on the
Discovery Channel, and Matthew Luhn, an
original storyteller and illustrator for Pixar
Animation Studios.
Also, don’t miss the Industry Night Party
at Chicago’s Soldier Field on November 7
and the Women of FABTECH Breakfast with
Tech Tour on November 8. We’ve got lots to
show you and valuable career-enhancing op-
portunities all week long.
You can register for free admission to
FABTECH now, get hotel information, and
find all the show details at fabtechexpo.com.
You can also get a mobile phone app at
fabtechexpo.com/mobile-app that will give
you information on-the-go regarding ex-
hibits, floor plan, a show visit planner, and
more.
I look forward to seeing you next month
at the FABTECH exposition in the great city
of Chicago, Ill. WJ
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PRESS TIME NEWS
Industry Organizations Collaborate to Support
Students and Careers in Metalworking
ESAB Welding & Cutting Products, Florence, S.C., recently
introduced three initiatives to support students and schools
focused on skilled trade- and manufacturing-related careers.
First is the company’s WeldItForward student and school
contest, which offers equipment, filler metal, and cash
prizes with a total retail value exceeding $97,000.
Until October 9, schools in the United States and Canada
(except Quebec) can enter an essay supporting the “Weld It
Forward” contest theme. Judges will select six semifinalists
(three secondary and three postsecondary schools) with a
vocational or technical focus. The winners will be revealed
via a Facebook Live event from FABTECH on November 7.
The six semifinalist schools will receive a welding and
cutting equipment package valued at more than $6000, and
teams of two to five students will create a fabricated metal
project using this equipment. The sculptures will be judged
online where photos of the sculptures will be displayed. The
two winning schools, one secondary and one postsecondary,
will receive a grand prize of $20,000 in equipment and filler
metals. Every student involved on the winning teams will
receive a welding helmet and a $250 cash award.
Second, ESAB is the exclusive equipment sponsor for the
Paley-James Project, a collaboration between Jesse James of
West Coast Choppers and world-renowned sculptor Albert
Paley. Each artist will start one sculpture but finish another.
The works will be unveiled on November 6 at FABTECH
2017 in Chicago, Ill., and later auctioned. Proceeds will sup-
port grants, scholarships, and educational opportunities by
the educational foundations of the five show cosponsors:
AWS, Chemical Coaters Association International (CCAI),
Fabricators & Manufacturers Association (FMA), Precision
Metal Forming Association (PMA), and SME.
Third, the company has created metalmentors.com, a site
that includes the WeldItForward portal, news on the Paley-
James Project, as well as scholarship, grant, and career-
related information from AWS, CCAI, FMA, PMA, SME, and
ESAB.
Lockheed Martin­Led Team Completes Builder’s
Trials for Littoral Combat Ship Little Rock
LCS 9, the future USS Little Rock, is shown on Lake Michigan dur­
ing builder’s sea trials. The vessel is scheduled to be delivered to
the U.S. Navy later this year following acceptance trials.
The Lockheed Martin-led industry team completed the
future USS Little Rock (LCS 9) on Aug. 17. The ship’s sea tri-
als were also finished in Lake Michigan after a successful set
8 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
of demonstrations.
“The Freedom-variant LCS plays a critical role in the U.S.
Navy’s fleet, and we are committed to getting Little Rock and
her highly capable sister ships into combatant commanders’
hands as quickly as possible,” said Joe North, vice president
of Littoral Ships and Systems.
Sea trials are designed to test the ship’s performance un-
der many operating conditions. During builder’s trials, the
industry group demonstrated reliability and performance
improvements on the ship’s propulsion system.
Little Rock is being prepared for acceptance trials, when
the U.S. Navy’s Board of Inspection and Survey will conduct
inspections and witness final demonstrations before the
ship is delivered to the Navy this year.
Named in honor of the patriotic and hardworking citi-
zens of Little Rock, LCS 9 will be the second U.S. Navy ship
to bear the name of Arkansas’s largest city.
American Boiler Manufacturers Association
Partners with AWS to Create Endowed
Scholarship for Lone Star College Students
The American Boiler Manufacturers Association (ABMA),
Vienna, Va., recently announced the creation of an endowed
scholarship through AWS. It will be awarded annually to a
worthy welding student at Lone Star College, Houston, Tex.
The association donated $15,000 from its Randy Rawson
Scholarship Fund, and this contribution has been matched
by the AWS Foundation, creating a $30,000 AWS-endowed
scholarship. For more details, visit abma.com.
“The AWS-endowed scholarship enables ABMA to promote
welding careers for the boiler industry, expand the reach of our
scholarship fund, and partner with a great organization like
AWS,” said Scott Lynch, president and CEO of ABMA.
“AWS is excited about collaborating with ABMA to impact
the next generation of welders and help the boiler manufac-
turing industry meet its workforce needs,” said Monica
Pfarr, corporate director, Workforce Development, AWS.
Metabo Introduces Mobile Safety Training Trailer
Metabo Corp.,
West Chester, Pa.,
has introduced its
Mobile Safety
Training/Job-site
Event Trailer.
This unit features
a high-definition
TV and sound sys-
This multipurpose trailer contains the tem. In minutes,
company’s range of products and a high­ it can be ready to
definition TV. showcase the
company’s prod-
ucts — including cordless and corded hand-held power tools
and accessories — at open houses, special events, local and
regional trade shows, job sites, and training centers. The
trailer will be able to utilize on-site electric power or create
its own with a propane-powered generator. If you are inter-
ested in scheduling the trailer for a free onsite visit or train-
ing session, contact Larry Pecht at lpecht@metabousa.com. WJ
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WASHINGTON WATCHWORD
New Law Increases Veterans’ Access to Career
and Technical Education
The Harry W. Colmery Veterans Educational Assistance
Act, also known as the Forever GI Bill, has been signed into
law by President Trump. This new law, which makes several
changes to veterans’ education benefits, is named after the
American Legion national commander who wrote the origi-
nal GI Bill language in 1944. The law will allow more veter-
ans to use the GI Bill.
Among the provisions is one that reinstates veterans’ eli-
gibility under the Post-9/11 Veterans Education Assistance
Improvements Act of 2010 for education benefits when pur-
suing post secondary career and technical education (CTE)
programs. Previously, the law prevented veterans from using
education benefits for independent study unless it was for a
degree offered by an institution of higher learning. This
made some CTE and online programs ineligible.
Job Skills Legislation Introduced
United States Senators Rob Portman (Republican, Ohio)
and Tim Kaine (Democrat, Va.), both cochairs of the Senate
Career and Technical Education Caucus, have introduced the
Building U.S. Infrastructure by Leveraging Demands for
Skills (BUILDS) Act. The BUILDS Act would authorize the
Secretary of Labor to award grants to industry or sector
partnerships that do the following:
• Incentivize businesses and industry to work with the
greater community to create on-the-job training programs
that fill the jobs necessary to expand the country’s infra-
structure system;
• Connect businesses and education providers to develop
classroom curriculum that complements on-the-job
learning;
• Train managers and front-line workers to serve as men-
tors to people in work-based learning programs;
• Offer resources and career awareness programming to
recruit and retain individuals for workforce training pro-
grams; and
• Provide support services to ensure workers are success-
ful from preemployment to placement in a full-time
position.
Bill to Provide Tax Incentive for United States
R&D
The Invent and Manufacture in America Act has been in-
troduced in the House and Senate. This act would enhance
the value of the federal research and development tax credit
by up to 25% for companies that perform the majority of
manufacturing operations in the United States. Specifically,
it would amend the Internal Revenue Code, with respect to
the research tax credit, to allow an increased credit for “qual-
HUGH K. WEBSTER, AWS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS OFFICE — Contact the AWS Washington Government Affairs Office at 1747 Pennsylvania
Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006; email hwebster@wc­b.com; fax (202) 835­0243.
10 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
BY HUGH K. WEBSTER
ified domestic manufacturers,” defined as a company that
has domestic production gross receipts that are more than
50% of total gross receipts.
OSHA Launches Application to Submit Injury
and Illness Data
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) has launched the Injury Tracking Application (ITA),
a web-based form that allows employers to electronically
submit required injury and illness data from their completed
2016 OSHA Form 300A. The application is accessible from
the OSHA webpage at osha.gov/injuryreporting.
The data submission process involves four steps:
1. Creating an establishment;
2. Adding the 300A summary data;
3. Submitting the data to OSHA; and
4. Reviewing the confirmation email.
The secure website offers three options for data submis-
sion. One option enables users to manually enter data into
web form. Another option gives users the ability to upload a
comma-separated value (CSV) file to process single or multi-
ple establishments at the same time. A third option allows
users of automated recordkeeping systems to transmit data
electronically via an application programming interface.
OSHA has set a new December 1, 2017, compliance date
for electronic data submission.
Comments Sought on Overtime Rules
The U.S. Department of Labor is seeking public comment
on current rules regarding the so-called white collar exemp-
tions from the Fair Labor Standards Act’s minimum wage
and overtime requirements. The exemption involves execu-
tive, administrative, professional, outside sales, and com-
puter employees. The 2016 proposal to change the mini-
mum salary threshold for exempt employees remains in lim-
bo as the legal challenge to that proposal works its way
through federal court. The Department of Labor has not for-
mally stated whether it will continue to support the planned
doubling of the minimum salary. In the meantime, it is solic-
iting input on this issue and several others regarding general
overtime regulations.
OSHA Plans for Reduced Regulatory Activity
The most recently published regulatory agenda for OSHA
now lists 13 specific actions, down from the 32 items includ-
ed in its regulatory agenda published in May 2016.
Five of the 13 are only in the preliminary, information-
gathering stage. Additionally, 16 of the previously listed ac-
tions have been removed entirely, including Combustible
Dust and Noise in Construction. WJ
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INTERNATIONAL UPDATE

GE Partners in Lagos to Train Students in Bolta Opens Third Plant in Germany

Advanced Manufacturing
With the official
GE, a digital industrial company, has announced a skill opening of its “Plant
development partnership program involving its GE Lagos No. 3,” Bolta Werke in
Garage, the Lagos State Ministry of Wealth Creation and Diepersdorf, Germany,
Employment, and the Lagos State Technical and Vocational celebrated its new
Education Board (LASTVEB) aimed at developing the skills 2500-sq-m factory
of students in advanced manufacturing. Patricia Obozuwa, building designed for
director of communications and public affairs, GE Africa, use as a competence
said the initiative promotes advanced manufacturing and In Diepersdorf, Germany, CEO of center for future proj-
technology in the modern work environment by extending Bolta Werke Christian Falk (second ects as well as a new
the Lagos Garage entrepreneurship program through from left) cuts through the symbolic workplace for approxi-
LASTVEB and its colleges. The company’s Garage Advanced red ribbon together with (pictured mately 100 employees
from left) District Authority Armin in the fields of quality
Manufacturing program will involve 20 final-year students Kroder, Mayor Joachim Lang, and
and five instructors from five government technical colleges inspection and final
Jörg Maisel, CEO Maisel Bauun­
taking part in a one-week training. ternehmungen.
assembly.
During the program, the students will be exposed to “Despite the ongo-
cutting-edge technology. The company has set up a tempo- ing internationaliza-
rary scaled version of its garage at the venue, which is com- tion, we will commit to the Diepersdorf location. In this
prised of 3D printers, CNC mills, and other equipment. The connection, the opening of ‘Plant No. 3’ is an important sig-
program will be run by garage engineers and instructors. nal,” affirmed CEO Christian Falk in his welcoming address.
The official opening was celebrated during a small event
in the presence of County Commissioner Armin Kroder and
Toyota and Mazda Enter into Alliance to Develop Mayor Joachim Lang, who also presented their welcoming
Electric Vehicles addresses together with Jörg Maisel, CEO of Maisel Bauun-
ternehmung, a construction company.
In Tokyo,
Japan, Toyota
Motor Corp. and Damen Sells Its SeaXplorer Expedition Yacht
Mazda Motor
Corp. have Damen, the Dutch
signed an agree- shipbuilder, has sold
ment to enter a its second SeaXplorer,
business and a customized 75-m
Representatives for Toyota and Mazda met luxury expedition
capital alliance.
on Aug. 4 to sign a collaboration agree­
The companies yacht with the capa-
ment aimed at achieving sustainable
growth for both companies. have agreed to bility for heli-skiing,
establish a joint diving, and other
venture that tropical and polar ad-
produces vehicles in the United States; jointly develop tech- ventures. The yacht
nologies for electric vehicles; jointly develop connected-car Damen’s team of naval architects offers a dive center, a
technology; collaborate on advanced safety technologies; and engineers created the cus­ submersible hangar,
and expand complementary products. tomized 75­m expedition yacht with a and a floating heli-
In the capital tie up, the two companies have agreed that gross tonnage of 2500. port for two aircrafts.
Toyota will subscribe for and acquire shares to be issued by It accommo-
Mazda through a third-party allotment. At the same time, dates 12 guests as
Mazda will subscribe for and acquire third-party allocation well as 25 crew and expedition staff. The layout includes
shares of treasury stock disposed of by Toyota in the equiva- outdoor spaces for dining and enjoying the sun and sea, a
lent amount in value to the Mazda shares. The value of the bow-point observation lounge with panoramic views, and
shares acquired by both companies will be equivalent. seven suites on the main and upper deck.
“This is a partnership in which those who are passionate “Together with his guests, our client plans to visit some
about cars will work together to make ever-better cars. It is of the most beautiful and remote areas of the world,” said
also the realization of our desire to never let cars become Commercial Director Rose Damen. “They will be skiing and
commodities,” said Toyota President Akio Toyoda. snowboarding on pristine slopes like Kamchatka and sub-
Representing Mazda, President and CEO Masamichi mersible diving and sport fishing in Papua New Guinea and
Kogai said, “Nothing would please me more than if, through the Galápagos Islands. They will be in places with no sup-
this alliance, we can help to energize the auto industry and porting infrastructure, no roads, and no heliports within
create more car fans by bringing together two competitive range. So we designed the SeaXplorer 75 to carry out such
spirits to spur each other on, leading to innovations and fos- complex operations with the highest level of safety, redun-
tering talent and leaders.” dancy, and autonomy.” WJ

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NEWS OF THE INDUSTRY
Fresno City College Updates Its Welding
Technology and Metal Fabrication Programs
At Fresno City College, Welding Instructor Brett Camacho (left)
teaches Student Kolby Araki how to set up new wire feeder and
multiprocess welding machines.
Students in Fresno City College’s welding technology and
metal fabrication programs have a step up while starting
classes this fall: new equipment. Thanks to state and federal
grant funds totaling $135,000, products ranging from dual-
wire feeders to an angle roller were recently purchased.
Brett Camacho, the college’s welding instructor and de-
partment chair of advanced fabrication and transportation,
explained that the California Legislature passed a budget in
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14 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
Student Kolby Araki practices his technical skills by performing
horizontal, uphill gas metal arc welding.
June 2016. That included an additional $200 million for a
workforce training program, aimed at the skills gap across
the state’s regions. Fresno City College was allocated
$1,575,122 in round 1, with the welding program receiving
$50,000. It also earned $85,000 from Carl D. Perkins federal
funding last year.
These awards couldn’t have come at a better time. Due to
demand, the California-based institution (fresnocitycollege.
edu) has added more welding classes and now holds them six
days a week. Training is offered in shielded metal arc, gas
— continued on page 16
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NI OCT 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 3:37 PM Page 16

NEWS OF THE INDUSTRY

— continued from page 14

metal arc, flux cored arc, and gas tungsten arc welding along
with oxyfuel and plasma cutting. An associate in science de-
gree and a certificate of achievement can be attained.
“Since all of the time slots were filled from 7:00 AM to
11:00 PM Monday through Thursday, it was decided to offer
a Friday PM/Saturday AM course,” said Camacho. “Current-
ly, we have about 170 students a semester taking one or
more of the welding classes.”
The up-to-date equipment includes eight Lincoln Electric
Flextec® 350 multiprocess welding machines. This has en-
abled adding lab exercises in stainless steel, which is a part
of the food processing manufacturing industry in Fresno.
“Before the addition of these machines, the welding de-
partment only had one machine set up for stainless steel.
Now we will have nine machines that can easily switch from
mild steel to stainless steel, allowing more students to weld
at the same time,” explained Camacho. Eight Lincoln Elec-
tric Flex Feed® 84 dual-wire feeders were bought as well.
An InterTest® welding camera enables the taking of weld
demonstration videos for students to preview before coming
to class and watching live demonstrations. Students can
have their welds recorded and played back in slow motion
for review with instructors.
“The welding department’s goal is to increase student
success with the camera’s capabilities and to help meet the
learning styles of younger generations,” said Camacho.
In addition, a Tauring DS 60 angle roller for the fabrica-
tion program allows students to design and build projects
for themselves or the community. Previously, they paid out-
side sources to have tubes rolled into large radiuses.
“The Fresno area has a high demand for jobs in the weld-
ing and fabrication field. The department gets calls almost
every week looking for welders,” concluded Camacho.
And by having several of the latest products to practice
with, students can hone their skills and become more profi-
cient when they enter the workforce.

— Kristin Campbell (kcampbell@aws.org), features editor

Hobart Institute of Welding Technology Holds

Open House and Ribbon Cutting Ceremony
The Hobart Institute of Welding Technology (HIWT),
Troy, Ohio, highlighted its newest addition and renovation
at an open house on July 19.
Visitors were welcomed by President and CEO Scott A.
Mazzulla. The program featured comments from AWS Exec-
utive Director Ray Shook and Troy Mayor Michael Beamish.
Proclamations and commendations from the governor,
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

attorney general, state auditor, secretary of state, and treas-

urer of state offices, along with State Senator Bill Beagle,
were read. Tours for the public were held during the day.
The event showcased the new 16,000-sq-ft-plus Next
Generation Welding Learning Facility, which was opened in
late October 2016, as well as the renovation and expansion
of the main campus, which has just been completed.
“This expansion to our campus is an investment in its
mission to service our students and industry as HIWT is
dedicated to welding training and education excellence...the

16 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

NI OCT 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/15/17 1:21 PM Page 17

Present at the Hobart Institute and about to cut a ribbon in

honor of its latest addition and renovation was (from left) Steve
Tirpak, board of directors; Ron Scott, vice president/general
manager/board of directors; Michael Beamish, mayor of Troy;
Scott Mazzulla, president and CEO/board of directors; Martha
Baker, president of the Troy City Counsel; and Jennifer Monnin
and Richard Cultice, both board of directors.

new state-of-the-art building, as well as the renovation and

additional weld booths, will educate next-generation welders
and certified welding professionals,” said Mazzulla.
The facility features four technically advanced classrooms
and houses a nondestructive laboratory and classroom. It
also contains a large welder performance qualification lab
for destructive testing and 24 multiprocess welding booths.
The renovation and expansion in the main building cov-
ers 14,834 sq ft and includes the renovation of eight class-
rooms, an advisor/security office, as well as a relocation and
rebuild of administrative office space. In the vacated space,
70 new welding booths were constructed, bringing the total
arc welding booths in the main campus to 294. The renova-
tion also includes 13 new or updated classrooms.

Jesse Garant Metrology Center Impacts

the Future of Service­Based Part Inspection
The Jesse Garant Metrology Center, with three locations
within Michigan and Ontario, Canada, has expanded opera-
tions to accommodate the demand for high-volume part in-
spection for preproduction and production validation.
As part of a five-year, $15 million roll-out investment in
technology, the center’s latest expansion includes a wider
range of industrial computed tomography systems for im-
proved inspection capabilities of parts, digital x-ray systems
for high-volume part sorting, and 3D scanning equipment
for improved data capture of external features.
“This expansion means we’re able to easily adapt to in-
dustry and meet the challenges of part inspection,” said
President Jesse Garant.

Randolph Community College Welding Students

Fulfill Tall Order for North Carolina Zoo
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Randolph Community College’s welding technology stu-

dents have completed a tall order by designing and building
a giraffe enrichment device. They worked with zookeepers
from the North Carolina Zoo to improve an existing enrich-
ment item and add a new one to the giraffe enclosure behind
the scenes.
It took students several hours in the summer heat to re-

— continued on page 19
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 17
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NI OCT 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/15/17 1:21 PM Page 19

NEWS OF THE INDUSTRY

— continued from page 17

move an old wire basket from an existing pole, and install

the new hardware they fabricated with design help from the
zookeepers. While the old basket could hold only a few tree
boughs, the new hardware has a horizontal bar with eight
loops across the top where various items can be attached. It
is also angled to boost the height of the 16-ft pole to a total
of 18 ft to place it at giraffe height. The hardware was
mounted to a hand-cranked hoist that can be moved to the
bottom of the pole for access by the zookeepers.
The students also enlisted the help of a couple of zoo
workers and a forklift. Together, they installed the second
pole at another corner of the giraffe’s behind-the-scenes
quarters, then attached the second enrichment armature.
Animal Management Supervisor Jodi Wiley, who noted
that the giraffes usually take time to adjust to new items, re-
ported its big male giraffe went right for the new enrichment.
The following welding students worked on the project:
Bailey Black, Cole Jacobs, Neil Jones, Spencer Craven, Coy
Wolfe, Benjamin Salmons, Laura Thompson, Alan Mozingo,
and Seth Williams. Welding Instructor Allan Bechel also
assisted. For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

Welding technology students from Randolph Community College

helped the N.C. Zoo by fabricating an improvement to an existing
enrichment item and adding a second one for the giraffes (see
top center of this photo). (Courtesy of Randolph Community Col­
lege welding staff.)

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 19

BB OCT 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:32 PM Page 20
BUSINESS BRIEFS
Samsung to Open $380 Million Home Appliance
Manufacturing Plant in South Carolina
Samsung is set to open a home appliance manufacturing
plant in Newberry County, S.C., creating 954 local jobs.
Samsung has reached an agreement with the state of
South Carolina to open a $380 million home appliance man-
ufacturing plant in Newberry County. The facility will gener-
ate 954 local jobs by 2020 and produce washing machines.
This site was selected for its high-skilled workforce, sup-
ply chain, transportation infrastructure, and commitment
to public-private partnerships.
When fully operational, the plant will employ workers
across a range of advanced manufacturing roles, including
craftsmen, operators, engineers, and other technical and
nontechnical positions.
Polymet Celebrates 50th Anniversary
Polymet, West
Chester, Ohio, a
manufacturer of
wire for thermal
spray, hardfacing,
and welding applica-
tions, has now been
operating for 50
years.
The company was
founded in 1967 to
manufacture hard-
facing consumables
For half a century, Polymet has been in for the aerospace in-
business manufacturing many types of
dustry. Today, it has
wires. An employee packaging mate­
rial is shown. grown into a globally
recognized provider
of hardfacing solu-
tions for several industries including aerospace, oil and gas,
power generation, mining, and more.
“We constantly strive to evolve. Over the past few years, we
have significantly invested in R&D, and we are already seeing
the benefits,” said President Bill Mosier. “I am confident the
next 50 years will be even more successful than the last.”
In addition, the company has moved to a 90,000-sq-ft
building. “Our new facility will not only make our operations
more efficient but will also facilitate future growth,” said
Mosier. “Polymet has been in operation in the West Chester
area for 50 years, and we could not be more excited to cele-
brate with a new, bigger facility.”
20 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
TRUMPF Increases Sales to $3.6 Billion
The TRUMPF Group has generated a 10.8% increase in
sales in the 2016/17 fiscal year ending June 30, 2017.
According to preliminary calculations, sales for 2016/17
amounted to $3.62 billion (up from $3.27 billion in 2015/
16). Orders received rose to $3.97 billion (up from $3.27 bil-
lion in 2015/16), an increase of 21%.
Germany was the biggest single market (sales of $750
million), followed by the United States ($486 million) and
China ($465 million). Sales in South Korea were encourag-
ing, rising by 57% to reach $244 million.
In Europe, Italy (up 34% from the last fiscal year) and the
Netherlands (up 55%) were the top individual performers. In
the Netherlands, sales were boosted by the extreme ultraviolet
lithography (EUV) business with chip manufacturer ASML.
“In many markets, we exceeded our targets, with an equal
contribution from all our products,” said TRUMPF CEO
Nicola Leibinger-Kammüller. “But we know that the current
investment climate has been influenced by external factors
such as the euro exchange rate and raw materials prices.”
RoMan Manufacturing® Sells IRCO Automation®
Robert Roth, president and CEO of RoMan Manufactur-
ing, Grand Rapids, Mich., a manufacturer of alternating cur-
rent (AC) water-cooled transformers and direct current (DC)
power sources, recently announced the company has com-
pleted selling its IRCO automation division to Hubert Beth-
lehem, IRCO’s current president and CEO.
Roth mentioned that IRCO, a manufacturer of standard
and custom solutions for arc welding automated positioning
equipment, has more than 18,000 installations throughout
the world. He also noted “this transaction allows each or-
ganization to concentrate on its core strengths.”
IRCO will continue to manufacture products and support
users from its headquarters in Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
Recent Acquisitions
• Ichor Holdings Ltd., Fremont, Calif., has recently an-
nounced that its wholly owned subsidiary, Ichor Holdings
LLC, entered into a stock purchase agreement for the acqui-
sition of Cal-Weld Inc., a fabricator of precision high-purity
and industrial components, subsystems, and systems, for
$50 million, subject to customary adjustments.
• Laboratory Testing Inc., Hatfield, Pa., has acquired Frac-
ture Technology Associates (FTA), Bethlehem, Pa. Both com-
panies have been in the materials testing business for more
than 30 years. FTA was owned and operated by J. Keith
Donald, an internationally recognized expert with vast expe-
rience in the field of experimental fracture mechanics.
• Tech Air, Danbury, Conn., has completed the acquisition of
Angelus Welding Inc., Los Angeles, Calif., a distributor of
welding and industrial supplies and gases. The President of
Angelus, Chris Donohue, along with family members Alexis
and Jolene Donohue, will remain involved with the company
moving forward. WJ
praxair.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:38 AM Page 21

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koike.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:33 AM Page 22
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Aluminum OCT 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/15/17 4:17 PM Page 24

ALUMINUM Q&A
BY TONY ANDERSON

ing of Aluminum and Aluminum

Q: This is the fifth year we have had a short quiz on aluminum and aluminum Alloys — Classification, the stan-
welding. The last four years, in the October issues, there were quizzes that dard testing method for all elec-
received many positive comments. So, I have put together another quiz, pro­ trode rod classifications is chemi-
viding another opportunity to test your knowledge. cal analysis plus what additional
Respondents who answer every question correctly (there is only one right testing?
answer to each question) will be entered into a drawing where six winners
will be randomly selected. Send an email to me at tony.anderson@miller­ A. Tensile test
welds.com and list the question numbers with the letters of your answers. B. Dye penetrant test
The deadline is October 31. C. Radiographic test
All six winners will receive a signed copy of the AWS publication Welding D. Guided bend test
Aluminum – Questions and Answers (2nd edition) along with their choice of a E. Charpy impact test
golf shirt (in sizes medium, large, XL, 2XL, or 3XL) or a Digital Elite™ series
welding helmet (many styles offered) — Fig. 1.
The answers will be published in the December 2017 column along with 4. What do the 2xxx, 6xxx,
the names of the winners. and 7xxx series alloys have in
common?

A. They are all heat-treatable alloys.

B. They all contain zinc.
C. They are all nonheat-treatable
alloys.
D. They cannot be welded with the
conventional arc welding processes.

5. An aluminum mounting
bracket made from 6061-T6 is to
be welded to an extruded support
frame made of the same material.
Both are located inside an engine
compartment that has a sustained
elevated temperature of 200˚ to
250˚F. What would be a suitable
choice of filler metal for this
application?

A. 5556
B. 5356
Fig. 1 — All six winners will receive a signed copy of Welding Aluminum — Questions and C. 5183
Answers and their choice of a golf shirt or a Digital Elite™ series welding helmet. D. 5554
E. 5654

1. In accordance with AWS
D1.2/D1.2M:2014, Structural
Welding Code — Aluminum, when
gas metal arc welding 5052-H32
with a welding procedure specifi-
cation qualified with the stringer-
bead technique, will this same pro-
cedure qualify me to weld with the
weave-bead technique?
A. No, a change from stringer to weave
is an essential variable.
B. Yes, a change from stringer to weave
is not an essential variable.
C. Yes, but only if welding in the back-
hand direction.
D. Yes, but only for a root run welded
in the forehand direction.
2. When gas tungsten arc weld-
ing the 6xxx series aluminum base
metals without filler metal (auto-
genously), what type of weld dis-
continuity would you most expect
to find?
A. Porosity
B. Incomplete fusion
C. Hot cracking
D. Undercut
E. Tungsten inclusions
3. In accordance with the re-
quirements of AWS A5.10/A5.10M:
2017, Welding Consumables — Wire
Electrodes, Wires and Rods for Weld-
6. The primary reason some
2xxx and 7xxx series aluminum
base alloys (such as 2024 and
7075) are not typically arc welded
in production is because
A. There are no filler metals available
for these series of alloys.
B. They are very prone to porosity
problems.
C. They are susceptible to stress corro-
sion cracking.
D. They will naturally age and become
brittle.
E. Their heat-affected zone will be-
come partially annealed and overaged.
7. The as-welded transverse

24 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

Aluminum OCT 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:50 PM Page 25
tensile strength of a complete
joint penetration groove weld
made with gas metal arc welding
in 5083 base material with 5183
filler metal is
A. Very dependent on the temper of
the base metal before welding.
B. Always close to the annealed
strength of the base metal.
C. Always lower than the same weld
made with the gas tungsten arc weld-
ing process.
D. Equal to or greater than the base
metal tensile strength before welding.
8. The amount of silicon in alu-
minum that produces peak crack
sensitivity (a very high potential
for hot cracking during arc weld-
ing) is
A. 0.8%
B. 1.8%
C. 2.5%
D. 3.6%
E. 4.7%
F. 6.4%
9. When welding heavy alu-
minum plate with gas metal arc
welding, the addition of 75% heli-
um to an argon shielding gas (25%
argon/75% helium) will tend to
A. Lower the heat during welding and
increase the strength of the heat-
affected zone.
B. Increase the heat during welding
and lower the porosity in the weld.
C. Decrease the possibility of hot
cracking and improve ductility.
D. Reduce the possibility of hot crack-
ing and improve strength.
E. Remove the aluminum oxide more
efficiently and provide a cleaner weld
surface.
10. What is the primary reason
for porosity in aluminum welds?
A. Aluminum solidifies over a very
narrow temperature range.
B. Oxygen can be absorbed in the
molten aluminum.
C. Nitrogen can be absorbed by alu-
minum oxide.
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D. Hydrogen has a high solubility in
the molten aluminum.
E. Aluminum oxide is on the welding
wire.
TONY ANDERSON is director of aluminum
technology, ITW Welding North America. He
is a Fellow of the British Welding Institute
(TWI), a Registered Chartered Engineer with
the British Engineering Council, and holds
numerous positions on AWS technical com­
mittees. He is chairman of the Aluminum As­
sociation Technical Advisory Committee for
Welding and author of the book Welding
Aluminum Questions and Answers currently
available from the AWS. Questions may be
sent to Mr. Anderson c/o Welding Journal,
8669 NW 36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166­
6672; tony.anderson@millerwelds.com.
Change of Address? Moving?
Make sure delivery of your
Welding Journal is not interrupted.
Contact Evelyn Andino in the Mem-
bership Department with your new
address information — (800) 443-
9353, ext. 258; eandino@aws.org.
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 25
Brazing Q&A - Kay Oct..qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 9:29 AM Page 26

BRAZING Q&A
BY DAN KAY

Q: I recently saw a photo (Fig. 1) of

a stainless steel fitting that was
tack welded onto a stainless plate
using only what appeared to be
small metal steel balls (BBs) at­
tached around the outer periphery
of the fitting. Can you tell me
more about this process, how it is
accomplished, and why it is used?
Does it really work?

Fig. 2 — A modified, hand­held CDRSW

A: Yes, this method of fixturing com-
ponents together for subsequent braz-
ing does, in fact, work very well, and
can be used as a fixturing technique
for most metals that need to be
brazed. Figure 1 shows small stainless
steel BBs spaced about 120 deg apart
around the edge of the joint.
This process was developed in the
1990s by modifying a standard hand-
held capacitive discharge resistance
spot welding (CDRSW) that was in
common use back then and is still
widely used today.
During the late 1990s, I was con-
sulting at an aerospace company in the
Fig. 1 — A threaded stainless steel fit­
ting held in proper position on a stain­
less steel plate by three stainless BBs
using a modified hand­held CDRSW gun.
(Photo courtesy of Dan Kay.)
midwest, and one of their head braz-
ing engineers had modified such a
hand-held CDRSW unit by attaching a
clear, small diameter air hose to the
front of the CDRSW unit, and at-
tached a small vacuum suction pump
to it, so that a tiny stainless BB could
be held in place by suction against the
tip of that hand-held CDRSW unit.
gun with an air hose attached to the tip
to hold a tiny steel BB. (Photo courtesy
of Aimtek Inc.).
Then, when the gun was pressed
against a metal surface, and the capac-
itor’s electricity was discharged
through the tip, it lightly tacked the
BB in place against the metal, and did
so without any visible sparking, which
resulted in an oxide-free bond be-
tween the BB and the base metal. He
then demonstrated the capability of
this equipment to tack a BB around
the periphery of the assembly shown
in Fig. 1. I was surprised at how strong

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26 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

Brazing Q&A - Kay Oct..qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 9:29 AM Page 27
Fig. 3 — Fuel rail fixtured for brazing by using large tack welds to hold component parts
in position for subsequent brazing. Note heavy oxidation and localized melting around
welds.
and robust the fixtured joint was, and
without any distortion or oxidation
anywhere around the joint.
Although this engineer designed
and built this unit himself for the
work he was doing at his aerospace
company, I did not see any similar
units available commercially until a
few years ago when a French company
introduced a similar unit in the United
States — Fig. 2.
The primary reasons for using such
equipment are simplicity of use, free-
dom from distortion, and lack of any
noticeable oxidation on any of the sur-
faces to be brazed. Those reasons
should be sufficient to get people to
give a serious look at this method of
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fixturing for brazing.
Standard tack welds via fusion
welding methods are often large, can
cause distortion of surfaces that are
being held together for subsequent
brazing, and often show heavy oxida-
tion of the metals in the immediate
area of the weld. Look at the automo-
tive fuel rail shown in Fig. 3 that was
tack welded for process development
evaluation a number of years ago, but
which had to be rejected due to the
large amount of oxidation and base
metal melting caused by that tack weld
process. Yes, the tack welds were only
supposed to hold the tubing and fit-
tings in proper alignment, but notice
the extensive amount of surface oxida-
tion surrounding each of those welds.
Figure 3 also shows two fuel-injec-
tor ports visible on the front side of
the rail, each of which is an open hole
into the fuel rail, through which fuel
will be injected into the engine. The
flat flange faces of those injector ports
must be completely leak tight after
brazing.
Notice, too, not only how the tack
welds have fully melted the corner on
each of those injector ports when join-
ing it to the rail, but also that there is
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 27
Brazing Q&A - Kay Oct..qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 9:29 AM Page 28
a lot of visible oxidation around the
outside of those tack welds.
It is important to note that the oxi-
dation caused by those tack welds is
not only on the outside surface of the
steel, but is also inside the joint on the
faying surfaces of the steel underneath
the injector cup flanges.
Thus, the faying surfaces under-
neath the injector cup flanges (which
are supposed to be brazed in the fur-
nace in the next operation) run the
strong risk of not being able to be
brazed because they are oxidized, since
molten brazing filler metal (BFM) does
not like to bond to, or flow over, oxi-
dized metallic surfaces.
Don’t ever be fooled by statements
such as “Oh, don’t worry about that.
The furnace will clean it up,” as if the
furnace atmosphere (or vacuum) will
be able to reach between those tightly
fitted (tack welded) faying surfaces
and remove any surface oxidation on
those surfaces inside the joint — it
won’t. It is almost impossible for any
furnace atmosphere or vacuum to
“clean up” oxidized surfaces inside
tightly fitting joints once those inter-
nal surfaces have been oxidized while
being tacked together.
28 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
A number of the fuel rails (same as
the one pictured in Fig. 3) had to be
scrapped due to the high incidence of
helium leaks that occurred underneath
those flanges around each of the injec-
tor ports during leak testing of each
rail. Those leaks had been caused by
the trapped oxidation underneath
those flange surfaces that resulted
from the high heat from the tack weld-
ing process. Those oxidized internal
surfaces could not be wetted by the Fig. 4 — This diagram shows how the
BFM. CDRSW process melts the metal surfaces
Many people are familiar with CDR- in the joint at the interface between two
SW. This process has been used for thin sheet metal pieces due to the high
many years to join and hold together electrical energy that flows between the
thin sheet metal parts. A typical cross- two electrodes.
sectional schematic of this process is
shown in Fig. 4, where it can be seen
that a small weld is created inside the
thin joint between the two metal
sheets being joined.
I’ve personally used such units
many times over the years, and they
lightly “tack” components together,
and leave no visible oxidiation. When
used correctly, there is no noticeable
light emitted (arcing). Thus, no oxida- Fig. 5 — A properly made capacitive dis­
tion of the braze-joint surfaces. To il- charge spot weld, when properly done,
lustrate this further, look at the small can look virtually identical to this one,
battery in Fig. 5 where a tiny laser with no visible oxidation in the joint area.
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Brazing Q&A - Kay Oct..qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 9:30 AM Page 29

weld was used to fasten a thin metal
strip to the back of the battery with no
ill effect on the battery at all. A prop-
erly used tiny capacitive discharge tack
will look virtually identical to this,
with no visible oxidation around the
joint area. It will nicely hold the com-
ponent parts together until the BFM
applied to the joint area can melt,
flow, and permanently join the compo-
nents together.
Ball tack welding, using tiny BBs,
takes the CDRSW process into a much
larger arena for tacking metal assem-
blies together for subsequent brazing,
and does so without any distortion or
oxidation that would affect that subse-
quent brazing.
The BBs used in the ball tack CDR-
SW process can be made from a variety
of different base metals, such as car-
bon steel, stainless steel, Inconel®, and
more, and can range in size from just
over 1 mm (0.28 in.) to more than
5 mm.
In my own experiences in brazing,
the ball tack CDRSW process has
proved to be a valuable one, allowing
me to join a variety of different metal
components together with no distor-
tion or oxidation, so that they can be
quickly and easily sent into a brazing
process without the need for any addi-
tional processing to remove weld oxi-
dation or distortion prior to brazing.
minum parts may prove difficult to
In the June 2017 Welding Jour-
ball tack because of their high conduc-
nal, Dan Kay presented a 20-ques-
tivity (low resistivity) and the inherent
tion Brazing Q&A Quiz. While no
limitations of the electrical power
one answered all the questions cor-
available through this type of hand-
rectly, below are the participants (in
held CDRSW equipment. But experi-
winning order and by date received)
mentation continues, and it will be in-
who came closest to the correct
teresting to see what the future will
answers:
hold. WJ
1. Warren Miglietti
2. Matt Pohlman
This column is written sequentially by
TIM P. HIRTHE, ALEXANDER E. SHAPIRO, and 3. Alex Kagan
DAN KAY. Hirthe and Shapiro are members
of and Kay is an advisor to the C3 Committee
on Brazing and Soldering. All three have con­ 4. Jim Jachna
tributed to the 5th edition of AWS Brazing
Handbook. 5. Travis Grohoske
Hirthe (timhirthe@aol.com) currently
serves as BSMC vice chair and owns his own
6. Patrick Mathieu
consulting business.
Shapiro (ashapiro@titanium­
brazing.com) is brazing products manager at 7. William Coughlin
Titanium Brazing Inc., Columbus, Ohio.
Kay (dan.kay@kaybrazing.com), with 45 8. Tim Romano
years of experience in the industry, operates
his own brazing training and consulting
business. 9. Mark Sapp
Readers are requested to post their
questions for use in this column on the
Brazing Forum section of the BSMC
website, brazingandsoldering.com.

Do the Balls Have to be

Removed After Brazing?
I have not encountered any situa-
tion using this joining method that re-
quired the balls to be ground down af-
ter brazing. The BBs usually remain as
part of the joint, just as shown in Fig.
1. If the BB fixturing places the BBs in
areas that are critical flow paths for
liquids or air, then their presence
might cause disturbance (eddy cur-
rents, etc.) to the smooth flow of that
fluid, and would have to be ground
smooth as a finishing operation after
brazing.

Can This Process be Used for

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Tacking All Base Metals?

This ball tacking process can be
used for many different metal combi-
nations, and is recently proving itself
in the world of fixturing titanium
pieces for brazing. Limitations depend
on the conductivity of the metals be-
ing joined, and thus copper and alu-

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 29

PP OCT. 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:02 PM Page 30

PRODUCT & PRINT SPOTLIGHT

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PP OCT. 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:03 PM Page 31

catalog also contains 11 new editions,

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Malleable Welding Enclosure

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The Flexible Welding Enclosures®

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OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 31

PP OCT. 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:03 PM Page 32

viewing requirements of the user. Hot­Rod­Themed Helmet

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32 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

PP OCT. 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:04 PM Page 33

light-emitting diodes added to levels 2
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— continued on page 155

Tool Shadow Board Enhances

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OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 33

Oct. Feature Sciannella-Abicor.qxp_Layout 1 9/7/17 1:33 PM Page 34

Endless Rotation: The Future of

Through-Arm Welding
This new technology offers 360-deg rotation, easy
access to weldments, and increased cable life

BY MATTHEW SCIANNELLA

T
he drive to improve welding tech-
nology will always bring forth
unique solutions. For robotic and
automated welding, those solutions
are happening at a rapid pace. It
wasn’t until a decade or so ago that the
through-arm robot welding setup was
introduced to the market. As the name
suggests, this welding technology has
a hollow wrist that permits the cable
assembly to run through the arm of
the robot. Since its introduction, it has
become the standard in welding au-
tomation. Companies saw the stream-
lined setup and the easier access to
weldments as huge boons to their fac-
tory floor.
Currently, many of these compa-
nies and industries are being intro-
duced to greater evolutions in welding
technology that are further enhancing
the robotic setup. One such technolo-
gy is endless rotation, a through-arm
robotic torch that offers a continuous,
360-deg rotation. Endless rotation is
the latest through-arm robot welding
gun technology that’s attempting to
break into mainstream automation.
Several robot welding companies have
invested a great deal of time and effort
into the development of this technolo-
gy to spur its adoption into the mar-
ket, and they are betting on manufac-
turers responding in kind.

A Technology Made
from Need
Through-arm welding technology Fig. 1 — The endless rotation through-arm robot performs radial-like welding with
came as a result of the limitations of minimal arm movement due to its 360-deg turn capability.

34 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

Oct. Feature Sciannella-Abicor.qxp_Layout 1 9/7/17 1:33 PM Page 35
Fig. 2 — With the wrist’s rotating action, the torch neck is able to perform full rotations without applying torsion stress on the
cable.
the standard solid-wrist setup, which
has the robot’s complex cable assembly
running over the arm (i.e., overarm
dress-out package). Because its dress
package is external, overarm robots
can result in interference issues caused
by the sixth axis hitting against the
fourth axis during rotation. Conse-
quently, working with this technology
requires careful planning to ensure the
dress package is properly routed
around moving parts and robot axes.
Consideration must also be given to
the placement of cables, hoses, and
other equipment, which can block ac-
cess to welds. This, in turn, can neces-
sitate the use of complicated program-
ming methods that allow the operator
to access all welds.
To solve this issue, through-arm,
hollow-wrist robots were produced.
These robots have the dress package
routed internally, eliminating the im-
pediments caused by link arms and
hardware mounted on the torch, as
well as the presence of complex cables.
Manufacturers across the metal-
working industry embraced the con-
cept of the hollow-wrist, through-arm
robot because it facilitated access to
various weldments and difficult-to-
reach areas, as well as streamlined the
welding cell. However, the technology
wasn’t without its difficulties.
For instance, it has some limita-
tions due to the torsional load that is
placed on the cables, which are secured
to a torch module below the sixth axis
of the robot, leading to over rotation.
“This needs to be addressed by lim-
iting the rotational range of the arm
through path programming or the es-
tablishment of robot limits to protect
the cable,” explained Tom Graham, key
accounts group manager for Abicor
Binzel, Frederick, Md.
If overrotation of the cable is not
corrected, the cables’ internal strands
will break, leading to overheating or
premature failure of the cables.
The endless rotation through-arm
robot was produced as a result of such
restrictions. The process utilizes a
brush-type system that passes the cur-
rent from the cable to the torch while
allowing the torch to rotate independ-
ently of the cable at a full 360 deg in
either a clockwise or counterclockwise
motion — Fig. 1.
The ability to surpass the limits of
fixed cable installations in standard
through-arm setups opens up greater
opportunities to achieve the angles
needed for optimized weld paths with-
out placing torsional load on the ca-
bles — Fig. 2.
Benefits of Endless Rotation
Most fabricators identify the need
to reduce cycle time and increase cable
life as the two biggest challenges in au-
tomated welding applications. Endless
rotation technology works to solve
both of these problems through its
natural design. Because the torch neck
rotates independently of the cable,
this allows the cable to experience vir-
tually no torsional stress while the
torch is in operation, thus extending
cable life.
Going past the  200-deg rotation
offered by standard through-arm torch
cables is a feature needed by many
people who work in the robotic and
automated welding industry.
“Endless rotation gives the user the
ability to get complete rotation of the
torch and be able to address the angles
needed for optimal welding without
the concern of ensuring the cable is
protected from over rotation,” said
Scott Huber, a tier-one automotive
supplier.
Furthermore, because of the torch’s
ability to rotate a full 360 deg, the
robot arm doesn’t need to go to the
home position to begin a new weld.
This eliminates seconds from cycle
times, potentially saving manufactur-
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 35
Oct. Feature Sciannella-Abicor.qxp_Layout 1 9/7/17 1:33 PM Page 36
ers on both production and cost. It
also has the capability to make a 360-
deg weld without having to break the
weld pattern.
“A lot of times your torch angle isn’t
congruent as you come around the full
circumference of the weld, so your
torch angle at the end of the weld be-
comes obtuse,” said Sales Engineer Ja-
son Jamiel, who has worked for sever-
al robot manufacturers.
According to Ben Cenko, welding
technology engineer, other benefits
include the internal cooling mecha-
nism, which circulates liquid or air
coolant throughout the unit, as well as
the steady axial force of the rotating
mechanism, which ensures accuracy,
smooth rotation, robustness of the
torch, and improved cable life.
Endless rotation technology is a so-
lution for automotive companies or
manufacturers looking at any sort of
radial welding. However, the benefits
also expand beyond this industry.
Jamiel identifies several uses for the
technology in the agricultural and oil
sectors, where radial welding is com-
monly utilized for tubes and pipes.
36 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
A Solution for Some,
But Not A Cure
The endless rotation through-arm
technology may benefit some users
more than others. As such, manufac-
turers and suppliers need to be knowl-
edgeable and transparent about what
solution is right for them. They also
need to consider whether their robot
arm is set up to accommodate 360-deg
rotations.
“The encoder package on robot
arms isn’t designed to be endless as
there are limits set as part of their
standard configuration,” said Graham.
“In order to fully run endless rotation,
you’ll need to modify the limits of the
encoder motor package per the recom-
mendations of the robot producer.”
Additionally, not all endless rota-
tion torches are created equal. Accord-
ing to Cenko, these torches transfer
the current from the cable to the torch
while also keeping them separate. To
get the most out of the technology, it
is best to use torches made out of ma-
terial that permits the torch to work as
it is intended. He recommends using
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thrust bearings within the rotating
mechanism and a high-grade material
selection in the brushes to achieve the
smoothest rotation and the highest
possible current transfer.
Conclusion
Endless rotation solves many issues
associated with standard through-arm
robots. It offers a 360-deg capability in
clockwise and counterclockwise mo-
tions, improves accuracy, reduces cycle
times, enhances access to weldments,
and elongates cable life. To benefit
from this technology, users should
choose a material design that allows
the torch to work to its full potential
in transfering the current. Manufac-
turers should also consider whether
endless rotation technology is the
right solution for them, as well as
whether their current robot arms can
accommodate 360-deg rotations. WJ
MATTHEW SCIANNELLA
(msciannella@abicorusa.com) is marketing
manager at Abicor Binzel USA Inc.,
Frederick, Md.
voestalpine bohler.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:42 AM Page 37

See us at FABTECH booth B27055

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Munoz et al..qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 1:50 PM Page 38

Using Vibration Stress

Relief in Stainless Steel
Welded Structures
BY SERGIO MUÑOZ,
A recent study measured the effects IVÁN VALENCIA, AND
GEORGE MATEESCU
of vibration stress relief via digital
image correlation

M
any stainless steel structures are
fabricated using arc welding
processes, which produce resid-
ual stress, distortion, and shrinkage
that can affect the dimensions and
shape of the structure. Traditionally in
weldments, a heat treatment called
stress relieving is used to avoid this situ-
ation. However, some structures cannot
be introduced to an oven due to their
size. Another important issue when
stainless steel is used involves the pre-
cipitation of detrimental phases at tem-
peratures below 800°C. To recover ma-
terial properties after the precipitation
of such detrimental phases, this kind of
material can be heat treated at a tem-
perature over 1100°C followed by a
quenching operation. This is the most
common heat treatment, and it is called
solution annealing, which is an expen-
sive alternative.
To overcome these difficulties, weld-
ing engineers and researchers have de-
veloped the vibration stress relief
(VSR) method, but there is not enough
confidence about the effectiveness of
this technique because published pa-
pers on this matter are, in some cases,
contradictory (Refs. 1–3).
Stainless steels have been used for
passenger railcars since 1934. They are
now common because they are not re-
quired to be entirely painted and can
be mass produced (Ref. 4). Based on
the personal experience of the authors
and metrology reports of welded cab-
ins for rail vehicles, there are dimen-
sional variations in the structures
when they are transported by truck,
train, or vessel, or when they are put
in service on a train. These changes
Fig. 1 — Cabin of a light rail vehicle
(LRV).
are a signal that the structures are
slowly relieving the internal residual
stresses, and this could be repro-
ducible under controlled conditions in
the manufacturing shop, thus improv-
ing the dimensional stability of the
welded structures.
Experimental Procedure
Two real cabins at real scale, manu-
factured on stainless steel, were test-
ed. The materials used included
Austenitic Stainless Steels 201LN and
304L, as well as Duplex Stainless Steel
2202 — Fig. 1. The structures were vi-
brated in frequency of 35 Hz, close to
one of the harmonics of the cabin. The
amplitudes were monitored through a
piezoelectric accelerometer transducer
located close to the weld monitored by
digital image correlation (DIC). Due to
the complexity of the structure, it had
a lot of harmonics; in fact, more than
270 were calculated using the finite el-
Fig. 2 — Typical 2D DIC setup.
ement method in the range of 1 to 25
Hz, so it was almost impossible to exe-
cute a subharmonic VSR in these kinds
of structures containing many struc-
tural members.
One flat section of the structure
containing welds was selected to meas-
ure the strain field using DIC in 2D. A
digital camera was placed perpendicu-
lar to the selected surface, and images
were taken every 10 min. A reference
image was also taken at time  0. The
surface was prepared with shot blast-
ing, and then a random speckle pat-
tern was painted on the surface. A typ-
ical 2D DIC setup can be seen in Fig. 2.
Tensile and hardness testing was
also done to verify if the VSR produces
a measurable effect in the mechanical
properties of the stainless steel. The
VSR equipment consisted of a control
unit, an electrical variable rotation
speed motor attached to a variable ra-
dius eccentric mass, and a piezoelec-

38 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

Munoz et al..qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 1:50 PM Page 39
Fig. 3 — VSR equipment setup.
Fig. 5 — Random speckle pattern.
Fig. 6 — Transversal strain evolution during VSR for cabin 1.
Fig. 4 — Typical spectrum of vibration
induced by VSR.
tric acceleration transducer. The mo-
tor and transducer were temporarily
attached to the structure by using me-
chanical clamps. The setup for the VSR
equipment is shown in Fig. 3. To iso-
late the vibration from the floor and
neighboring structures, the cabin was
placed over wooden pallets.
Results and Discussion
A digital image correlation refer-
ence image was captured before start-
ing the vibration, and every 10 min
from the beginning of the VSR treat-
ment, an image was captured. Vibra-
tion amplitudes were measured in
three directions, showing the maxi-
mum peak at the excitation frequency,
as can be seen in the spectrum shown
in Fig. 4 in a log-log chart. Considered
as a whole complex structure, vibra-
tion also induced small peaks of one or
two orders of magnitude below the
main peak in other frequencies that
could be harmonics of specific sections
or members of the cabin.
Figure 5 shows the random speckle
pattern used. The DIC analysis soft-
ware searches the best match for the
displacement field through a correla-
tion algorithm in a defined grid com-
paring the analyzed image vs. the ref-
erence image. In this study, the refer-
ence image was taken at t  0. After a
match is found for each point of the
grid, the strain field can be calculated
from the gradient of the displacement
field. As a result of the 2D DIC analy-
sis, the three components (xx, xy, yy)
of the 2D strain tensor in the surface
of the specimen can be obtained in the
region of interest.
A region of interest around the
weld has been selected to be analyzed
in the reference image. This region is
colored green in the reference image at
t  0 min. The evolution in the trans-
versal (horizontal) strain, xx, during
VSR every 10 min can also be observed
around the weld metal and the weld
toe. Two fringes (yellow colored) of
stretch behavior are formed at the
weld toes and a fringe of shrinkage is
observed in the weld metal (blue col-
ored). This result is coherent with the
modelling done with the finite ele-
ment method for the transversal resid-
ual stress in the as-welded condition
in the transversal direction. The weld
face is expected to have tension in the
weld toe region and compression in
the middle of the weld face (Ref. 6).
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 39
Munoz et al..qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 1:51 PM Page 40

Strain measurements with DIC were

positive for tension and negative for
compression residual stress. This con-
cordance in the sign of strain during
VSR and residual stress can be ex-
plained as the localized yield originated
by the vibration. As during VSR, the in-
duced stresses were added to the resid-
ual stress and originated the permanent
plastic strain that was observed. No
substantial changes were observed in
the vertical direction, so it can be in-
ferred that the major relief in this case
occurred in the horizontal direction
transversal to the weld.
Strain values calculated show that
the displacement caused by the vibra-
tion were localized around the welds
and in the range of small permanent
plastic deformation. Similar results
have been obtained from the two test- Fig. 7 — Transversal strain evolution during VSR for cabin 2.
ed cabins and can be observed in Figs.
6 and 7.
Hardness was measured at different Table 1 — Hardness Measurements
points, and compared to nonvibrated
specimens taken from plates from the Hardness HRC Without VSR With VSR
same heat of the specimens vibrated
with the cabins (Table 1). No signifi- 1 27.10 31.20
cant variations in hardness can be at- 2 26.05 31.35
tributed to the VSR treatment, even in 3 25.95 31.50
the cold worked austenitic stainless 4 24.95 17.25
steel 201LN. 5 23.60 22.55
Ultimate tensile strength specimens 6 25.25 20.90
welded and without welding were also 7 28.75 23.95
tested (Table 2). Similar to the hardness 8 30.70 26.55
measurements, no significant change 9 27.10 25.85
was detected in the tensile strength val- Average 26.61 25.68
ues caused by vibration.

Conclusions Table 2 — Ultimate Tensile Strength in Ksi

Vibration produces localized plastic
strain in the weld metal and heat-
affected zone. As these are the regions
with higher residual stresses, the
measurements have shown that the
higher displacements occur in the
transversal direction to the weld. Vi-
bration stress relief can be used as a
substitute for stress relief thermal
heat treatment in structures where it
is impossible to perform or it is not a
practical solution.
There is not a measurable effect nor
a change in the mechanical properties,
such as tensile strength or hardness,
in the specimens made of base metal
in comparison with those including
welds. WJ
References
1. Sonsino, C. M., Müller, F., de Back, J.,
Filler Metal Without VSR
Duplex ER2209 114.55
N/A base metal 121.69
Austenitic 308L 95.7
N/A base metal 124.73
and Gresnigt, A. M. 1996. Influence of
stress relieving by vibration on the fatigue
behaviour of welded joints in comparison
to post-weld heat treatment. Fatigue &
Fracture of Engineering Materials & Struc-
tures 19(6): 703–708.
2. Dawson, R., and Moffat, D. G. 1980.
Vibratory stress relief: A fundamental study
of its effectiveness. Journal of Engineering
Materials and Technology 102(2): 169–176.
3. Johnson, J. Fatigue improvement
techniques for welds. ProcessBarron.
4. Jaxa-Rozen, W. 2014. Cold-worked
austenitic stainless steels in passenger rail-
cars and in other applications. Thin-Walled
Structures 83: 190–199.
With VSR
110.17
127.11
107.24
121.09
5. thestar.com
6. Yang, Y. P. 2009. Understanding of vi-
bration stress relief with computation
modeling. Journal of Materials Engineering
and Performance 18(7): 856–862.
SERGIO MUÑOZ (seanmup@yahoo.es) and
IVÁN VALENCIA (ivan.valencia@rail.bom-
bardier.com) are with Bombardier Trans-
portation México, Tepeapulco, Hidalgo,
Mex. MUÑOZ is also with the Universidad
de los Andes, Grupo de Integridad Estruc-
tural. GEORGE MATEESCU (georgema-
teescu@hotmail.com) is with the Institut
de Soudure Groupe.

40 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

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For Info, go to aws.org/ad­index

Agin Feature Oct 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/7/17 1:31 PM Page 42
Projection Welding of Fasteners
to Hot-Stamped Boron Steel
Manufacturing issues encountered during
this process are reviewed along with the
impact of using contact resistance
P
rojection welding of fasteners is
widely used in automotive compo-
nent assembly. Hot-stamped
boron steel is becoming more prevalent
in the attempt to create lighter weight
components with increased tensile
strength, which helps manufacturers
meet regulatory requirements while
maintaining 5-Star Safety Ratings.
Over the last eight years, there have
been many studies and articles written
on the subject of spot welding boron-
aluminum-silicon (AlSi) coated and un-
coated hot-stamped material, but few
have addressed projection welding of
fasteners to these materials (Refs. 1–4).
The in-house processes used to
transform the boron steels for hot
stamping can create obstacles for the
welding of fasteners. The extreme
Two different views of automated hot-stamped boron steel CD welding. (Photo courtesy of Weld Systems Integrators Inc.)
42 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
change in hardness after the quench-
ing process can harden base material
by as much as 250%. In addition, an
AlSi coating is tough to break through
with traditional methods (Refs. 5–7).
The projection welding of fasteners
to the coated AlSi or uncoated hot-
stamped, high-boron steels with con-
sistent results will be addressed here.
Manufacturing Issues
Identified
Several factors can lead to poor
welds, increased welding costs, an “in-
process” manual inspection at the
weld source, or 100% nondestructive
evaluation (NDE) at the end user site.
These include
1. In-house processing of boron
BY ALLEN M. AGIN
AND BOB KOLLINS
steel, causing drastic resistance
changes at the material interface;
2. Inconsistent torque and push-
out test results;
3. Decreased electrode life;
4. Ineffective process feedback us-
ing constant current feedback; and
5. AlSi coating.
Hardened Material
The addition of hot-stamped mate-
rials has two advantages: to create
lighter weight components, and to
achieve tensile strengths of 1500 mega
pascals (MPa).
In most cases, the weld nuts and
studs being used are considerably soft-
er than the 1500 MPa stamping. Due
Agin Feature Oct 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/7/17 1:31 PM Page 43
Fig. 1 — This graph shows a CD fast rise to current 57 kA in 3 ms.
to the large change in hardness, the
projections in the fastener will col-
lapse prior to a good weld being made.
The end result is usually vaporized
projections and extended weld times
in an effort to forge the materials.
When this type of weld process is in-
corporated, the end result is weak, in-
consistent torque and push-out values.
Another concern is the consistency
of the base material because the added
strength is accomplished on-site. The
influences observed were oven tempera-
tures, heat cycle times, water flow rates,
water temperatures, and quench times.
Fig. 2 — An M8 nut welded to 2-mm boron.
Impact of Weld Time
on Process Response
Typical weld times with alternating
current (AC) or mid-frequency direct
current (MFDC) processes are in the
range of 6–10 cycles (100 to 160 ms).
These longer weld times make it al-
most impossible to utilize the high
contact resistance present in the hot-
stamped boron steels. Without being
able to capture the heat on the rising
edge of the current profile, the weld
becomes more of a forging process
Fig. 3 — An M6 nut welded to 2-mm boron.
than a projection welding process.
Such extended weld times are known
to result in delocalized deformation of
the projection (refer to the ASM Hand-
book, Volume 6A), decreasing effective
surface strains and reducing joint per-
formance. Longer weld times are also
known to result in deformation of the
nut and damage to any included
threads.
Capacitor discharge (CD) weld
controls can deliver a high peak cur-
rent in 3 ms and total pulse widths
on the order of 10 ms — Fig. 1. These
shorter weld times allow for concen-
trated heating at the projection tip
with subsequent increases in local
deformation.
This enhanced localized deforma-
tion is known to increase both per-
formance and reliability of the result-
ant welds — Figs. 2, 3, and Table 1.
This process can produce higher than
normal push-out and torque values at
a level consistent with automotive re-
quirements. An added benefit is ex-
tended electrode life.
Machine Rigidity and
Fast Follow-Up
The suggested shorter cycle times
associated with CD welding must be
supported with appropriate mechani-
cal systems (refer once more to the
ASM Handbook, Volume 6A). Rapid
rise and short cycle times inevitably
lead to rapid projection collapse. If the
welding system cannot maintain force
through projection collapse, expulsion
is the unavoidable result.
Appropriate mechanical response is
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 43
Agin Feature Oct 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/7/17 1:31 PM Page 44
Table 1 — Push-Out Data for Figs. 2 and 3
M8 Nut 3.5 KJ M8 Nut 3.8 KJ
3900 lb 5100 lb
accomplished by sizing the weld cylin-
ders, weld ram (this mechanism rides
upon linear rails with little to no fric-
tion, allowing the welding electrode to
maintain contact with collapsing parts
during the transition period) and fast
follow-up mechanism for each applica-
tion. It is important to perform a lab
study on the welding parameters using
hot-stamped parts to size the fast fol-
low-up system to meet the welding ap-
plication. It is always best to use
processed parts and not coupons when
evaluating system mechanical response
for this part of the process. When a
welding machine manufacturer takes
this important step, it can design a ma-
chine with a correctly configured fast
follow-up package that will meet the ap-
plication needs — Figs. 4 and 5.
In addition, a very rapid energy
pulse requires that the welding ma-
chine’s mechanical performance far ex-
ceed that of a conventional projection
welding machine. The frame must be
able to accommodate the added stress-
es caused by higher forces and in-
creased rates of acceleration with little
to no deflection — Fig. 6.
Fig. 4 — Die spring fast follow-up
pack.
44 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
M8 Nut 4.0 KJ M6 Nut 4.0 KJ
5100 lb 1550 lb
5100 lb 1600 lb
Alternative Technologies
The MFDC weld controls have been
examined and tested with results not
as favorable as the CD process. For ex-
ample, Fig. 7 shows an Amada Miyachi
4000-A MFDC weld control reaching
83 kA in 6 ms. This is an extremely
fast rise to current for a MFDC weld-
ing machine, but the cost of the equip-
ment and additional cost of facilities
(800-A, three-phase primary feed) can
add up quickly. Another issue associat-
ed with this technology is the closed-
loop feedback. Normally, a constant
current closed-loop process is pre-
ferred, but these systems work best
when the weldment resistance is con-
sistent. Hot-stamped boron steels
with either an AlSi coating or an un-
coated shot-peened surface have a
hard time presenting a consistent sur-
face resistance, with the end result be-
ing inconsistent heat generation.
The CD welding process, while be-
ing open loop, produces a rapid pulse
of current that creates instantaneous
heating at the weld interface. This
would be similar to a constant voltage
Fig. 5 — Belleville washer (also known
as a coned-disc spring) fast follow-up
package.
M6 Nut 4.5 KJ M6 Nut 5.0 KJ
1675 lb 1950 lb
1775 lb 2025 lb
1850 lb 2115 lb
2250 lb
feedback, where small changes in cur-
rent based upon resistance changes
while maintaining appropriate heat
generation. The cost of the equipment
is less than the larger MFDC power
supplies, with the added additional
benefit of lower facility costs (60 A,
single phase).
Process Monitoring
A comprehensive weld monitor is
necessary when using a CD welding
process. Once baseline process param-
eters have been established, high and
low windows should be set to ensure
the process stays within the limits.
Figure 8 shows the most common pa-
rameters used in CD welding. This en-
ables measurement of the weld’s elec-
trical characteristics, as well as the
projection’s amount of mechanical
movement (distance).
Conclusion
Capacitor discharge welding is not a
new technology; applying it to projec-
tion welding of fasteners to hot-stamp
Fig. 6 — Expanded size with two extra
rigid frames.
Agin Feature Oct 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/7/17 1:32 PM Page 45

Fig. 7 — This graph displays the MFDC fast rise to current 83

kA, 6 ms. Fig. 8 — An MM-370B process monitor data.

boron components on a large scale has
been used by many integrators over
the past decade. It is a consistent,
proven process chosen by many tier 1
and 2 suppliers.
The CD power supply is only the
beginning of the process. The com-
plete answer requires high current,
high weld force, short weld times, fast
follow-up mechanisms, and ridged-
frame welding machines. Also, CD sys-
tems often use higher forces (com-
pared to AC or MFDC variants) to en-
sure follow-up.
Customer installations and labora-
tory testing have shown CD welding to
produce superior results. The test re-
sults show applications exceed manu-
facturers required push-out and
torque requirements’ with no damage
to the fasteners’ threads. The consis-
tent results have virtually eliminated
postweld inspections at the stamping
and assembly plant.
Hot-stamped boron steel is here to
stay. The best way to prepare for the
influx of new applications is to start
in the weld lab. Overall, capacitor
discharge welding is a proven pro-
cess with a record for quality and
consistency. WJ
crostructural evolution and mechanical ...
properties of resistance spot welded ultra
high strength steel containing boron. The
Japan Institute of Metals 52(6): 1330–1333.
Retrieved February 1, 2016, from
jim.or.jp/journal/e/pdf3/52/06/1330.pdf.
3. Kolleck, R., and Veit, R. Current and
future trends in the field of hot stamping
of car body parts. Retrieved February 1,
2016, from hotforming-academy.com/up-
loads/pdf/2011-03-09_SCT_Trends.pdf.
4. Naganathan, A., and Penter, L. 2012.
Hot stamping. Retrieved February 1, 2016,
from ... asminternational.org/documents/
10192/3445162/05350G_Sample.pdf/5d3aa
4b8-a9c0-45d9-aeb1-a54b373d1bbd.
5. Altan, T., PhD. February 13, 2007.
R&D update: Hot-stamping boron-alloyed
steels for automotive parts — Part I. Re-
trieved February 1, 2016, from thefabrica-
tor.com/article/stamping/hot-stamping-
boron-alloyed-steels-for-automotive-parts.
6. Altan, T., PhD. January 18, 2007.
R&D update: Hot-stamping boron-
alloyed steels for automotive parts — Part
II. Retrieved February 1, 2016, from the-
fabricator.com/article/stamping/hot-stamp-
ing-boron-alloyed-steels-for-automotive-
parts-Part-ii.
7. Altan, T., PhD. February 13, 2007.
R&D update: Hot-stamping boron-alloyed
steels for automotive parts — Part III. Re-
trieved February 1, 2016, from thefabrica-
tor.com/article/stamping/hot-stamping-
boron-alloyed-steels-for-automotive-parts-
Part-iii.
ALLEN M. AGIN (allen@wsiweld.com) is
the midwest regional sales manager for
Weld Systems Integrators Inc., Warrensville
Heights, Ohio, and BOB KOLLINS
(bob@tsssales.com) is a senior
applications engineer with Technical
Sales & Solutions LLC, Dublin, Ohio.
This paper was presented at the AWS
Detroit Section’s Sheet Metal Welding
Conference XVII held October 19 and 20,
2016, Livonia, Mich.

References
1. Choi, J., Park, G., Lim, W., and Kim,
B. March 6, 2011. Evaluation of weldability
for resistance spot welded single-lap joint
between GA780DP and hot-stamped
22MnB5 steel sheets. Journal of Mechanical
Science and Technology 25(6): 1543–1550.
Retrieved February 1, 2016, from j-
mst.org/On_line/admin/files/20-J2010-
589_1543-1550_.pdf.
2. Jong, Y., Lee, Y., Kim, D., Kang, M.,
Hwang, I., and Lee, W. May 18, 2011. Mi-
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 45

Professional Program Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 6:58 PM Page 46
FABTECH
GENERAL ATTENDANCE INFORMATION
Photo courtesy of Choose Chicago
FABTECH Heads to Chicago
FABTECH provides a convenient venue where you can meet
with world-class suppliers, see the latest industry products
and developments, and find the tools to improve productivi-
ty, increase profits, and discover new solutions to all of your
metalforming, fabricating, welding, and finishing needs. The
annual event at McCormick Place will offer more than 1700
exhibitors and 50,000 attendees full access to more than
750,000 net square feet of floor space.
Show Location
McCormick Place
2301 S. King Drive
Chicago, IL 60616
Show Dates and Hours
Monday, Nov. 6 — 10:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.
Tuesday, Nov. 7 — 9:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Wednesday, Nov. 8 — 9:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Thursday, Nov. 9 — 9:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m.
Registration
• Exhibit-only attendance is FREE if you register by
November 3, 2017.
• Beginning November 4, the cost to attend the exhibits is $50.
• AWS, FMA, SME, PMA, and CCAI members may always at-
tend the exhibits for FREE with a valid member card.
• FABTECH is a business event. No one under the age of 16
46 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
will be admitted. Children under the age of 16, including
infants in arms, are not permitted on the show floor.
Conference Cancellation Policy
Cancellations must be made in writing and faxed to Attn.:
FABTECH Conference Cancellation at (313) 425-3407 no
later than October 23, 2017, to receive a full refund minus a
$50 administrative fee. Cancellations received after this date
are nonrefundable. Substitutions allowed.
Chicago Transportation
O’Hare International Airport, located 17 miles from down-
town, is one of the largest airports in the world. It is North
America’s major international gateway airport, servicing
more than 67 million passengers to and from more than
200 destinations around the globe.
Midway International Airport is located 10 miles from
downtown Chicago and offers another convenient travel op-
tion for visitors. It is the nation’s premier point-to-point air-
port, offering value-oriented leisure and business travel to
more than 60 destinations.
Visit flychicago.com for details on parking, amenities, flight
status, terminal maps, and more for both O’Hare and Mid-
way airports.
Both airports offer plentiful taxi service to downtown and
the suburbs. Rates range from $40 to $50 from O’Hare, and
$30 to $40 from Midway. Rates vary based on travel time
and are subject to change.
The Chicago Transit Authority serves both airports for easy
and economical travel between downtown and Chicago neigh-
borhoods using the ‘L’ train. The 24-h CTA Blue Line connects
directly to O’Hare and the CTA Orange Line connects directe-
ly to Midway. Read more on getting around Chicago with pub-
lic transportation or visit transitchicago.com/airports for full
fare information and maps.
GO Airport Express provides shared ride services to all
downtown/suburban hotels and many businesses. Pair fares
and group discounts are available along with customized
reservation portals for your groups.
Many major car rental companies have facilities at the
O’Hare and Midway airports, including Avis, Alamo, Budget,
and Hertz. Please visit specific rental company websites for
details.
Limousine and chauffer agencies prefer that all customers
reserve cars at least 48 h in advance, although cars can occa-
sionally be ordered with a 2-h notice.
Official FABTECH 2017 Mobile App
Start Planning Now!
Download the FABTECH app to access show information on
the go — exhibitor lists, a floor plan, sessions, agenda plan-
ner, and more at fabtechexpo.com/mobile-app.
Professional Program Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 6:59 PM Page 47

FABTECH

Photo courtesy of Choose Chicago

FABTECH Hotel Accommodations FABTECH has negotiated the lowest hotel rates for our ex-
hibitors and attendees at the most popular and convenient
Hotel Name Distance to
hotels in Chicago. Act now to book your rooms through on-
Convention Center
Peak, the official hotel provider. In addition to getting the
Hilton Chicago Hotel (AWS HQ) 1.6 Miles guaranteed lowest rates, other benefits of booking through
Chicago Marriott Downtown Magnificent Mile 3.0 Miles the official housing provider include
Courtyard Chicago Downtown Magnificent Mile 3.0 Miles • Free shuttle service to and from McCormick Place
Doubletree by Hilton Chicago Magnificent Mile 4.0 Miles (see below)
Fairmont Chicago Millennium Park 2.5 Miles
Hilton Garden Inn Chicago Magnificent Mile 3.0 Miles • No booking or service fees
Homewood Suites by Hilton Chicago Downtown 3.0 Miles
Homewood Suites Chicago Downtown, • Protection from scammers
Magnificent Mile 4.0 Miles
Hyatt Chicago Magnificent Mile 4.0 Miles • Immediate confirmations – no waiting or wondering
Hyatt Regency Chicago 2.7 Miles
Hyatt Regency McCormick Place 0.0 Miles • Customer service to ensure a hassle-free hotel experience
Intercontinental Chicago 3.0 Miles
JW Marriott Chicago 2.4 Miles • No change or cancellation fees up to 72 h before the event
Loews Chicago Hotel (CCAI HQ) 0.2 Miles
Marriott Marquis Chicago 0.7 Miles • Descriptions, photos, and maps to help you choose the per-
fect hotel.
Millennium Knickerbocker Hotel 4.0 Miles
Omni Chicago Hotel 4.0 Miles Beware of Unauthorized Housing Companies
Radisson Blu Aqua Hotel 2.3 Miles onPeak is the only official housing provider associated with
Renaissance Chicago Downtown Hotel 3.0 Miles FABTECH. While other hotel resellers, such as Convention
Residence Inn Chicago Downtown/Loop 2.5 Miles Housing Planners, Exhibition Housing Manager, Global
Sheraton Grand Chicago 3.0 Miles Housing, Reservation Events, Room Connections Inc., and
Swissôtel Chicago 2.5 Miles Conventions Housing Bureau, may contact you offering
housing for your trip, they are not endorsed by or affiliated
The Blackstone Autograph Collection 2.1 Miles
with FABTECH in any way and entering into financial agree-
The Palmer House Hilton 2.4 Miles ments with such companies can have costly consequences.
The Wit Hotel 2.4 Miles Reservations made through these companies will be at your
W Chicago-City Center 2.0 Miles own risk. If you are contacted by a company (a “pirate” hous-
Westin Chicago River North (PMA HQ) 3.0 Miles ing company) other than onPeak about booking rooms,
Westin Michigan Avenue Hotel 5.1 Miles please contact us at information@fabtechexpo.com.
Wyndham Grand Chicago Riverfront 2.8 Miles

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 47

Professional Program Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 6:59 PM Page 48
FABTECH
AWS SOCIETY EVENTS AND
SPECIAL PROGRAMS
Monday, November 6
7:00 a.m. — 8:30 a.m.
Registration Code: W35
AWS PRAYER BREAKFAST Room N227b
Prayer Breakfast Speaker
This year’s speaker at the AWS Prayer Breakfast will be
Dave Rider, a leadership consultant. His topic will be “Ulti-
mate Stewardship: Stewarding our Life and Leadership.”
Rider has a leadership coaching practice outside Chicago, Ill.
He focuses on intersection of individual leadership and or-
ganizational challenges. He leverages strong problem solving
analytical abilities with his interpersonal skills, allowing him
to provide insight and guidance from a unique vantage
point. His practice distinctive is a holistic integrated ap-
proach, partnering with leaders to improve their personal
and professional growth.
Rider holds a BA from Michigan State University, and went
on to receive his MBA from Lake Forest Graduate School of
Management. He is a certified professional coach with more
than 15 years in human resources. He has also led corporate
talent development and is certified to deliver requisite per-
sonality and leadership assessment tools.
Rider grew up with sporadic attendance in and around
church, but never really understood the gospel until a trust-
ed friend explained it to him. He became a believer through
the ministry of Campus Crusade for Christ at Michigan
State University in 1984. He has attended Willow Creek
Community Church since 1986. He considers himself to be a
pastor to leaders and helps leaders navigate external and in-
ternal challenges of leadership. He and his wife Holly have
been married for 28 years and have three children.
Attendees will also be treated to guest performer, Patti
Nyien, an accomplished pianist and musician. Nyien earned
a BM in education (magnum cum laude) from Belmont Uni-
versity, Tenn., and piano pedagogy at University of Michi-
gan. Her Noteworthy Piano Studio recently celebrated its
40th anniversary, receiving Best of Westmont Award three
times. She directs the choir, Forever Praise, and is Illinois
State Music Teachers Association director and treasurer, as
well as Salt Creek Music Teachers Association past president
and newsletter editor. Nyien cochairs and coconducts Glori-
ous Grands: A Piano Extravaganza, an eight Steinway grand
pianos concert at College of DuPage and Chicago’s Sympho-
ny Center, for the Keys to the City Festival. In March 2017,
she received the Music Teachers National Association Foun-
dation Fellow Award in Baltimore, Md.
Monday, November 6 — Wednesday, November 8
PROFESSIONAL WELDERS COMPETITION Hall C1
During Show Hours
Professional welders can sign up onsite to compete for a
$2500 first prize, a $1000 second prize, and a $500 third
prize. Don’t miss the chance to cheer on competitors as they
demonstrate their skills to earn the title of “Best Welder in
48 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
America.” Contestants will make a single-pass shielded
metal arc weld with E7018 on low-carbon steel. Speed and
quality will be the criteria. Announcement of winners will be
at 10:30 a.m. on Wednesday, November 8.
Thursday, November 9
9:00 a.m. — 12:00 noon
AWS CERTIFICATION INFORMATION SESSION:
MOVE TO COMPUTER­BASED TESTING (CBT) AND OTHER
TOPICS — FREE Room N129
AWS began offering some of its certification exams at Pro-
metric CBT locations in mid-2016 and plans to continue mov-
ing more exams in 2017 to Prometric CBT sites including por-
tions of the Certified Welding Inspector. AWS staff along with
Prometric staff will provide some short presentations on the
transition and will answer any questions. Other certification
topics may be covered including recent program changes and
previews of new, upcoming certification programs.
AWS SOCIETY EVENTS
Monday, November 6
9:00 a.m. — 12:00 noon
AWS OPENING SESSION &
ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING Room N228
th
During the AWS Opening Session and the 98 Annual Busi-
ness Meeting, 2017 AWS President John Bray will give the
Presidential Report, and Dale Flood will be inducted as the
AWS President for 2018. Following the induction, the 2017
Class of AWS Counselors and Fellows will also be intro-
duced. This meeting is open to all AWS Members and show
registrants.
10:30 a.m. — 11:30 a.m.
COMFORT A. ADAMS LECTURE Room N228
The Comfort A. Adams lecture this year is titled “Towards
Process Based Quality through Fundamental Understanding
of Weld Microstructure Evolution” by Sudarsanam Suresh
Babu. Dr. Babu, an AWS Fellow, received his PhD in materials
science and metallurgy from the University of Cambridge,
UK, in 1992. He worked as a research associate at the Insti-
tute for Materials Research, Sendai, Japan, before joining
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in 1993 where he
held joint researcher positions with the University of Ten-
nessee (UT) and The Pennsylvania State University and
served on the R&D staff. From 2005 to 2007, Dr. Babu
worked at Edison Welding Institute before joining The Ohio
State University staff as a professor of materials science and
engineering and director of NSF I/UCRC Center for Materials
Joining Science for Energy Applications. In 2013, Dr. Babu
was appointed UT/ORNL chair of advanced manufacturing
at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville.
Dr. Babu’s research relates to welding metallurgy, solid-state
joining, ultrasonic additive manufacturing, laser/electron
beam-assisted additive manufacturing, phase transformation
issues related to low-alloy steels, inclusion formation, non-
equilibrium solidification, and application of computational
thermodynamics and kinetics to corrosion issues. He is also
involved in the application of state-of-the-art characteriza-
Professional Program Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 6:59 PM Page 49
tion tools including atom probe tomography, synchrotron
diffraction and neutron diffraction for understanding inter-
action between weld thermal cycles, phase stability and dif-
fusion in complex alloys, as well as energy storage materials.
He has published more than 186 peer-reviewed papers and
numerous conference proceedings.
12:00 noon — 2:00 p.m.
AWS EXCELLENCE IN WELDING AWARDS
CEREMONY AND LUNCHEON Room N226
The best and brightest stars in the welding industry will be
honored for their outstanding industry achievements at the
15th Annual Excellence in Welding Awards. Presented by
AWS and WEMCO, a standing committee of AWS, the Excel-
lence in Welding Awards is the industry’s top honor saluting
the year’s most outstanding public initiatives and programs
that promote the image of welding. By invitation only.
2:00 p.m. — 3:00 p.m.
AWS NATIONAL NOMINATING COMMITTEE —
OPEN MEETING Room N135
AWS Members are requested to submit their recommenda-
tions for National Officers to serve during 2019. Nomina-
tions must be accompanied by 16 copies of biographical ma-
terial on each candidate, including a written statement by
the candidate as to his/her willingness and ability to serve if
nominated and elected.
6:30 p.m.
AWS OFFICERS/PRESIDENTS/COUNTERPARTS RECEPTION
AWS Headquarters Hotel, The Hilton Chicago
This reception is held annually during the show and is open
to all registrants. Take advantage of this opportunity to
meet the AWS officers, and network with members and
prospects. A complimentary hors d’oeuvres buffet and open
bar are included. Evening business attire, please.
Tuesday, November 7
8:30 a.m. — 4:30 p.m.
PLUMMER MEMORIAL EDUCATION LECTURE Room N137
Sharing Our Spark
David R. Cotner, PA College of Technology
Cotner has been a member of AWS for 24 years and an AWS
CWI for 15. He has served on the board of the Central Penn-
sylvania Section, as well as on the National Education Com-
mittee for Higher Education. He earned his associate’s and
bachelor’s degrees from the Pennsylvania College of Technol-
ogy in welding technology and welding fabrication and engi-
neering technology, respectively. He later earned a master’s
NETWORKING EVENT
Tuesday, November 7
5:30 p.m. — 7:30 p.m.
FABTECH Happy Hour Exhibit Halls
Mix and mingle with other attendees and exhibitors during
FABTECH
degree in education from Wilkes University when he left in-
dustry to join the ranks of educators at Pennsylvania College
of Technology. At the college, he has held positions as weld-
ing instructor, department head, assistant dean, and current-
ly is dean of the School of Industrial, Computing, and Engi-
neering Technology. He has held many positions in the in-
dustry, beginning with small repair jobs on his family’s farm.
During his lecture, Cotner plans to share his personal back-
ground, development, and achievements with regard to our
craft of welding, how and why he came to it, and what it has
provided for him personally and professionally. He will also
share his insights about recruiting and retention in welding
with regard to both education and the trades.
Wednesday, November 8
10:00 a.m. — 10:30 a.m.
R.D. THOMAS, JR. INTERNATIONAL LECTURE Room N135
Mathias Lundin, CEO of the Swedish welding commission
(Svetskommissionen) since 2007, has more than 25 years’
experience in the field of welding and allied processes.
Lundin holds MSc degrees in welding technology and weld-
ing engineering and has been an International Welding En-
gineer (IWE) since 1996. He has been active in welding stan-
dardization activities since the mid 1990s and currently
serves as chair of the IIW working group on standardization,
WG-STAND (since 2012). He currently serves as vice chair
of IIW SC-QUAL (since 2010) and has been Swedish delegate
to IIW Commission VI since 2001. Previously, he served as
secretary to both ISO/TC 44/SC 3 and CEN/TC 121/SC 3 on
welding consumables. He has attended IIW Annual Assem-
blies since 1995.
10:30 a.m. (immediately following the R.D. Thomas, Jr.
International Lecture)
AMERICAN COUNCIL OF IIW Room N135
American Council of the IIW, meeting of the U.S. member
body of the International Institute of Welding.
Thursday, November 9
12:00 noon — 2:00 p.m.
Registration Code: W36
AWS AWARDS/AWS FOUNDATION LUNCHEON
Room N228
As the Society and the industry it serves have grown, so has
the need to recognize outstanding scientists, engineers, edu-
cators, and researchers. Join an assembly of distinguished
award presenters, recipients, and guests for a well-paced cer-
emony and a delicious lunch. The cost for attending the cere-
mony is $30 and is open to all registrants. Tickets will also be
available at the door.
Happy Hour. Held on the exhibit hall floor, Happy Hour is a
great way to network with peers in a relaxed, entertaining en-
vironment while perusing the technology in exhibitor booths.
Complimentary beverage ticket included with event
registration
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 49
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FABTECH

ABOUT THE EDUCATION PROGRAM

The Fabricators & Manufacturers Association, Int’l (FMA),
SME, Precision Metalforming Association (PMA), and
Chemical Coaters Association International (CCAI) cospon-
sor the sessions on 3D/additive manufacturing,
automation/smart manufacturing, cutting, finishing,
forming and fabricating, job shop, lasers, lean,
management, stamping, structural steel/plate, and
workforce development. All sessions are 2 h in length,
offering practical knowledge you can use right away.
Sessions with Tech Tours combine classroom instruction
with expert-led guided tours on the show floor to see tech-
nology operating in designated booths.
The American Welding Society (AWS) presents a
comprehensive lineup of welding education. Led by the in-
dustry’s top professionals, programs focus on best practices
and new commercial developments in welding and thermal
spray. Events include conferences, seminars, RWMA Resist-
ance Welding School, professional program, society events,
and more.
CONTINUING EDUCATION CREDITS
Individuals who attend AWS education programs are
awarded 1 PDH (Professional Development Hour) for each
hour of education program attendance. Individuals seeking
FMA Recertification Credits will be awarded 2 credits for
each conference session attended (forming and fabricating,
cutting, or finishing tracks) plus an additional 2 credits for
attending the show. Individuals who attend SME education
programs may be eligible to receive 1 credit per hour
attended toward their SME-managed recertification
requirements.
MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION
Discounted rates for members are available on educational
programs. Interested in becoming a member of AWS, FMA,
SME, PMA, or CCAI? Find details on each of the cosponsor
associations and membership benefits by visiting their
websites.

EXPERIENCE LEVELS
The Schedule-at-a-Glance on the following pages provides a quick reference to all the educational programs offered at
FABTECH 2017. Note that you can use the following key to find the education that meets your needs.

B BASIC – Recommended for the attendee who is new to the industry or needs
a refresher on the topic.

IINTERMEDIATE – Designed for the attendee who already has a basic

understanding of the subject matter.

A ADVANCED – For the attendee with several years of experience who is

seeking more in-depth information.

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SCHEDULE­AT­A­GLANCE

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SCHEDULE­AT­A­GLANCE

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SCHEDULE­AT­A­GLANCE

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FABTECH
Welding Show 2017 Professional Program
Pick and choose between concurrent sessions for
the latest in welding research and commercial
developments. Pay by the day or attend the
entire four­day program, with special discounts
for students and members of AWS, FMA, SME,
PMA, or CCAI.
4­day Professional Program Member: $225,
Nonmember: $310 Registration Code W31
4­day Student Professional Program Member:
$75, Nonmember: $90 Registration Code W32
1­day Professional Program Member: $150,
Nonmember: $235
Monday Registration W27, Tuesday Registration
W28, Wednesday Registration W29, Thursday
Registration W30
Monday, November 6
2:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.
SESSION 1: Room N138
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Chairs: P. Hochanadel (Los Alamos National Laboratory),
T. Palmer (Penn State University)
A. 2:00 p.m. “Cracking Behavior of High Gamma Prime
Ni­Base Superalloys Fabricated through
Additive Manufacturing”
M. Kirka, D. Greeley, R. Dehoff, Y. Lee, and
A. Okello, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, TN
B. 2:20 p.m. “TEM/STEM Characterization of 316L
Stainless Steel Laser Additive Manufacturing
Components”
T. J. Lienert and T. G. Holesinger, Los Alamos
National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM
C. 2:40 p.m. “Welding Differences between Wrought and
Additive Manufactured 304L”
C. Hawk and S. Liu, Colorado School of
Mines, Golden, CO; D. Javernick, Los Alamos
National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM
D. 3:00 p.m. “Role of Scan Strategy on Thermal Gradient
and Solidification Rate in Electron Beam
Melting”
Y. Lee, M. M. Kirka, R. B. Dinwiddie,
N. Raghavan, and R. R. Dehoff, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
56 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
E. 3:20 p.m. “In­situ and Ex­situ Characterization of Metal
Additive Manufacturing”
S. Foster, J. Raplee, and S. S. Babu, The
University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville,
TN; R. Dinwiddie and R. R. Dehoff, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
F. 3:40 p.m. “The Role of Robotics in Large Scale Metal
Arc Additive Manufacturing”
A. Nycz, M. Noakes, and B. Richardson,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN;
S. S. Babu, The University of Tennessee-
Knoxville, Knoxville, TN
G. 4:00 p.m. “Topology Optimization for Additive
Manufacturing for Ti64 in EBM”
S. Yoder, The University of Tennessee-
Knoxville, Knoxville, TN
H. 4:20 p.m. “Compositionally Graded Transition Joints
between 2.25Cr­1Mo Steel and Alloy 800H
Using Additive Manufacturing”
J. Zuback, T. Palmer, and T. DebRoy,
Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, PA
I. 4:40 p.m. “Fabrication of Steel Welds in the Solid State
Using Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing”
N. Sridharan, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, TN; T. M. Dapino, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH; S. S. Babu, The
University of Tennessee-Knoxville,
Knoxville, TN
SESSION 2: Room N139
MODELING I
Chairs: Y. Yang (EWI), E. Pfeif (National Institute of Standards
and Technology)
A. 2:00 p.m. “Addressing Weldability Challenges in the
Nuclear Power Industry with Computational
Materials Engineering Tools”
A. Hope, Thermo-Calc Software, McMurray,
PA; B. Sutton, Electric Power Research
Institute, Charlotte, NC
B. 2:20 p.m. “Numerical Modeling and Microstructure
Control in Additive Manufacturing”
N. Raghavan, A. Plotkowski, and S. S. Babu,
University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville,
TN; J. Turner and Y. Lee, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
Professional Program Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 7:02 PM Page 57
C. 2:40 p.m. “Stamp­Weld Coupled Analysis for
Automotive Components: Using Welding
Process as a Strategy to Reduce Deformation
of Welded Sheet Metal Assemblies”
Y. Gooroochurn, T. Mao, N. Rajagopal,
V. Tunga, and M. Doroudian, ESI Group,
Farmington Hills, MI
D. 3:00 p.m. “NIST Alloys Data Web Application”
E. Pfeif, B. Wilthan, S. Townsend, V. Diky, and
K. Kroenlein, National Institute of Standards
and Technology, Boulder, CO
E. 3:20 p.m. “Development of a Process Model for Mash
Seam Welding”
A. Kuprienko, H. Song, and W. Zhang, The
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
B. Krakauer and J. Scott, AO Smith,
Milwaukee, WI
F. 3:40 p.m. “Numerical Simulation of Nugget Growth
and Hardness in Resistance Spot Welding of
Hot Stamped Boron Steel in 2T and 3T
Stack­up”
Y. Lu, A. Peer, M. Kimchi, and W. Zhang,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
T. Abke, Honda R&D Americas Inc.,
Raymond, OH
G. 4:00 p.m. “Development of Advanced Processes and
Models for Weld Repair of Highly Irradiated
Light Water Reactor Components”
J. Tatman and G. Fredrick, Electric Power
Research Institute, Charlotte, NC; J. Chen
and Z. Feng, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, TN; Z. Chen, University of
Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN
H. 4:20 p.m. “Engineering Expressions Based on
Fundamental Physics for Characteristic
Values of a Moving Point Heat Source”
Y. Wang, P. Mendez, and Y. Lu, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
I. 4:40 p.m. “Numerical Analysis of Plasma Arc Properties
under Additional Constraint of Keyhole”
B. Xu, F. Jiang, and S. Chen, Beijing
University of Technology, Beijing, China
FABTECH
SESSION 3: Room N140
FRICTION STIR AND SOLID-STATE WELDING
Chairs: Z. Yu (Colorado School of Mines), W. Tang (Oak Ridge
National Laboratory)
A. 2:00 p.m. “Dynamic Recrystallization during Friction
Stir Welding of AZ31B Mg Alloy”
H. Choo, Y. Li, and P. Hou, University of
Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN;
Z. Wu and Z. Feng, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
B. 2:20 p.m. “Modeling the Heat Transfer and Material
Flow in Ultrasonic Vibration Enhanced
Friction Stir Welding”
C. Wu, L. Shi, and C. Zhang, Institute of
Materials Joining, Shandong University,
Shandong Sheng, China
C. 2:40 p.m. “Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of
Bond Formation during Inertia Friction
Welding through Interrupted Welding Trials”
D. Tung and W. Zhang, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH; D. Mahaffey,
O. Senkov, and S. Semiatin, Air Force
Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson
AFB, OH
D. 3:00 p.m. “Variability of Resistance Spot Weld Cross
Tension Testing”
S. Tate, AK Steel, Middleton, OH
E. 3:20 p.m. “Avoiding Intermetallics: Welding Al­Steel
Joints with FSW and VFAW”
A. Ramirez, G. Lee, A. Nassire, G. Daehn, and
A. Vivek, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH; E. Torres, Instituto
Tecnologico Metropolitano, Medellin,
Colombia
F. 3:40 p.m. “Investigation of Interfacial Bonding in
Micro­Friction Stir Blind Riveting”
H. Khan, K. Wang, and J. Li, Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, PA
G. 4:00 p.m. “Intermetallics in Steel­to­Aluminum Friction
Stir Welds”
K. Oyedemi, Y. Adonyi, and P. Wang,
LeTourneau University, Longview, TX
H. 4:20 p.m. “Recent Progress on Numerical Simulation of
the Material Flow during Friction Stir
Welding for Predicting the Tunnel­Defects”
Q. Shi, G. Chen, S. Zhang, and Y. Zhu,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 57
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FABTECH
I. 4:40 p.m. “Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Cr3
Steel Used for Support Roller by Friction
Stir Processing”
R. Fu and Y. Li, Yanshan University,
Qinhuangdao, China
Tuesday, November 7
SESSION 4: Room N138
ARC WELDING
Chairs: J. Xiao (Beijing University of Technology), J. Farren
(Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division)
A. 8:00 a.m. “Piezo­Driven Metal Transfer: An Innovative
GMAW Process”
J. Xiao, Y. Zeng, and S. Chen, Beijing
University of Technology, Beijing, China
B. 8:20 a.m. “Comparative Study of Metal Transfer in
Aluminum GMAW Consumables”
C. McIntosh, Lincoln Electric Co.,
Mississauga, Canada
C. 8:40 a.m. “Arc Behavior and Metal Transfer in
Multi­electrodes Welding Process”
S. Chen, Beijing University of Technology,
Beijing, China
D. 9:00 a.m. “The Dynamic Droplet Transfer Behavior of
CWW CO2 Welding”
Z. Yang, C. Fang, Y. Chen, Z. Zhang, and
Y. Gao, Jiangsu University of Science and
Technology, Jiangsu, China
E. 9:20 a.m. “Hot Wire GTA Process and Composition
Effects on Low Oxygen Microstructure”
D. White and S. Liu, Colorado School of Mines,
Golden, CO
F. 9:40 a.m. “Deep Penetration TIG Welding of 2101
Duplex Stainless Steel”
S. Cui and Y. Shi, South China University of
Technology, Guangzhou, China
G. 10:00 a.m. “Effects of Activating Flux on Surface Tension
of Molten Pool in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding”
S. Park, Y. Cho, C. Jee, and S. Shin, Hyundai
Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., Ulsan, South
Korea; Y. Shi, Lanzhou University of
Technology, Lanzhou, China
H. 10:20 a.m. “The Effect of Surface Tension on Molten
Depression with High Frequency Pulsed
Arc Welding”
M. Yang, L. Li, B. Qi, and H. Zheng, Beijing
University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Beijing, China
58 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
I. 10:40 a.m. “Thermal­Mechanical Output Properties in
Different Polarity of Variable Polarity Plasma
Arc Welding”
F. Jiang, B. Xu, and S. Chen, Beijing University
of Technology, Beijing, China
J. 11:00 a.m. “Challenges Associated with Hot Extraction
of Diffusible Hydrogen”
J. Farren, M. Sinfield, and D. Bechetti, Naval
Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division,
Bethesda, MD
K. 11:20 a.m. “Estimations of Anode and Cathode Voltage
Falls in SAW”
D. Havrylov and P. Mendez, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
L. 11:40 a.m. “Welding Galvanized Steels with a Novel AC
Welding Process”
Y. Liao, B. Narayanan, V. Rajan, and J. Henry,
Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, OH
SESSION 5: Room N139
WELDING METALLURGY & WELDABILITY
Chairs: B. Alexandrov (The Ohio State University), M. Sinfield
(Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division)
A. 8:00 a.m. “Assessing the Impact of Boron Micro­
Alloying Additions on the Weldability of 304L
Austenitic Stainless Steel”
J. Rodelas, M. Maguire, J. Michael, P. Duran,
and R. Grant, Sandia National Laboratories,
Albuquerque, NM
B. 8:20 a.m. “Elemental Effect on Weld Cracking
Susceptibility in AlxCoCrCuxFeNi High
Entropy Alloy”
A. Martin, J. Oliveira, and C. Fink, The
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
A. Hope, Thermo-Calc Software, McMurray, PA
C. 8:40 a.m. “Application of Scandium Additions to
Al­Mg Filler Alloys for Welding High Strength
5XXX and 7XXX Aluminum Alloys”
F. Armao, Lincoln Electric Co.,
Cleveland, OH
D. 9:00 a.m. “Retention of Delta Ferrite in 410SS Welds”
D. Stone and B. Alexandrov, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH
E. 9:20 a.m. “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
of Fe­10Ni Steel Additively Manufactured
using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L­PBF)”
D. Bechetti and M. Sinfield, Naval Surface
Warfare Center Carderock Division,
Bethesda, MD
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F. 9:40 a.m. “Backfilling Responses Based on Grain
Orientation and Eutectic Liquid Properties in
Ni­30Cr Weld Metal”
R. Wheeling and J. Lippold, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH
G. 10:00 a.m. “Intercritical Heat­Affected Zone and Type IV
Cracking in Grade 91 Steel”
Y. Wang and L. Li, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Canada
H. 10:20 a.m. “Quantification of the Susceptibility to
Ductility Dip Cracking in Weld Overlays of
Ni­Based Alloys”
S. Luther and B. Alexandrov, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH
I. 10:40 a.m. “Effect of Niobium on Weld Metal
Microstructure and Properties of Submerged
Arc Welds in X70 Steel”
T. Patterson and J. Lippold, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH
J. 11:00 a.m. “Fe­Ni Steel Welding Consumable
Development for High­Strength, Low Service
Temperature Applications”
M. Sinfield, J. Farren, and D. Bechetti, Naval
Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division;
P. Ray, Carpenter Technology Corp.,
Coatesville, PA
K. 11:20 a.m. “The Effect of Inclusions and Residual
Composition on Creep Cavity Nucleation and
Their Relationship with Increased Failure
Susceptibility in Grade 91 Steels”
G. Abreu Faria, B. Alexandrov, and
A. Ramirez, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH; J. Siefert and J. Parker,
Electric Power Research Institute,
Charlotte, NC
L. 11:40 a.m. “Research on the Effect of the Intermetallic
Compounds on the Weld­Edge Cracking
Mechanism of Magnesium Alloys”
T. Yuan, X. Wang, S. Chen, and Y. Zhao,
Beijing University of Technology, Beijing,
China
FABTECH
SESSION 6: Room N140
HONORARY SYMPOSIA FOR DR. S. DAVID AND
PROF. T. DEBROY — JOINT SESSION A
Chairs: M. Tumuluru (United States Steel Corp.), T. Palmer
(Penn State University)
A. 8:00 a.m. “Intro — David’s Contribution to Welding
Research & Science”
M. Tumuluru, United States Steel
Corp., Munhall, PA
B. 8:10 a.m. “Intro — DebRoy’s Contribution to Welding
Research & Science”
T. Palmer, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA
C. 8:20 a.m. “Toward Intelligent Welding Manufacturing”
Y. Zhang, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
KY
D. 9:00 a.m. “Tribute to Prof. DebRoy and Dr. David”
H. Bhadeshia, Cambridge University,
Cambridge, UK
E. 9:20 a.m. “A Retrospective on Welding Metallurgy”
J. Lippold, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH
F. 9:40 a.m. “Role of Weld Solidification Science in Metal
Additive Manufacturing — Review”
S. S. Babu, The University of Tennessee-
Knoxville, Knoxville, TN
G. 10:20 a.m. “Microstructure Development in Steel
Welds”
T. Koseki, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
H. 11:00 a.m. “Integrated Computational Welding
Engineering – A Modeling Framework to
Advance Materials Joining Science and
Technology”
Z. Feng, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, TN
I. 11:40 a.m. “Dissimilar Metal Welds for Oil and Gas, and
Power Generation Applications”
B. Alexandrov, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 59
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FABTECH
SESSION 7: Room N138
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES
Chairs: J. Perdomo (ExxonMobil), J. Ramirez (Air Products)
A. 2:00 p.m. “Taking Advantage of Clauses in the D17.2
MIL­SPEC for Resistance Welding to
Eliminate Destructive Testing, Improve Weld
Quality, and Reduce Machine Maintenance
Requirements”
R. Cohen, WeldComputer Corp., Troy, NY
B. 2:20 p.m. “Design Consideration for Resistance
Welding”
R. Michelena, T. J. Snow Co. Inc.,
Chattanooga, TN
C. 2:40 p.m. “How to Maximize Resistance Seam Welding
Production Speeds and Improve Weld
Quality”
R. Cohen, WeldComputer Corp., Troy, NY
D. 3:00 p.m. “High­Speed, High­Quality Welding of
Copper­Nickel Pipe Joints”
N. Kapustka, EWI, Columbus, OH
E. 3:20 p.m. “Study on Influence of Boron for Hot Crack
Sensitivity of Carbon Steel Welds”
S. Park, Y. Cho, C. Jee, and S. Shin, Hyundai
Heavy Industries Co. Ltd., Ulsan, South
Korea
F. 3:40 p.m. “Development of Microhardness Acceptance
Criteria for Temper Bead Weld Qualification”
B. Smith and A. Ramirez, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH; B. Sutton and
S. McCraken, EPRI, Charlotte, NC
G. 4:00 p.m. “Fume and Dust Extraction Fundamentals for
Metal Fabrication Operations”
R. Williamson, N. LLC and D. Rousseau,
Nederman ABB, Greensboro, NC
H. 4:20 p.m. “How to Increase Flash Welding Performance
While Reducing Energy Utilization”
R. Cohen, WeldComputer Corp., Troy, NY
I. 4:40 p.m. “Improvement of Toughness of Weld Metal
after PWHT for HT610 Class Steels With
Rutile Type Flux­Cored Wire”
S. Kano, Kobe Steel, Ltd., Fujisawa City, Japan
60 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
SESSION 8: Room N139
HONORARY SYMPOSIUM FOR DR. STAN DAVID —
SESSION B
Chair: Z. Feng (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
A. 2:00 p.m. “Controlled Directional Solidification of
Hypo­Peritectic and Hyper­Peritectic Alloys”
H. Brody and P. Shahbeigi-Roodposhti,
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
B. 2:40 p.m. “A Study of Liquid Metal Embrittlement
Cracking in Advanced High Strength Steel
Welds”
M. Tumuluru, United States Steel
Corp., Munhall, PA
C. 3:20 p.m. “Stan David and Tarasankar DebRoy: Role
Models and Mentors ”
P. Mendez, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Canada
D. 4:00 p.m. “Magnetically Assisted Resistance Spot
Welding (MA­RSW) of Lightweight Materials”
Y. Li and S. David, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, Shanghai, China
E. 4:40 p.m. “How Weld Travel Speed Affects
Solidification Cracking and Weldability”
C. Cross, Los Alamos National Laboratory,
Los Alamos, NM
SESSION 9: Room N140
HONORARY SYMPOSIUM FOR PROF. T. DEBROY —
SESSION B
Chairs: Z. Yang (Caterpillar), W. Zhang (The Ohio State
University)
A. 2:00 p.m. “Assessment of Tool Durability in Friction Stir
Welding”
A. De, Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Mumbai, India
B. 2:40 p.m. “Improving Deposition Rate and Efficiency in
Gas Metal Arc Welding of Al 5083 Alloy”
C. Kim, Korea Institute of Industrial
Technology, Incheon, South Korea
C. 3:20 p.m. “Mechanisms of Thermal­Electrical­
Mechanical­Metallurgical Coupling during
Resistance Spot Welding”
P. Wei, National Sun Yat-Sen University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Professional Program Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 7:04 PM Page 61
D. 4:00 p.m. “Effect of Beam Oscillation on Electron Beam
Welded Similar/Dissimilar Joints”
G. Gopal Roy and J. Kar, Indian Institute
of Technology, Kharagpur, India
E. 4:40 p.m. “Heat Transfer and Material Flow Modeling
of Friction Stir Welding”
A. Arora, Indian Institute of Technology
Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Wednesday, November 8
SESSION 10: Room N138
PLENARY SESSION
Chairs: T. Lienert (Los Alamos National Laboratory),
J. Perdomo (ExxonMobil)
A. 8:00 a.m. “Welcome to Plenary and A Tribute to Two
“Giants” of Welding Science: Dr. S. David
and Prof. T. DebRoy”
T. Lienert, Los Alamos National Laboratory,
Los Alamos, NM
B. 8:10 a.m. “Advancing the Science of Welding: The
Legacy of Stan David and Tarasankar DebRoy”
J. Vitek, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, TN
C. 8:50 a.m. “The Effects of Reduced Pressure and
Shielding Gas Type on Laser Weld Porosity
and Weld Geometry”
J. Elmer, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore, CA
SESSION 11: Room N138
LASER WELDING/ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Chairs: P. Hochanadel (Los Alamos National Laboratory),
J. Li (Penn State University)
A. 9:40 a.m. “Analysis of Maximum Temperature under a
Gaussian Source in Laser Beam Processes”
Y. Lu, P. Mendez, and Y. Wang, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
B. 10:00 a.m. “Laser Weldability Testing of Austenitic
Nickel Alloys”
J. Watson, Colorado School of Mines, Golden,
CO; P. Williams and E. Pfeif, National
Institute of Standards and Technology,
Boulder, CO; J. Sowards, NASA Marshall
Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL;
J. Caron, Haynes International Inc.,
Kokomo, IN
FABTECH
C. 10:20 a.m. “Laser Welding of Shape Memory Alloys”
A. Ramirez and J. Pedro Oliveira, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH
D. 10:40 a.m. “Development of a Standard Weldability Test
Procedure for Laser Powder­Bed Fusion
Applications”
B. Kemerling and J. Lippold, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH
E. 11:00 a.m. “Effect of Segregation on the Welding of
Selective Laser Melted Stainless Steel Alloys”
D. Gonzales, Colorado School of Mines,
Golden, CO
F. 11:20 a.m. “Role of Metal Evaporation and
Condensation during Laser Additive
Manufacturing”
D. Galicki, A. Plotkowski, N. Raghavan, and
S. S. Babu, University of Tennessee-Knoxville,
Knoxville, TN; F. List, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
G. 11:40 a.m. “Laser Hybrid Welding”
H. Wang, G. Song, Z. Hou, and Y. Zhang,
Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
SESSION 12: Room N139
HONORARY SYMPOSIUM FOR DR. S. DAVID — SESSION C
Chairs: J. Chen (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
A. 8:00 a.m. “Aluminum Industry Innovation: Ultrasonic
Grain Refining”
K. Manchiraju and M. Powell, Southwire
Co., Carrollton, GA; Q. Han, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, LA
B. 8:20 a.m. “Friction Stir Welding & Processing – Two
Decades of R&D at ORNL”
W. Tang, S. David, and Z. Feng, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
C. 8:40 a.m. “Weldability and Weld Properties of Iridium
Alloys”
R. Miller, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, TN
D. 9:00 a.m. “Friction Stir Welding Technology for High
Pressure Gas Storage Application”
Y. Chae Lim and Z. Feng, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN; M. Miles,
Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; X. Liu,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI;
Y. Li, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Minhang Qu, China
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 61
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FABTECH
E. 9:20 a.m. “Weld Creep Performance Modeling of Creep
Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steel”
X. Yu and Z. Feng, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
F. 9:40 a.m. “Influence of the Welding Thermal Cycle on
the Cross­Weld Creep Performance in Grade
91 Steel”
J. Siefert and J. Parker, Electric Power
Research Institute, Charlotte, TN;
Rachel Thomson, Loughborough University,
Leicestershire, UK
G. 10:00 a.m. “Intelligent Weld Manufacturing: Role
of Integrated Computational Welding
Engineering”
J. Chen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, TN
SESSION 13 Room N140
HONORARY SYMPOSIUM FOR PROF. DEBROY — SESSION C
Chairs: A. De (Indian Institute of Technology — Bombay),
P. Wei (National Sun Yat­Sen University)
A. 9:40 a.m. “Metal Additive Manufacturing for
Aerospace”
B. Ribic, Rolls Royce Corp., Indianapolis, IN
B. 10:00 a.m. “Efficient Prediction of Solidification
Conditions in Metal Additive Manufacturing”
A. Plotkowski and S. S. Babu, University of
Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN
C. 10:20 a.m. “Welding and Joining Technologies in Heavy
and Smart Machinery”
Z. Yang and T. Hong, Caterpillar Inc., Peoria, IL
D. 10:40 a.m. “Building a Digital Twin of Additive
Manufacturing”
G. Knapp, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA
E. 11:00 a.m. “Root Defect Formation in 304L Stainless
Steel”
J. Blecher, 3D Systems, State College, PA;
T. Palmer, Applied Research Lab, University
Park, PA; T. DebRoy, Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA
F. 11:20 a.m. “A Numerical Approach to Fabricate Defect
Free and Structurally Sound Components by
Additive Manufacturing”
T. Mukherjee, V. Manvalkar, T. DebRoy, and
A. De, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, PA
62 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
SESSION 14: Room N138
OVERLAY AND CLADDING
Chairs: G. Woods (University of Alberta), M. Grams
(University of Alberta)
A. 2:00 p.m. “Temper Bead Welding for Weld Overlays”
J. Stewart and B. Alexandrov, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH
B. 2:20 p.m. “Hydrogen Assisted Cracking of Dissimilar
Metal Welds Between Grade F65 Steel and
Low Alloy Steel Overlays Using Alloy 625
Filler Wire”
R. Buntain and B. Alexandrov, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH
C. 2:40 p.m. “Growth Mechanism of Primary Carbides in
Chromium Carbide Overlays”
N. Barnes and P. Mendez, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; S. Clark and
S. Seetharaman, University of Warwick,
Canada
D. 3:00 p.m. “Selection of Low Alloy Consumables for
Joining of Internally Clad X65 Pipes”
A. Alvarez and B. Alexandrov, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH
E. 3:20 p.m. “Heat Affected Zone Sensitization of Type
405 Stainless Steel Cladding in an Overlay
Repaired Coke Drum”
Y. Wang, R. Kannan, and L. Li, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Y. Suzuk and
D. Ting, Suncor Energy, Calgary, Canada
F. 3:40 p.m. “Dispelling the Fears of Hydrogen in
Shielding Gases for Corrosion­Resistant
Overlays on High Strength Steels”
D. Hebble, D. Allford, and R. Holdren, Arc
Specialties Inc., Houston, TX
SESSION 15: Room N139
DISSIMILAR JOINING
Chairs: L. Li (University of Alberta), W. Tan (Utah State
University)
A. 2:00 p.m. “Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in Dissimilar
Metal Welds Used in the Oil and Gas
Industry”
C. Boster, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH
B. 2:20 p.m. “Intermetallic Characterization in Metal­
to­Ceramic Microwave Joining” CANCELLED
I. Reiman, I. Thompson and Y. Adonyi,
LeTourneau University; Collin Overstreet,
Wellbore Technologies
Professional Program Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 7:05 PM Page 63
C. 2:40 p.m. “Experimental Measurements and FEA
Modeling of Fracture Mechanics of Brazed
Joints in Ni­Based Superalloys for Gas
Turbine Applications”
B. Riggs, B. Alexandrov, and A. Benatar, The
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
R. Xu, Rolls-Royce Corp., Indianapolis, IN
D. 3:00 p.m. “Recent Progress of Multi­Material Joining
R&D for Lightweight Vehicle Application”
Y. Chae Lim and Z. Feng, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN; M. Miles,
Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; X. Liu,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Y. Li,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang Qu,
China
E. 3:20 p.m. “Microstructural Evolution near the Fusion
Boundary of Grade 91 Steel Dissimilar Metal
Welds with Nickel Filler Metals”
M. Kuper, M. Mills, and B. Alexandrov,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
J. Burgess, GE Power, Greenville, SC
F. 3:40 p.m. “Numerical Investigation of Laser Braze­
Welding Process for Lap Joints of Dissimilar
Metals”
W. Tan, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
G. 4:00 p.m. “Study of High Temperature Deformation
Behavior of Graded Transition Joints (GTJ)”
M. Sumbramanian and S. S. Babu, University
of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN;
J. Gallar and J. DuPont, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, PA; Z. Feng, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
SESSION 16: Room N140
HONORARY SYMPOSIA FOR DR. S. DAVID AND
PROF. T. DEBROY — JOINT SESSION D
Chairs: M. Tumuluru (United States Steel Corp.),
B. Ribic (Rolls Royce)
A. 2:00 p.m. “Technology Innovation Built around
Vaporization in Laser Welding of NiTi Alloys”
N. Zhou, University of Waterloo, Canada
B. 2:40 p.m. “A Simple Test for Solidification Cracking
Susceptibility and Filler Metal Effectiveness”
S. Kou and T. Soysal, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, WI
C. 3:20 p.m. “Analysis of Low Transformation
Temperature Welding (LTTW) Consumables —
Evolution of Residual Stresses”
S. Liu, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
FABTECH
D. 4:00 p.m. “Advances in Welding Science and
Technology — A Personal Journey of Three
Decades”
T. Zacharia, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, TN
E. 4:40 p.m. “Non­Equilibrium Phase Transformation
Behavior in DP980 AHSS”
Z. Yu, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO;
J. Vitek, K. An, Z. Feng, and S. David, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
F. 5:00 p.m. “Transport Phenomena in Molten Pool from
Fusion Welding to Additive Manufacturing”
W. Zhang, Y. Li, and K. Zhang, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH; Y. Lee, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
Thursday, November 9
SESSION 17: Room N138
SENSING AND CONTROL
Chairs: J. Chen (Oak Ridge National Laboratory), Z. J. Wang
(Tianjin University)
A. 8:00 a.m. “Welding Process Monitoring and Control
Using Optical Sensing Techniques”
J. Chen and Z. Feng, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
B. 8:20 a.m. “Modeling and Control of Reflecting Weld
Pool Surface Vibration”
J. Chen, J. Chen, and Z. Feng, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
C. 8:40 a.m. “Real­Time Measurement of Weld Pool
Oscillation Frequency in GTAW­P Process”
C. Li, Y. Shi, and Y. Gu, Lanzhou City, China
D. 9:00 a.m. “Weld Pool Sensing for Penetration Control
in Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding”
Z. Wang, P. Bai, S. Hu, and T. Lu, Tianjin
University, Tianjin Shi, China
E. 9:20 a.m. “Molten Pool Morphology and
Characteristics of CWW CO2 Welding”
C. Fang, Jiangsu University of Science and
Technology, Jiangsu Sheng, China
F. 9:40 a.m. “Double­Sided Dual Laser Pulse Driven
Droplet Transfer in GMAW”
Y. J. Shujun Chen, J. Xiao, Y. Zeng, L. Wang,
and S. Chen, Beijing University of
Technology, Beijing, China
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 63
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FABTECH
G. 10:00 a.m. “High Speed Videography of Welding:
Fundamentals and Techniques”
G. Dapp and P. Mendez, University of
Canada, Edmonton, Canada; S. Guest,
Stantec, Calgary, Canada; G. Gott, INP
Greifswald e. V., Greifswald, Germany;
J. Chapuis, Areva, Chalon-sur-Saone, France
H. 10:20 a.m. “Spectral Diagnostics of a Plasma Arc”
K. Foster, P. Mendez, and R. Sydora,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
I. 10:40 a.m. “A Novel Macro­Micro Pressure Control
Technology of Aluminum Alloy Resistance
Spot Welding Process Based on Piezoelectric
Actuator”
S. Chen, N. Wu, J. Xiao, and J. Hao, Beijing
University of Technology, Beijing, China
J. 11:00 a.m. “Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
Applied in GTAW to Determine Full
Penetration”
C. Li, Y. Zhang, and J. Chen, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, KY
K. 11:20 a.m. “Torch Path and Attitude Tracking Based on
IMU Sensor”
R. Yu, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
L. 11:40 a.m. “High Temperature Full­Field Strain
Measurements Based on Digital Image
Correlation for GTAW”
H. Chen, S. Chen, and X. Zhou, Shanghai
Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
SESSION 18: Room N139
MODELING II
Chairs: C. Wu (Shandong University), C. Fisher (Naval Surface
Warfare Center Carderock Division)
A. 8:00 a.m. “Empirical, Analytical, and Computational
Modeling of Weld Metal Cooling as a
Function of Plate Orientation and Thickness”
C. Fisher, M. Sinfield, and D. Bechetti, Naval
Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division,
Bethesda, MD
B. 8:20 a.m. “Verification and Validation in
Computational Weld Mechanics –
Uncertainty Analysis of Mechanical
Properties”
J. Semple, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH; D. Bechetti, Naval Surface
Warfare Center Carderock Division,
Bethesda, MD; Y. Gooroochurn, ESI-North
America, Farmington Hills, MI; Y. Yang,
EWI, Columbus, OH; T. Huang, HII-Ingalls
Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, MS
64 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
C. 8:40 a.m. “In­situ Weld Penetration Estimation and
Control by a Dynamic Analytic Weld Pool
Model Calibrated by 3D Weld Pool Surface
Measurement”
S. Wu and Y. Zhang, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, KY; H. Gao, Harbin Institute of
Technology, Harbin, China; W. Zhang,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
D. 9:00 a.m. “Predict and Control Welding­Induced
Distortion on Aluminum Extruded Panels”
By Y. Yang, EWI, Columbus, OH
E. 9:20 a.m. “An Explicit FEM Approach for Accelerating
Welding Stress and Distortion Analysis”
H. Huang, Z. Feng and J. Chen, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN;
B. Carlson and H. Wang, GM, Detroit, MI;
G. Frederick, Electric Power Research
Institute, Charlotte, NC
F. 9:40 a.m. “Simplify, Accelerate, and Democratize
Welding Process FEA Simulation Modelling
with Modern Process Oriented Software”
J. Robertson and A. Bujik, Simufact
Engineering, Ann Arbor MI; F. Okigami,
Tekni CAE, Trindade, Brazil
G. 10:00 a.m. “FEA DoE on the Effect of Welding
Parameters on DMW Overlays”
M. Forquer and B. Alexandrov, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH
H. 10:20 a.m. “Effect of Mechanically Assisted Vibrating
Wire and Hot­Wire Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding (GTAW) on the Geometric Shape for
Additive Manufacturing Application”
B. Silwal and M. Santangelo, Georgia
Southern University, Stateville, GA
I. 10:40 a.m. “Prediction of Chloride­Induced Stress
Corrosion Cracking Behavior in Austenitic
Stainless Steel Canisters for Dry Storage of
Spent Fuel Using a Multiphysics Finite
Element Model”
X. Wu, Z. Yu, and D. Olson, Colorado School
of Mines, Golden, CO; C. Bryan and
E. Schindelholz, Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
J. 11:00 a.m. “High Performance Computing of Welding
Thermal­Mechanical Process by a GPU­Based
In­House Code”
H. Huang, J. Chen, and Z. Feng, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
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FABTECH

K. 11:20 a.m. “Study of Medium Influence on the Cooling
Conditions of an API 5L X80 Pipe In­Service
Welding through the Finite Element Method”
A. Alves, D. Batista, R. de A. Cruz Neto, and
S. Brandi, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo,
Brazil
I. 10:40 a.m. “Nitrogen Shielding Effects in Duplex
Stainless Steel Welding”
B. Varbai and K. Majlinger, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics,
Budapest, Hungary; Y. Adonyi and N. Henry,
LeTourneau University, Longview, TX

SESSION 19: Room N140 AWS POSTER SESSION

TESTING AND CHARACTERIZATION
Chairs: Z. Yu (Colorado School of Mines), Y. Lim (Oak Ridge
National Laboratory)
A. 8:00 a.m. “Utilizing Neutron Diffraction to Non­
Destructively Map Residual Stresses in Welds”
Jeff Bunn, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, TN
B. 8:20 a.m. “Quantification of Root­Pass Residual
Stresses in Pipeline Girth Welds”
M. Grams and P. Mendez, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
C. 8:40 a.m. “Effect of Low Heat Input on Creep­Fatigue
Strength of 9Cr­1MoV Weldments”
T. Payton, H. Whitt, M. Mills, and W. Zhang,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
Y. Wang, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, TN
November 6–9 — During Show Hours
The AWS Poster Session is an integral part of the AWS Pro-
fessional Program. Graphic displays of technical achieve-
ments are presented for close, first-hand examination in the
Poster Session. Posters present welding results and related
material, which are best communicated visually, as well as
research results that call for close study of photomicro-
graphs, tables, systems architecture, or other illustrative
materials. Posters are presented in five categories: Students
in a High School Welding Program, Students in a Two-Year
College or Certificate Program, Undergraduate Students,
Graduate Students, and Professionals. Be sure to stop by
and observe this year’s entries.

D. 9:00 a.m. “Fatigue Strength Improvement of Steel

Welded Structures Using High Frequency
Mechanical Impact (HFMI) Treatment”
K. Ghahremani, Walter P. Moore Co.,
Houston, TX

E. 9:20 a.m. “Evaluation of Stress Relief Cracking in Grade

11 Welds”
C. Sarich and B. Alexandrov, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH

F. 9:40 a.m. “Microstructural Characterization of Base

Material and Heat Affected Zones of
Serviced and Non­Serviced Coke Drums”
S. Romo, J. Oliveira, and A. Ramirez, The
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

G. 10:00 a.m. “The Prediction of the Steel Response to

Welding”
R. Bannister and P. Mendez, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

H. 10:20 a.m. “An Evaluation of Wind Tower Submerged

Arc Weld Toughness”
N. McVicker, Lincoln Electric Co.,
Cleveland, OH

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 65

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FABTECH
SEMINARS
Monday, November 6
8:30 a.m. — 4:30 p.m.
Registration Code: W10
D1.1 — CODE CLINIC Room N128
This one-day seminar will provide a “road map” through the
Code, emphasizing the ability to locate important para-
graphs, charts, and tables quickly, which is crucial to under-
standing the Code when working under stressful deadlines.
In addition to practice questions, a practice exam will be ad-
ministered, and the instructor will illustrate the use of the
Code under time constraints, creating deadline pressure
similar to the test environment. If you’re taking the CWI
exam, this clinic has proven to be valuable test preparation.
As a leading construction code, D1.1 is the ideal tool to
teach effective code use.
NOTE: Clinic fee does not include a copy of D1.1/
D1.1M:2015, Structural Welding Code — Steel. The D1.1 Code
Book may be purchased from the AWS Technical Standards
Sales Team at (800) 443-9353, ext. 280. Attendees will receive
our study guide, AWS D1.1 Code Clinic Reference Manual.
8:30 a.m. — 4:30 p.m.
Registration Code: W11
WHAT’S NEW IN THE 21ST EDITION OF API 1104
Room N129
The 21st Edition of the API 1104 Standard features new
technical information and requirements as well as new
definitions, all presented in a single-column format. Rules
for qualifying welding procedures will be reviewed, including
emphasis on changes in essential variables and new tension
testing options. Rules for qualifying welding personnel will
also be reviewed, including the new rule that qualifies fixed-
position welding machines for roll welding. New visual acu-
ity requirements for NDE personnel will be explained as
well. The biggest change in the 21st Edition is the detailed
requirements for repair and removal of defects in Section
10. Repair procedures are now divided into four categories:
full thickness repairs, internal partial thickness repairs, ex-
66 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
ternal partial thickness repairs, and cover pass repairs. API
1104 now specifies the type and number of test specimens
required for each type of repair welding procedure — and it
gives detailed requirements for the contents of the welding
procedure specification for each. The tests required include
hardness tests of heat-affected zones, which are typically the
most critical area of any repair. Requirements for the qualifi-
cation of welders who perform repair welds are now speci-
fied. These will all be reviewed in detail.
Tuesday, November 7
8:30 a.m. — 4:30 p.m.
Registration Code: W12
CRASH COURSE OF WELDING INSPECTION
TECHNOLOGY SEMINAR (WIT) Room N128
This one-day seminar is designed to combine the normal
two-day Welding Inspection Technology (WIT) portion of
the CWI seminar into a one-day crash course. The intent is
to break down and cover the common knowledge aspects as
opposed to covering all ten chapters of the Welding Inspec-
tion Technology (WIT) textbook/workbook.
NOTE: Attendees will receive the Welding Inspection Textbook
and Welding Inspection Workbook.
THE WHY AND HOW OF WELDING PROCEDURE
SPECIFICATIONS Room N129
8:00 a.m. — 12:00 noon Beginner
Registration Code: W13
1:00 p.m. — 5:00 p.m. Advanced
Registration Code: W14
8:00 a.m. — 5:00 p.m. Beginner and Advanced
Registration Code: W15
Welding Procedure Specifications — ensuring consistent,
predictable welding processes performance. As a welding
professional who is constantly responding to customer de-
mands for increasing the performance and quality of weld-
ments while controlling costs, optimizing your Welding
Procedure Specifications (WPSs) for performance and prof-
itability may be the key. A well-written WPS defines, meas-
ures, analyzes, improves, and controls quality in the welding
process. This two-part workshop revisits the fundamentals
of WPSs for both the seasoned professional and for those
individuals seeking to become more proficient in the author-
ing and application of a WPS in fabrication as well as a
hands-on approach to advanced instruction in the formula-
tion and writing of WPSs in the afternoon.
Who Should Attend:
This session will benefit owners, managers, engineers, and
CWIs who must qualify, write, or revise welding procedure
specifications to satisfy codes and contract documents.
What will be addressed:
This workshop is divided into two half-day sessions. The
morning session addresses the fundamentals of WPSs.
Morning topics include
• Standard terminology
• Welding processes
• Filler metals
• Shielding gases
Professional Program Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 7:06 PM Page 67
• Current and voltage range, travel speed, and heat input
• Joint design tolerances
• Joint and surface preparation
• Preheat/interpass temperature
• Welding positions
• Standard WPSs.
The afternoon session focuses on the mechanics of WPSs by
different codes and standards.
Afternoon topics include
• Proper preparation and qualification of welding procedure
specifications
• Documenting standard procedure qualification testing for
commonly used processes for joining ferrous plate and pipe
• Selecting and documenting welding variables
• Specifying essential and nonessential variables commonly
used in sample AWS, ASME, and API code formats; and dif-
ferent techniques to author WPSs.
Tuesday, November 7 — Wednesday, November 8
8:30 a.m. — 4:30 p.m.
Registration Code:W17
ASME SECTION IX, B31.1 & B31.3 CODE CLINIC Room N133
This 16-h seminar will help you prepare for the ASME Sec-
tion IX, B31.1, and B31.3 examination for endorsement or
Part C of the CWI. Note that endorsements are supplemen-
tal inspection credentials available to AWS Certified Welding
Inspectors (CWIs) and Senior Certified Welding Inspectors
(SCWIs), but non-CWIs/SCWIs can also participate in the
seminar and examination to enhance their educational back-
ground. Participants are expected to provide their own code
books. Please note there is a separate application and fee re-
quired to take the certification exam.
8:30 a.m. — 4:30 p.m.
Registration Code: W16
APPLICATIONS OF STAINLESS STEEL WELDING Room N131
This seminar comprises two separate days (or parts): AWS
D1.6:2017 and Basic Stainless Steel Welding followed by Re-
ducing Stainless Steel Welding Defects. Register for either day
alone or for both days. The program focuses on the basic weld-
ability of the five types of stainless steels, with emphasis on
the 300-series austenitic stainless steels. This session is in-
valuable to welders, engineers, and inspectors working with all
stainless steels, not just those used for structural welding.
Topics covered include
AWS D1.6:2017 and basic stainless steel welding
• Why alloys are “stainless”
• Differences in the five basic types of stainless steels
• The new AWS D1.6:2017, Structural Welding Code —
Stainless Steel, including the many recommendations pro-
vided in annexes:
Qualification of welding procedures and welders
Welding processes for stainless steels
Fabrication
Inspection requirements
Filler metal selection tables in annex
Preheat and postweld heat treatment considerations in annex
Reducing stainless steel welding defects
• Sensitization and other corrosion issues
FABTECH
• Incomplete and variable weld penetration problems
• Hot cracking of austenitic and other stainless steels
• Cold cracking of martensitic and some other stainless steels
• Contamination, cleanliness, and high purity
• Excessive grain growth and other embrittlement concerns
• Welding of dissimilar metals
Books to be provided are AWS D1.6:2017 and the Profes-
sional’s Advisor on Welding of Stainless Steels.
Wednesday, November 8
8:00 a.m. — 12:00 noon
Registration Code: W18
ETHICS SEMINAR FOR CERTIFIED WELDING INSPECTORS —
PART A Room N129
Working in the field as a Certified Welding Inspector is a very
rewarding undertaking. However, it is wrought with perils re-
lating not only to personal safety but also professionally, in-
volving ethical decisions that could potentially injure or even
destroy your professional reputation. The AWS QC-1 code of
ethics will be reviewed. Then this conference will use a panel to
discuss scenarios and answer questions regarding ethical situa-
tions relating to the Certified Welding Inspector.
1:00 p.m. — 5:00 p.m.
Registration Code: W19
WHAT TO EXPECT AS A NEW CERTIFIED WELDING
INPSECTOR — PART B Room N129
This course/discussion will supply insights, directions, and
recommendations for the fledgling Certified Welding
Inspector. If you have just accomplished your AWS QC-1
Certified Welding Inspector goal, this conference is for you.
After long hours of studying, a week-long refresher course
and a rigorous 6-h exam, you were then awaiting your out-
come for eight long stress-filled days. You finally receive
word: you passed. You spend a week or so basking in the
warm comfort of success as the thought slowly creeps in on
you. “Now that I have the CWI, what should I do with it and
how do I do it? This seminar will supply strategies, informa-
tion, and recommendations on how to proceed with your
new credential.
8:30 a.m. — 4:30 p.m.
Registration Code: W21
THE VISUAL INSPECTION WORKSHOP Room N137
An 8-h course for CWI exam candidates to review the basic
concepts and applications of visual inspection. After a dis-
cussion of the limitations and advantages of visual inspec-
tion, types of weld data that may be obtained by visual
inspection are presented and discussed. Includes the many
types of discontinuities encountered during the visual in-
spection of welds. Common tools used for visual inspection
are presented and discussed (a machinist’s scale, dial
calipers, micrometers, fillet weld gauges, the Palmgren
gauge, and the V-WAC). Participants will use these gauges to
make measurements on weld replicas. This will prepare can-
didates for Part “B” of the exam. A sample weld specification
containing acceptance criteria is presented and discussed,
after which students use the specification and visual inspec-
tion tools to evaluate the weld replicas using a series of spe-
cific questions and scenarios.
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 67
Professional Program Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/15/17 4:30 PM Page 68
FABTECH
8:30 a.m. — 4:30 p.m.
Registration Code: W22
FUNDAMENTALS OF LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING FOR CWIs
AND QUALITY ASSURANCE PERSONNEL Room N128
The purpose of this workshop is to provide the fundamental
knowledge of penetrant testing required by Certified Welding
Inspectors, and quality assurance and test personnel, to en-
able them to ascertain that the proper test technique, or com-
bination of techniques, is being used to ensure the quality of
the finished product; interpret, evaluate, and make a sound
decision as to the results of any liquid penetrant test; and rec-
ognize those areas of doubtful test results that require either
retest or assistance in interpretation and evaluation.
Thursday, November 9
8:00 a.m. — 4:00 p.m.
Registration Code: W23
FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION FOR CWIs
AND QUALITY ASSURANCE PERSONNEL Room N128
The purpose of this workshop is to provide the fundamental
knowledge of radiography required by Certified Welding In-
spectors, and quality assurance and test personnel, to enable
them to ascertain that the proper test technique, or combi-
nation of techniques, is being used to ensure the quality of
the finished product; interpret, evaluate, and make a sound
decision as to the results of any radiographic test; and recog-
nize those areas of doubtful test results that require either
retest or assistance in interpretation and evaluation.
CONFERENCES
Monday, November 6
1:00 p.m. — 5:00 p.m.
Registration Code: W25
THERMAL SPRAY COATINGS — FREE Room N131
This group will discuss most aspects of thermal spray coat-
ings including thermal spray processes, equipment, pre- and
posttreatment, applications, and industry usage. Processes
covered will include flame spray (powder, wire, and rod),
detonation spray, high-velocity oxy-fuel spray (HVOF), cold
spray, plasma spray, and twin wire electric arc spray. Several
thermal spray guns will be available for attendees to handle
and discuss throughout the class. Complex automated ther-
mal spray systems and spray booths will be illustrated and
discussed. Application examples will be presented for a vari-
ety of requirements from several different industries. Indus-
try usage charts will be reviewed listing several processes
and coating applications used by various industries. Open
and lively discussion is welcomed and encouraged by the
presenter.
Tuesday, November 7
8:00 a.m. — 3:00 p.m.
Registration Code: W24
TUBULAR STRUCTURES CONFERENCE Room N226
A conference on Tubular Structures is on the AWS agenda
for FABTECH 2017. Three key experts will be holding this
get together. One is Bill Newell, the chairman of the 90 plus-
68 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
person D10 Committee on Piping and Tubing. He will de-
liver the keynote address. Newell will be joined by Allen Sin-
del, the chairman of the D1 Structural Welding Committee,
another 96-plus person committee. He will discuss the tubu-
lar construction of buildings, a forthcoming market for
welded tubing. A third expert, Jeff Henry, might be the
bearer of some interesting developments that could solve
some of the problems troubling many fabricators. Other
topics will include induction bending of pipe, the use of Tip
Tig and SpinArc® welding, laser welding, and some new de-
velopments in orbital systems.
8:00 a.m. — 8:05 a.m.
Welcome by Chairman
8:05 a.m. – 8:55 a.m.
Keynote Address — Welding Tubular Structures and
Related Components – An Update on Codes and Practices
W. Newell, Jr. Engineering, Euroweld Ltd.
8:55 a.m. — 9:30 a.m.
Laser Welding of Automotive Tubing and Roll Formed
Shapes
K. Arnold, IPG Photonics
9:30 a.m. — 10:05 a.m.
ASME Code Changes Related to Grade 91 Material
J. Henry, ATC Inc.
10:05 a.m. — 10:20 a.m. Coffee Break
10:20 a.m. — 10:55 a.m.
Induction Bending of P91 Pipe — The Complete Cycle
C. Zimpel, Bendtec Inc.
10:55 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.
P93 Welds from Root to Cap with Tip Tig
C. Patrick, North America, ALS Global
11:30 a.m. — 12:05 p.m.
Advancements in Productivity Using SpinArc Welding
Technology
S. Funderburk, Weld Revolution
12:05 p.m. — 1:15 p.m. Lunch
1:15 p.m. — 1:50 p.m.
Tubular Construction of Buildings
A. Sindel, AVP TRC Solutions­Infra Structure
1:50 p.m. — 2:25 p.m.
New Developments in Advanced Orbital Welding Systems
S. Cole, Arc Products
3:00 p.m. Adjournment
Professional Program Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 7:07 PM Page 69
RWMA RESISTANCE WELDING SCHOOL
Tuesday, November 7
8:00 a.m. — 5:00 p.m. Room N227a
Wednesday, November 8
8:00 a.m. — 4:15 p.m. Room N227a
Registration Code: W26
RWMA offers this intensive two-day course about the basics
of resistance welding once a year. The school is designed to
give operators, production supervisors, engineers, and oth-
ers the opportunity to study, better understand, and further
their knowledge in the theory, applications, and equipment
used in the resistance welding process. This intense learning
atmosphere will better prepare the unfamiliar and further
educate the experienced. The first day of this school intro-
duces the processes and machines, materials, electrodes, and
power systems associated with resistance welding. The sec-
ond day of this school discusses welding controls, quality
standards, machine setup, and maintenance topics.
8:00 a.m. — 8:15 a.m.
Welcome and Introduction to Resistance Welding
M. Prokop, Taylor­Winfield Technologies
8:15 a.m. — 9:15 a.m.
Welding Processes & Machines
T. Foley, Automation International Inc.
This session will reinforce the very essence of how the re-
sistance welding process works and how the process relates
to each of the four resistance welding processes. This ses-
sion will be full of application examples from each process,
and will show how machinery utilizes the individual compo-
nents and elements illustrated in the other sessions.
9:15 a.m. — 9:30 a.m. Break
9:30 a.m. — 10:30 a.m.
Welding Processes & Machines — Continues
T. Foley, Automation International Inc.
10:30 a.m. — 12:00 noon
Materials
D. Maatz, R & E Automated Systems LLC
Not all materials are created equal, especially from the per-
spective of resistance welding. This session will present a
brief overview of the most common materials joined by the
resistive processes. Maatz will also highlight specific
methodologies for joining them that have proven successful
over his 20 years in the resistance welding industry.
12:00 noon — 1:00 p.m. Lunch
1:00 p.m. — 2:00 p.m.
Electrodes and Tooling
B. Brafford, Tuffaloy Products Inc.
This session will focus on the classification, selection, and
maintenance of electrodes and fixtures as they pertain to
numerous applications. Discover powerful problem/
evaluation/solution techniques that will keep a production
process running longer and operation more efficient.
2:00 p.m. — 2:15 p.m. Break
FABTECH
2:15 p.m. — 3:10 p.m.
Electrodes and Tooling — Continues
3:15 p.m. — 5:00 p.m.
K. Ymker, RoMan Manufacturing Inc.
Electrical Power Systems
This session reviews the descriptions and maintenance of elec-
trical power components and conductors from the weld control
to the electrode. This lively presentation has something for
everybody. Utilizing several small demonstrations, Kendall
Ymker will keep attendees on the edge of their seats as he high-
lights the important part of the resistance welding process.
5:00 p.m. Question and Answer Session
WORKSHOP
Tuesday, November 7
8:00 a.m. — Noon
Registration Code: AWF100
LASER WELDING FOR TODAY’S
FABRICATOR WORKSHOP Room 403b
This workshop is full of experts covering the latest advance-
ments on laser welding. Topics include design consideration,
industrial laser welding, laser sources for fiber, disk and
diode, system overview, hybrid laser welding, and additive
technologies. Attendees will have additional time to discuss
any application with the experts.
Essential Considerations for Laser Welding: From
Component Design to Implementation
David Havrilla — TRUMPF Inc.
Introduction to Industrial Laser Welding
Tom Kugler — Laser Mechanisms Inc.
Laser Sources for Industrial Laser Welding: Fiber, Disk
and Diode
Jean­Philippe Lavoie — Coherent
System Overview for Laser Welding
Mark Rodighiero — Amada Miyachi America
Material Selection for Laser Welding
Geoff Shannon — Amada Miyachi America
Hybrid Laser Welding
Paul Denney — Lincoln Electric
Laser Welding and Additive Technologies
Wayne Penn — Alabama Laser
EDUCATION SESSIONS
Monday, November 6
9:00 a.m. — 4:30 p.m.
Registration Code: W33
NATIONAL CENTER FOR WELDING EDUCATION AND
TRAINING, WELD­ED Room N137
The National Center for Welding Education & Training
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 69
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FABTECH
(Weld-Ed) is pleased to offer a one-day conference for weld-
ing educators. The conference is open to secondary, post-
secondary, and industry instructors/faculty/trainers. Weld-
Ed, partially funded by the National Science Foundation, is a
dynamic partnership between industry, community and
technical colleges, universities, the AWS, and government
with a mission to improve the quality and quantity of weld-
ing technicians to meet ongoing workforce needs. The con-
ference agenda includes an overview of Weld-Ed’s six profes-
sional development modules, the new accreditation
program, and an advanced manufacturing and process
showcase where industry partners will share information
about the products and services they offer to benefit weld-
ing educators.
9:00 a.m. — 9:15 a.m.
Welcome/Introductions
M. Pfarr
9:15 a.m. — 9:45 a.m.
Weld­Ed Overview
D. Estep
An introduction to the National Center for Welding Educa-
tion & Training (Weld-Ed) and the contributions to date in
the field of welding education will be presented.
9:45 a.m. — 11:45 a.m.
Educator Professional Development Modules Opportunities
An overview of the six professional development workshops
to be offered in the summer of 2018, including topic
outlines for each of the modules, will be explained.
11:45 a.m. — 12:15 p.m. and 12:45 p.m. — 4:30 p.m.
Advanced Manufacturing and Process Showcase
Industry representatives will share information about the
products and services they offer to benefit welding
educators.
11:30 a.m. — 12:15 p.m. Hypertherm
12:15 p.m. — 12:45 p.m. Lunch Sponsored by Hypertherm
12:45 p.m. — 1:30 p.m. Miller Electric
1:30 p.m. — 2:15 p.m. Lincoln Electric Co.
2:15 p.m. — 3:00 p.m. Break
3:00 p.m. — 3:45 p.m. ESAB & Victor Technologies
3:45 p.m. — 4:15 p.m. Weld­Ed Welding Technology
Accreditation Program
4:15 p.m. — 4:30 p.m.
Wrap­Up/Evaluations/Raffle
D. Estep
70 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
Tuesday, November 7
8:30 a.m. — 4:00 p.m.
Registration Code: W34
AWS EDUCATION SESSIONS N137
This annual session, hosted by the AWS Education Committee,
features the latest developments and best practices in welding
education. Experienced educators and industry experts pres-
ent tools and conceptual strategies that welding educators can
use to help future welders, technicians, engineers, and sales
representatives remain competent and competitive.
8:30 a.m. — 9:00 a.m.
Howard E. Adkins Memorial Membership Award Lecture
Winner
Welding Education and How Companies Get Help Getting
the Employees They Need
Huck Hughes, Columbiana County CTC
9:00 a.m. — 9:30 a.m.
Adams Memorial Membership Award Lecture Winner
Beyond the Job
Jim King
9:30 a.m. — 10:30 a.m. Break and Networking
10:00 a.m. — 10:30 a.m.
Adams Memorial Membership Award Lecture Winner
Distance Learning Master of Welding Engineering Program
at Ohio State
David H. Phillips, The Ohio State University
10:30 a.m. — 11:00 a.m.
Making Sense Out of How Adjusting GMAW Waveforms
Parameters Affect Heat Input
Larry R. Zirker, Zirker Technology and Consulting, and
Robert Udy, Salt Lake Community College
11:00 a.m. — 12:00 noon
Plummer Memorial Lecture Winner “Sharing Our Spark”
David R. Cotner, PA College of Technology
12:00 noon – 1:30 p.m. Lunch on your own
1:30 p.m. — 2:30 p.m.
Plasma Cutting Updates: Entry Level, Light Industrial, and
Heavy Industrial CNC Cutting
Jim Colt, Hypertherm Inc.
2:30 p.m. — 3:30 p.m.
Advancements in Automated Weld Grounding
Bob Bosworth, Elite Welding Solutions Inc.
3:30 p.m. — 4:30 p.m.
Survival and Success in Today’s Construction Welding
Market
Mike Lang, Fluor Construction & Fabrication, and Scott
Witkowski, ALSMaverick Testing Laboratories
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FABTECH

AWS TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEETINGS

All AWS technical committee meetings are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend a meeting should contact the staff
secretary of the committee at AWS, 8669 NW 36 Street, #130, Miami, FL 33166; telephone (305) 443-9353.

H — Hilton Chicago Hotel Tuesday, November 7 Thursday, November 9

C — McCormick Place
8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Sunday, November 5 (H) PDR1
D17D Subcommittee on Resistance
1:00 p.m. – 2:15 p.m. Welding
(H) PDR1 Annik Babinski, ext. 310
C7B Subcommittee on Electron Beam
Welding and Cutting 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Peter Portela, ext. 311 (H) PDR3
D17J Subcommittee on Friction Stir
2:30 p.m. – 3:45 p.m. Welding for Aerospace
(H) PDR1 Annik Babinski, ext. 310
C7C Subcommittee on Laser Beam
Welding and Cutting 9:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Peter Portela, ext. 311 (C) Room N126
D9 Committee on Sheet Metal
4:00 p.m. – 5:15 p.m. Jennifer Molin, ext. 304
(H) PDR1
C7D Subcommittee on Hybrid Welding 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Peter Portela, ext. 311 (C) Room N227b
D14 Committee and Subcommittees
5:30 p.m. – 6:30 p.m. on Machinery and Equipment
(H) PDR1 Darrill Gaschler, ext. 306
C7 Committee on High Energy Beam
Welding and Cutting 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Peter Portela, ext. 311 (C) Room N230b
D15C Subcommittee on Track Welding
Monday, November 6 Jennifer Rosario, ext. 308
7:00 a.m. – 8:30 a.m.
(C) Room N135
D16 Committee on Robotic and
Automatic Welding
Peter Portela, ext. 311
8:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m.
(H) Astoria
D17 Committee on Welding in the
Aircraft and Aerospace Industries
Annik Babinski, ext. 310
8:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m.
(C) Room N227b
D14 Committee and Subcommittees
on Machinery and Equipment
Darrill Gaschler, ext. 306
9:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
(C) Room N135
D10 Committee on Piping and Tubing
Stephen Borrero, ext. 334

8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.

(H) Astoria (C) Room N127
C6D Subcommittee on Friction Welding Handbook Committee
Stir Welding Kathy Sinnes, ext. 255
Annik Babinski, ext. 310
5:15 p.m. – 6:15 p.m.
(C) Room N130
8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Tech Papers Committee
(C) Room N134
Martica Ventura, ext. 224
B1 Committee on Methods of
Inspection Wednesday, November 8
Darrill Gaschler, ext. 306
8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. (H) Astoria
(C) Room N135 D17K Subcommittee on Fusion Welding
C2 and all SCs/C2, Committee on Annik Babinski, ext. 310
Thermal Spraying/C2A, Subcommittee
on Machine Element Repair and 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Restoration/C2C, Subcommittee on (C) Room N227b
Thermal Sprayed Coatings for D14 Committee and Subcommittees
Reinforced Concrete/C2F, on Machinery and Equipment
Subcommittee on Thermal Spray Darrill Gaschler, ext. 306
Operator Qualification/C2G,
Subcommittee on Thermal Spray TBD
Equipment/C2J, Subcommittee on (C) Room N126
Feedstock for Thermal Spray D11 Committee on Welding Iron
Jennifer Rosario, ext. 308 Castings
Jennifer Rosario, ext. 308

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 71

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FABTECH

Welding Show 2017

Exhibit Highlights
This alphabetical listing of exhibitors in the 2017 AWS Welding Show offers a preview of what they display in each booth. AWS
Sustaining Member Companies are highlighted in color.

3M B31054 AGT Robotics B27068 Alabama Robotics B31084

3m.com agtrobotics.com Technology Park
alabamartp.org
ABB Inc. B23025 Aimchamp Abrasives B31091
abb.com/robotics northpoleabrasives.com Allegro Industries B37055
allegrosafety.com
Abicor Binzel B19045 Aimtek Inc. B25072
binzel­abicor.com aimtek.com Alliance Laser Sales C41330

Abicor Binzel will exhibit its ABIMIG
AT and WT manual gas metal arc weld-
ing guns as well as the SpinArc ma-
chine gas metal arc welding gun that
uses a rotating wire contact tip exten-
sion allowing for deep grooved pene-
tration. Also on display will be the
CAT3 collision mount that provides
for protection against robot crash.
Ace Industrial Products B37003
aceindustrialproducts.com
Air Purification Inc.
airpurificationinc.com
Airgas Inc.
airgas.com
Airgas will display its latest in welding,
cutting, and vending automation. Its
high-tolerance ARCAL bulk shielding
gases will also be featured.
Alabama Laser
alabamalaser.com
C41504 ALM Positioners Inc. B15049
almmh.com
B27013 ALM Positioners will showcase its
position equipment. The positioners
can be custom designed to meet a
company’s specific requirements
and provide improved weld quality,
assembly process, simplified tool ac-
cess, consistent repeatable assembly
procedures, higher productivity
B37025 and reduced consumables, proper er-
gonomics with reduced operator

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

72 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

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fatigue and injury risk, and higher
throughput and profits.
ALS Maverick Testing
Laboratories Inc.
weldmaverick.com
American Friction Welding
teamafw.com
American Innovative
Manufacturing LLC
ai­mfg.com
the Bookstore booth is AWS’s new on-
line news website WeldingSource.org.
Come grab a cup of coffee on AWS and
B21105 meet the team responsible for creating
this exciting new resource.
AWS Certification
C41410
AWS develops and administers a
variety of certification programs to
C41612 help welding professionals identify
qualified personnel and provide indi-
FABTECH
viduals with meaningful career objec-
tives. The AWS Certified Welding In-
spector (CWI) program currently lists
more than 45,000 inspectors. The
AWS CWI program has become the
gold standard for welding inspector
C41336 credentials enhancing the careers of
thousands of welding professionals.
In 1989, the AWS Certified Welder
program was launched to document
the qualifications of welders nation-
wide. Certified Welder certifications

American Society for B27106

Nondestructive Testing
asnt.org

American Technical B31085

Publishers
atplearning.com

American Torch Tip Co. Inc. B35030

americantorchtip.com

American Welding Society C41336

aws.org

The American Welding Society (AWS)

was founded in 1919 as a nonprofit
organization with a global mission to
advance the science, technology, and
application of welding and allied join-
ing and cutting processes, including
brazing, soldering, and thermal spray-
ing. AWS offers industry-respected
certifications, industry-trusted
technical standards development,
technical standards sales, education,
membership, and expositions. This
year the Society will introduce Welding
Source, a news and information site
providing professionals with up-to-
date content relevant to industries,
careers, and interests.

AWS Bookstore C41234

pubs.aws.org

The AWS Bookstore will spotlight

the American Welding Society’s port-
folio of welding and engineering publi-
cations, including a broad portfolio of
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

standards, reference books, and speci-

fications. The AWS Bookstore is man-
aged by the AWS Technical Standards
Sales Department. AWS is offering a
special show discount to attendees at
FABTECH 2017. Take advantage of a
20% discount off any AWS publication
purchased from the AWS Bookstore
booth stock. Also being introduced at
See us at FABTECH booth B23082

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 73

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FABTECH
are maintained by AWS in a National
Registry. The testing facilities that
conduct the qualification procedures
are accredited by AWS and published
in a list of Accredited Test Facilities
(ATFs). Other AWS certification pro-
grams include Certified Welding Edu-
cator (CWE), Certified Welding
Supervisor (CWS), Certified Radio-
graphic Interpreter (CRI), Certified
Welding Fabricator (CWF), Certified
Robotic Arc Welding Operator and
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
74 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
Technician (CRAW-O and CRAW-T),
Certified Welding Engineer (CWEng),
and the Certified Welding Sales Repre-
sentative (CWSR). The Society also of-
fers several endorsements designed to
enhance an individual’s credentials
and/or satisfy the nine-year recertifi-
cation for CWIs and SCWIs. All of
these programs are offered domesti-
cally and many are offered worldwide.
The certification requirements are de-
veloped by committees of volunteer
industry leaders. Visit the booth to
learn more about serving on one of
these committees and how obtaining
AWS certifications can benefit you and
your company.
AWS Education C4136
AWS Education Services is the training
arm of the American Welding Society.
Education Services provides seminars,
conferences, online courses, blogs,
podcasts, and other educational re-
sources specifically designed to help
welders and welding professionals
achieve their career goals. Visit the
booth for a chance to learn more about
how AWS Education Services can help
you take the next step.
AWS Foundation C41336
Eleven years ago, the AWS Foundation
inaugurated the Welding for the
Strength of America Capital Campaign
to add financial support to assist with
the critical shortage of welders in the
U.S. workforce. The effort has dual
goals: establish additional scholarships
to support entry-level students and
those already involved in the welding
profession; and build funding to sup-
port the AWS Welder Workforce De-
velopment Program. According to
Weld Ed’s “State of the Welding Indus-
try” report, an analysis of projected
data that was gathered through the ef-
forts of the National Skill Panel, shows
that, by 2026, there will be a need for
370,000 new and replacement welding
professionals. AWS Foundation intro-
duces the following intitatives:
Welder Workforce Grant – The AWS
Board of Directors has approved a
transfer of funds for the purpose of
offering grants to secondary and post-
secondary education/training institu-
tions specifically for the purpose of
increasing the number of welding
graduates, the percentage of welding
graduates, and job placement. Up to
$250,000 total will be awarded to
schools in 2017 to enhance training
programs by providing funding for
facility improvements, classroom
materials, computer-based training
systems, equipment purchases or up-
grades, and expanding teaching staff.
Scholarships – Since the start of the
AWS Foundation scholarship program
in 1991, we have awarded more than
$8 million for welding training to
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more than 6000 individuals. The di-
versity of the awards is varied, but the
major emphasis is welder work-force
development. For the 2016-2017
school term, awards were made to
more than 580 students for more than
$892,000.
Named Scholarships – The AWS Board
of Directors approved a matching
fund for all new National Named
Scholarships and all additions made to
National Named Scholarships. This is
an exceptional program where your
money, if committed to National
Named Scholarships, will be matched
at 100%. Remember, you determine
the criteria for the scholarship and the
selection of the recipient is done by
the National Education Scholarship
Committee. In addition, for a limited
time, the board has approved a match
of 150% for new Section Named and
District Named Scholarships before
12/31/17, with a minimum contribu-
tion of $8000.
Welder Workforce Development – The
AWS Foundation needs your help to
combat this problem and ensure that
we have enough welding professionals
in the next ten years to support our
See us at FABTECH booth B33037
industry, particularly in your market
area. For this reason, we would like
you to consider a named scholarship
to be given to a potential welding stu-
dent in your area. A donation of
$15,000, paid over three years, would
be matched at 100%, creating a schol-
arship of $30,000. Interest generated
from this fund should generate a local
scholarship for $1500 at the end of
three years when it is fully funded.
These funds will be awarded by your
local AWS Section each year, based on
your criteria.
Let us tell you more about our efforts
and personally enlist your financial
support. We need you
AWS Membership C4136
At this writing, AWS provides services
to more than 70,000 individual mem-
bers, 2400 corporate members, and
more than 11,500 student and transi-
tional members worldwide. AWS mem-
bers include welders, inspectors, engi-
neers, scientists, educators, shop fore-
men, company executives, and sales as-
sociates. Member interests include au-
tomatic, semiautomatic, and manual
FABTECH
welding, brazing, soldering, ceramics,
laminations, robotics, and safety and
health. Drop by the AWS Membership
Booth to sign up for an Individual
Membership and receive a welding pub-
lication (up to a $192 value) for up to a
90% discount. Browse the AWS Book-
store offerings to save 25% on more
than 300 items. Save $85 and get a one-
year AWS Membership when you sign
up for the Professional Program at
FABTECH. Stay informed reading about
the latest products, trends, and technol-
ogy with 12 monthly issues of the Weld-
ing Journal. Looking for a job? Network
with others in your field at the local
AWS Section meetings and dozens of
educational events. Contribute to your
industry by volunteering your expertise
on one of the Society’s 200 technical
committees. For depth, details, and
technical insight, AWS has all the an-
swers you need.
AWS — Professional Welders
Competition B32110
aws.org
As part of its FABTECH activities,
AWS will host a Professional Welding
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 77
EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/15/17 4:34 PM Page 78
FABTECH
Competition on November 6 and 7
during show hours. Professional
welders can sign up onsite to compete
for a $2500 first prize, a $1000 second
prize, and a $500 third prize. Don’t
miss the chance to cheer on competi-
tors as they demonstrate their skills to
earn the title of “Best Welder in Amer-
ica.” Contestants will make a single-
pass SMAW weld with E7018 on
low-carbon steel. Speed and quality
will be the criteria. Winners will be an-
nounced at 10:30 a.m. on November 8.
Welding Journal/Welding
Journal en Español/
Inspection Trends
Welding Journal is the official publica-
tion of the American Welding Society.
This award-winning monthly periodi-
cal features articles on practical and
applied welding technology, informa-
tion on the Society’s activities and pro-
grams, monthly columns, and answers
from industry experts to readers’
questions about stainless steel, alu-
minum, brazing, soldering, resistance
welding, and laser beam welding. The
SSave
ave Tippss
& Noz zles
s!ERO
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
s,IQ
weldaid.com
See us at FABTECH booth B31010
78 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
Research Supplement section presents ing the transfer of heat that is generated
timely and interesting peer-reviewed at the welding arc and pulled back into
research. the handle assembly.
Welding Journal en Español has the best
in features, departments, and news AMET Inc. B33019
from the Welding Journal, along with ametinc.com
articles written by and for Mexican
and Latin-American professionals. Andersen Industries Inc. B29061
Inspection Trends, published quarterly, andersonmp.com
features timely articles on all phases of
nondestructive examination, profiles Andritz Soutec AG B24083
of inspection personnel, the latest in- andritz.com/soutec
spection-related technologies, and
news and expert-written columns pro- Andritz Soutec AG will exhibit its new
C4136 viding practical information of inter- SW-650 stitch welding unit. This ma-
est to Certified Welding Inspectors chine is automatically rollforming and
and quality assurance personnel. welding round ducts with a production
capacity up to 1200 parts per hour.
American Weldquip Inc. B15074
weldquip.com Angle­Rite® Clamping B37070
System
American Weldquip will introduce anglerite.com
its new Cool-Grip 400- and 500-A semi-
automatic gas metal arc welding guns. Angle-Rite® Clamping System will fea-
The product has been engineered to ture a new welding clamp for tube and
provide cooler running operation and to pipe joints controls distortion. Set
increase welder comfort levels. The de- your desired angle and lock in place.
sign allows for cooler operation in high- Once set, your locked-in angle is trans-
er heat welding applications by inhibit- ferable between cutting attachments
ROSOLs'EL
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
IQUID
IDs4O
4OOLS
LS
alm.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:18 AM Page 79

For Info, go to aws.org/ad­index

hobart institute.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:30 AM Page 80

See us at FABTECH booth B18032 For Info, go to aws.org/ad­index

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 81

FABTECH
and other positions. The patented
company design controls weld shrink-
age and distortion by compensating
during the welding process. The inter-
locking design holds tube and pipe
connections in place. The intersected
tube retains its original curvature or
straightness after welding.

Anthony Welded Products Inc. B33041

anthonycarts.com

Antra Technologies Co. Ltd. B29069

antra.cn

Anxin Abrasavies Co. Ltd. B28085

Aquasol Corp. B25061

aquasolwelding.com

Aquasol will display its Pro Ox®-100-B

programmable digital handheld oxy-
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

gen monitor. The patent-pending de-

vice enables operators to remotely log
unlimited amounts of data. Users sim-
ply pair the device with the app and
use on-screen menu options to control
maximum and target ppm with the
Windows 10 operating system within
a 100-ft (30-m) range.

Arc Machines Inc. B29047

arcmachines.com

Arc Machines will showcase its fusion

tube and thin-wall pipe welding sys-
tems designed to meet or exceed the
critical welding specifications of indus-
tries as diverse as semiconductor, bio-
pharmaceutical, food processing, pow-
er generation, aerospace, and petro-
chemical requiring high-quality, repeti-
tive welds.

ARC Specialties Inc. B35047

arcspecialties.com

ARC Specialties will showcase the ARC-

11S CNC sand control screen winder, a
wire wrap screen system that uses re-
sistance welding to produce more than
100 welds per second. The company will
also feature the ARC-05HVTe, an auto-
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

mated system that has the capability to

weld in the horizontal or vertical posi-
tion, or at any angle between the 0 and
90 deg positions on the ID and OD of
cylindrical parts.

Arcon Welding B26065

Equipment LLC
arconweld.com

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 81

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 82

FABTECH
Artotic B37059
artotic.com

Asada Corp. C41220

asada.co.jp

Asada will exhibit its portable band

saw cutting machine for fabricating,
welding, and metal forming. It is
suitable for cutting steel, conduit,
poly vinyl, cast iron, stainless steel,
and square pipes as well as round
aluminum frames and more.

Astrolite Alloys C41525

astrolite.com

ATI Industrial Automation B15042

ati­ia.com

ATI Industrial Automation will display

the Axia80, a force/torque sensor for
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

robotic assembly, grinding, and polish-

ing applications. It measures all six
components of force and torque. The
monolithic instrumented transducer
also features silicon strain gauges that
reduce noise, enable high stiffness,
and provide overload protection 5 to
12.5 times over the sensing range.

Atlanta Drive Systems Inc. B36059

atlantadrives.com

Atlantic Welding B20110

Import and Export Co. Ltd.
weldatlantic.com

Atlas RFID Solutions B20085

atlasrfid.com

Auburn Manufacturing Inc. B24087

auburnmfg.com

Automatic Welding B23084

Wire Co. Inc.
autoweldingwire.com

Automation International Inc. B23104

automation­intl.com

Avani Environmental Intl. Inc. B23087

avanienvironmental.com
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

AVS Industries LLC B36061

avsind.com

Axelent Inc. B31070

axelentusa.com

Azusa Safety Inc. B20094

azusasafety.com

82 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 83

FABTECH
B&B Pipe & Industrial Tool B29074 Bessey Tools North America B33029

WOORK
RK
bbpipetools.com besseytools.com

B&B Pipe & Industrial Tool will show- Beta Tools USA C41606
case its new line of pipe rollers, jacks, peerless­betatools.com
and horses with increased capacity and

SSM
MART
M ART
RT
durability. The current line consists of Beveler USA Inc. B25098
eight types of rollers and stands with bevelerusa.com
various capacity ratings.
Black Stallion B31061
Baoji Boze Metal B29068 blackstallion.com
Products Co. Ltd.
bozemetal.com Blackbird Robotics Inc. B26067
blackbird­robotic.com
Barefoot Ergonomic Flooring B26105
by Beagle I Inc. Bluco Corp. B19025
barefoot­flooring.com bluco.com

Beijing Essen Welding B30098 Bluco will showcase its tilt and rotate
& Cutting Fair manipulator. With the push of a but-
beijing­essen­welding.com ton it can be raised, lowered, tilted,
and rotated for a comfotable and er-
Beijing Metals & B28097 gonomic working position. Featuring
Minerals Corp. 180 deg tilting, parts can be flipped
bjmmt.com upside down with a full tilting range.
Offering 360-deg roation, parts can be
Beilun Futuo B27098 rotated to any height. Load capacity
Mechanical Tools depends on the model. Model 200 Positioner
futuo.com 3 models av
,
.

Mode el 1200 Pipemate

Rottates pipe and tube
from 1 ½” to 17” diameter,,
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

See us at FABTECH booth B27049

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 83

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 84

FABTECH
Blue Demon Welding C41602 Boss Products LLC B21084
Products bossproductsamerica.com
weldingmaterialsales.com
Bradford Derustit Corp. B35000
Bob Dale Gloves & B20098 derustit.com
Import US Inc.
bobdalegloves.com Bradford Derustit will feature its Won-
der gel, a pickling gel that thoroughly
Bollhoff USA B33087 removes rust, oxides, scale, and
bollhoff­attexor.com other impurities from stainless steel
surfaces. A carefully balanced formula-
Bollhoff USA will exhibit the Rivclinch tion of effective pickling agents com-
4006 P50 pass, a cost-effective, multi- bined with inhibitors, the product
purpose clinching machine. With the removes impurities and corrosion.
new pass system, your hands are free
to manipulate your parts. The risk for BTIC America Corp. C41312
oil circuit damage and oil leakage are btic­america.com
minimized by the new integrated
booster and internal oil circuit devel- BTM Co. LLC B21108
oped by the company. btmcomp.com

Bonal Technologies Inc. C41502 Buffalo Shrink Wrap B36006

bonal.com buffaloshrinkwrap.com

Bore Repair Systems Inc. C41501 Bug­O Systems B31018

borerepair.com bugo.com

Boss Manufacturing Co. B24091 Bug-O Systems will display the func-
bossgloves.com tionality of its automatic height con-
trol (AHC) to include plasma cutting
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

See us at FABTECH booth B27000 See us at FABTECH booth B31042

84 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

panasonic.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:38 AM Page 85

See us at FABTECH booth B23037

For Info, go to aws.org/ad­index
kobelco.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:32 AM Page 86

See us at FABTECH booth B19055

For Info, go to aws.org/ad­index
EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 87

FABTECH
and gouging through auto voltage con- the renewable energy generation sec- Cerbaco Ltd. B23090
trol. The company’s AHC system was tors. This technology has been demon- cerbaco.com
designed from the ground up to be strated to weld thick sections up to
more compact and modular for greater 250 mm in steels and light alloys. CGW­Camel Grinding B35054
flexibility. The unit is easy to set up Wheels USA
and use, while its interchange-able de- Canaweld Inc. B20092 cgwcamel.com
sign allows it to be installed and used canaweld.com
on all company cutting systems includ- Changzhou Asia Science & B30090
ing the modular drive system. Capital One Spark B31100 Technology Co. Ltd.
Business Card asiaweld.com
C&G Systems B35070 capitalone.com/tradeshows
cgsystems.com Changzhou Huarui Welding B26068
Capital Weld Cleaners B27087 & Cutting Machinery Co. Ltd.
C H Symington & Co. Inc. B37006 capitalweldcleaners.com huarui­cn.com
chsymington.com
Carr Lane Manufacturing Co. B37022 Changzhou Longren B28070
Cadi Co. Inc. B27070 carrlane.com Mechanical & Electrical Co. Ltd.
cadicompany.com longrenwelding.com
CEI B33073
Cambridge Vacuum C41544 Changzhou Shine Science B28071
thinkcei.com
Engineering & Technology Co. Ltd.
camvaceng.com shine­xunan.com
CEIA USA Induction Heating B28069
Cambridge Vacuum Engineering will Systems
Changzhou Yatai Welding & C41505
showcase Ebflow, which offers the ceia­usa.com
Cutting Technology Co. Ltd.
possibility of eliminating the need for
a vacuum chamber and has been devel- CENIT North America Inc. C41512 Changzhou Zhengyang B29100
oped by the company for the joining of fastsuite.com Welding Material Co. Ltd.
large structures, particularly aimed at zywelding.com

VA
VARIOUS OTHER WELDIN NG
AND ALIGNMENT DEVICE ES
UL USE BY
SSF
AVA
VAILABLE
CE TH CAT
AT. NO. 2
C E Single Purpose HI-LO Gage
SU P
F GAP-A-LET
GAP A LET ®
IP

CAT
AT. NO. 5
O

ING

V-WAC Undercrcut Gage

SOCKET WELDD
RS

Also custom gages manufactureed

EA

AUTO W. W.S. TY YPE GAGE ADJUSTA TABLE FILLET

IN

on request.
CAT
AT. NO. 6 WELD GAGES
CONTRACTION RINNGS
DU
20 Y

To Check the Perm missible CAT

AT. NO. 3
STRY

Tolerance of Convvexity With the

To t For equal and unequal SAVE
A 90% SET-UP
- T
TIME
OVER

new, improved Auuto Weld Size legged fillet welds

gage you can meet specification t Measures 15 different weld
for butt and fillet type welds. sizes plus throat thickeness
Redesigned gage is pocket size,
easy to use and has
h thumb screw
adjustment replaccing old, hard
to operate rivet. Automatically
A
shown convexity anda concavity
sizes have been predetermined
p
in accordance witth American ‡ Eliminate Scribe and Pull-Out method
m
Welding Society D1.1
D ‡ Maintain Code Gaps
in socket weld fit ups
fit-ups
CAMBRIDGE TYPE GAG GE CAT T NO. 15
CAT
AT. NO. 4 Pat. Worldwide
t Angle of Preparation
SKEW-T
KEW T WELD APPROVED BY AAR
t Excess Weld Metal
GAAGE/CALCULAT ATOR
t Depth of Undercut HI-LO® WELDING GAGES
CAAT
AT.
T. NO. 9 7 P.
P C.
C FILLET TYPE GAGE
t Depth of Pitting CAT
AT. NO. 1
t Replaces all other sets of gages Accu urate
t Fillet Weld Throat Size For internal misalign in pipe
ussed to measure fillet or groove CAT
AT.
T. NO.
N 8
W.T.P.
W.T. P.S. TYPE GAGE t Fillet Weld Length welds in addition to 6 other crit -
welds in skewed members at 90O ALL EDGES
E DEBURRED
Measures .010 inch deep t Outside Misalignment cal, required measurements.
t Handy compilation of math - ALL LETTERS
L AND CHARACTERS
undercut Patent No. 3,869,801
emmatical relationships between leg LASER R ETCHED
CAT
AT. NO. 7
length, throats, skew angles and HAND DY POCKET CASE
TOLERANCES +.0005 inches
inspection dimensions. The G.A.L.
G Fillet Weld gage allows
American Welding Society
Structural Welding Code D1.1, fast, accurate
a measurement of 11
“Underrcut shall be no more than $//*$*(6$9
9$,/$%/(,10(75,&2567$1'$5
5'‡620($5(%27+ fillet weld
w sizes: 1/8, 3/16, 1/4, 5/16,
.010 inches (.25mm) deep when 3/8, 7/16,
7 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 7/8, and 1
the weld is transverse to the inch. Includes metric equivalents.
primary stress in the part that is P.O. BOX 2118 ‡ STEVENSVILLE, MICHIGAN 49127
P. Deterrmine either concave or convex
undercut.” 269/465 5750 ‡ FAX: 269/465-6385
PHONE: 269/465-5750
PHONE: 269/465 6385 weld sizes.
E-mail: info@galgage.com
Website: www.galgage.com
Visa & Mastercard Accepted

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 87

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 88

FABTECH
Chart Inc. B27065 CK Worldwide B31003 Space2, a light weight powered respi-
chartindustries.com ckworldwide.com rator (1.5-lb PAPR), providing up to an
8-h run time, HEPA filters, airflow of
Chart will exhibit its Orca™ microbulk CK Worldwide will showcase its Ultra- 220 L/min, and it is compact (no ca-
delivery system for industrial gases. TIG Series torch packages featuring a bles, waist mounted battery packs, or
The system is redesigned for 2017 fusion of the best innovations and hoses).
with 15 new features and benefits in- designs created over the past 50 years
cluding Flowcom® 3000 flow meter by the company. The new packages Cloos Robotic Welding Inc. B17054
system with no moving parts for a life- include an ergonomic handle with cloosrobot.com
time warranty, automatic pump inter- Steady-Grip™ pistol-grip attachment,
lock for pump protection, auto subcool 360-deg rotating ball strain relief, Closed Loop Recycling C41212
to protect the pump from two phase leather hose cover, Super-Flex™ recyclemats.com
flow during discharge, and driver-en- cable(s), accessory kit with a standard
hanced pump speed control for safely Gas Saver™ gas lens, quick discon- CM Industries Inc. B31037
filling tanks up to 100 gal/min. nects, and one of six preselected Mas- cmindustries.com
terTIG series torches.
Chengdu OSB of Science & C41517 CMEC Engineering Machinery C41610
Technology Co. Ltd. Clamptek USA Inc. B33092 Import & Export Co. Ltd.
clamptek.us cmec2.com
Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co. B29079
cp.com Clamptek USA will feature the CH- COB Industries Inc. B37049
10448 tool for manufacturing in sev- cob­industries.com
China Guangzhou Get Star C41509 eral industries including shoemaking
Welding Equipment Co. Ltd. and plastic products. Cold Jet B37064
ecrrc.com coldjet.com
CleanSpace B23105
Cibo NV B33066 cleanspacetechnology.com Computers Unlimited B28079
cibo.be cu.net
The company will exhibit the Clean-

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

88 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/15/17 4:36 PM Page 89

FABTECH
Continental Abrasives B37023 It allows drilling of holes up to 51⁄8 in. Dalian Dongri Trade Co. Ltd. C41309
continentalabrasives.com in diameter with annular cutters. Oth-
er capabilities include tapping, ream- Dalian Zhongsheng C41609
Controlled Automation Inc. B31094 ing, and countersinking. The drill fea- Metal Products Co. Ltd.
controlledautomation.com tures an automatic feed mechanism china­casting.com
with power retraction, making it suit-
Coral SPA B25104 able for production applications. The Dalian Zhongsheng Metal Products
coral.eu power feed controls drill pressure and will feature its investment casting auto
feed rate to maintain optimal RPM part with polished finishing.
COR­MET Inc. B37058 and maximize cutter life.
cor­met.com Danatronics Corp. B23092
D/F Machine Specialties Inc. B31040 danatronics.com
COR-MET® will display its wide selec- dfmachinespecialties.com
tion of high alloy flux cored welding Dataweld Inc. B22083
wire with sizes ranging from 0.035 to D/F Machine Specialties will exhibit dataweld.com
3
⁄16 in. The wires available include AISI its gasless overlay-direct mount torch.
alloy steels, nickel, and cobalt base al- This hardfacing torch is designed to Dedeco International Inc. B37069
loys. Flux cored wire for resistance to last for years and is ideal for single- dedeco.com
high temperatures, corrosion, and head machines or multiple-head ma-
abrasion will also be on display. chines used with hardfacing applica- Dengensha America Corp. B27049
tions in up to 900 deg preheat, and 7⁄64 dengensha.com
Coxreels Inc. C41206 and 1⁄8 in. (2.8 and 3.2 mm) wire diame-
ters. Dengensha America will showcase its
CS Unitec Inc. B33061 newly redesigned Flexwave capacitor
csunitec.com Dakota Ultrasonics B34070 discharge welding machine, integrat-
dakotaultrasonics.com ing the capacitor bank into the main
CS Unitec will showcase its new MAB unit. This design change creates a
1300 V, a portable magnetic drill with Dalian Chengchuang C41310 much shorter and more compact ca-
adjustable automatic feed and reverse. Machinery Co. Ltd. pacitor discharge welding machine

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index See us at FABTECH booth A4873

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 89

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 90

FABTECH
that has a smaller footprint. New
flexwave technology combines the ca-
pabilities of a capacitor discharge
welding machine with a 15,000-Hz
bipolar medium frequency converter.

DEWALT ­ Power Tools & B29084

Abrasives
dewalt.com

Diagraph MSP, an ITW Co. B17029

diagraphmsp.com

Diamond Ground B33037

Products Inc.
diamondground.com

Diamond Ground will exhibit its Pira-

nha II tungsten grinder. It features a
sliding dust shield for 100% dust con-
tainment, an integrated receptacle area
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

for ease of handling electrodes, recessed

handle for better form and function, an
on/off switch with LED light for im-
proved display of unit operation, light-
ened chassis for reduced weight, and
signature blue powder coat.

DIMIDE B28084
dimide.com
See us at FABTECH booth B31025
Dino­Lite Scopes (BigC) B25070
dinolite.us

Dino-Lite Scopes will feature the

AM7915MZT, a handheld portable USB
microscope used for inspection and
quality control with 10–220 times mag-
nification, with higher magnification
ranges going up to 500 and 900 times.
The included software has the capability
to capture images, record videos, anno-
tate and perform measurements, and
save and email discoveries.

Dinse Inc. B18046

dinse­us.com

Direct Wire & Cable B32058

directwireusa.com

Diversitech B29000
diversitech.ca
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

Dongying Highyond C41506

Investment Casting Co. Ltd.
highyondcasting.com

Drahtwerk Elisental C41524

GmbH & Co.
elisental.de

90 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

weiler corp..qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:43 AM Page 91

For Info, go to aws.org/ad­index

american torch tip.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:19 AM Page 92

For Info, go to aws.org/ad­index

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 93
DualDraw LLC B18044
dualdraw.com
Dynatorch Inc. B15066
dynatorch.com
E. H. Wachs B17037
ehwachs.com
Edge Manufacturing Inc. C41209
edgemfg.com
Eidos Ergonomics C41207
eidosergonomics.com
Eidos Ergonomics will exhibit its
Model 109 HighRider BatWing work
positioner. With an adjustable seat
height and a back tilt range of nearly 90
deg, the product is designed to provide
neck, back, and leg support to welders
and assemblers. The 12-gauge, powder-
coated steel frame provides a long last-
ing and stable base, while the self-skin-
ning polyurethane foam seat/back holds
up to extreme applications. Dual-steel
toolboxes and dual-locking casters are
standard features that make the prod-
uct a mobile workstation.
FABTECH
Elcometer Inc. B33047 ESAB will showcase the DMX automat-
elcometerusa.com ed plasma beveller, which uses direct
drive motors to reduce complexity,
eldec LLC B37041 eliminate the need for breakaway
eldec.net crash protection, and deliver respon-
sive, accurate positioning. The “com-
Electron Beam B34037 pliant motion” lets the product absorb
Technologies Inc. and detect a torch crash and automati-
electronbeam.com cally reset after a collision without the
operator touching the torch or climb-
Electron Beam Technologies will offer ing on the cutting table. The company
its RoEBoflex, a cross-linked OEM will also launch its SmartBevel™ tech-
composite, coaxial cable specifically nology for easier programming and
designed for robotic GMAW and accurate bevel cutting with minimal
FCAW applications. The item includes operator intervention.
high flex, high torsion, and stretch re-
sistance cable designs while promoting ESTA Extraction USA LP B27090
superior feeding of welding electrodes. esta­usa.com
Encompass Machines Inc. B26074 ESTA will feature its Dustomat 4 series
goencompass.com and the new-generation OilMac oil
mist separators, designed to extract oil
Ensitech Inc. B33069 and emulsion mist to control air quali-
tigbrush.com ty during lathing, milling, drilling, or
grinding metal. Its featured mobile de-
ESAB Welding & B17074 vices allow for direct extraction of
Cutting Products metal dust and shavings.
esab.com
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 93
EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 94

FABTECH
Eurovac B23103 Fein Power Tools Inc. B33058 Fit­up­Gear B31030
eurovac.com feinus.com fitupgear.com

Evolution Power Tools LLC B27103 Ferris State University C41530 Flame Technologies Inc. B32010
evolutionpowertools.com ferris.edu flametechnologies.com

Fagor Automation Corp. C41615 Filter 1 B17057 Flange Wizard Inc. B32035
fagorautomation.us filter­1.com flangewizard.com

FANDELI Coated Abrasives B27105 Fireball Tool B23106 Flexovit USA Inc. B27000
fandeli.com fireballtool.com flexovitabrasives.com

FANUC America Corp. B27037 FireIce Solutions LLC B22084 Fluid Chillers Inc. C41515
fanucamerica.com fireicesolutions.com fluidchillers.com

Fastenal Co. B21087
fastenal.com
Fastenal will spotlight its Blackstone®
auto-darkening welding helmet, de-
signed to protect the eye and face from
sparks, spatter, and harmful radiation
under normal welding conditions. The
auto darkening filter (ADF) contains
high impact-resistant nylon material, a
low battery alarm, a 4-arc sensor ADF,
and a large viewing area of 3.78  2.05
in.
FireIce Solutions will display its FireIce FOCUS GmbH B20083
Shield® welding blankets. The product focus­e­welding.com
combines gel with superior silica fabri-
cation, instantly cooling, preventing Focus will launch its Focus LaVa, a
burn-through, and blocking thermal system for micro laser beam welding
transfer while welding, cutting, braz- in vacuum. This system is equipped
ing, and soldering. It is reusable, eco- with a vacuum control system for pre-
friendly, noncorrosive, and available in cise pressure regulation.
a variety of sizes: 12  18 in., 36  36
in., 48  60 in., 60  84 in., and 60  Forney Industries Inc. B35061
120 in. forneyind.com
Firewheel Industrial Corp. C41510 Fronius USA LLC B27020,
firewheel.com.cn fronius­usa.com B27025

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94 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
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fein 2.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:28 AM Page 96
fein 2.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:28 AM Page 97
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EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 99

FABTECH
FumeVac B23094 sive device; and an external filter that Gullco International will offer its
fumevac.com facilitates replacement of filtration el- KAT® LT welding automation carriage
ements. This manifold is available in engineered to be small and light yet
Fusion Inc. B31042 digital and analog. robust with many features such as the
fusion­inc.com tool-less setup, operation, and adjust-
GENTEX Corp. B24085 ment; ingress protection; and low en-
G&J Hall Tools Inc. B32090 gentexcorp.com ergy consumption.
gjhalltools.com
Global Industrial Supply C41608 H & M Pipe Beveling B25082
Ganzhou Hongfei Tungsten & B29091 Co. Ltd. Machine Co. Inc.
Molybdenum Materials Co. Ltd. hmpipe.com
hfc­tungsten.com Golden Eagle Minmetals B30089
(Beijing) Wldg Materials Co. Hangzhou Topwell B36071
GE Schmidt Inc. B31066 goldeneaglebj.com Technology Co. Ltd.
geschmidt.com topwellwelders.com
Goss Inc. B33025
Genesis Systems Group B27031, gossonline.com Hangzhou Topwell will present its
genesis­systems.com B31094 high-definition CUT-200HD, designed
Gripnail Corp. C41604 to provide high productivity and maxi-
Genstar Technologies Inc. B31058 gripnail.com mum performance in the X-Y axis, as
genstartech.com well as bevel cutting, hole cutting,
Güdel Inc. B35044 CNC cutting, and gouging operations.
Genstar Technolgoies will highlight its gudel.com/us The product features a pilot arc for an
Gentec® GM2-A dome-loaded, mani- easy start and an increased consum-
fold system designed to provide an au- Guilin Nanjian Welding B28091 able life. Workpieces can go directly
tomatic, uninterrupted gas supply. Materials Co. Ltd. from the cutting table to welding,
The product features an enclosed, painting, or assembly without second-
tamper-resistant metal cabinet; light Gullco International B33005 ary operations.
indicators that provide system status; gullco.com
systems for fuel gas with an antiexplo-

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OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 99
EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 100

FABTECH
Harbert’s Products Inc./ B25066 fillet weld shaver, which removes weld Hobart Institute of B18032
Allied Flux Reclaiming Ltd. beads from inside corners at up to 6 Welding Technology
recycleflux.com ft/min. The tool uses standard off-the- welding.org
shelf carbide inserts in a milling cut-
Hardface Technologies B28087 ter. It also removes the weld in chips. HOSO Metal Co. Ltd. B37071
by Postle hosometal.com
postle.com Henan Huamao Metal B30100
Materials Co. Ltd. HOSO Metal will show its stud nut
Hardface Technologies will feature its and thermal spray electrodes and noz-
Postalloy® PS-150 Vanguard, a metal- Hermes Abrasives Ltd. B37005 zles, along with a heat sink, comprised
cored, hardfacing wire that provides a hermesabrasives.com of copper/tungsten alloy. With ad-
dense, heterogeneous deposit of vana- vanced back-casting technology, the
dium-tungsten carbides, along with Heron Machine & Electric B28092 electrode and nozzles present good arc
other elements, to enhance wear re- Industrial Ltd. ignition, plasma stability, and arc ero-
sistance, resulting in a good combina- heronwelder.com sion capability.
tion of abrasion and impact resistance.
Heshan Wode Tungsten & B32098 HTP America Inc. B22082
Haynes International B33064 Molybdenum Co. Ltd. usaweld.com
haynesintl.com gzwdhg.com
HTP America will exhibit its Pro Pulse
Headux Electric Co. Ltd. B20104 Hisco C41228 200, a synergic, pulsed, multiprocess
headux.com hisco.com IGBT inverter gas metal arc welding
machine. The product features 21 pre-
Hebei Xinyu Welding Co. Ltd. B30096 HIT Welding Industry Co. Ltd. B29070 set synergic programs and a manual
hbxyhy.com htw.cn mode; an 8-in.2 LCD with a user-
friendly interface; an ST-arc function;
Heck Industries B33049 Hitachi High­Tech Analytical B20106 as well as a trigger job function where
heckind.net Science users can set and store up to 30 differ-
hitachi­hightech.com/hha ent weld jobs.
Heck Industries will debut its WS90
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100 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

impact.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:31 AM Page 101

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nippon steel.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:36 AM Page 102

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EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 103

FABTECH
Huys Industries Ltd. B37008 igm Robotic Systems Inc. B19061 signal; and variable settings with easy-
huysindustries.com igmusa.com to-use instructions.

Hypertherm Inc. B17013
hypertherm.com
Hypertherm will introduce its XPR300
with X-definition plasma cutting sys-
tem, which combines engineering and
high-definition processes to deliver
plasma-cut quality on mild steel, stain-
less steel, and aluminum. The compa-
ny will also offer its ProNest®
CAD/CAM nesting software, designed
for programming advanced mecha-
nized cutting. The software provides a
single solution for profile cutting
needs including plasma, laser, water-
jet, and oxyfuel.
Hyundai Welding B35004
hyundaiwelding.com
IBEDA/Superflash B31000
CompressedGas Equipment Inc.
oxyfuelsafety.com
Ideal Welding Systems LP B21094
idealweld.com
Imperial Systems Inc. B15061 International Welding B37017
isystemsweb.com Technologies Inc.
internationalwelding.com
Imperial Systems will display its
CMAXX, a modular dust and fume col- International Welding will feature its
lection system that can be sized for LYNX4 Titan GFX, the graphical inter-
any application. With two collectors, face stud welding machine. The prod-
one pulling air from inside the facility uct offers a full 3.5-in. color display
and the other pushing air in as a that can monitor pulses and welds
“push-pull” system, continuous ambi- against a reference weld. It also offers
ent airflow is achieved. a programmable memory and is
equipped with a microcontroller.
In.Motion Technology B30068
Distribution InterTest B37040
inmotion.global/us intertest.com
Intercon Enterprises Inc. B23082 IPG Photonics B27043
intercon1978.com ipgphotonics.com
Intercon Enterprises will showcase its IRCO Automation Inc. B18031
PRO2 Mini purge monitor. The bat- ircoautomation.com
tery-powered, compact monitor has
numerous features and benefits in- Ironworker Management B36000
cluding a high-resolution, bright-col- Progressive Action Cooperative Trust
ored LED display within a protective impact­net.org
silicone case; a programmable acoustic

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OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 103

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 104

FABTECH
IVEC Systems B23110 Jiaxing Aerotec Precision C41528 John Tillman Co. B33032
ivecsystems.com Co. Ltd. jtillman.com
aerotec­pro.com
Jainson Cables India Pvt. Ltd. B31090 John Tillman will spotlight its
jainsoncables.com Jinan Chpro Commercial B29103 lightweight Tillman 1766 nylon glove,
Co. Ltd. which provides ANSI level 4 abrasion
JASIC Technologies America B15071 chpro.org resistance with EN 388 level 1 cut re-
Inc. sistance. Its breathable nylon shell fea-
razorweld.com Jinan Xintian Technology B30110 tures a hard-wearing nitrile microfoam
Co. Ltd. coating for gripping power in wet, dry,
Jiangsu BTMMF Advanced B29094 xtlaser.com and oily surfaces. The glove comes in
Materials Science & Technology five sizes and colored cuffs for easy
Co. Ltd. Jingyu Welding & Cutting B30093 size identification.
jsbtmm.com Co. Ltd.
jingyuwelding.com Joysun Abrasives Co. Ltd. C41426
Jiangyin Chengqing Special B28094 joysunabrasives.com
Alloy Material Co. Ltd. Jinhua Glarystep Tools B23107
Manufacture Co. Ltd. JR Automation Technologies B15054
Jiangyin Chengqing Special Alloy Ma- glarystep.com jrauto.com
terial will showcase its cobalt- and
nickel-based powders and welding Jinzhou Newroute B37043 Kalas Wire Inc. B32064
rods, both of which are resistant to Hyperpure Material Co. Ltd. kalaswire.com/industrial
corrosion, high temperature, and nrhmaterials.com
shock. The powders are compatible Kawasaki Robotics (USA) Inc. B17061
with oxyacetylene welding, plasma- Jisheng Electric Machinery B28100 kawasakirobotics.com
transferred arc welding, and high- Co. Ltd.
frequency remelting processes. The weldingtools.net.cn Kayo Products Co. Ltd. B37032
rods are designed for plasma, oxy- kayo.com.tw
acetylene, and gas tungsten arc weld- JLC Electromet Pvt. LLC B34073
ing processes. jlcelectromet.com Kayo Products will feature the KV-
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
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104 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

bug-o.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:21 AM Page 105

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harberts.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:29 AM Page 106

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EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 107

FABTECH
315FC heavy duty torch handle with a Kobelco Welding of America will Laser Marking Technologies B37035
built in flash arrestor and valve check. display its Arcman™ structural steel LLC
welding system and Familiarc™ MX- lasermarktech.com
KeepTheHeat B33088 50R welding wire. The simple system
keeptheheat.com performs high-quality welding without Laser Mechanisms Inc. B18057
the need for supervision for extended lasermech.com
Kent Stud Welding Co. Ltd. B29093 periods of time. The welding wire’s
kentstudwelding.com slag formula is suitable for robotic Laser Mechanisms will highlight its
welding in the structural steel FiberScan™ HR scanning head for
Keystone Fastening B25074 industry. high-power laser sources including
Technologies fiber, disk, CO2, and diode lasers.
keystonefastening.com Koike Aronson Inc. B17008 Using direct water-cooled copper
koike.com optics for all wavelengths throughout
Kiswel USA Inc. C41303 its optical path, the scanning head can
kiswelusa.com KUKA Robotics Corp. B23055 deliver 20-plus kW of laser power to
kuka.com/en­us any point within the system’s field of
Klimawent USA LLC B27074 view.
klimawentusa.com Kyoung Dong Machinery B24090
Co. Ltd. Laserline Inc. B32084
KLINGSPOR Abrasives Inc. B34064 saws.kr laserline­inc.com
klingspor.com
Laboratory Testing Inc. B28083 Lasermet Inc. B33101
KLINGSPOR Abrasives will exhibit its labtesting.com lasermet.com/lasermetinc
flap brushes in a variety of sizes and
mounting methods for full nonwoven LA­CO Industries Inc./Markal B25064 Lasermet will present its Laser Castle
and interleaf options. markal.com modular, rapid-build laser safety cabin
coupled with Laser Jailer, an active
Kobelco Welding of B19055 Laizhou Hongyuan Bench B26084 laser-guarding system for lasers from
America Inc. Vise Manufacture Co. Ltd. 4 to 20 kW. The company will also fea-
kobelcowelding.com laizhouhongyuanvise.com ture its touch-screen laser interlock

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index See us at FABTECH booth 29099

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 107

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FABTECH
controller, which prevents access to welding machines designed for light Mathey Dearman B17031
the cabin when the laser is enabled fabrication projects. mathey.com
and operates the optional laser filter-
window system. Linemaster Switch Corp. B24105 Matsumoto U.S. B25087
linemaster.com Technologies Inc.
Lianyungang Orientcraft B29097 matsumotous.com
Abrasives Co. Ltd. LSN Diffusion Ltd./ C41520
orientcraft­abrasives.com Surface Flow Technologies Inc. Matsumoto will showcase its Pipe Ace
surfaceflowtech.com (BH-8DPa-220) digitally controlled or-
Liburdi Automation Inc. B37013 bital tube welder. It works for a wide
liburdi.com Luvata Ohio Inc. B35006 range of joints and workpieces, like
luvata.com constrained radial and axial clearance;
LinAn Da Yang Welding B27099 allows for 100 programs to be stored;
Material Co. Ltd. Magnatech LLC B25058 utilizes a thumb drive connection; pro-
hzdayang.com magnatechllc.com vides a built-in printer; and features a
small, lightweight power source with
Lincoln Electric Co. B19021 Magnatech will feature its M500 weld handles and wheels.
lincolnelectric.com head designed for joining fittings and
components with minimal straight ex- Matuschek Welding B33085
Lincoln Electric will offer its tensions as short as 6.35 mm. A size Products Inc.
CrossLinc® technology for on-site range of 3.18 to 12.7 mm can be cov- matuschekwelding.com
welding and larger structures; various ered using interchangeable, size-
welding and hardfacing wires and elec- specific cartridge assemblies or McDantim Inc. B25069
trodes; integrated solutions for cartridges with interchangeable mcdantim.com
aluminum and galvanized material; collets.
Cross Country®, SAE®, and Vantage® McDantim will exhibit its TM2B450,
engine-driven welder platforms; Maryland Brush Co. B20105 TM4000-2, and TMA950-3 gas
orbital gas metal and gas tungsten arc marylandbrush.com systems. The TM2B450 provides a
welding solutions; and Power MIG® two-component mixture and delivers
210 MP and Square Wave™ TIG 200 450 ft3/h of both blends at the same
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108 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

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time. The TM4000-2 offers a two-
component gas blend up to 4000 ft3/h.
The TMA950-3 gives a three-
component gas blend up to 950 ft3/h.
MCR Safety
mcrsafety.com
Meccanica Ronzani Srl
meccanicaronzani.com
Mercer Industries
mercerindustries.com
Meta Vision Systems Inc.
meta­mvs.com
Metabo Corp.
metabousa.com
Metal Man Work Gear Co.
metalmangear.com
Metal Science Technologies
Pty. Ltd.
metalscience.com.au
Michigan Pneumatic Tool
Inc.
michiganpneumatic.com
FABTECH
Michigan Pneumatic Tool will offer its MK Products will showcase its Cobra-
MP-7775 Stubby, a 1⁄2-impact wrench matic product lines for gas metal arc
for maintenance and repair. It is light- welding, orbital welding, and aircrafter
weight with an ergonomically turntables.
designed composite motor housing, a
B25107 friction ring anvil, and a slender 98- Morris Precision B37068
mm profile for tight spaces. Technology Co. Ltd.
ioxygen.com
B31097 Micro Air B20087
microaironline.com Morris Precision will present its 100-
fL flowmeter regulator with an
B37061 Midalloy B33043 accurate flow rate and precise machin-
midalloy.com ing diameter. It features a relief valve
design for safe operation as well as a
B32073 Miller Electric B19037, B23034 piston design with a presetting outlet
Mfg Co. pressure at 3.5 BAR.
millerwelds.com
B31073 Motoyuki Co. Ltd. C41409
Miller Electric will highlight its motoyuki.co.jp
ArcReach family of products, including
B37019 power sources, engine drives, feeders, Movex Inc. C41201
and remotes. This technology allows movexinc.com
operators to make parameter changes
B37009 at the weld joint without a control MPM Products Inc. B20107
cord, resulting in improved productiv- mpmproducts.com
ity, safety, and quality.
MSC Software B36073
B21100 MK Products Inc. B31013 mscsoftware.com
mkproducts.com

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 109
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FABTECH
MTA­USA LLC B31105 stud-weldable, one-piece port stud, Tools Plant
mta­usa.com which eliminates leaks, reduces labor, iweldproducts.com
and saves on cost. It is certified with hy-
Multi­Contact USA B27083 drostatic testing to 20,000 psi as well as Ningbo Starex Welding & B28098
multi­contact­usa.com configured to SAE J514 and J1453. Cutting Tech Technologies
starexweld.com
Multimet SP Z.o.o. C41219 Neuman Aluminium C41542
multimet.com.pl/en/ Impact Extrusion Inc. Nodha Industrial Technology B26083
neumanusa.com Wuxi Co. Ltd.
NASA Technology Transfer B33090 nodha.com
Program New Fire Co. Ltd. C41326
technology.nasa.gov newfire.biz Norton|Saint­Gobain B33035
nortonabrasives.com
Nation Wide Products B27082 Newland (Tianjin) Welding B29090
nationwide­products.com Wire and Metal Products Co. Ltd. Norton will unveil its Norton Rapid
groco.cn Prep™ XHD nonwoven coarse and
National Ornamental & B27104 medium discs designed to blend
Miscellaneous Metals Association Ningbo Kimpin Industrial B28090 surfaces as well as remove weld lines,
nomma.org Pte. Ltd. splatter, and discoloration. The coarse
kimpin.com disc is suitable for steels, whereas the
National Standard B31049 medium disc is ideal for softer
nationalstandard.com Ningbo Nisten Enterprise B31106 metals/alloys.
Co. Ltd.
Nederman LLC B17049 hotspring­brush.com Novarc Technologies Inc. B29105
B17049 novarctech.com
Ningbo Powerway Alloy B27085
Nelson Stud Welding Inc. B33010 Material Co. Ltd. Novarc Technologies will display its
nelsonstudwelding.com pwalloy.com spool welding robot (SWR), which
works alongside humans for process
Nelson Stud Welding will introduce its Ningbo Qisheng Welding B30103 pipe welding. It is developed specifi-
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
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110 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

triangle engineering.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:40 AM Page 111

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donaldson.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:25 AM Page 112

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EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 113

FABTECH
cally for industrial pipe fabrication Oxylance Inc. B26072 class; long life; cool grinds to not burn
shops in the oil and gas, shipbuild- oxylance.com the workpiece; grains remain sharp
ing, and wastewater industries. The through entire life of the wheel; and
SWR requires 8  4 in. of pipe space Pador Marketing Group B31087 consistent grinding. Available in
and features laser-based distance pador.com November 2017.
control and seam tracking.
Panasonic Factory Solutions B23037 Pemamek Oy Ltd. B21098
Octopuz Inc. B37037 Co. of America pemamek.com
octopuz.com panasonicfa.com
Pemamek will showcase its new Pema
Olympus B17033 Panjin Tiangong Precision C41223 assembly and welding station, an effi-
olympus­ims.com Casting Co. Ltd. cient solution for heavy tubular as-
tglostwax.com sembling. It combines rollerbeds, a
Olympus will introduce its Epoch 6LT manipulator, and WeldControl system
portable flaw detector developed for PDS Bartech Inc. B31103 while providing high welding quality
one-handed operation and rope access pdsbartech.com and production efficiency.
applications. Weighing 1.95 lb, the er-
gonomic detector minimizes wrist fa- Pearl Abrasive Co. B27079 PFERD Inc. B17025
tigue. Its bright, 5.7-in. display offers pearlabrasive.com pferdusa.com
an outdoor mode for improved visibil-
ity in difficult lighting conditions, and Pearl will exhibit its Redline™ CBT™ Phoenix International Inc. B32040
an icon-based menu provides software (ceramic bonded technology) de- dryrod.com
access. pressed center grinding wheel, a non-
fused ceramic aluminum oxide that is Phoenix will highlight its wall storage
OR Lasertechnology Inc. B35037 strong and durable. It is also a very rack for three 14- or 18-in. safetube
or­laser.com fine crystalline structure, which allows canisters with safetubes sold separate-
for microfracturing of the abrasive ly and mounting screws not included.
OTC DAIHEN Inc. B27008 grain. The grains perform well on
daihen­USA.com stainless steel. Features include faster PITTARC Welding Wires B37042
stock removal vs. aluminum oxide and pittarc.pittini.it
zirconia radial flap discs in the same

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 113

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 114

FABTECH
Plasma Automation Inc. B27061 for aluminum helps fabricators improve PROTEM will have its US25GL saddle
plasma­automation.com weld quality in GMAW and GTAW; the pipe beveling machine. The portable
proprietary blend of argon has precisely unit will perform repeatable, high-
plasmo USA LLC B33054 controlled parts per million additions of quality weld preparations on all types
plasmo­us.com active gases. of materials, including carbon and
stainless steel, plus various alloys such
Polymet Corp. B32070 Precitec Inc. B24104 as duplex, super duplex, Inconel®, and
polymet.us precitec.us aluminum.

Praxair Inc. B23049 Preco Inc. B28105 PushCorp Inc. B34069

praxairdirect.com precoinc.com pushcorp.com

Praxair will feature its ProStar™ Lancer Preston­Eastin Inc. B32037 Pyro Shield Inc. B28067
Series CNC plasma cutting systems that prestoneastin.com pyroshield.com
offer a solution for the steel processing
needs of light fabricators, job shops, Pro Spot International C41307 Qingdao Everbest Trading B31107
HVAC, and sign companies as well as prospot.com Co. Ltd.
artists and hobbyists. With cut dimen-
sions of 4  4 or 4  8 ft, PRS4 and proAutomation LLC B24110 Rasco FR B27067
PRS8 CNC cutting systems provide the proautomationusa.com rascofr.com
ability to process carbon steel, stainless
steel plate, and more. With cut dimen- Production Design Services B35035 Resistance Welding Machine B37021
sions of 4  8, 5  10, or 6  12 ft, the Inc. & Accessory
PRS48, PRS51, and PRS62 CNC cutting pdsicorp.com resweld.com
systems also provide the same ability.
Additionally, the Stargon™ VS welding PROFAX/LENCO B17042 Resistance Welding Machine & Acces-
blend helps improve throughput; the profax­lenco.com sory will display its enhanced nut
proprietary blend of argon, helium, and welding holder with part load and
carbon dioxide meets the demands of PROTEM USA LLC B25100 guide pin sensor. The product im-
GMAW. The Stargon™ AL welding blend protemusa.com proves quality by ensuring parts are

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114 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
mercer tools.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:34 AM Page 115

See us at FABTECH booth B37061

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ck worldwide.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:23 AM Page 116

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EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 117

loaded over guide pin, and helps pre- Motoman’s new six-axis HC10 robot.
vent misalignment from winking nuts It works safely with or in close proxim-
being loaded onto your stamping. The ity to humans by stopping the robot in
sensor prevents the welding of upside the event of contact with an operator.
down, incorrect, or missing nuts. Use Dual torque sensors in all joints con-
with any 201, 301, or 401 Series weld stantly monitor force to quickly react
head or stud welding application. to contact. It is designed to eliminate
Standard bolt hole patterns allow for operator pinch points while through-
seamless installation on most weld fix- arm utilities hide cabling and increase
tures with no rework required. safety by reducing the risks of snag-
ging or interference with other equip-
Rex­Cut Abrasives B34025 ment. The robot utilizes Easy Teach
rexcut.com software and offers a 10-kg payload
with a 1200-mm reach.
Rhodius USA B35025
beveltools.com RoboVent B19049
robovent.com
RIDGID B35066
ridgid.com RPB Safety LLC B29087
rpbsafety.com
RIMCO Rotator B20082
rimcorotator.com RWMA – Resistance Welding Hall C
Manufacturing Alliance
Rite Hite Machine Guarding B31064 aws.org/rwma
ritehite.com
The RWMA is a network of industry
Robotic Automation B37000 professionals and corporate leaders
roboticautomation.com that fosters advances in resistance
welding technologies, while support-
Robotic Automation will have Yaskawa ing the highest technical standards for
FABTECH
the industry. RWMA educates the
manufacturing community in the new
technologies as well as in existing re-
sistance welding processes. RWMA
sponsors the Emmet A. Craig Resist-
ance Welding School, an intensive two-
day course about the basics of resist-
ance welding. The school takes place
each year at FABTECH and is designed
to give operators, production supervi-
sors, engineers, and others the oppor-
tunity to further their knowledge in
the theory, applications, and equip-
ment used in resistance welding.
Saf­T­Cart Inc. B23061
saftcart.com
Sakura of America B37054
sakuraofamericaindustrial.com
Sandvik Materials B25079
Technology
smt.sandvik.com
Sanpo Publications Inc. C41507
sanpo­pub­co.jp
SanRex Corp. B28082
sansha.co.jp

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OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 117

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/15/17 4:40 PM Page 118
FABTECH
The Sanmig 400M will be exhibited. It
is designed to withstand today’s
portable industrial welding machine
environment. Small and lightweight,
the product is built for welding with
GMA and flux cored wires, SMA, GTA,
and carbon arc gouging. Each function
is marked by a symbol and LED. It in-
cludes a digital A/V meter, remote
control capabilities, and voltage reduc-
tion circuit as well as a Sanfeed Sky 4,
four-roll wire feeder, interconnect coax
cable assembly, 350-A GMA gun, work
lead with clamp, regulator/flowmeter,
and running gear/cylinder rack.
Saru Silver Alloy Private B21082
Limited
sarusilver.com
Schweissen & Schneiden B25083
schweissen­schneiden.com
Seedorff Acme Corp. B25110
seedorffacme.com
Seit Elettronica C41412
seitelettronica.it
THEE STEPPED
WEDGGE & GAUGE
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
TH
HE PIPE FABRICATORS
A T SOURCE TM
See us at FABTECH booth B29074
118 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
Sellstrom Manufacturing Co. B31006 Seventy Eight Co. Ltd. B28106
sellstrom.com
Shandong Aotai Electric B23099
Serimax Holdings B20084 Co. Ltd.
serimax.com aotaiwelding.com
Serimax Holdings will exhibit its latest Shandong Juli Welding B37034
equipment developments for optimal, Co. Ltd.
accurate, and rapid measurement of chinatungstens.com,
pipe end dimensions along with soft- tungsten­world.com
ware analysis, including pipe end-to-
end fit-up and pipeline sorting. Also, Shandong Juli Welding will showcase
the CleverScan will be highlighted. its stud nut welding electrode, copper
This laser profiling and user-friendly tungsten welding contact tips, micro
software solution ensures a trouble- spot welding electrode, spot welding
free sorting and fit-up of your pipes. It head, and hot bar refractory metal-
checks pipe–end dimensions with ad- faced, seam sealing welding roller, as
vanced analysis to propose solutions. well as tungsten electrodes.
The new edition features 360-deg
bevel measurement. This reinforces Shandong Yanggu C41605
the reliability of quality controls for Jingyanggang Investment
demanding requests, namely clad Casting Co. Ltd.
pipelines and steel catenary risers, jygcasting.com
where root pass welding is impacted
by the quality of the bevel itself. Shanghai Hugong Electric B27094
Group Co. Ltd.
Servo­Robot Inc. B32034 hugongwelds.com
servo­robot.com
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 119

FABTECH
Shanghai Mealer Welding B20109 Shenzhen Huayilong Electric B31108 SMA Abrasives USA LLC B28104
Equipment Co. Ltd. Co. Ltd. smaabrasives.com
welldo­weld.com
Shenzhen Huayilong Electric will show SMC Corp. of America B27110
Shanghai Mealer Welding Equipment its PM-500DP that’s reliable for heavy smcusa.com
will highlight its 3-in-1 synergic MIG- industrial usage, offering 500-A out-
250S, powered by 240 V and designed put current with 100% duty cycle, sta- Soph Inc. B29108
for professional use with functions ble and powerful arcs, useful welding soph­inc.com
like 2T/4T and synergic control at a performance, and no spatter or need
do-it-yourself price. Product features for polishing after welding. Southern Copper & Supply B17030
include multiprocesses from GMA to southerncopper.com
GTA; synergic control of GMA voltage, Sideros Engineering Srl B17046
current, and wire speed; a wire-check siderosengineering.com/index/en Southern Stud Weld Inc. B24108
function; adjustable arc-force control; studweld.com
LED display; both gas and gasless Sir Meccanica SpA B32097
welding; protection of over heat, over sirmeccanica.com Special Metals Welding B33023
voltage, and over current; nylon front Products Co.
casing; and 15-kg wire spool. Sirectifier Electronics C41518 specialmetalswelding.com
Technology Corp. of Jiangsu
Shenyang Machine Tool C41630 sirectifier.net SPECTRO Analytical C41210
Xifeng Foundry Co. Ltd. Instruments
syyfzz.com Sirectifier Electronics will feature its spectro.com
dual IGBT with FRD modules, both 34
Shenyang Zhongde Tools C41516 mm in width and 62 mm with an IGBT Stainless Structurals LLC C41134
Co. Ltd. package, as well as up to 150 A for a sss.us.com
zondetools.com 34-mm package and 400 A for a 62-
mm package. Steelmax Tools B29066
Shenzhen Donrun Welding B25084 steelmax.com
Equipment Co. Ltd.

SAAVVE
V THE DAATTE
TE
2018
8 RWMA AN
NNUAL MEETING
e, St. Petersburg, FL
Vinoy Renaissance
F
Februar y 28 – March 2nd, 2018 (WED-FRIDA
th
AY
Y)
Hotel reservations are now available for the 2018 RWMA Annual Meeting at the Vinoy Renaissance in
St. Petersburg, FL.
This marks the third time in the past five years that our meeting will be held at the iconic venue
downtown in conjunction with W WEMCO.
Warm weather and sunny skies are expected, so reserve your hotel room soon to ensure your Winter
Florida getaway.
As usual, the group's discountedd rate will be honored for three days both before and after the meeting.
Hotel reservations link: https://aaws.passkeyy..com/event/49142698/owner/6106/home

Visit www
w..aws.orrgg/r
/rwmaa for more details.

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 119

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 120
FABTECH
Steelmax Tools will introduce a new
pipe beveling technology with its
MPB26 and APB32 portable pipe
beveling machines. These designs in-
corporate rotary milling heads with re-
placeable carbide inserts producing
consistent, accurate weld preparation.
The 26 model is a manual pipe beveller
that can bevel pipe diameters from 6
to 26 in. The 32 model is a self-pro-
pelled pipe beveller that can bevel pipe
diameters 10 in. and larger. Both ma-
chines can produce bevel widths up to
¾ in. in a single pass and are continu-
ously adjustable between 0 and 45 deg.
An optional speed control for milling
hard material is also available. These
machines create consistent machined
quality bevels in minutes.
Steiner Industries B33046
steinerindustries.com
Stor­Loc Corp. C41205
storloc.com
Strong Hand Tools B35010
stronghandtools.com
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
120 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
Strong Hand Tools will highlight its Suhner Industrial Products B35022
Strong Grip® Big MouthTM pliers that Inc.
have 4-adjustment slots so users can suhner­abrasive­expert.com
instantly adjust the jaws for holding
capacities from ¼ to 3 in. The Pipe Fit- Sumig USA Corp. B35059
Up Clamp is a lightweight clamp for sumigusa.com
the quick fit-up of round pipes for butt
joint welding. Choose from two mod- Sumner Manufacturing Co. B32061
els, for the fit-up of pipes 2–4 in. in di- LLC
ameter and 4–5.5 in. in diameter. The sumner.com
MagTab Jumbo is useful for tight-spot
holding and provides a safe alternative Superior Abrasives LLC B37052
to holding small metal stock with your superiorabrasives.com
finger for tack welding; create light
duty, 2- and 3-axis setups. The new Superior Joining B34071
Rhino Cart® mobile fixturing station is Technologies Inc.
a mobile turnkey system for fixturing superiorjt.com
and clamping in welding and fabrica-
tion. The package includes the welding Surface Engineering Alloy Co. C41133
table, 66-piece clamp, and component surfaceengineering.com
fixturing kit.
T. J. Snow B17000
STUAA Automation C41217 tjsnow.com
(Qingdao) Co. Ltd.
stuaa.com T. J. Snow will feature its Tecna MFDC
Welder, press type resistance welding
Sturbridge Metallurgical B37020 machine, useful in spot and projection
Services welding applications. The TE700 con-
smslabs.com trol has six working modes available,
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
olympus.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:37 AM Page 121

For Info, go to aws.org/ad­index

west chester.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:44 AM Page 122

See us at FABTECH booth B35049

For Info, go to aws.org/ad­index
EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 123

FABTECH
including automatic compensation for Tandi International Co. Ltd. C41208 Tianjin Jinlong Welding B27096
tip wear. This machinery also comes Material Co. Ltd.
standard with pressure switch, pro- Taylor­Winfield Technologies B32042 jinlongweld.com
grammable air, flow indicators, and Inc.
flow water switch. In addition, the taylor­winfield.com Tianjin Xinsen Welding B28099
company’s nut verification system for Materials Co. Ltd.
resistance welding nuts ensures proper Team Industries Inc. B18033 xinsenwelding.com
orientation and projection collapse. It weldpositioner.com
has two modes to accommodate any Tiger­Vac USA Inc. B32103
machine and eight setting variations. TEC Welding Products B31022 tiger­vac.com
The EN6001 control offers an updated tectorch.com
LCD interface along with constant cur- Tiger-Vac will display its TV-1195 roll-
rent, current monitoring, external Techniweld USA B28074 out portable fume extractor designed
schedule select, and improved elec- techniweldusa.com to eliminate welding fumes at the
trode management functions, plus the source. It offers two-stage filtration
option to keep your existing TECMEN Electronics Co. Ltd. B23091 and HEPA filter efficiency of 99% on
EN1000/1001 enclosure. tecmen.com 0.5 microns. Also included are a spark
trap metallic filter and filter blockage
Tab and Slot LLC C41339 TECNA SpA B27107 indicator light, with optional dust ex-
weldtables.com tecna.net traction arms and mounting plates.
It’s available in single- and three-phase
Taipan Canada B20100 Tersura Abrasives Co. Ltd. B32104 voltages, low pressure/high flow rates
taipancanada.com tersura.cn of 1200 ft3/min, and all electrical com-
ponents are recognized or certified UL
Taipan Canada will exhibit its Platinum Thermco Instrument Corp. B26070 or CSA.
Twin-Flap Disc. This double-sided disc thermco.com
allows users to complete two process Tip Tig USA LLC B21103
applications, such as grinding and fin- Thermion Inc. B33084 tiptigusa.com
ishing, with the same product. thermioninc.com

EMMET A. CRAIG RESISTANCE WELDING SCHOOL

November 8–9, 2017 / McCormick Place / Chicago, Illinois
Each year, leaders in the resistance welding industry join to conduct the Emmit A. Craig Resistance Welding
School. The 2017 school will be held November 8–9, during FABTECH 2017.
This two-day annual program is the only one of its kind, taught by seasoned professionals from within the
resistance welding industry. The program sessions offer participants a comprehensive overview of resistance
welding, aided by actual demonstrations, encouraging hands-on participation.
• Have some parts you want to discuss? Bring them!
• Have some problems you want to brainstorm? Bring them!
• Have associates who need to improve or further their knowledge of resistance welding? Bring them!

Sign Up today to experience the unrivaled industry education and networking

this event offers at go.aws.org/RWMA2017

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 123

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 124
FABTECH
Tip Tig will highlight its new, all-in-
one compact design that includes a
patented wire agitation feeder system
and hot wire inverter for preheating
the wire. The unit weighs 75 lb and
connects to a common 120-V power
receptacle. It’s useful for fabrication,
maintenance and repair, HVAC, con-
struction, farm/ranch, and piping ap-
plications.
Top Cat Air Tools B34047
tcservice.com
Trendex Inc. B27071
trendexsys.com
Trendex will feature its credit card
module that allows the use of cus-
tomer profiles and vaults to safely
store and charge credit cards, which
helps avoid double entry while flowing
directly to your accounts receivable.
Working with authorize.net means the
company can work with the majority
of credit card providers.
Tri Tool Inc. B33013
tritool.com
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
124 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
Tri Tool will show the patented design
of the Trimax® machining system,
making it a safe clamshell lathe. The
product provides speed, strength, and
stability for demanding machining ap-
plications. Its new split-frame machin-
ing system has been designed to deliv-
er high performance and dependabili-
ty, combined with operator safety.
Tru­Fit Products Tru­Weld
truweldstudwelding.com
Tru-Fit Products Tru-Weld will exhibit
the SC1100. It enables stud welding
with long cables in a portable machine,
bringing convenience and ease of use.
Also, it’s capable of welding up to 5⁄8-in.
studs.
Trystar Inc.
trystar.com
TURCK Inc.
turck.com
TWI North America LLC
twi­global.com
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
Tyrolit Industrial Abrasives B35064
tyrolit.com
U­Mark Inc. B37047
umarkers.com
U-Mark will show its Metalhead® 2 re-
fillable paint marker. The spring loaded
ball point tip produces thick, bright
marks that will not chip or fade, while
B35056 the classic 2-oz squeezable plastic bottle
is refillable. It permanently marks on
tough surfaces such as concrete, damp
lumber, rusty, and greasy metals.
UltraTech International Inc. B21083
tacticalwelder.com
UltraTech will highlight its tactical weld-
ing tool, a portable unit that’s battery
B25091 powered with no cords, cables, or gener-
ators necessary. It’s powered by a 528-
Wh lithium ion battery pack, offers a
B20090 compact size and weight, and is capable
of producing a weld that meets AWS
D1.1 structural steel requirements
B30070 based on face bend and root bend test-
ing using the included feed gun with
0.035-in. flux cored wire and argon gas
on a ⅜-in. steel plate.
EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:08 PM Page 125

FABTECH
United Abrasives Inc./SAIT B33002 play its True Hole system with Hyper- Walter Surface Technologies B35013
unitedabrasives.com therm’s XPR300 now available on the walter.com
product. This plasma cutter features
Universal Robots USA Inc. B25094 new internal technology and a large Walter Surface Technologies will offer
universal­robots.com coolant pump, enabling it to do virtu- its Flexsteel™ multipurpose flap disc
ally the same work as an HPR400XD for heavy stock removal, rough blend-
Uniweld Products Inc. B33052 with 100 A less. A vented water injec- ing, and deburring. The product can be
uniweld.com tion uses a water curtain when cutting used on all metals. A cold cure manu-
nonferrous materials to provide good facturing process eliminates abrasive
Uweld Technologies Co. Ltd. B30092 cuts, particularly on stainless steel and grain dry out and curl up. It’s built
uweldtech.com aluminum. The patent-pending with a zirconia alumina blend that self
process has vented N2 plasma and an sharpens with less pressure.
VDM Metals USA LLC B37011 H2O shield. Advantages include
vdm­metals.com square edges, reduced angularity, and Washington Alloy Co. B29049
ideal surface finish. weldingwire.com
VDM Metals will feature its cobalt-
chrome alloys, corrosion-resistant al- Vitronic Machine Vision B37073 Weiler Abrasives Group B23058
loys, super alloys, and special stainless vitronic.com weilercorp.com
steels. With the company’s production
process, it can offer a wide variety of Vladimir Plant of Precision C41218 Weiler Abrasives Group will exhibit its
particle sizes and particle size distri- Alloys Tiger Aluminum wheels for high per-
butions. vlzps.ru formance cutting and grinding on alu-
minum. They blend abrasive grains
Veroine LLC B37029 voestalpine Bohler Welding B27055 with the company’s nonloading formu-
veroine.com USA Inc. la, resulting in a fast, consistent cut
voestalpine.com/welding rate. The Tiger Ceramic cutting, grind-
Victory CNC Plasma Systems B35073 ing, and combo wheels maximize your
victoryplasma.com VSM Abrasives Corp. B37067 time on the job with a combination of
us.vsmabrasives.com life and cut rate. Self sharpening and
Victory CNC Plasma Systems will dis-
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 125

EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/15/17 11:20 AM Page 126
FABTECH
cool cutting, ceramic grain removes
material while a hard bond keeps
working longer. The Roughneck Max
stringer bead wheels are 4-in. carbon
steel and stainless steel brushes that
deliver 40% more cleaning power and
require less pressure to clean with. The
Tiger Bobcat mini 2- and 3-in. flap
discs are a threaded button mount in
addition to an arbor mount for more
versatility to fit hub pad styles. These
discs are for smooth grinding and en-
hanced conformability in tight areas.
In addition, the company has five new
RFD products — Tiger Ceramic, Zirc,
and Aluminum, plus Wolverine Zirc
and Aluminum Oxide — to provide an
aggressive cut rate.
Weld Engineering Co. B21025
weldengineering.com
Weld Engineering will show its new
HPFR-3000-H300/H300 subarc pres-
sure feed and recover system that uses
a low-profile, 300-lb tank. The height
is reduced for ease of accessibility for
loading flux. The product has a FTV-
3000 auto flux transfer valve and low
level sensor. To complete the system
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
126 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
for installation, users must add the provide proof of resistance weld in-
vacuum system (extreme duty MM- tegrity. It provides storage for online
3000X or MM-5000X, or heavy duty access to more than a year’s produc-
SPS-3000 or SPS-5000), plus other ac- tion data. The unit is an easy add-on
cessories. The hopper and tank are to new or existing products from the
also heated to keep moisture out of company.
the stored flux.
Welder Training & Testing C41533
Weld Pride USA for B24092 Institute
Weldbrush wtti.com
Weld Systems Integrators B33071 Welding Alloys USA B32021
Inc. welding­alloys.com
wsiweld.com
Welding Alloys USA will display its WA
Weld­Aid Products B31010 electrodes. A wide range of hard-facing
weldaid.com electrodes are now available.
Weldas Co. LLC B31025 Weldobot Technologies Inc. C41236
weldasusa.com
Weldobot Technologies will exhibit its
Weldcoa B32006 SuperMIG hybrid welding system
weldcoa.com based on combining two welding
processes: plasma arc and GMAW. The
WeldComputer B32066 system is globally patent protected
weldcomputer.com and used for automated welding facili-
ties. Its torch design maximizes the
The WeldComputer® Weld Data Bridge benefits of each individual process; the
will be highlighted. This product plasma torch is placed in front of the
makes it easier for manufacturers to GMAW wire, offering the removal of
Visit us at FABTECH Chicago
in Booth B37045
Global leader for supplying products for
the control, storage and transmission of
high-pressure gases to the industrial
medical and specialty gas markets.
Quick. Easy. Reliable
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
Tel: 800-783-7890
Twitter us at handle@gascontrols
www.WesternEnterprises.com
EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 5:09 PM Page 127
contaminants and coatings in addition
to creating a key hole, which allows for
the GMAW wire to get below the mate-
rial surface, resulting in deeper weld
penetration. An adjustable magnetic
field enhances the process stability by
controlling the interaction of the two
welding arcs.
Weldsale LLC B32025
weldsale.com
WELDTEX Inc. B32091
WELDTEX will show its Advanced
Welding Lathe that uses a new ap-
proach to program and control multi-
layer overlays of circumferential welds.
Welds are divided in multiple rotary
segments, where each segment has
specific process variables (weld, wire
pulsation, AVC, and travel). Main fea-
tures include 100-A power supply inte-
grated with axis and AVC controls,
synchronized pulsation of weld cur-
rent and wire feed speed controlled by
software, axis control, welds divided in
multiple segments based on encoder
position, and programming MMI
screens.
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
See us at FABTECH booth A2943
FABTECH
Welker Engineered Products B37031 Winking Abrasives Co. Ltd. B24084
welkerproducts.com winkingde.com
Welker will feature its RMP micro pins Winking Abrasives will exhibit its Pe-
that are useful for small, lightweight gatec Beowulf grinding disc for high
parts with minimal side load. They metal stock removal. The product has
have hard anodized aluminum con- an angle design on the side edge,
struction and weld spatter resistant which can help to reach the welding
coating. Change-out pins are available corner, and an extra 8 mm thickness
in 3–12 mm diameter. The pins in- can provide 35% more durability on
clude weld-field immune solid state metal grinding.
switches and weigh 1.3 lb.
Winner Tungsten Products B20108
Wendt USA LLC B31034 Co. Ltd.
wendtusa.com wqtb.com
Wenzhou Essen Welding B30097 Winnox Industries Ltd. B30091
Equipment Co. Ltd. winnox­weld.com
cnessen.com
Wire Wizard Welding ProductsB35018
Wenzhou Xidin Electronics B29092 wire­wizard.com
Technology Co. Ltd.
xidin.com Wire Wizard® Welding Products will
display its expanded PowerBall® indus-
West Chester Protective Gear B35049 trial GMA gun product line to include
westchestergear.com a new fixed automation torch and high
Western Enterprises B37045 performance robotic goosenecks, as
westernenterprises.com well as a new submerged arc torch fea-
turing the product’s contact tip design.
Utilizing a patented consumables de-
MEGAFLO GLASS
™
NOZZLES
WT-20 Shown
(250 Amps -
Water Cooled)
• Better weld visibility
• Maximum weld zone protection
• Light weight with replaceable screens
From the company who introduced clear glass
nozzles to TIG welding . . . comes Megaflo™
The Megaflo™ nozzles provide complete weld zone
protection for critical welding of reactive metals
such as titanium, molybdenum, nickel and
stainless alloys.
Available for 1/16, 3/32 and 1/8 electrode sizes and useable on
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
most hand held or machine TIG torches. Order individually by
electrode size or in handy kits for all three electrode sizes.
Order yours today! Contact your welding products distributor or
TEC Welding Products at (760)747-3700, info@tectorch.com
TEC Welding Products Inc. ©TEC Welding Products 2015
See us at FABTECH booth B31022
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 127
EH 2017 Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/15/17 4:10 PM Page 128
FABTECH
sign, the guns are engineered to pro-
vide maximum conductivity with in-
creased consumable life. The semiau-
tomatic welding guns feature an er-
gonomic handle with comfort grip and
adjustable trigger pull. A higher am-
perage output results in an energy-ef-
ficient gun that can handle challenging
welding applications. Higher conduc-
tivity and efficiency also means less
heat build-up in the gun, providing
cooling in high-duty cycle applications.
Wisconsin Wire Works Inc. B26107
wisconsinwireworks.com
WITT Gas Controls B37028
wittgas.us
WITT will showcase its dome pressure
regulator set, 737 HD LE/S. Features
include a balanced seat design further
enabling control precision, integrated
pilot pressure regulator and stainless
steel pressure gauges, no separate gas
supply required, closed system with a
self-relieving design, and glycerine-
filled manometer.
Wuhan Welhel Photoelectric B29099
Co. Ltd.
welhel.com
Wuxi Kenke Heavy Industry
Equipment Co. Ltd. B32085
kenketec.cn
Wuxi Ronniewell Machinery B30099
Equipment Co. Ltd.
ronniewell.com
American Welding Society®
aws.org
128 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
Wuxi Yincheng Science & B27100 tion that makes it adaptable to chang-
Technology Co. Ltd. ing production demands.
wuxiyc.com
York Portable Machine Tools B25068
Wuzhou Ally Protect Co. Ltd. B31098 yorkmachine.com
allyprotect.com
Zhejiang Changzheng Project B29098
Wuzhou will exhibit its FR split Carbon Electrodes Co. Ltd.
cowhide leather welding mat. Using czcarbon.com
this product can improve your sore
back, tired arms, tender elbows, and Zhejiang Jingwei Welding & B24094
aching knees. The supportive cushion- Cutting Technology Co. Ltd.
ing mat provides comfort when kneel- jingweitip.com,
ing, sitting, or leaning during long jwweld.en.alibaba.com
welding runs, while the flame-resis-
tant fiberglass cover resists sparks. Zhejiang Jinhua Cumet B23085
The open size is 410  480  55 mm. Abrasive Co. Ltd.
Yancheng DLD Welding B30094 Zhejiang Juba Welding C41508
Science and Technology Co. Ltd. Equipments Manufacturing Co. Ltd.
dld­welding.com jubaweld.com
Yaskawa America Inc. B17020 Zhejiang Poney Electric B28107
motoman.com Co. Ltd.
chinaponey.com
Yaskawa will display its ArcWorld® 2000
welding workcell, a modular solution for Zhejiang Seleno Science B27097
robotic welding of large workpieces. and Technology Co. Ltd.
Able to handle parts up to seleno.cn
5 m in width and payloads up to 6300
kg, it’s useful for jobs involving large Zhuji Shengjie Machinery C41328
parts or heavy deposition welding. The Co. Ltd.
workcell is configured with one or two zjshengjie.com
six-axis welding robots directed by the
DX200 controller with menu-driven arc ZJ Industries Inc. B33000
welding application software, an inte- zjindustriesinc.com
grated welding package, positioner(s),
operator interface, and safety barriers. Zormot International Inc. B20103
It easily scales from a single-station lay- zormot.com
out with a reduced floor space footprint
to a two-robot dual station configura-
BRING BRAND AWARENESS
TO YOUR COMPANY
By placing your product video
on the AWS website.
Contact AWS for more information at 800-443-9353
Sandra Jorgensen at Ext. 254 / email: sjorgensen@aws.org
Annette Delagrange at Ext. 332 / email: adelagrange@aws.org
oerlikon metco.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/8/17 10:36 AM Page 129

For Info, go to aws.org/ad­index

Coming Events - OCT.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 3:48 PM Page 130
COMING EVENTS
U.S., CANADA, MEXICO EVENTS
Advances in Manufacturing: Present and Future. Oct. 27.
Miami, Fla. A one-day workshop by the Advanced Materials
Engineering Research Institute (AMERI) at Florida Interna-
tional University highlights the latest advanced manufactur-
ing techniques. Workshops include lectures and demonstra-
tions on the current and future outlook of additive and sub-
tractive manufacturing, machining, thermal spray technolo-
gy, fast sintering, fiber-reinforced composite panel layup
and fabrication, and more. Visit ameri.fiu.edu.
National Robot Safety Conference. Oct. 10–12. Pittsburgh,
Pa. The premier robot safety event of the year, attracting en-
gineers, safety professionals, and others from a wide variety
of industries working with robots, robotic systems, and in-
dustrial safety. Visit robotics.org.
ICALEO. Oct. 22–26. Sheraton Atlanta Hotel, Atlanta, Ga.
The International Congress on Applications of Lasers and
Electro-Optics (ICALEO®) is viewed as the premier source of
technical information in the field. Laser industry profession-
als from academic and industrial settings will gather to dis-
cuss the latest in laser materials processing, laser micropro-
cessing, and nanomanufacturing. Topics range from the in-
teraction between a laser beam and a material to how a
process can be integrated and optimized for an application.
Visit lia.org/conferences/icaleo.
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
130 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
The Quality Show. Oct. 24–26. Donald E. Stephens Conven-
tion Center, Rosemont, Ill. Trade show focusing exclusively
on quality manufacturing. Engineers and managers respon-
sible for quality in the manufacturing process for automo-
tive, aerospace, consumer products, electronics, medical de-
vices, and machinery will have the chance to tour the show
floor, attend sessions, and network. Visit qualityshow.com.
The Assembly Show. Oct. 24–26. Donald E. Stephens Con-
vention Center, Rosemont, Ill. Three days of educational ses-
sions, exhibitors, industry professionals including buyers
and users of assembly equipment, products and services in
manufacturing plants, keynote speakers, and networking re-
ceptions. Visit theassemblyshow.com.
Zinc and Zinc Alloys: Global Harmonization and New Alloys.
Nov. 13. Atlanta, Ga. ASTM International’s committee on
nonferrous metals will host this free workshop in conjunc-
tion with committee meetings. The workshop will review
changes that were made to ASTM International’s zinc and
zinc die casting alloy standards. Anyone unable to attend in
person can virtually participate by emailing Leah Kelly at
lkelly@astm.org.
Collaborative Robots & Advanced Vision Conference. Nov.
15, 16. San Jose, Calif. Includes two in-depth innovative
tracks highlighting the latest robotic and vision trends. Visit
robotics.org.
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index
Coming Events - OCT.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 3:49 PM Page 131

Power Gen International. Dec. 5–7. Las Vegas Convention

Center, Las Vegas, Nev. This event brings together over
20,000 industry professionals to visit with more than 1400
exhibitors. Visit power-gen.com.

INTERNATIONAL EVENTS

China Chongqing Machine Tool Show. Nov. 13–16.

Chongqing International Expo Center, Yubei, Chongqing,
China. The Association for Manufacturing Technology and
the China Machine Tool and Tool Builders’ Association pres-
ent this expo to showcase the latest manufacturing technol-
ogy and bring buyers and sellers together from all over the
world. Visit imts.com.

ASCCS 2018 Advances in Steel­Concrete Composite Struc­

tures. June 27–29, 2018. Valencia, Spain. The conference is
intended to provide a forum to discuss the recent progress
and advances in the research, design, and practice of steel-

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

concrete composites as well as hybrid structures. Visit
asccs2018.webs.upv.es.

EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES

Advanced Fundamentals & Brazing by Design. Philadelphia,

Pa. Two-and-a-half days of classes covering the essential the-
See us at FABTECH booth B35000

Brought to you by

■ Removes
contaminants from
compressed air
■ Eliminates
arc-sputter
■ Prolongs life
of electrodes
■ Cleaner, faster,
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For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

■ Ask your
supplier for a
Motor Guard Filter

MOTOR GUARD CORPORATION

(800) 227-2822
www.motorguardplasma.com
See us at FABTECH booth B37020
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 131
Coming Events - OCT.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 3:49 PM Page 132
oretical aspects of brazing technology combined with real-life
applications and case studies. Visit lucasmilhaupt.com.
ASME Section IX Course. Classes held in New Orleans, La.,
Dec. 11–13; Las Vegas, Nev., March 5–7, 2018; Houston,
Tex., June 18–20, 2018. Visit asme.org or contact Marian
Hess, (212) 591-7161.
Brazing Training Seminars. Three-day intensive training
programs in all aspects of brazing, from fundamentals to
advanced concepts. Covers furnace, torch, induction, and
dip brazing of aluminum, titanium, super alloys, and ceram-
ics. Classes held Oct. 3–5, Spartanburg, South Carolina; and
Nov. 14–16, Simsbury, Conn. Contact Kay & Associates at
dan.kay@kaybrazing.com or call (860) 651-5595.
Business Electronics Soldering Technology. Classes held in
Chicago, Ill.; Detroit, Mich.; Minneapolis, Minn.; Cleveland,
Ohio; and Huntsville, Ala., or can be coordinated onsite at
your facility. Contact BEST at (847) 797-9250 to register.
Certified Welding Inspector/Educator Prep Courses and
Endorsement Seminars. Allentown, Pa. Six-day prep courses
begin Nov. 13. Single-day D1.1/D1.5/API endorsements be-
gin Nov. 16. CWI/CWE and endorsement exams are given
Nov. 19. Contact Welder Training and Testing Institute, Tra-
cy Wiswesser, (610) 820-9551, ext. 204; wtti.com.
Certified Welding Inspector Preparation Course. Germany.
Nov 27–Dec. 7. The exam will be given right after the com-
pletion of the course on Dec. 8. Contact Georg Wackerbauer
American Welding Society®
PUBLICAATTIONS
aws.org
Yoour oppportunity to
t reach 36,000
welding g inspectioon professionals
iss a phone call
c away.
Inspecttion Trreends is the one resource welding
inspection pprofessionals count on for practical advice,
techniquees and the latest technology in the field.
Advertisse in Inspection Tr
Treends and experience
exclusive aaccess to thousannds of qualified buyers in
the inspection and testing
t industry.
A phoone call can makee all the difference.
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Sandrra Jorgensen / Ext: 254
Annettte Delagrange / Ext: 332
132 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
at wackerbauer@slv-muenchen.de or Uwe Aschemeier at
uwe@sgsdiving.com.
E­Courses in Destructive and Nondestructive Testing of
Welds and Other Welding­Related Topics. Online video
courses taken at one’s own pace offer certificates of comple-
tion and continuing education units. Contact Hobart Insti-
tute of Welding Technology; (800) 332-9448;
welding.org/product-category/online-courses/.
ESAB Welding and Cutting Distributor Instructor­Led
Training. Year-round training at Denton, Tex.; West
Lebanon, N.H.; Traverse City, Mich.; Hanover, Pa.; and Salt
Lake City, Utah. Online e-Learning training available at
training.victortechnologies.com, email trainingteam@esab.com.
European Modern Furnace Brazing School. Oct. 17–19. Pon-
tardawe, Wales, UK. Wall Colmonoy presents a three-day
seminar offering knowledge and practical application on
brazing design, metallurgical aspect/brazing operation,
brazing atmosphere and furnace equipment, brazing
material selection and applications, and quality control.
Contact brazingschool@wallcolmonoy.co.uk or call
+44 (0) 1792 860 622.
GE Industrial Computed Tomography (CT) Operator Course.
Learn to operate the 3D technology that is becoming more
prominent in industrial quality control and metrology.
Lewistown, Pa., (315) 554-2039; geinspectionacademy.com.
Hypertherm Cutting Institute Online. Includes video tutori-
American Welding Society®
STTAANDARDS
aws.org
THE LA
ATTEST RELEASES
ARE HERE!
The AWS Volunteer Committees woork tirelessly to ensure AWS
Standards remain at the forefront of
o advancements in welding
technology. Each month, new or reevised standards are featured
on the AWS Bookstore website.
This month’s featured releases include:
 D1.6/D1.6M:2017, Structural We
e
elding Code–Stainless Steel
 C3.12M/C3.12:2017, Specificatio
on for Furnace Soldering
 C4.2/C4.2M:2017, Recommende
ed Practices for Oxyfuel Gas
Cutting Toorch Operation
 C7.4/C7.4M:2017, Process Spec
cification and Operator
Qualification for Laser Beam Weeld
lding

 C2.16/C2.16M:2017, Guide for Thermal
T Spray Operator
Qualification Programs
Keep an eye on the latest releases on the AWS Bookstore website,
under the “New Releases” sectionn at go.aws.orgg/awsstandardds
Coming Events - OCT.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 3:49 PM Page 133

als, interactive e-Learning courses, discussion forums, webi-

nars, and blogs. Visit hypertherm.com; hyperthermcutting
institute.com.

Industrial Laser Training. Technical training and support

offered for users of industrial lasers in manufacturing,
education, and research. Regularly scheduled classes in laser
welding, laser cutting, and drilling. HDE Technologies Inc.;
(916) 714-4944; laserweldtraining.com, laser-cutting-drilling-
training.com.

INTEG Courses. Courses in NDE disciplines to meet certifica-

tions to Canadian General Standards Board or Canadian Nu-
clear Safety Commission. The Canadian Welding Bureau;
(800) 844-6790; cwbgroup.org.

Laser Safety Online Courses. Courses include Medical Laser

Safety Officer, Laser Safety Training for Physicians, Indus-
trial Laser Safety, and Laser Safety in Educational Institu-
tions. Laser Institute of America; (800) 345-2737; lia.org.

Laser Safety Training Courses. Courses based on ANSI

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

Z136.1, Safe Use of Lasers. Orlando, Fla., or customer’s site.
Laser Institute of America; (800) 345-2737; lia.org.

Laser U — Online Education Portal. Offers practical infor-

mation to use on the job. Topics range from 3D printing to
drilling, welding, wireless and optical product requirements,
and many others. Visit Laser Institute of America;
lia.org/laseru.

See us at FABTECH booth B23090

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 133

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CERTIFICATION SCHEDULE Certification Seminars, Code Clinics, and Examinations

Note: The 2017 schedule for all certifications is posted online at Certified Welding Sales Representative (CWSR)
aws.org/w/a/registrations/prices_schedules.html. CWSR exams are given at Prometric testing centers. More
information at aws.org/certification/detail/certified-welding-
sales-representative.
Certified Welding Inspector (CWI)
Location Seminar Dates Exam Date Certified Welding Supervisor (CWS)
S. Plainfield, NJ Oct. 8–13 Oct. 14 CWS exams are given at Prometric testing centers. More in-
Chattanooga, TN Oct. 8–13 Oct. 14 formation at aws.org/certification/detail/certified-welding-
Miami, FL Exam only Oct. 20 supervisor.
Denver, CO Oct. 22–27 Oct. 28
Des Moines, IA Oct. 22–27 Oct. 28 Certified Radiographic Interpreter (CRI)
Cleveland, OH Oct. 29–Nov. 3 Nov. 4 The CRI certification can be a stand-alone credential or can
Atlanta, GA Oct. 29–Nov. 3 Nov. 4 exempt you from your next 9-Year Recertification.
Beaumont, TX Oct. 29–Nov. 3 Nov. 4
Chicago, IL Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11 Location Seminar Dates Exam Date
Sacramento, CA Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11 Pittsburgh, PA Oct. 9–13 Oct. 14
Dallas, TX Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11 Miami, FL Exam only Nov. 17
Charlotte, NC Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11
Spokane, WA Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11 Certified Robotic Arc Welding (CRAW)
Miami, FL Nov. 26–Dec. 1 Dec. 2 ABB Inc., Auburn Hills, MI; (248) 391-8421
Reno, NV Dec. 3–8 Dec. 9 OTC Daihen Inc., Tipp City, OH; (937) 667-0800, ext. 218
Houston, TX Dec. 3–8 Dec. 9 Lincoln Electric Co., Cleveland, OH; (216) 383-8542
Los Angeles, CA Dec. 3–8 Dec. 9 Genesis-Systems Group, Davenport, IA; (563) 445-5688
Orlando, FL Dec. 3–8 Dec. 9 Wolf Robotics, Fort Collins, CO; (970) 225-7736
On request at MATC, Milwaukee, WI; (414) 456-5454
9­Year Recertification Seminar for CWI/SCWI
For current CWIs and SCWIs needing to meet education re-
quirements without taking the exam. The exam can be taken
at any site listed under Certified Welding Inspector.

Location Seminar Dates IMPORTANT: This schedule is subject to change. Please verify your
New Orleans, LA Oct. 22–27 event dates with the Certification Dept. to confirm your course sta­
Seattle, WA Nov. 5–10 tus before making travel plans. Applications are to be received at
Miami, FL Dec. 3–8 least six weeks prior to the seminar/exam or exam. Applications re­
ceived after that time will be assessed a $350 Fast Track fee. Please
Houston, TX Dec. 3–8
verify application deadline dates by visiting our website
aws.org/certification/docs/schedules.html. For information on
Certified Welding Educator (CWE) AWS seminars and certification programs, or to register online,
Seminar and exam are given at all sites listed under Certified visit aws.org/certification or call (800/305) 443­9353, ext. 273, for
Welding Inspector. Seminar attendees will not attend the Code Certification; or ext. 455 for Seminars.
Clinic portion of the seminar (usually the first two days).

Looking for a Welding Job?

The American Welding Society has enhanced its Jobs In
Welding website at jobsinwelding.com.
The redesigned career portal includes additional capabil-
ities for companies seeking workers and individuals looking
for jobs.
Through relationships with many job boards and distrib-
utors, it offers direct access to more than 88% of the weld-
ing-related jobs posted on the Internet.
Users may search various openings for welders, Certified
Welding Inspectors, engineers, technicians, and
managers/supervisors.
In addition, the website contains the following
highlights:
• The home page displays featured welding jobs along with
the companies looking to fill them and city/state
locations.
• The job seeker section connects individuals to new career
opportunities by allowing them to post an anonymous ré-
sumé, view jobs, and make personal job alerts. This area
has résumé tips, certification information, and a school
locator.
• The employer area enables association with qualified
applicants. Résumés, job postings, and products/pricing
options may be viewed here.
Visit the website to create or
access job seeker and employer accounts.

134 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

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For Info, go to aws.org/ad­index

Workbook Oct. 2017.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:25 PM Page 136
WELDING WORKBOOK
Safety Practices for Lockout/Tagout
Adapted from AWS Fact Sheet No. 18. All of the AWS Safety
and Health Fact Sheets are available through the AWS website
at aws.org. Click on Standards on the home page and then on
Safety and Health.
Introduction
Sometimes welding or its allied processes must be
performed on equipment, pipelines, and machinery contain-
ing moving parts, pressurized gases or liquids, electrical en-
ergy, or other potential hazards. Employers must train em-
ployees to take steps, such as lockout/tagout, to isolate
harmful energy sources before commencing work. Failing to
do so can result in injury or death.
What is Lockout/Tagout?
According to the Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-
tration (OSHA), lockout/tagout is a safety procedure to ensure
that dangerous machines are properly shut off and incapable
of restarting prior to the completion of maintenance or servic-
ing work. It requires hazardous energy sources to be isolated
and rendered inoperative before work begins on the
equipment. The term is sometimes abbreviated as LOTO.
Lockout means to install a lockable device that keeps the
switch, valve, or other mechanism from being turned on or
energized. When more than one person may be exposed to
hazards, the lockout/tagout device can allow multiple
persons to install their locks.
Tagout means to put a tag on the locking device. The tag
indicates “Danger” or “Warning,” along with a brief alert
message. It also has a place to include information like the
date and responsible person’s name, so that he or she may
be easily found or notified.
Nature of the Hazard
• The sudden release of energy results in about 120 fatali-
ties and 50,000 injuries annually in the United States.
According to OSHA, these could be prevented by following
proper lockout/tagout procedures.
• The types of energy most often found are electrical,
pneumatic (pressurized air), hydraulic, gases, and liquids, as
well as mechanical energy and moving parts.
• Working with or around energy sources without isolating
them from the work activity can cause serious injury or death.
How to Avoid the Hazard
• Employers must develop a written lockout/tagout pro-
gram and procedure.
AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, conse­
quential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this information. AWS also makes no
guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.
American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166; email: info@aws.org; website: aws.org.
136 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
DATASHEET 376
• Employees must be trained in these procedures, as well
as the purpose and methods of lockout/tagout.
Basic Steps to Lockout/Tagout
• Inform affected supervisors and employees how to lock-
out and tagout the equipment.
• Shut down the equipment involved in the work. Then
place locks, tags, or other isolation devices according to the
written procedure.
• Before lockout/tagout work begins, try to start the
equipment or open the valves.
• If the equipment operates, do not begin work. All work
employees must verify where the locks should be placed. If
needed, place additional locks to ensure equipment and
valves are not operable. Recheck the equipment and valves
for operation.
• Complete assigned work.
• Remove all tools and equipment.
• Ensure all employees are clear of the hazard.
• Remove locks and tags according to the written proce-
dure and verify that all employees are clear.
• Test the equipment for normal and safe startup. Notify
other employees when it is safe to operate the equipment.
Note: If more than one person performs work on the equip-
ment, it is recommended they each have their own locks and
tags on the lockout devices and/or use a lock-box device.
• If the shift ends before the work is completed, the gen-
eral practice is for the workers on the initial shift to remove
their locks and ensure that the next shift’s employees install
their locks and tags before continuing the work. This should
be done before the previous shift’s employees’ locks and tags
are removed.
• Consult the employer’s written program and procedures
for specific information on recommended lockout proce-
dures for equipment, machinery, and valves. In some cases,
it may be advisable to contact the equipment manufacturer.
Information Sources
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor, Part 1910.147,
available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, 732
North Capitol Street NW, Washington, DC 20401; osha.gov.
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 30 Mineral Resources, Parts 1 to
199, available from the U.S. Government Printing Office,
Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh,
PA, 15250-7954; msha.gov. WJ
Oct. 2017 S.N..qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 10:44 AM Page 137
BY KATIE PACHECO — kpacheco@aws.org
Welding Instructors Assemble at AWS Headquarters
to Bolster Teaching Skills
Twenty-one attendees throughout
the United States congregated at AWS
World Headquarters in Miami, Fla.,
for the annual Instructor’s Institute
held from July 23 to 28.
The one-week event takes place
every summer to give welding in-
structors an opportunity to strength-
en their teaching skills, learn more
about AWS programs, develop new
teaching techniques through hands-
on activities, share their experiences
in a setting that is devoted to their
specific concerns, and network with
peers and industry experts.
Learning Opportunities
More than 20 topics were covered
during the session, including lesson
planning, SENSE, welding engineer-
ing, what welding employers want,
gas apparatus and applications, learn-
ing theory for welding instruction,
challenges and innovations of modern
education, and workforce data. The
program was conducted by a number
of professionals with a special area
Participants from the AWS Instructor’s Institute posed with AWS staff for a group photo in the lobby of AWS World Headquarters in Miami,
Fla. During this recent event, they strengthened their teaching skills, among other activities.
SOCIETY NEWS
of expertise.
The instructors also visited a local
welding lab, attended a dinner cruise
to encourage peer and industry net-
working, communicated with vendor
representatives, witnessed equipment
demonstrations, and met with AWS
staff.
The Attendees
The instructors came from various
secondary, postsecondary, and private
educational institutions. Listed are
the District numbers and attendees:
1) Patrick Fogarty, 2) Stephanie Hoff-
man, 3) Hugo Garcia-Gonzalez, 4)
Michael Dixon, 5) Jason Becker, 6)
Cheryl Barton, 8) Chris Renfro, 9)
Jeremy Whittemore, 10) Julio Mar-
tinez, 11) Sarah Gambill, 12) Basil
Wilber, 13) Tyler Nielsen, 14) Travis
Jumper, 15) Brandon Markey, 16)
Rick Guffey, 17) Scott Sutherland,
18) Jeremy Fregia, 19) Darryl Fischer,
20) Hunter Reynolds, 21) Curtis
Casey, and 22) Alex Taddei.
The instructors who attended were
elected during the annual 22 AWS
District Conferences.
How to Join the 2018
Instructor’s Institute
AWS Sections wishing to nominate
an instructor should provide the nom-
ination to their District Director be-
fore their District Conference, along
with a justification explaining why the
instructor should be selected to at-
tend. Current and former members of
the AWS board of directors may not
be selected as an instructor represen-
tative. Instructor representatives are
announced before or at the respective
District Conference, depending on the
date of the conference. Attendance is
limited to 22 instructor representa-
tives (one from each District) due to
space restrictions.
For more information about the
annual AWS Instructor’s Institute,
visit aws.org/events/detail/instructors-
institute or contact Martica Ventura
at (800) 443-9353, ext. 224; email
mventura@aws.org. WJ
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 137
Oct. 2017 S.N..qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 10:44 AM Page 138
SOCIETY NEWS
Notice of Annual Meeting of the American Welding Society
The Annual Meeting of the members of the American
Welding Society will be held on Monday, Nov. 6, 2017, be-
ginning at 9:00 A.M. at the McCormick Place Convention
Center, Chicago, Ill.
TECH TOPICS
Technical Committee Meetings
All AWS technical committee meet-
ings are open to the public. Contact
staff members listed below or call
(800/305) 443-9353 for information.
Oct. 2, 3. A5B Subcommittee on
Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Electrodes
and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Weld-
ing. Cleveland, Ohio. Contact: R.
Gupta, gupta@aws.org, ext. 301.
Oct. 2, 3. A5D Subcommittee on
Stainless Steel Filler Metals. Cleve-
land, Ohio. Contact: R. Gupta, ext.
301, gupta@aws.org.
Oct. 2, 3. A5E Subcommittee on
Nickel and Nickel Alloy Filler Metals.
Cleveland, Ohio. Contact: R. Gupta,
gupta@aws.org, ext. 301.
Oct. 3–6. D1 Committee and
Subcommittees on Structural Welding.
Murfreesboro, Tenn. Contact: J.
Molin, jmolin@aws.org, ext. 304.
Oct. 4. SH4 Subcommittee on
Labeling and Safe Practices. Pitts-
burgh, Pa. Contact: S. Hedrick, ext.
305, steveh@aws.org.
Oct. 11, 12. A2 Committee and
Subcommittees on Definitions and
Symbols. Columbus, Ohio. Contact: S.
Borrero, sborrero@aws.org, ext. 334.
Oct. 16, 17. C3 Committee on Braz-
ing and Soldering. Santa Fe, N.Mex.
Contact: D. Gaschler, dgaschler@
aws.org, ext. 306.
Oct. 18. SH1 Subcommittee on
Fumes and Gases. Columbus, Ohio.
Contact: S. Hedrick, steveh@aws.org,
ext. 305.
Oct. 24, 25. D20 Committee on Ad-
ditive Manufacturing. Miami, Fla.
Contact: P. Portela, pportela@aws.org,
ext. 311.
Nov. 6. C2 Committee and Sub-
committees on Thermal Spraying.
Chicago, Ill. Contact: J. Rosario, ext.
308, jrosario@aws.org.
Nov. 7. D9 Committee on Sheet
Metal. Chicago, Ill. Contact: J. Molin,
138 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
The regular business of the Society will be conducted,
including election of officers and four members of the
board of directors. Any business properly brought before
the membership will be considered.
jmolin@aws.org, ext. 304.
Nov. 7. D15C Subcommittee on
Track Welding. Chicago, Ill. Contact: J.
Rosario, jrosario@aws.org, ext. 308.
New Standards Project
Development work has begun on
the following new or revised stan-
dards. Affected individuals are invited
to contribute to their development.
Participation on AWS technical com-
mittees is open to all persons.
D1.6/D1.6M:20XX, Structural Weld-
ing Code — Stainless Steel. This code
covers the requirements for welding
stainless steel structural assemblies.
Stakeholders: Structural engineers
working with stainless steel, manufac-
turers, welders, qualifiers, and inspec-
tors. Revised Standard. Contact: S.
Borrero, sborrero@aws.org, ext. 334.
G2.1M/G2.1:20XX, Guide for the
Joining of Wrought Nickel-Based Alloys.
This document describes the welding
of different wrought nickel-based
alloys, including solid solution and
precipitation hardening alloys. Stake-
holders: Any fabricator who works
with nickel-based alloys. Revised Stan-
dard. Contact: S. Borrero, ext. 334,
sborrero@aws.org.
G2.4M/G2.4:20XX, Guide for the Fu-
sion Welding of Titanium and Titanium
Alloys. The standard Guide for the Fu-
sion Welding of Titanium and Titan-
ium Alloys provides instructional guid-
ance for the welding of titanium and
titanium alloys. This guide explains
processes, equipment, materials,
workshop practices, joint preparation,
welding techniques, tests, and the re-
pair of defects. Stakeholders:
Equipment fabricators world-wide,
engineering companies, maintenance
welders, chemical companies who use
titanium equipment, and repair
welders. Revised Standard. Contact: S.
Borrero, sborrero@aws.org, ext. 334.
Standards for Public Review
AWS was approved as an accredited
standards-preparing organization by
the American National Standards In-
stitute (ANSI) in 1979. AWS rules, as
approved by ANSI, require that all
standards be open to public review for
comment during the approval process.
This column also advises of ANSI ap-
proval of documents. The following
standards are submitted for public re-
view. A draft copy may be obtained by
contacting the staff secretary of the
committee as listed below at AWS,
Standards Development, 8669 NW 36
St., #130, Miami, FL 33166-6672;
(800/305) 443-9353.
A5.14/A5.14M:201X, Specification
for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Bare Welding
Electrodes and Rods. Revised Standard.
$36.50. ANSI public review expires
10/16/17. Contact: R. Gupta, ext. 301,
gupta@aws.org.
B2.1-1-027:20XX, Standard Welding
Procedure Specification (SWPS) for Self-
Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding of Car-
bon Steel (M-1 or P-1, Groups 1 and 2),
1
⁄8 inch [3 mm] through 1⁄2 inch [13 mm]
Thick, E71T-11, in the As-Welded Condi-
tion, Primarily Plate and Structural Ap-
plications. Revised Standard. $128.00.
ANSI Public review expires 9/25/17.
Contact: J. Rosario, jrosario@aws.org,
ext. 308.
B2.1-1-301:20XX, Standard Welding
Procedure Specification for Naval Appli-
cations (SWPS-N) for Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding of Carbon Steel (S-1), 1⁄8 inch [3
mm] through 1-1⁄2 inch [38 mm] Thick,
MIL-70S-2, in the As-Welded or PWHT
Condition, Primarily Plate and
Structural Naval Applications. New
Standard. $128.00. ANSI Public review
expires 10/2/17. Contact: J. Rosario,
jrosario@aws.org, ext. 308.
Oct. 2017 S.N..qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 10:44 AM Page 139
B2.1-1-311:20XX, Standard Welding
Procedure Specification for Naval Appli-
cations (SWPS-N) for Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding of Carbon Steel (S-1), 1⁄8 inch
[3 mm] through 1-1⁄2 inch [38 mm] Thick,
MIL-70S-2, in the As-Welded or PWHT
Condition, Primarily Pipe for Naval Ap-
plications. New Standard. $128.00.
ANSI Public Review expires 10/2/17.
Contact: J. Rosario, jrosario@aws.org,
ext. 308.
B2.1-8-309:20XX, Standard Welding
Procedure Specification for Naval Appli-
cations (SWPS-N) for Shielded Metal Arc
Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel
(S-8), 1⁄8 inch [3 mm] through 1-1⁄2 inch
[38 mm] Thick, MIL-3XX-XX, in the As-
Welded Condition, Primarily Plate and
Structural Naval Applications. New
Standard. $128.00. ANSI public review
expires 10/2/17. Contact: J. Rosario,
ext. 308, jrosario@aws.org.
B2.1-8-319:20XX, Standard Welding
Procedure Specification for Naval Appli-
cations (SWPS-N) for Shielded Metal Arc
Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel (S-
8), 1⁄8 inch [3 mm] through 1-1⁄2 inch [38
mm] Thick, MIL-3XX-XX, in the As-
Welded Condition, Primarily Pipe for
Naval Applications. New Standard.
$128.00. ANSI public review expires
10/2/17. Contact: J. Rosario,
jrosario@aws.org, ext. 308.
B2.1-1-304:20XX, Standard Welding
Procedure Specification for Naval Appli-
cations (SWPS-N) for Carbon Dioxide
Shielded Flux Cored Arc Welding of Car-
bon Steel (S-1), 1⁄8 inch [3 mm] through
1-1⁄2 inch [38 mm] Thick, MIL-70T-1 and
MIL-71T-1, in the As-Welded Condition,
Primarily Plate and Structural Naval Ap-
plications. New Standard. $128.00.
ANSI public review expires 10/16/17.
Contact: J. Rosario, jrosario@aws.org,
ext. 308.
B2.1-1-305:20XX, Standard Welding
Procedure Specification for Naval Appli-
cations (SWPS-N) for 75% Argon Plus
25% Carbon Dioxide Shielded Flux Cored
Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (S-1), 1⁄8 inch
[3 mm] through 1-1⁄2 inch [38 mm] Thick,
MIL-70T-1 and MIL-71T-1, in the As-
Welded or PWHT Condition, Primarily
Plate and Structural Naval Applications.
New Standard. $128.00. ANSI public
review expires 10/16/17. Contact: J.
Rosario, jrosario@aws.org, ext. 308.
B2.1-1-316:20XX, Standard Welding
Procedure Specification for Naval Appli-
cations (SWPS-N) for Argon Plus 2%
Oxygen Shielded Gas Metal Arc Welding
SOCIETY NEWS
(Spray Transfer Mode) of Carbon Steel
(S-1), 1⁄8 inch [3 mm] through 1-1⁄2 inch
[38 mm] Thick, MIL-70S-3, in the As-
Welded or PWHT Condition, Primarily
Pipe for Naval Applications. New Stan-
dard. $128.00. ANSI public review ex-
pires 10/16/17. Contact: J. Rosario,
jrosario@aws.org, ext. 308.
B2.1-1-317:20XX, Standard Welding
Procedure Specification for Naval Appli-
cations (SWPS-N) for 75% Argon Plus
25% Carbon Dioxide Shielded Flux Cored
Arc Welding of Carbon Steel (S-1), 1⁄8 inch
[3 mm] through 1-1⁄2 inch [38 mm] Thick,
MIL-70T-1 and MIL-71T-1, in the As-
Welded or PWHT Condition, Primarily
Pipe for Naval Applications. New Stan-
dard. $128.00. ANSI public review ex-
pires 10/16/17. Contact: J. Rosario,
ext. 308, jrosario@aws.org.
F1.1M:201X, Methods for Sampling
Fumes and Gases Generated by Welding
and Allied Processes. New Standard.
$30.00. ANSI public review expires
9/25/17. Contact: S. Hedrick,
steveh@aws.org, ext. 305.
G2.3M/G2.3:20XX, Guide for the
Joining of Solid Solution Austenitic
Stainless Steels. Revised Standard.
$46.00. ANSI public review expires
9/18/17. Contact: S. Borrero, ext. 334,
sborrero@aws.org.
New Standard Approved
by ANSI
F1.6-2017, Guide for Estimating
Welding Emissions for EPA and Ventila-
tion Permit Reporting. Approval Date:
8/18/2017.
Revised Standards Approved
by ANSI
D17.1/D17.1M-2017, Specification
for Fusion Welding for Aerospace Appli-
cations. Approval Date: 7/28/17.
F4.1-2017, Safe Practices for the
Preparation of Containers and Piping for
Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes.
Approval Date: 8/3/2017.
Errata
D14.1
The following errata have been
identified and will be incorporated
into the next reprinting of D14.1,
D14.1/D14.1M:2005, Specification for
Welding of Industrial and Mill Cranes
and Other Material Handling Equip-
ment, and D14.1/D14.1M:2005-
AMD1, Specification for Welding of In-
dustrial and Mill Cranes and Other Ma-
terial Handling Equipment.
Page 49, Figure 14D: Text within
Figure that states “When impact tests
are required, the specimens shall be re-
moved from their locations, as shown
in Figure 17C” replaced with “When
impact tests are required, the speci-
men shall be removed from their loca-
tions, as shown in Figure 14C.”
Interpretation
D3.6M
Subject: Testing for welding procedure
and welder performance qualification
Code Edition: AWS D3.6M:2010
Code Provision: Clauses 5.4 and 5.15
AWS Log: D3.6-I1
Inquiry: Per D3.6M:2010 and
D3.6M:2017, can a party other than
the contractor conduct the required
testing for welding procedure and
welder performance qualification?
Response: No.
Subject: Testing for welding procedure
and welder performance qualification
Code Edition: AWS D3.6M:2017
Code Provision: Clauses 7.3 and 7.14
AWS Log: D3.6-I1
Inquiry: Per D3.6M:2010 and
D3.6M:2017, can a party other than
the contractor conduct the required
testing for welding procedure and
welder performance qualification?
Response: No.
Opportunities to Contribute to
AWS Technical Committees
The following committees welcome
new members. Some committees are
recruiting members with specific in-
terests in regard to the committee’s
scope, as marked below: Producers (P),
General Interest (G), Educators (E),
Consultants (C), and Users (U). For
more information, contact the staff
member listed or visit aws.org/
library/doclib/Technical-Committee-
Application.pdf.
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 139
Oct. 2017 S.N..qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 10:45 AM Page 140
SOCIETY NEWS
S. Borrero, sborrero@aws.org, ext.
334. Definitions and symbols, A2
Committee (E). Titanium and zirco-
nium filler metals, A5K Subcommit-
tee. Piping and tubing, D10 Commit-
tee (C, E, U). Welding practices and
procedures for austenitic steels,
D10C Subcommittee. Aluminum pip-
ing, D10H Subcommittee. Chromium
molybdenum steel piping, D10I
Subcommittee. Welding of titanium
piping, D10K Subcommittee. Purging
and root pass welding, D10S Sub-
committee. Low-carbon steel pipe,
D10T Subcommittee. Orbital pipe
welding, D10U Subcommittee. Du-
plex pipe welding, D10Y Subcommit-
tee. Joining metals and alloys, G2
Committee (E, G, U). Reactive alloys,
G2D Subcommittee (G).
R. Gupta, gupta@aws.org, ext. 301.
Filler metals and allied materials,
A5 Committee (E). Magnesium alloy
filler metals, A5L Subcommittee.
Members of ISO/TC 44, Welding and Allied Processes, recently met for the 2017 plenary meeting held at the Harbin Welding Institute,
Harbin, China. In attendance were Andrew Davis, AWS director of international activities, and Walter Sperko, head of U.S. delegation and
AWS director­at­large.
140 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
P. Portela, pportela@aws.org, ext.
311. High energy beam welding and
cutting, C7 Committee (C, E, G). Hy-
brid welding, C7D Subcommittee (G).
Robotic and automatic welding,
D16 Committee (C, E). Welding in
sanitary applications, D18 Commit-
tee (C, E, G). Additive manufactur-
ing, D20 Committee (C, E, G).
J. Molin, jmolin@aws.org, ext. 304.
Structural welding, D1 Committee
(E). Sheet metal welding, D9 Com-
mittee (C, G).
D. Gaschler, dgaschler@aws.org, ext.
306. Methods of weld inspection,
B1 Committee (C, E). Brazing and
soldering, C3 Committee (C, E, G).
Welding in marine construction,
D3 Committee (C, E, G, U). Welding
of machinery and equipment, D14
Committee (C, E, G, U).
A. Babinski, ababinski@aws.org, ext.
310. Resistance welding, C1 Com-
mittee (C, E, G, U). Friction welding,
C6 Committee (C, E). Automotive
welding, D8 Committee (C, E, G, U).
Resistance welding equipment, J1
Committee (C, E, G, U). Welding in
the aircraft and aerospace indus-
try, D17 Subcommittee (C, E, G).
S. Hedrick, steveh@aws.org, ext. 305.
Metric practice, A1 Committee (C,
E). Mechanical testing of welds, B4
Committee (E, G, P). Joining of plas-
tics and composites, G1 Committee
(C, E, G). Personal & facilities quali-
fication, PFQC Committee (C, E, G).
Safety and health committee, SHC
Committee (E, G).
J. Rosario, jrosario@aws.org, ext. 308.
Procedure and performance quali-
fication, B2 Committee (E, G). Ther-
mal spraying, C2 Committee (C, E, G,
U). Oxyfuel gas welding and cut-
ting, C4 Committee (C, E, G). Welding
iron castings, D11 (C, E, G, P, U).
Railroad welding, D15 (C, E, G, U).
Oct. 2017 S.N..qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 10:47 AM Page 141

SOCIETY NEWS
MEMBERSHIP ACTIVITIES
Graebener Inc. Howell Cheney Technical High School
AWS Member Counts 1900 W. Loop 791 W. Middle TPKE
Suite 1550 Manchester, CT 06040
Member statistics will be reported Houston, TX 77027
in the Nov. issue. IMCO Industrial Training
The Society is currently undergoing Hyundai Welding 129/Damji Shamji Industrial E-State,
a database migration. 355 Satellite Blvd. NE, Ste. 400 L.BD Vikhroli (West)
Suwanee, GA 30024 Mumbai, Maharasht 400079, India

Redmond Welders & Fabrication LLC IUPAT Finishing Trades Institute

30244 SE High Point Way 7230 Parkway Dr.
New AWS Supporters Issaquah, WA 98027 Hanover, MD 21076

Sustaining Members SDB Engineers & Constructors Inc. Prairie View High School
2090 E. Parrish Rd. 12909 E. 120 Ave.
Airgas USA LLC — NOR PAC Titusville, FL 32796 Henderson, CO 80640
16325 SW Upper Boones Ferry Rd.
Tigard, CA 97224 The Lynch Co. Inc. Spartanburg Community College
airgas.com 4706 SE 18 Ave. 107 Community College Dr.
Portland, OR 97202 Spartanburg, SC 29305
United Process Control
749 E. Goepp St. Waite Specialty Machine
Bethlehem, PA 18018 1160 Industrial Way
unitedprocesscontrol.com
Welding Distributor
Longview, WA 98632
Company Members
Nexair LLC
Affiliate Companies Supporting Company 1350 Concourse Ave. Ste. 103
5 Star Fabrications Inc.
Members Memphis, TN 38104
18794 FM 1431
Advanced Welding and Steel Total Safety US Inc.
Jonestown, TX 78645
257 Hwy. 95 N. 124 Industrial Dr.
Grangeville, ID 83530 Cibolo, TX 78108
Ace Cranes & Engineering FZ­LLC
Rakia Free Zone
Kentek Corp.
Al Jazeera Alhamra
32 Broadway St. Member­Get­A­Member
Ras Al Khaimah 85652
Pittsfield, NH 03263 Campaign
United Arab Emirates
Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission Listed are the members participat-
Artistic Welding Inc.
600 Wilson Ave. ing in the 2017 Member-Get-A-
505 E. Gardena Blvd.
Newark, NJ 07105 Member campaign. The campaign
Gardena, CA 90248
runs from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 2017.
Bear Systems LLC Members receive 5 points for each In-
1 Poprite Dr. Educational Institution dividual Member and 1 point for every
Dock 9 Student Member recruited.
Members For campaign rules and a prize list,
Arcanum, OH 45304
please see page 145 of this Welding
Advanced Welding School
Darchem Engineering Ltd. Journal. Standings as of June 21. For
10340 Florida Blvd.
Ironmasters Way more information, call the AWS Mem-
Walker, LA 70785
Stillington, Stockton-on-Tees bership Dept. at (800) 443-9353, ext.
TS21 1LB, United Kingdom 480.
Bartlett Independent School District O. N. Boylan, Cleveland — 51
404 W. Robinson Dr.
Douglas Energy Services Ltd. J. W. Morris, Mobile — 45
Bartlett, TX 76511
#3B Woke Street, Off S. Drabseh, Columbus — 45
Abacha Rd., Gra Phase 3 Prt. J. J. Russell, Fox Valley — 36
Chippewa Valley Technical College
Port Harcourt 234/084 D. K. Eck, Houston — 35
620 W. Clairemont Ave.
Niger, Africa M. Mason, Saginaw Valley — 35
Eau Clairie, WI 54701

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 141

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SOCIETY NEWS
B. Hadden, NW Penn. — 30
G. Bieniecki, Cleveland — 30
S. Galyen, Florida West Coast — 30
L. Kvidahl, Pascagoula — 30
B. P. Brandmeir, NW Penn. — 25
V. Craven, Pascagoula — 25
D. Jacobs, Lehigh Valley — 25
J. P. Theberge, Boston — 24
M. Krupnicki, Rochester — 22
J. Compton, San Fernando
Valley — 20
J. R. Stempka, NW Penn. — 20
T. Geisler, Pittsburgh — 19
D. Crifase, Racine-Kenosha — 18
M. Anderson, Indiana — 18
R. Zabel, SE Nebraska — 17
R. Engeron, Atlanta — 17
T. W. Zablocki, Pittsburgh — 16
F. S. Babish, Lehigh Valley — 15
D. S. Beecher, San Diego — 15
T. A. Harris, Johnstown-Altoona — 15
L. D’Amore, Northern New York — 15
R. A. Ellenbecker, Fox Valley — 15
T. Baber, San Fernando Valley — 15
J. Carney, West Michigan — 13
T. Buckler, Columbus — 12
J. W. Fregia, Houston — 11

AWS Life Members Offered Free Registration for Professional Program

AWS Life Members are urged to
take advantage of their complimenta-
ry free admission to the upcoming
FABTECH Show plus free registration
to the entire Professional Program (a
$325 value), scheduled for Nov. 6–9
at the McCormick Place in Chicago,
Ill.
The free Professional Program reg-
istration entitles AWS Life Members
to attend any of the technical sessions
occurring during the four-day period.
Registration forms are available in is-
sues of the Welding Journal, as well as
in the Advance Program. You may also
request the form from the AWS Mem-
bership Department at (800) 443-
9353, ext. 260.
To obtain your free registration,
mark “AWS Life Member — Free
Registration” at the top of your regis-
tration form. Fax both sides of the
form to (305) 443-5647, Attn: Rhen-
da Kenny, membership corporate di-
rector; email to rhenda@aws.org; or
mail the form to Rhenda Kenny, AWS,
8669 NW 36 St., Ste. 130, Miami, FL
33166.

Leadership Symposium Meets at AWS World Headquarters

Attendees of the 19th Annual AWS Leadership Symposium gathered at AWS World Headquarters in Miami, Fla., to network with other Sec­
tion leaders and share ideas. The symposium was held July 30–Aug. 2, and was attended by AWS members who serve as leaders within
AWS Sections across the country. Pictured are Abbi Croze; Adam Witcpalek; Alexyia Barraza; Alice Zipse; Andy Afflick; Barry "B. J."
Hutchins; Clinton Gilbertson; Cole Vansell; Daniel Hernandez; Danyelle Potter; Devon Gonzalez; Erin Lalinsky; Ethan Liberty; Gary Marx;
Harry Graham Jr.; Jason Neff; Jay Maughon; Karsten Anderson; Lewis Driggers; Mark Gugel; Mark Thayer; Matt Wolff; Michael Carey;
Michael G. Dixon; Michael Magazzu; Michael Oldroyd­Costello; Morgan Fix; Randal “Randy” Dull; Ronnie Mercer; Ryan Forsell; Sergey Ko­
belev; Thomas Malo; Tim Long; Tucker Beck; AWS Administrative Assistant, Membership Lisa Cohn; AWS Sr. Coordinator, Membership/Ac­
counting Evelyn Andino; AWS Past President Lee Kvidahl; AWS Corporate Director, Member Services Rhenda Kenny; AWS Senior Associate
Executive Director, Cassie Burrell; Ron Gilbert, and AWS Chief Operating Officer Matt Miller.

142 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

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SOCIETY NEWS
AWS Membership Committee Tours Rochester Arc + Flame Center

Prior to their fall meeting in Rochester, N.Y., the AWS Membership Committee and guests enjoyed a tour of Rochester Arc + Flame Center,
hosted by AWS Committee Member and District 6 Director Mike Krupnicki (third from right).

AWS Hosts 9­Year Recertification Seminar for CWIs

Attendees of the 9­Year Recertification Seminar posed for a group photo at AWS World Headquarters in Miami, Fla. Held July 23–28, the
seminar helps Certified Welding Inspectors (CWIs) and Senior CWIs satisfy 80 h of continuing education as an alternative to retesting.

Nominate Outstanding AWS Members to be Profiled

The Welding Journal is celebrating the diversity of its To nominate an AWS member, submit a statement about
members by profiling two AWS members each month in its what makes the nominee a noteworthy member, the
Society News section. Sheila Graham and Justin Gordy are nominee’s contact information, and a photo of the nominee
profiled on the next page. to Katie Pacheco, kpacheco@aws.org.

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 143

Oct. 2017 S.N..qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 10:48 AM Page 144
SOCIETY NEWS
AWS Educator Member Profile
Sheila Graham
(Photo courtesy of the Pella Community
School District.)
Before entering the welding indus-
try, Sheila Graham thought “women
don’t weld.” She changed her mind in
1997 when she interviewed for an as-
sembly line job with Vermeer Corp.,
and the interviewer encouraged her to
try welding.
“I ended up finishing my training a
week early. It all just clicked, and I
found my niche,” she said.
AWS Member Profile
Justin Gordy
Justin Gordy “fell in love” with
welding and fabrication at the age of
14 through the programs offered at his
high school.
“I’ve always enjoyed working with
my hands, so welding became my pas-
sion,” he explained.
However, after graduating from
high school and landing several jobs,
Gordy found welding to be much more
exhausting than he had imagined.
144 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
Since then, Graham has worked as a
welder at Vermeer Corp. and Donald-
sons in Grinnell, Iowa, where she fab-
ricated mufflers.
Today, she is a welding instructor at
Career Academy of Pella, her alma
mater, in Iowa. She teaches blueprint
reading, safety and health of welders,
introduction to fabrication, gas metal
arc welding 1 (short circuit) and 2
(spray transfer), shielded metal arc
welding, and flux cored arc welding in
the 2F, 3F, and 4F positions.
“The most rewarding part of teach-
ing for me is to see the improvements
in the students from day one to the
last day, as well as seeing the great
projects and ideas they come up with,”
she explained.
Graham often utilizes local projects
to get students enthused about weld-
ing and their community. Some of her
school projects have included building
the armature for a miniature butter
cow as well as creating memorial art
for local police officers who died in the
line of duty.
Graham was recognized for her
teaching this year when she received
“I quickly realized that welding is
hard work, especially during the hot
Texas summers,” he said.
Gordy decided to further his educa-
tion by becoming a Certified Welding
Inspector (CWI) in 2003.
“The CWI certification has been the
foundation of my livelihood and the
base of my career from that point for-
ward,” he said.
He is also a Senior CWI, a Certified
Radiographic Interpreter, an ASNT
NDT Level III, and a Canadian weld
inspector.
Gordy currently owns and operates
J-Tech Inspections, Houston, Tex.,
with his wife, Heather. The company
provides welding inspection and engi-
neering consulting services.
“The most rewarding aspect of
owning your own inspection and con-
sulting business is the opportunity to
personally connect with clients and
customers of your own choosing and
focus on their needs by staying small
and paying attention to detail,” he
said.
the AWS Howard Adkins Instructor of
the Year Award. She also earned the
2016 Pella Pride Award for promoting
teamwork, service, integrity, and pas-
sion as well as the AWS Howard Ad-
kins Award at the Section and District
levels.
When she’s not teaching, Graham
dedicates her time to the AWS Iowa
Section, as well as various welding-
related events. This year, she became a
Welding Merit Badge counselor for the
Boy Scouts. She also volunteered to
help kids learn how to weld at the
Iowa Speedway.
“The kids were able to come in and
make a project of their choice, which
included an eagle, cow, pig, horse, or
airplane. They were able to take them
home with them. It was really neat to
introduce welding to such young
ones,” she said.
Graham has also passed on her love
of welding to her family. Her eldest
son is a production welder at Vermeer
Corp., and both her 10- and 15-year-
old sons enjoy welding projects.
“I am happy to have it be a family
tradition,” she said.
In addition to running his own
business, Gordy has served as chair-
man to the AWS Houston Section. He
credits the section for bolstering his
career and professional development.
“Not only have I gained valuable
friendships, but numerous customers
have evolved from connections I made
through AWS events,” he said.
Gordy’s hard work and dedication
to the industry led the Section to es-
tablish the Justin Gordy Spirit of
Welding Award. Gordy was the first re-
cipient of the award, which is given an-
nually to a Houston Section member.
“This is the most cherished and im-
portant recognition I’ve ever received
from AWS and my peers,” he ex-
plained. “This has to be the highest
honor one could be given.”
Gordy has also received the Dalton
E. Hamilton CWI of the Year Award at
the Section and District levels, the Pri-
vate Sector Instructor Award, the Mer-
itorious Award, and the Image of
Welding Award. Additionally, he is a
three-time scholarship recipient.
OCT Section News.qxp_Layout 1 9/7/17 2:18 PM Page 147

BY CINDY WEIHL — cweihl@aws.org

SECTION NEWS
District 1 District 3 District 7
Douglas A. Desrochers, director Michael Sebergandio, director Uwe Aschemeier, director
(508) 763-8011 (717) 471-2065 (786) 473-9540
dadaws@comcast.net drweld13@gmail.com uwe@sgsdiving.com

GREEN & WHITE MOUNTAINS District 4 District 8

July 16
Location: Charlestown, N.H.
Summary: The Section’s executive
committee met to plan 2017–2018
events with various members taking
responsibility for specific meetings.
Geoffrey Putnam hosted the meeting
at his home and a cookout followed.
District 2
Ken Temme, director
(856) 264-8377
kentemme@matrixnac.com
Stewart A. Harris, director
D. Joshua Burgess, director
(919) 824-0520
(931) 260-7039
stewart.harris@altec.com
djoshuaburgess@gmail.com
District 5 GREATER HUNTSVILLE
July 20
Joseph T. “J. T.” Mahoney, director
Location: Robotics Technology Park,
(352) 727-0366
Tanner, Ala.
Joseph.jt.mahoney@gmail.com
Summary: Approximately 40 atten-
dees participated in the Section’s July
District 6 meeting. Several awards were given
out. Andrew Adams received the Ray-
Michael Krupnicki, director
burn Johnson Section Scholarship for
(585) 705-1764
$1000 and will be attending Calhoun
mkrup@mahanyweld.com
Community College. Trevor Hines re-
ceived the Greater Huntsville Section
Scholarship for $1000 and will be at-
tending Northwest Shoals Community
College. Frederick J. Ogden received
his AWS Life Member certificate and
lapel pin for his 35 years of AWS mem-
bership. The Wire Wizard Co. conduct-
ed a presentation of its products dur-
ing the meeting and provided a meal
for attendees.

District 9
Michael Skiles, director
(337) 501-0304
GREEN & WHITE MOUNTAINS — Seen are executive members Garry Buckley (holding the
michaelskiles@cox.net
banner) and (from left) Jennifer Eastley, Jerry Ouelette, Phil Witteman, Aaron Emmons,
and Ernie Plumb.

GREATER HUNTSVILLE — Frederick J.

Ogden (right) received his AWS Life
Member certificate and lapel pin from
GREATER HUNTSVILLE — From left are Andrew Adams, recipient of the Rayburn Johnson (from left) Section Vice Chair Randy
Section Scholarship; Section Chair Rick Maroney; Section Vice Chair Randy Hammond; Hammond and Section Chair Rick
and Trevor Hines, recipient of the Greater Huntsville Section Scholarship. Maroney.

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 147

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SECTION NEWS
NEW ORLEANS
May 20
Location: Sweetwater Marina,
Delacroix, La.
Summary: The Section held its 19th
Annual Fishing Rodeo. A windy day
was not enough to stop participants
from showing up and reeling in fish.
All fish caught were weighed and
prizes were awarded for the categories
of redfish, speckled trout, and bass.
The Section extends its appreciation
to all event sponsors and to Aldo
Duron who took care of the cooking,
as well as Keith Province who coordi-
nated the event. Proceeds from the
rodeo go to the New Orleans Section
Annual Student Welder Competition
held in November. NEW ORLEANS — Winners of the New Orleans Section’s 19th Annual Fishing Rodeo in­
cluded Charlie Clavier, Chris McShan, Chad Fortenberry, Johnnie Sabathe, and Dillon
ACADIANA Sabathe.
July 18
Location: Acadiana, La.
Speaker: Brennan Domec, director of
strategic technology, Frank’s
International
Topic: Friction stir welding: Advances
in application to ferrous materials
Summary: Frank’s International host-
ed the July meeting, which Miller Elec-
tric cosponsored. Miller representa-
tives gave a presentation on the latest
advancements in pipe welding semiau-
tomatic processes. They also displayed
equipment for the home hobbyist.
Domec’s presentation summarized the
history of the friction stir welding
process as it applies to ferrous materi-
als and the latest technological ad-
vancements. The Section awarded the
Charles Lewis Jr. Scholarship for
$1500 to Dustin Hollahan and the NEW ORLEANS — Weighing the day’s catch are (from left) participant Kyle McGovern,
John Angers Scholarship for $1250 to Section Treasurer Travis Moore, and Section Fishing Rodeo Chairman Keith Province.
Keon Thomas.

ACADIANA — Scholarship winners Dustin Hollahan (left holding check) and Keon Thomas (right holding check) are seen with (from left)
South Louisiana Community College welding instructors Arthur Savoy and Russell Netherland, and Section Chair Thomas Reynolds.

148 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

OCT Section News.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 6:43 PM Page 149

SECTION NEWS
BATON ROUGE
February 16
Location: Drucilla Seafood, Baton
Rouge, La.
Presenter: Mark Robert, sales repre-
sentative, SciAps PMAI, Intek Corp.
South
Topic: Positive material identification
using XRF and OES technologies
Summary: Robert presented an
overview of the XRF and OES PMI
methods and provided a hands-on
demonstration for both. Section BATON ROUGE — District Director Mike Skiles (far left) and George Fairbanks (far right)
awards were also presented. presented Section awards to (from left) Johnny Dupuy, Will Lamperez, John Easley, and
Dale Delaville.
March 22
Location: Breaux Bridge, La.
Presenter: John Bray, AWS president
Summary: President Bray attended the
Section’s March meeting and spoke
about the Society’s national initiatives
and about personnel at AWS Head-
quarters in Miami, Fla.

April 27
Location: River Parishes Community
College, Gonzales, La.
Presenters: Jeremy Whittemore, lead BATON ROUGE — Speaker Mark Robert (center) addressed advances in positive material
identification.
welding instructor; and Kenneth
Young, welding instructor, River
Parishes Community College (RPCC)
Summary: Whittemore presented an
overview of the college’s newly revised
welding curriculum and provided an
update on its new facilities. Students
in attendance received door prizes do-
nated by local industry and vendor
partners. Several students were also
recognized and received awards for
their achievements and contributions
to the RPCC welding department.
BATON ROUGE — March meeting attendees included (from left) Tom Holt, William Lam­
District 10 perez, Cal Pepper, Anthony Blakeney, George Fairbanks, AWS President John Bray, and
Mike Skiles.
Mike Sherman, director
(216) 570-9348
mike@shermanswelding.com

District 11
Phillip Temple, director
(734) 546-4298
nwcllc_ptemple@att.net

District 12
Daniel J. Roland, director
(920) 241-1542
daniel.roland@airgas.com BATON ROUGE — Students (from left) Paul Zeringue, Joshua Burnett, Bryan Rios, Adam
Bare, and Dillon Townsley show off their welded art projects.

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 149

OCT Section News.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 6:44 PM Page 150

SECTION NEWS
District 13 District 14 District 17
John Willard, director Tony Brosio, director J Jones, director
(815) 954-4838 (765) 215-7506 (832) 506-5986
kustom_bilt@msn.com tbrosio@yahoo.com jjones6@lincolnelectric.com

CHICAGO CENTRAL ARKANSAS

July 12
Location: Prime Time Restaurant,
Hickory Hills, Ill.
Summary: The Section’s executive
committee gathered to read and ap-
prove previous board minutes. New
Section Chair Cliff (Costica) Iftimie
presented his projects for the next six
months. He named the chairmen of
the projects, dates, and locations. Af-
ter a brief discussion, all items were
approved.
District 15 July 19
David Lynnes, director Location: Whole Hog Cafe, Little Rock,
(701) 893-2295 Ark.
dave@learntoweld.com Summary: Section members met to
discuss bylaws, scholarship commit-
tees, and financials. Steve Belew pre-
District 16 sented the bylaws, while Dennis Pick-
ering updated attendees on current fi-
Karl Fogleman, director
nancials. Chris Layton offered
(402) 677-2490
Welsco’s corporate headquarters for
fogleman3@cox.net
the next meeting, which will include a
plant tour. Layton also brought

CHICAGO — Sitting are (from left) Bob Zimny, Elisabeth Darnell, Anghelina Iftimie, and Section Chair Cliff Iftimie. Standing (from left) are
Marty Vondra, John Hesseltine, Craig Tichelar, and Tyler Anderson.

CENTRAL ARKANSAS — Area welding instructors gathered for a photo after attending the August Section meeting and a continuing edu­
cation course conducted by Welsco.

150 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

OCT Section News.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 6:44 PM Page 151

up fundraising ideas and a name
change from the Central Arkansas Sec-
tion to The Razorback Section. A mo-
tion was called and seconded. The Sec-
tion name change will require AWS
board of director approval to become
effective. Member Matt Johnson also
brought up the idea to develop a Sec-
tion award for welder and CWI of the
year.
SECTION NEWS
Summary: Chen presented an
overview of the different techniques
and nondestructive examination used
for the manufacturing of oil well
drilling tools. Before his presentation,
AWS Vice President Dale Flood spoke
about his career path through the
welding industry, starting as a welder
and spanning to holding several
patents.

August
Summary: Several instructors attend- District 19 CENTRAL ARKANSAS — Nicholas B. Wal­
ters received the 2017 Stephen E. Harri­
ed the Section’s August meeting, Shawn McDaniel, director son Scholarship.
which included a continuing education (509) 793-5182
course that Welsco holds yearly. The shawnm@bigbend.edu
meeting focused on scholarship pro-
grams and membership growth strate-
gies. Nicholas B. Walters received the
2017 Stephen E. Harrison Scholarship
for $1500. Walters attends the
Arkansas Welding Academy in Jack-
sonville, Ark.

District 18
John Stoll, director
(713) 724-2350
John.Stoll@voestalpine.com

HOUSTON
August 16
Location: Brady’s Landing, Houston,
Tex. HOUSTON — Seen after the the August meeting are (from left) Dennis Eck, AWS Vice
Presenter: John Chen, R&D engineer, President Dale Flood, John Chen, and AWS President John Bray.
Schlumberger

SAN DIEGO — The nine­year Certified Welding Inspector class toured Testing Services and Inspection Inc. (TS&I). Seen are (front row from
left) Richard Roth, Doug Dickson, Quynh Vuong, Pedro J. Chavez, Juan R. Diaz (owner of TS&I), Ron Theiss (instructor), and Jesse Ortega
(TS&I). In the second row are (from left) Mike Slaugh, Justin Forristal, Kevin Churchill, Chuck Lohman, Jody Lasseigne, Chris Jeppsen, Frank
Beebcs, and Richard L. Mark. In the top row are (from left) Kevin Weech, Jerry Judt, Randy Cleatwood, John D. Cotton Sr., Steve Roach,
Robert D. Cline, Nicholas Potrovitza, Lonnie R. Mauk, Michael Branum, David Marshall, David Miller, Mark R. Mendoza, James D. Wisener,
and Robert Szed.

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 151

OCT Section News.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 6:44 PM Page 152
SECTION NEWS
District 20
Pierrette H. Gorman, director
(505) 284-9644
phgorma@sandia.gov
District 21
Sam Lindsey, director
(858) 740-1917
slindsey@sandiego.gov
SAN DIEGO
August 2
Location: San Diego, Calif.
Presenter: Juan Diaz, Testing Services
& Inspection Inc.
Topic: Mechanical testing and NDT
Summary: The Section hosted a nine-
CENTRAL VALLEY — Section Chair Randy Emery (kneeling on the far right) with welders, engineers, and inspectors from the Floway Pumps
Co. and Warren & Baerg Mfg.
SECTION EVENTS
CALENDAR
Please note events are subject to change.
Reach out to the listed contact to confirm.
New Orleans
Meetings are usually the third Tuesday
of each of the following months: Sept.,
Oct., Nov., Jan., Feb., March, April, and
May.
Contact D. J. Berger for more information
about New Orleans events at (504) 415-
9165, or by email at dj@nationalitc.com.
North Texas
Meetings are the third Tuesday of each
152 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
year Certified Welding Inspector
course. Attendees toured Testing Serv-
ices and Inspection Inc., and Diaz
demonstrated common destructive
tests. The class witnessed a tensile test
being peformed on several materials
and had the opportunity for some
hands-on scanning of welds using the
ultrasonic test method.
District 22
Kerry E. Shatell, director
(925) 866-5434
kesi@pge.com
CENTRAL VALLEY
July 20
Location: Tulare, Calif.
month: dinner at 6:30 pm, program at
7 pm
Humperdinks, 700 Six Flags,
Arlington, Tex.
Bring three canned goods for the
North Texas Food Bank and receive a
door prize ticket.
Contact Paul Stanglin for more
information about North Texas
events by email at
pstangli@cityofirving.org.
ANNOUNCE YOUR
SECTION’S ACTIVITIES
If you would like to submit an event
or calendar listing, send along the fol-
lowing information: Section name;
Presenter: Randy Emery, Section Chair
Summary: The Section presented its
first Welding Improvement Workshop
to two local employers. The workshop
was developed based on a request
from a local company’s managment re-
garding updating their welding and
fabrication departments. The atten-
dees included welders, engineers, and
quality control inspectors from
Warren & Baerg Mfg., and the Floway
Pumps Co. Section Chair Randy Emery
presented the two-hour workshop
with presentations entitled “Smart
Performance Testing for Welders” and
“The Effects of Variables on Weld
Quality.” An active question-and-
answer session followed the
presentation.
activity name, date, time, and loca-
tion; as well as speaker name, title,
affiliation, and subject. If some of
your meeting plans are pending, in-
clude the name and email or phone
number of a contact person for the
event.
Please keep in mind the Journal pub-
lication cutoff is usually the 20th of
the month, for two months ahead.
For example, if you want to have your
January meeting in the December
Journal calendar, the deadline is
October 20.
Send your calendar event listing to
Cindy Weihl, senior editor, by email,
cweihl@aws.org, or fax, (305) 443-
7404.
OCT Section News.qxp_Layout 1 9/6/17 6:45 PM Page 153
Guide to AWS Services
American Welding Society®
8669 NW 36th St., #130
Miami, FL 33166-6672
(800/305) 443-9353; Fax: (305) 443-7559
Phone extensions are in parentheses.
AWS PRESIDENT
John Bray. . . . . . . .sales@affiliatedmachinery.com
Affiliated Machinery Inc.
3008 South Main Street, Pearland, TX 77581
ADMINISTRATION
Executive Director
Ray Shook.. rshook@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(210)
Chief Operating Officer
Matt Miller.. mmiller@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(207)
Senior Associate Executive Directors
Cassie Burrell.. cburrell@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(253)
John Gayler.. gayler@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(472)
Chief Financial Officer/Chief Administrative Officer
Gesana Villegas.. gvillegas@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . .(252)
Chief Information Officer
Emilio Del Riego..edelriego@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(247)
Chief Marketing Officer
Sofia Samuels..ssamuels@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(419)
Asssociate Director, Executive Office
Chelsea Steel.. csteel@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(293)
Program Administrator, Executive Office
Jessenia Martinez.. jmartinez@aws.org . . . . . . . .(343)
Administrative Services
Corporate Director
Hidail Nuñez..hidail@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(287)
HUMAN RESOURCES
Director
Gricelda Manalich.. gricelda@aws.org . . . . . . . . .(208)
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WELDING
Senior Coordinator
Sissibeth Lopez . . sissi@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(319)
Liaison services with other national and interna-
tional societies and standards organizations.
GOVERNMENT LIAISON SERVICES
Hugh Webster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hwebster@wc-b.com
Webster, Chamberlain & Bean, Washington, D.C.
(202) 785-9500; F: (202) 835-0243
Monitors federal issues of importance to the
industry.
CONVENTION AND EXPOSITIONS
Director, Convention and Meeting Services
Matthew Rubin.....mrubin@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . .(239)
ITSA — INTERNATIONAL THERMAL
SPRAY ASSOCIATION
Program Manager
Alfred Nieves....anieves@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(467)
RWMA — RESISTANCE WELDING MANUFACTURING
ALLIANCE
Program Manager
Adrian Bustillo....abustillo@aws.org. . . . .. . . .. . . .(295)
WEMCO — ASSOCIATION OF WELDING
MANUFACTURERS
Program Manager
Keila DeMoraes....kdemoraes@aws.org . . . . . . . .(444)
INTERNATIONAL SALES
Managing Director of North American Sales
Joe Krall..jkrall@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(297)
Learning Sales Representative
Efram Abrams.. eabrams@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(307)
Corporate Director, Global Sales
Jeff Kamentz..jkamentz@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(233)
Oversees international business activities; cer-
tification, publications, and membership.
PUBLICATION SERVICES
Dept. information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(275)
Welding Journal
Publisher/Editor
Mary Ruth Johnsen.. mjohnsen@aws.org . . . . . .(238)
Society News Editor
Katie Pacheco.. kpacheco@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(275)
Section News Editor
Cindy Weihl..cweihl@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(256)
Inspection Trends Editor
Carlos Guzman..cguzman@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . .(348)
Welding Handbook Editor
Kathy Sinnes.. ksinnes@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(255)
MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS
Chief Marketing Officer
Sofia Samuels.. ssamuels@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(419)
MEMBER SERVICES
Dept. information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(480)
Senior Associate Executive Director
Cassie Burrell.. cburrell@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(253)
Corporate Director
Rhenda Kenny... rhenda@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(260)
Serves as a liaison between members and AWS
headquarters.
CERTIFICATION SERVICES
Dept. information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(273)
Senior Associate Executive Director
John Gayler..gayler@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(281)
EDUCATION SERVICES
Corporate Director
Patrick Henry..phenry@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(226)
TECHNICAL STANDARDS SALES
Managing Director
Michael Walsh...mwalsh@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(350)
AWS Bookstore, Subscription Sales, and AWS
Reseller Management
Customer Service...customerservice@aws.org . . .(280)
STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT
Dept. information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(340)
Managing Director — Standards Development
Annette Alonso.. aalonso@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(299)
Technical Committee Activities, Additive
Manufacturing, Welding Qualification
Director — International Activities
Andrew Davis.. adavis@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(466)
International Standards Activities, American
Council of the International Institute of Welding
Manager, Safety and Health
Stephen Hedrick.. steveh@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . .(305)
Metric Practice, Safety and Health, Joining of
Plastics and Composites, Personnel and Facilities
Qualification, Mechanical Testing of Welds
Program Managers II
Stephen Borrero... sborrero@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(334)
Definitions and Symbols, Structural Subcommit-
tees on Reinforcing Steel and Stainless Steel, Joining
of Metals and Alloys, Piping and Tubing
Rakesh Gupta.. gupta@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(301)
Filler Metals and Allied Materials, International
Filler Metals, UNS Numbers Assignment, Arc Weld-
ing and Cutting Processes, Computational Weld
Mechanics
Jennifer Molin.. jmolin@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(304)
Structural Welding, Sheet Metal Welding
Program Managers
Annik Babinski..ababinski@aws.org . . . . . . . . . .(310)
Automotive, Friction Welding, Resistance
Welding, Resistance Welding Equipment, Welding
and Brazing in Aerospace
Darrill Gaschler..dgaschler@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . .(306)
Brazing and Soldering, Methods of Weld Inspec-
tion, Welding in Marine Construction, Welding of
Machinery and Equipment
Peter Portela.. pportela@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . . . .(311)
High-Energy Beam Welding, Robotics Welding,
Welding in Sanitary Applications, Additive Manufac-
turing, Structural Subcommittees on Bridge Welding
and Titanium
Jennifer Rosario.. jrosario@aws.org . . . . . . . . . . .(308)
Oxyfuel Gas Welding and Cutting, Railroad
Welding, Thermal Spraying, Welding Iron Castings,
Welding Qualification
CUSTOMER OPERATIONS
Program Specialists
Vivian Pupo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(362)
Vanessa Vasquez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(361)
Answer customer questions about AWS.
AWS FOUNDATION INC.
aws.org/w/a/foundation
General Information
(800/305) 443-9353, ext. 212, vpinsky@aws.org
Chairman, Board of Trustees
William A. Rice.. brice@oki-bering.com
Corporate Director, Workforce Development
Monica Pfarr.. mpfarr@aws.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . (461)
Associate Director, Foundation Servicess
John Douglass.. jdouglass@aws.org. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . (212)
Associate Director of Scholarships
Vicki Pinsky.. vpinsky@aws.org. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . (212)
The AWS Foundation is a not-for-profit 501(c)(3)
charitable organization established to provide support for
the educational and scientific endeavors of the American
Welding Society. Promote the Foundation’s work with your
financial support.
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 153
Personnel – October.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 5:23 PM Page 154

PERSONNEL

LETU Names Blodgett Chair composite-based automotive compo- strategies, securing new accounts, and
nents. His research at the university meeting sales objectives. During his
LeTourneau will focus on welding metallurgy in ad- time with RoMan Engineering Servic-
University, vanced structural materials, and he es, he was also contracted for two
Longview, Tex., will teach classes in materials joining years with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
has named Dr. engineering, materials science, and Center of Compliance to assist with
Richard E. Baumer engineering design. new model launches. As account man-
to lead the materi- ager, Smith will represent CenterLine
als joining engi- ORS Nasco Appoints President brand products and services within
neering program and Group President the U.S. market.
as the new Omer
Blodgett endowed ORS Nasco, Abicor Binzel Chooses District
chair of welding Tulsa, Okla., a Sales Manager
and materials wholesale
R. E. Baumer joining engineer- provider of indus- Abicor Binzel has added Andy
ing. Baumer trial supplies, has Schuk as district sales manager and
brings a back- appointed Chris sales territory to further its presence
ground in materials and welding re- Kempa as presi- in the midwest welding and manufac-
search, product development, process dent of ORS turing hub. Schuk’s district will
engineering, and numerical simula- Nasco and group stretch from the Chicago region of Illi-
tion to the program. Since 2013, he president of Es- nois to Wisconsin and western Michi-
has worked as an engineer in research sendant Industri- gan. He has been a welding industry
and development with The Dow al. Kempa has professional for more than 30 years,
Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., where C. Kempa been supporting with positions at Böhler Welding,
he led teams to develop improved car- ORS Nasco since ESAB, Red-D-Arc, and Airgas among
bon fiber epoxy composite materials 2015 as senior his experience. He brings to Binzel a
and partnered with customers in the vice president, strong record of sales growth in his
automotive industry to create new merchandising, and responsible for territories with a tremendous distrib-
merchandising in the Essendant In- utor and end user rapport.
dustrial Group. Prior to joining Essen-
dant, he spent over two decades at
Grainger in various leadership roles of Franklin Bronze Announces
increasing responsibility in field oper- Quality Assurance Manager
ations, distribution operations, enter-
prise systems, product management, Paul Polesnak
global supply chain, and leading busi- has joined
ness units within international. Franklin Bronze
Precision Compo-
CenterLine Welcomes Account nents LLC,
Manager Franklin, Pa., as
quality assurance
CenterLine manager.
Ltd., Windsor, Polesnak comes to
Canada, has an- the company with
nounced Kyle more than 32
Smith as account years of experi-
manager. He has P. Polesnak ence in quality
nearly five years and management
of sales, customer systems, continu-
relations, and ous improvement, and Lean/Six Sigma
weld support ex- activities. He is a certified quality en-
perience in the au- gineer and held previous roles as a
tomotive and process and methods engineer as
K. Smith
medical indus- well as a senior supplier quality engi-
tries. Prior to neer. In his new role, he will manage
coming to Center- the ISO 9000 quality system, develop,
Line, he held sales positions with OPS oversee, and implement process
Solutions, RoMan Manufacturing, and control and plant continuous improve-
RoMan Engineering Services where he ment activities, as well as direct all
gained experience implementing sales auditing functions at Franklin Bronze.
For info, go to aws.org/ad­index

154 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

Personnel – October.qxp_Layout 1 9/15/17 4:22 PM Page 155

Raytheon Board of Directors member of the International Institute expanded its

Elects Director
The board of directors of Raytheon
Co., Waltham, Mass., has elected
Robert O. Work as a director. Work
was appointed the 31st deputy secre-
tary of defense by President Barack
Obama in 2014, a position he held
through July 2017. He is a distin-
guished graduate of the Naval Reserve
Officers Training Course at the Uni-
versity of Illinois and was commis-
sioned a second lieutenant in the U.S.
Marine Corps in 1974. During his 27-
year military career, he held a wide
range of command, leadership, and
management positions. In 2009, he
was appointed by President Obama to
serve as the undersecretary of the
Navy, a position he held until 2013.
Work then served as CEO of the Cen-
ter for New American Security before
returning to the Pentagon as deputy
secretary of defense. He is also a
for Strategic Studies. funding to include
welders, second-
OBITUARY ary, and postsec-
ondary attendees,
Sam Gentry as well as imple-
menting the new
Sam Gentry, executive director of Grants Program.
the AWS Foundation, passed away on In addition, he se-
August 5 at the age of 74. Originally cured a $1 million
from Alabama, Gentry started his ca- endowment from
reer in the banking industry. In the ITW to initiate
S. Gentry
early 1980s, he moved to Miami, Fla., the Work Force
where he led the private banking busi- Development Pro-
ness at then-Capital Bank and Colo- gram. He was instrumental in the cre-
nial BancGroup as executive vice presi- ation of the AWS Careers in Welding
dent. He later served as executive di- trailer, which features virtual welding
rector of the Miami Dade College machines and travels around the Unit-
Foundation for five years. In 2006, he ed States to attract people to welding.
joined AWS as executive director of His numerous relationships and part-
the society’s foundation and led the nerships with industry leaders and
scholarship programs. During his 101⁄2- volunteers took the Foundation to a
year tenure, the Foundation’s assets new level. His dedication even got for-
grew from $5.9 million to more than mer Tonight Show host Jay Leno to
$65 million. He grew the program and contribute to the Foundation. WJ

PRODUCT & PRINT and illustrated for young readers to in-

SPOTLIGHT
— continued from page 33
Children’s Book Promotes
Mining, Geology, and
Engineering
The Mineral Maniacs and the Magic
Hardhat aims to help change the pub-
lic’s perception of mining, geology,
and engineering. The book is written
spire future generations of innovators,
educators, and engineers to be forces
of positive change in the world. The
book’s writers, Ryan and Jules Miles,
were finalists in the Society for Min-
ing, Metallurgy and Exploration’s
(SME) 2016 Move Mining Competi-
tion. Visit themineralmaniacs.com/
author to learn more about the au-
thors. The book is currently being
translated into Spanish.
Society for Mining, Metallurgy and
Exploration
smenet.org
(303) 948­4200
Online Video Covers GMAW for
Collision Repair Applications
The Society of Collision Repair Spe-
cialists (SCRS) Education Committee
released the second of three video dis-
cussions on gas metal arc welding. The
first video centered on equipment and
power. The second video focuses on
settings, setup, and training consider-
ations. Its content is geared toward
owners, operators, and technical staff
involved in the collision repair
business.
Society of Collision Repair Specialists
scrs.com
(877) 841­0660
Clamping System Facilitates
Tube and Pipe Welding
The Angle-
Rite® clamp-
ing system
compensates
for weld
stress distor-
tion and sim-
plifies the
tube and pipe
welding
process from
setup to com-
pletion. It
consists of a primary clamp that
prebends the intersected tube prior to
welding. The secondary clamp holds
the intersecting tube or pipe in a pre-
cise angle to be miter cut using the
reciprocating saw attachment or
notched using the abrasive or hole-saw
notcher. Once cut, the secondary and
primary clamps are rejoined, along
with their workpieces. The angle and
rotational alignment of the workpieces
are retained throughout the process.
By clamping the primary and inter-
secting workpieces in place, the user
can weld the joint without the need of
a third hand.
Meridian Stainless Inc.
anglerite.com

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 155

member network.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/14/17 1:49 PM Page 156
magnatech.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/14/17 2:18 PM Page 157

For Info, go to aws.org/ad­index

2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:23 PM Page 158

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

Ball Tack Welding

for Brazing
Set­up Operations

Resistance microwelding
can be a powerful process
improvement tool in braze
set-up operations.
Techniques such as ball
tack welding, poke tacking, and honeycomb tack welding
can signifcantly reduce time and improve repeatability.
Visit www.aimtek.com for a detailed product offering of hand tools.

201 Washington St.

Auburn, MA 01501 USA
(508) 832­5035
jkapur@aimtek.com
aimtek.com
See us at FABTECH booth B25072

Powder and Wire for

Additive Manufacturing
Aimtek produces and stocks a
complete range of powder and
wire for 3D printing and additive
manufacturing. Wire is produced
by vacuum melting to reduce oxide
contamination, and is available in a
wide range of diameters. Powders
are produced by inert gas atomiza-
tion and have tightly controlled
particle size distributions. Typical
materials include Titanium,
Inconel, Aluminum, and Stainless
Steel alloys. Our metallurgical See us at FABTECH booth B25072
team can help choose the correct material for your application
and equipment.
(508) 832­5035
jkapur@aimtek.com
aimtek.com

Fine Diameter Wire for Laser

and Microwelding
Aimtek produces and stocks a
complete range of fine diameter wire
for laser welding, micro welding,
precision Tig welding, and automatic
welding. Wire is produced by preci-
sion drawing and centerless grinding
for precise control of tolerances and
quality. Typical materials include
Titanium, Inconel, Aluminum, Tool
Steel, Low Alloy Steel and Stainless
Steel alloys. Our metallurgical team
can help choose the correct material
for your application and equipment.
201 Washington St.
Auburn, MA 01501 USA
(508) 832­5035
jkapur@aimtek.com
See us at FABTECH booth B25072 aimtek.com
158 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
 See us at FABTECH booth B25061 See us at FABTECH booth B25061 See us at FABTECH booth B25061
RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS
2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:24 PM Page 159

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 159

(ADVERTISEMENTS)

See us at FABTECH booth B25061 See us at FABTECH booth B25061 See us at FABTECH booth B25061
2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:25 PM Page 160

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

Stainless Steel Alloy

Electrodes

Arcos Industries, LLC offers

a 56-page brochure which
details the complete line of
premium bare wire, covered
and tubular electrode products
for welding stainless steel
alloys. Electrode classifications,
approvals, applications,
diameters, typical mechanical
properties and chemical
compositions are included.

Arcos Industries, LLC

394 Arcos Drive
Mt. Carmel, PA 17851
(800) 233­8460
Fax: (570) 339­5206
arcos.us

160 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:26 PM Page 161

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS

See us at FABTECH booth B35000 (ADVERTISEMENTS)

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 161

2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:27 PM Page 162

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

Non­Metallic Weld Backings

At Cerbaco we will provide you
with the proper weld backings
for your applications. Our
engineers will be happy to assist
you in implementing a backing
that will give you a finished qual-
ity, full penetration weld from
one side. Cerbaco weld backings
eliminate the need for arc goug-
ing and heavy grinding. Cerbaco
can also develop new backings
and formulations for your specific needs. Cerbaco Ltd is the one
source for weld backings.
Cerbaco Ltd.
809 Harrison Street
Frenchtown, NJ 08825
(908) 996­1333
Fax: (908) 996­0023
cerbaco.com See us at FABTECH booth B23090

PROVIDING THE HIGHEST QUALITY

2125 MC­G Metal Core Wire

• Cobalt, Chrome, Tungsten

Alloy Chemistry
• Resistance to high tempera-
ture, impact, and abrasion
• Available in .045 and 1/16”
diameter X 33 lb spool.

COR­MET INC.
12500 Grand River Rd
Brighton, MI 48116
(800) 848­2719
(810) 227­3251
cor­met.com
See us at FABTECH booth B37058

PROVIDING THE HIGHEST QUALITY

9260 FC­O 1/16" X 25 lb Spool

• High Carbon, High Chrome

Open Arc Welding Wire
• Available .045 to 1/8” diameters
• Overlay wire for severe abrasion
metal to earth/stone applications
• 2 pass weld deposit 58-61 HRc.

COR­MET INC.
12500 Grand River Rd
Brighton, MI 48116
(800) 848­2719
(810) 227­3251
cor­met.com
See us at FABTECH booth B37058
162 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:27 PM Page 163

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

PROVIDING THE HIGHEST QUALITY

9544 FC­O 1/16" X 30 lb Spool
• Chrome Manganese Flux Cored Open Arc wire
• Severe impact, moderate abrasion
hard-surface weld wire
• Developed for overlay on
Manganese crusher parts
• Work hardening alloy
to HRc 45+.

COR­MET INC.
12500 Grand River Rd
Brighton, MI 48116
(800) 848­2719
(810) 227­3251
cor­met.com
See us at FABTECH booth B37058

PROVIDING THE HIGHEST QUALITY

4340 E14 Electrode
• AISI 4340 deposit chemistry
• Additional Alloys available 4130,
4130LN, 4140
• For joining and overlay on similar
base metals, plant maintenance
applications
• Also available a Flux core and
Metal Wire.
See us at FABTECH booth B37058
COR­MET INC.
12500 Grand River Rd
Brighton, MI 48116
(800) 848­2719
(810) 227­3251
cor­met.com

WDL III™ Weld Data Logger

Do you need instantaneous view-

ing of current welding conditions
or the ability to have extended
data logging? Introducing the
WDL III™ Weld Data Logger — our
weld data acquisition system that
provides a means of measuring
and documenting all basic welding
parameters. It’s perfect for weld development, weld certification,
continuous training programs and QC verification programs.
It supports Ethernet, USB or RS-485 serial communication
interface using Modbus protocol for computer connection,
PLC or HMI interface.

Computer Weld Technology, Inc.

10702 Old Bammel N Houston Rd.
Houston, TX 77086 DeWAL Thermal, Plasma and HVOF tapes.
(713) 462­2118 DeWAL precision tapes form a protective mask for ceramic and
Fax: (713) 462­2503 metal plasma spraying, arc spraying, HVOF and grit blasting.
cweldtech.com
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 163
2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/15/17 8:16 AM Page 164

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

New Capacitor Discharge Welder Has 2% Thoriated Tungsten

Compact Design With Intuitive Control Has Not Been Discontinued
Set­Up Diamond Ground Products, an
industry leader in pre-ground
Dengensha America’s new Capacitor tungsten electrodes and tungsten
Discharge Welder has a smaller footprint and electrode grinders since 1992, offers
cost-efficient compact design. High current high-quality tungsten electrodes
in short bursts allows minimum heat including 2% Thoriated. Some want
transfer and workpiece distortion– ideal you to believe 2% Thoriated has
for welding small projection parts on high- been discontinued so they can sell
strength steel. Unique selectable current you their “proprietary blend” of
control modes fine-tune weld quality. It can tungsten. This simply is not the
achieve 50 kA weld current with only a 6 kVA case. DGP continues to offer high-
power supply. quality 2% Thoriated tungsten so
contact us today.
Dengensha America Corp.
7647 First Place Drive Diamond Ground Products, Inc. See us at FABTECH booth B33037
Bedford, OH 44146 2651 Lavery Court
(440) 439­8081 Newbury Park, CA 91320
Fax: (440) 439­8217 (805) 498­3837 • Fax: (805) 498­9347
sales@dengensha.com sales@diamondground.com
dengensha.com See us at FABTECH booth B27049 www.diamondground.com

High Quality Tungsten Diamond Ground Product’s Piranha II Tungsten

at the Lowest Prices Electrode Grinder Has Been Redesigned and Refreshed
Diamond Ground Products en- The new Piranha II now features:
sure the highest quality tung- • Sliding dust shield for 100%
sten at the lowest prices! dust containment
Call us today for a quote on 2% • Integrated receptacle area for
and 4% Thoriated, Ceriated, ease of handling electrodes
Lanthanated, Pure, Cryo-T or • Recessed handle for better
Tri-Mix tungsten electrodes. form and function
Diameters from .020 to .250 in. • On/off switch with LED light
available from stock. Custom for improved display of unit
See us at FABTECH booth B33037
sizes, lengths, and finishes avail- operation
able. FREE tungsten guidebook and FREE samples available. • Lightened chassis for reduced weight
All Diamond Ground Products’ grinders are proudly made in
Diamond Ground Products, Inc. the USA.
2651 Lavery Court, Newbury Park, CA 91320 Diamond Ground Products, Inc.
(805) 498­3837 2651 Lavery Court, Newbury Park, CA 91320
Fax: (805) 498­9347 (805) 498­3837 • Fax: (805) 498­9347
sales@diamondground.com sales@diamondground.com • diamondground.com
diamondground.com Be sure to follow us on Facebook & Twitter!
Be sure to follow us on Facebook & Twitter!
See us at FABTECH booth B33037
Pre­Ground Welding Electrodes You're Paying Too Much For
Tungsten Grinding Wheels
Increase weld quality and productivity
with electrodes precision ground or DGP offers a complete line of
polished to your specification. high-quality, low-cost replacement
Benefits include reduced arc wander, diamond grinding wheels for nearly
consistency of arc shape, superior arc any tungsten electrode grinder on
starting, longer electrode life and the market. DGP grinding wheels
elimination of tungsten inclusions are in-stock, and ready to ship
through reduction of electrode immediately. Compare and
spitting/shedding. Free samples of save today!
preground electrodes and Tungsten
Guidebook available upon request. Diamond Ground Products, Inc.
2651 Lavery Court
Diamond Ground Products, Inc. Newbury Park, CA 91320
2651 Lavery Court See us at FABTECH booth B33037 (805) 498­3837
Newbury Park, CA 91320 Fax: (805) 498­9347
(805) 498­3837 • Fax: (805) 498­9347 sales@diamondground.com
sales@diamondground.com diamondground.com
diamondground.com Be sure to follow us on Facebook
Be sure to follow us on Facebook & Twitter!
See us at FABTECH booth B33037
164 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017
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RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 165

2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:28 PM Page 166

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

NEW Compact Mag Drill

The NEW Slugger by FEIN JMC USA

90 Compact Magnetic Base Drill,
combines power and reliability with
an extremely compact low profile
that sets new standards in size,
power, weight and versatility.
The 1,100 watt High-Powered motor
with high speed stability and clock-
wise/counter-clockwise rotation
makes drilling and countersinking
possible in any situation. The space-saving operation allows a 3/8 in.
ratchet to be fitted to either side of the drill, making this the ideal
drill for fitting into the tightest spaces. Also ideal for truck frame
drilling.
1000 Omega Drive, Suite 1180
Pittsburgh, PA 15205
(802) 674­5427 (800) 441­9878
Call for Fast, Affordable, Custom Diamond Products Fax: (412) 922­8767
feinus.com See us at FABTECH booth B33058

E­Power® Front Loading Fischer SUPER COUPON

Torch Liners Qualifies all Thicknesses
Wire Wizard® Welding Products The Fischer SUPER COUPON
has launched a new line of retrofit saves money and time by
front-loading E-Power® Torch Liners for replacing testing of both 2 in.
robotic MIG welding guns, including and 6 in. pipe coupons per
models that do not normally offer front- ASME Section IX,. It will
loading ability. Featuring a patent- qualify a welder for ALL
pending elliptical wire liner with thicknesses and ALL diameters
proprietary coating to reduce friction down to 1 in. OD. It is suitable
and eliminate shaving, they can last up for bend testing or radiography. Various end preparations and
to 5X longer than traditional liners. Rear loading liners also lengths are available. For these and other coupons, please visit
available. Made in USA. our website.

8220 Expansion Way

Dayton, OH 45424
(517) 782­8040 (937) 754­1750
www.wire­wizard.com Fax: (937) 754­1754
See us at FABTECH booth B35018 fischerengr.com

NEW Paddle Switch Angle

Grinder

Check out the ALL NEW WSG

7-115 PT 4" Compact Angle
Grinder from FEIN! Now,
equipped with paddle switch
function providing immediate
shutdown of the motor when
the paddle switch is released.
With a smaller grip and a
powerful 840 Watt motor,
the WSG 7-115 PT is primed See us at FABTECH booth A6356
for better control with maxi-
mum speed and torque!

1000 Omega Drive, Suite 1180

Pittsburgh, PA 15205
(800) 441­9878
feinus.com
See us at FABTECH booth B33058

166 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:29 PM Page 167

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

Gullco 300 Series KAT

The Gullco 300 Series KAT is the
next model in the long history
of Gullco welding automation
carriages. The KAT has been used
throughout the world and the
300 series has been engineered to
improve upon this already popular
design. The KAT is small and light
yet robust with many features including,
•Tool-less Setup Adjustment, Operation
•“Click-Click” Self-aligning Wheels for Simple and
Quick Installation
•Dynamic Dovetail Racking for versatile torch positioning
•Ingress Protection including Conformal Coating of Circuit Boards
•Energy Efficient with low electricity consumption
•OSHA Safety Orange paintjob

gullco.com
See us at FABTECH booth B33005

Fusion, Inc. Welder Shaver

Fusion produces a wide
variety of brazing and Heck Industries has added a
soldering alloys in paste new hand held weld shaver to
form. Each contains their line of fabricating equip-
atomized filler metal, ment. The new weld shaver
appropriate flux, and special uses standard carbide inserts in
binders which facilitate a milling cutter to shave weld
automatic application. Thus, beads flush to a work piece.
all the ingredients for a Used for cleaning butt welds
strong, reliable brazed or soldered joint are delivered in one step. and corner welds. The weld shaver will remove only the weld and
Fusion also designs and builds automatic brazing and soldering not damage surrounding materials such as conventional grinding
machines. These custom-built systems convey fixtured parts of joints. The 2 horsepower Model WS-625 will quickly remove
through a timed sequence of filler metal application, heating, and welds at 6-8 feet per minute. For more information and a catalog
cooling. Typically, 200-700 assemblies per hour can be joined with please contact Heck Industries.
just one operator.
Heck Industries
(800) 886­5418
Fusion Inc. Fax: (810) 632­6640
(800) 626­9501, ext. 510 heckind.net
(440) 602­5510 (Direct)
fusion­inc.com See us at FABTECH booth B31042 See us at FABTECH booth B33049

Welding Training
Curriculum Available
HIWT offers world-class
curriculum materials on all
major processes based on
AWS® Entry Level SENSE
criteria (QC10 and EG 2.0).
Our complete training
programs include DVDs,
instructor guides and student workbooks. Designed with input
from instructors, video modules present core information and
model proper technique so that students can work independently
with the aid of their workbooks and coaching from their instructor.
Visit our website to see a complete line of offerings.

400 Trade Square East

Troy, OH 45373
(800) 332­9448
Fax: (937) 332­9550
welding.org
See us at FABTECH booth B18032

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 167

2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:29 PM Page 168

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

Oxyacetylene Welding,
Brazing and Cutting
Curriculum

Our top selling Oxyacety-

lene Welding, Cutting and
Brazing curriculum is a
complete training program
that teaches hand-eye
coordination with good
puddle control and filler addition. Additionally it provides
instruction on how to flame cut plate, braze cast iron and copper,
and mild steel in all positions. This four disc, 30 module training
program is based on AWS® Entry Level SENSE criteria.

400 Trade Square East

Troy, OH 45373
(800) 332­9448
Fax: (937) 332­9550
welding.org

See us at FABTECH booth B18032

Magnetic Drill & Annular Cutters

For any type of metal fabrication,
Hougen has a complete line of
portable magnetic drills and annular
cutters for holemaking in thick steel
plate to thin sheet metal. From low
profile drills to large multi-speed
models and custom made annular
cutters, Hougen has the tools for
your hole cutting needs.

3001 Hougen Dr
Swartz Creek, MI 48473 USA
(810) 635­7111
(800) 426­7818 See us at FABTECH booth A4514
hougen.com

168 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:29 PM Page 169

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

Orbital Tube Welder Now With

Touch Screen Interface

Magnatech's latest generation of power

supplies are now equipped with color touch
screen technology. The intuitive interface
makes programming and everyday use both
simpler and faster. The Tubemaster operates
six models of fusion weld heads for tube OD
sizes of 0.125–6.625" (3–168 mm) and three
models of wire feed heads 0.5–6.625" (13–168 mm). Advanced
Autoprogram generation creates perfect parameters not just for
stainless steel, but also unique programs for titanium, Inconel®,
copper nickel, and other alloys. A new weld program is created in
30 seconds. Digital weld head control forever eliminates the need
for periodic weld head calibration when changing heads.

Magnatech LLC
(860) 653­2573 • Fax: (860) 653­0486
Email: info@MagnatechLLC.com
MagnatechLLC.com See us at FABTECH booth B25058

Affordable Plate­Fab Cutting Machine On/Off Magnetic

Welding Squares
The Plate-Fab cutting machine
from Koike Aronson, Inc./ Decrease prep time without
Ransome gives smaller fabricators sacrificing holding accuracy and
more precision and more reliability with Master Magnetics’
production options at a lower new family of On/Off magnetic
cost. Plate-Fab includes a unitized, welding squares.
double-walled downdraft table that Easy to engage, On/Off magnetic
isolates sparks and fumes while welding squares provide you with
providing insulation that reduces Fast set-up
heat transfer from the torch to the Accurate and powerful holding
machine. It can be configured with one plasma cutting torch Holding on flat or round stock
and/or one oxy-fuel torch. Plasma options include the latest Pre-tapped holes on all sides for versatile mounting
technology on the market, such as True Hole™, Rapid Part™ Powerful neodymium magnets holds securely on flat or round
and SureCut™. stock, 3 styles available.
Visit us at FABTECH Booth #A3188 or
magnetsource.com for more information

(888) 293­9399
Visit us at our booth B17008 magnetsource.com
at FABTECH

The Thermal Spray

Powder Specialists
Lineage Alloys, Inc., is a privately
owned company whose team of
experienced powder manufacturing
professionals have been producing
thermal spray powders at the
current location for over thirty-five years. We specialize in the
manufacturing of tungsten carbide powders for HVOF coatings and
Nickel Chrome carbide wear coatings. We also excel in the manufac-
ture of one-step thermal spray powders and NiCrSiB/WC Blends.
We have many years of wear coating experience and is dedicated
to providing the best powder solution for your Thermal Spray
requirements. The use of stringent quality control and
manufacturing processes guarantees the highest quality and most
consistent powders available.

Lineage Alloys, Inc.

(281) 426­5535
www.lineagealloys.com

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 169

2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:30 PM Page 170

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

Midalloy Introduces
Aluminum Welding Wire

Midalloy’s superior aluminum

welding wires are in stock and
ready to ship from our St. Louis or

See us at FABTECH booth B33043

Houston warehouses. A proprietary
technology produces super clean
wire free of any surface imperfec-
tions. Spooled wires have consistent
cast and helix with higher tensile
than industry norms for excellent feedability. These wires meet
AWS (5.10), TUV, DIN (1732), and ABS codes.

630 Axminister Drive

St. Louis, Missouri 63026
(800) 776­3300
Fax: (636) 349­2240
www.midalloy.com

Hydraulic Cylinder Port Stud

Nelson® Stud Welding is proud to
introduce a 1-piece hydraulic port
stud that eliminates leaks, saves on
labor & money. It is certified
See us at FABTECH booth B37061

See us at FABTECH booth B33010

hydrostatic tested to 20,000 psi,

configured to SAE J514 & J1453.
There is no ID tube distortion after
welding as well. With the lowest
in-place cost, the port stud is FAST
to install and works great with
a Nelweld 4000/6000 process
monitor machine.

7900 W. Ridge Rd.

Elyria, OH 44035
(440) 329­0400
NelsonStud.com
info@nelsonstud.com

170 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:31 PM Page 172

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

Welding Electrodes Catalog High­Quality Thermal Spray

Components and Equipment
Select-Arc offers an expanded
catalog that describes the With over 100 years combined experience in
company's complete line of manufacturing thermal spray gun parts and
premium flux cored and metal consumables, along with engineering and
cored carbon steel, low- alloy, a responsive sales team, Thermach, Inc.,
stainless steel, nickel alloy continues to grow its equipment line and
and hardsurfacing welding expand its capabilities as a thermal spray
electrodes. This 108-page supplier. Our current product line consists
catalog includes comparability of the AT-400 Twin Wire Arc Spray System;
charts, welding parameters, the AT-1200 Series Powder Feeders; the AT-
deposition rates, agency 3000 Plasma System, which incorporates the SG100 Plasma Gun
approvals and Select-Arc and utilizes the well-known AT-1200 Powder Feeder; and the new
packaging options. AT-8000 HVOF System, which incorporates the HV2000 Gun.
Alongside the standard product line, we also provide customers
Select­Arc, Inc. with custom thermal spray components and part fixturing.
600 Enterprise Drive
P.O. Box 259 (920) 779­4299
Fort Loramie, OH 45845­0259 Fax: (920) 779­4452
(800) 341­5215 • Fax: (888) 511­5217 www.thermach.com
select­arc.com

See us at FABTECH booth B33084

172 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

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RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

Thermal Spray Materials,

Equipment and Parts

Plasma Powders & Systems, Inc.,

has been supplying the industry
with thermal spray materials,
equipment and parts since 1980.
In addition to manufacturing
self-bonding wire and powder at
our New Jersey USA facility, our
extensive thermal spray services include coating development,
sample part coating, equipment demonstration, training and on-site
equipment repair services. Everything required for the customer
from entry level to OEM is available including turnkey automated
systems. Plasma Powders serves every industry including the
U.S. government.

(732) 431­0992
(800) 358­4287
info@plasmapowders.com
plasmapowders.com

Oerlikon Metco Polymet Corporation

Polymet is a world-class
Oerlikon Metco's innovative solutions
manufacturer of high-
improve the life, reliability and
performance welding,
performance of your manufactured
hardfacing and thermal spray
components and industrial processes.
wire. Our manufacturing
Customers benefit from a broad range
processes include a patented
of surface solutions that include
hot extruded forged wire
thermal spray and laser cladding
process, rolling, die drawing, and alloy cored wire fabrication.
advanced materials, integrated
Polymet’s multiple wire processing capabilities allows it to be
systems and surfacing services, high
an innovator in problem solving. The high quality products
temperature braze materials, and weld
provide protection against abrasion, corrosion, impact and high
hardfacing materials — all delivered
temperature application for the aerospace, automotive, chemical,
through a global sales, customer
petrochemical, cement, mining, lumber, power generating, and
support and manufacturing network.
other industries.

(516) 334­1300
Fax: (516) 338­2414 (513) 874­3586
Info.Metco@oerlikon.com sales@polymet.us
www.oerlikon.com/metco polymet.us
See us at FABTECH booth A3019 See us at FABTECH booth B32070

Clean Welds
Exclusive Technology

OTC Daihen’s exclusive technology

produces the cleanest welds in
industry. Our SynchroFeed™
See us at FABTECH booth B23049

robotic welding system delivers

spatter-free welding, cutting down
on rework, cleanup and fit-up prior
to finishing and assembly. Synchro-
Feed™ robotic welding technology boasts the industry’s fastest
response time, producing the cleanest possible welds for your
challenging joining applications such as coated metal, gaps from
poor fit-up and thin-gauge joints.

888­OTC­ROBO
Fax: (937) 667­0885
Daihen­USA.com

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 171

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RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

TIP TIG HW All­In­One System

TIP TIG's new all-in-one compact
design includes our patented wire
agitation feeder system and our
unique hotwire inverter for pre-

See us at FABTECH booth B33002

heating the wire with an "all-in-one"
compact design. The durability of
this new design protects the unit
from harsh environments and the
rigors of daily use.The new all-in-
one unit weighs only 75 pounds
and connects to a common 120-volt
power receptacle, making it more
portable for your everyday application. Ideal for use in fabrication,
maintenance and repair, HVAC, construction and farm/ranch and
piping applications.

(856) 312­8164
tiptigusa.com
See us at FABTECH booth B21103

WELD PROCEDURE
QUALIFICATION MATERIALS

See us at FABTECH booth B33002

• Butt Welds
• Hardfacing
• Corrosion
• P1­P62

Single – Double – Compound Bevels

***Now Stocking***
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PQ plates are stocked in various thickness
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OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 173

2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/14/17 3:31 PM Page 174

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

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174 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

2017-Red Hot Layout.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/15/17 8:17 AM Page 175

RED HOT PRODUCT LISTINGS (ADVERTISEMENTS)

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OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 175

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2017-Logo Page Layout1.qxp_April School Profiles 2007 9/15/17 9:48 AM Page 177

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OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 179

october 2017 wj classifieds.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 1:35 PM Page 180

CLASSIFIEDS

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180 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

october 2017 wj classifieds.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 1:35 PM Page 181

ADVERTISER INDEX

3M Company 19 D/F Machine Specialties 118

3M.com/Cubitron2 (866) 279­1235 dfmachinespecialties.com (507) 625­6200
Abicor Binzel 26 Diamond Ground Products Inc. 75, 77
binzel­abicor.com (301) 846­4196 diamondground.com (805) 498­3837
ALM Positioners 79 Divers Academy International 81
almmh.com (844) 787­6200 diversacademy.edu (800) 238­3483
AM Industrial Group/A.C.T. Dust Collectors 110 Donaldson Torit 112
actdustcollectors.com (763) 557­7162 donaldsontorit.com (800) 365­1331
American Technical Publishers 130 Dynabrade, Inc. 127
atplearning.com (800) 323­3471 dynabrade.com (800) 828­7333
American Torch Tip 92 E. H. Wachs 74
attc.us/plasma­extend (800) 342­8477 ehwachs.com (847)537­8800
American Weldquip 94 Elco Enterprises Inc. 124
weldquip.com (330) 239­0317 wire­wizard.com (517) 782­8040
Arcos Industries LLC Inside Back Cover Electron Beam Technologies, Inc. 100
arcos.us (800) 233­8460 electronbeam.com (815) 935­2211
Astaras 13 ESAB Welding & Cutting 41
e3tungsten.com/www.astaras.com web contact only esab.com/rebel215 or esab.com/rebel235 (800) 372­2123
Atlas Evaluation & Inspection Services 110 FABTECH USA 2017 402s
indt.com (732) 388­7711 fabtechexpo.com (800) 443­9353, ext. 297
Atlas Welding Accessories Inc. 83 Fein Power Tools, Inc. 95­98
atlaswelding.com (800) 962­9353 fein.com (800) 441­9878
AWS Advertising Sales 117, 132 Fischer Engineering Co. 45
aws.org/advertisingsales (800) 443­9353, ext. 220 fischerengr.com (937) 754­1750
AWS Member Services 156 Fischer Technology, Inc. 17
aws.org/membership (800) 443­9353, ext. 480 fischer­technology.com (860) 683­0781
AWS Standards Development 132 Flexovit Abrasives 84
aws.org/standards (800) 443­9353, ext. 340 flexovitabrasives.com (800) 689­3539
B & B Pipe & Industrial Tools 118 Fusion, Inc. 84
BBPipeTools.com (713) 747­8502 fusion­inc.com (800) 626­9501
Bluco Corp. 33 G.A.L. Gage Co. 30, 87
bluco.com (800) 535­0135 galgage.com (269) 465­5750
Bradford Derustit Corp. 131 Gedik Welding 88
derustit.com (714) 695­0899 gedikwelding.com +90 216 378 50 00
Bug­O Systems 105 Genstar Technologies Co., Inc. 28
bugo.com (800) 245­3186 gentec.com (909) 606­6485
Camfil Air Pollution Control 2 Gentex Corp. 120
camfilapc.com (800) 479­6801 gentexcorp.com (888) 894­1755
Carell Corp./Eagle Bending Machines 89 Goss Professional Torch Equipment 36
carellcorp.com/eaglebendingmachines.com (251) 937­0947 gossonline.com (800) 367­4677
CDA Technical Institute 29 Gullco International Inc., U.S.A. 125
commercialdivingacademy.com (888) 974­2232 gullco.com (440) 439­8333
CEI 82 Harberts Products, Inc. 106
thinkcei.com/fabtech2017 (800) 473­1976 recycleflux.com (800) 377­3103
Cerbaco, Ltd. 133 HDE Technologies Inc. 130
cerbaco.com (908) 996­1333 hdetechnologies.com (916) 714­4944
CiboTime Saving Abrasives 93 Hobart Brothers Co. 135
cibo­abrasives.com/us (704) 770­1698 hobartbrothers.com/tiethatbinds (800) 532­2618
CK Worldwide 116 Hobart Institute of Welding Technology 80
ckworldwide.com (800) 426­0877 welding.org (800) 332­9448
CM Industries Inc. 7 Hodgson Custom Rolling, Inc. 11
cmindustries.com (800) 530­0032 hcrsteel.com (905) 356­6025
Cor­Met 25 I.M.P.A.C.T./Ironworker Management Progressive Action Coop. Trust 101
cor­met.com (800) 848­2719 impact­net.org (800) 545­4921
CS Unitec 81 Infosight 120
csunitec.com (800) 700­5919 infosight.com (740) 642_3600
Dengensha America 83 Intercon Enterprises Inc. 73
dengensha.com (440) 439­8081 intercon1978.com (800) 665­6655

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 181

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ADVERTISER INDEX

Intertest 27 RoMan Mfg. 72

iintertest.com (908) 496­8008 romanmfg.com (616) 530­8641
Johnson Mfg.Co. 133 Select­Arc Inc. Inside Front Cover
johnsonmfg.com (800) 747­0030 select­arc.com (937) 295­5215
K­TIG, Keyhole Tig Welding 78 SK Brazing USA, LLC 125
k­tig.com/general­electric­case­study +61 8 7324 6800 skbrazing.com (414) 628­0584
Kobelco Welding of America, Inc. 86 Stäubli Corp. 104
kobelco­welding.jp (281) 240­5600 staubli.com (864) 433­1980
Koike Aronson Inc./Ransome 22­23 Steelmax Tools 103
koike.com (800) 252­5232 steelmax.com (877) 833­5629
Lincoln Electric Co. Outside Back Cover Sturbridge Metallurgical Services, Inc. 131
lincolnelectric.com (216) 481­8100 smslabs.com (866) 340­5388
Lynnes Welding Training 104 TEC Welding Products 127
learntoweld.com (701) 373­0658 tectorch.com (760) 747­3700
Magnatech LLC 157 Thermatool Corp. 5
magnatechllc.ocm (860) 653­2573 thermatool.com (203) 468­4100
Master Magnetics, Inc. 124 Thermo­Calc Software 14
magnetsource.com/heat (800) 525­3536 thermocalc.com/welding (724) 731­0074
Mercer Industries 115 Tip Tig USA 90
mercerindustries.com (800) 221­5202 tiptigusa.com (856) 312­8164
Met­L­Chek 133 Triangle Engineering Inc. 111
met­l­chek.com (310) 450­1111 trieng.com (781 878­1500
Midalloy 82 TRUMPF 1
midalloy.com (800) 776­3300 us.trumpf.com web contact only
Miller Electric Mfg. Co. 18 Universal Flow Monitors 154
millerwelds.com/webuild (920) 734­9821 flowmeters.com (888) 569­3090
Motor Guard Corp. 131 Uniweld Products, Inc. 108
motorguardplasma.com (800) 227­2822 uniweld.com (800) 323­2111
National University Polytechnic Institute (NUPI) 16 Voestalpine Bohler Welding USA Inc. 37
nupolytech.org (800) 432­3484 voestalpine.com/welding (800) 527­0791
Nederman Americas 113 Walter Surface Technologies 15
nederman.com (855) 598­3171 walter.com (800) 522­0321
Nelson Stud Welding/A Nelson Fastener Systems Co. 100 Weiler Corp. 91
nelsonstud.com (800) 635­9353 weilercorp.com/max (800) 835­9999
Nippon Steel & Sumikin Welding 102 Weld Aid 78
welding.nssmc.com/en/ 81­6388­9000 weldaid.com (800) 935­3243
Oerlikon Metco 129 Weld Engineering Co. Inc. 32
oerlikon.com/metco (866) 828­7929 weldengineering.com (508) 842­2224
Olympus 121 Weldas 90
olympus­ims.com/vanta (281) 922­9300 weldas.com (800) 524­0162
ORS Nasco 126 Weldcote Metals 114
orsnasco.com (800) 678­6577 weldcotemetals.com (704) 739­4115
OTC Daihen Inc. 76
daihen­usa.com (888) 682­7626 Welder Training & Testing Institute 108
wtti.com (800) 223­9884
Panasonic Corp. of North America 85
panasonicfa.com (847) 637­9600 West Chester Protective Gear 122
westchestergear.com (800) 647­1900
Pearlman Abrasive Group 109
pearlabrasive.com (800) 969­5561 Western Enterprises (a Scott Fetzer Co.) 126
westernenterprises.com (800) 783­7890
Praxair Technology Inc. 21
praxair.com (800) 772­9247 Wuhan Welhel Photoelectric Co. Ltd. 107
welhel.com (86­27) 8356 4006/4007
Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance/RWMA 119, 123
aws.org/rwma (800) 443­9353, ext. 295 Red Hots 158­175

ResOps Laboratory Services 99 Company Logos 176­179

resopslab.com (832) 698­2601
Revco Industries/Black Stallion Industries 31
revcoindustries.com (800) 527­3826
Ridgid Inc. 9 Visit our Interactive Ad Index: aws.org/ad­index
ridgid.com/B­500 (800) 474­3443

182 WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017

Chen Supplement Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:28 PM Page 367

WELDING RESEARCH
SUPPLEMENT TO THE WELDING JOURNAL, October 2017
Sponsored by the American Welding Society and the Welding Research Council

Monitoring Weld Pool Surface and Penetration

Using Reversed Electrode Images
A new method was developed to relate weld pool surface height to the
reversed electrode image on the weld pool surface during GTAW

BY Z. CHEN, J. CHEN, AND Z. FENG

lized as the light source may have

ABSTRACT overwhelmed important features in
the image.
The three­dimensional weld pool top surface shape provides important informa­ An alternative approach is to use
tion about the state of weld penetration during welding. In this study, a method was the auxiliary laser light to illuminate
developed to quantitatively relate weld pool surface height to the reversed electrode the weld pool area (Refs. 12, 13). In
image (REI) on the weld pool surface. This new feature was extracted from the weld the studies conducted by Zhang et al.
pool image using a passive vision­based monitoring system during gas tungsten arc (Ref. 7) and Kovacevic et al. (Ref. 14),
welding (GTAW). Due to the specular reflection of the weld pool top surface, the REI
the weld pool boundary was extracted
is visible on the weld pool surface during GTAW. The position of the REI was
determined with a robust image processing algorithm. Based on the principle of light with the laser light that illuminated
reflection, the distance between the electrode tip and the REI (DERI) was related to the active vision image with sufficient
the weld pool surface height. By assuming the weld pool surface was a spherical mir­ accuracy.
ror, a reflection model was established to calculate the surface height (SH) index In principle, three-dimensional (3D)
based on the measurement of the DERI, arc length, and weld pool geometry. The pro­ geometry of the weld pool surface
posed method was verified with bead­on­plate welding experiments. The SH was would provide more comprehensive in-
positively related to the face reinforcement or depression of the weld bead. This formation for penetration detection
method was applied to monitor the penetration state during bead­on­plate autoge­ (Ref. 8). However, extracting the 3D in-
nous welding, particularly when a complete penetration weld was formed. formation remains a challenging task
for welding automation. In previous
work (Ref. 15), the dot-matrix pattern
KEYWORDS of the structured laser light was project-
ed onto the weld pool surface, and the
• Passive Vision • Reversed Electrode Image • Weld Pool Surface Height distorted reflected pattern was captured
• Penetration from an image plane.
The 3D-surface reconstruction algo-
rithm was developed and verified on a
Introduction plied to welding quality control in pre-
spherical mirror with sufficient accura-
vious research (Refs. 7, 8). Wang et al.
cy. Zhao et al. (Ref. 16) used an im-
Incomplete penetration has been a (Ref. 9) and Wu and Chen (Ref. 10)
proved shape from shading (SFS) algo-
long-standing issue affecting the safe- utilized the passive vision system for
rithm to recover the weld pool surface
ty and integrity of welded structures penetration control during aluminum-
height (SH) from the passive image.
(Refs. 1–3). In manual welding, a alloy gas tungsten arc welding
The 3D weld pool surface was recon-
skilled welder determines the penetra- (GTAW). An artificial neural network
structed offline. Wang et al. (Ref. 17)
tion state by observing the shape of model was used to extract the weld
estimated the weld pool surface height
the weld pool top surface. The experi- pool boundary. The 2D features of the
using the machine vision method and
ence could be used to develop an intel- weld pool were used to control pene-
related it to penetration during the
ligent welding system to automatically tration via the Hammerstein model.
pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW-
control the welding process and reduce Liu et al. (Ref. 11) introduced an ac-
P) process.
the chance of incomplete penetration tive contour method to extract the
In this research, a new method was
(Refs. 4–6). weld pool boundary from the passive
proposed using a passive vision system
Two-dimensional (2D) weld pool vision images. However, in the passive
to determine the weld pool SH during
geometry has been studied and ap- vision system, arc light that was uti-
GTAW. Gas tungsten arc welding uses

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 367-s

Chen Supplement Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:28 PM Page 368

WELDING RESEARCH

A B

Fig. 2 — The passive vision image of the weld pool during GTAW with
welding wire: A — Image captured with 500­s exposure time; B — image
captured with 50­s exposure time.

A B C D

Fig. 3 — Weld pool surface shape in four penetration states during auto­
genous GTAW: A — Partial penetration; B — critical penetration; C —
Fig. 1 — Diagram of passive vision monitoring system. complete penetration; D — overpenetration.

a nonconsumable tungsten electrode
to establish an arc with the base metal.
The intensive arc melts the base metal
and forms a weld pool. Due to the
specular reflection of the weld pool
surface, a virtual reversed electrode
image (REI) was formulated on the
surface of the weld pool.
In this paper, the REI was investi-
gated and related to weld pool SH and
welding penetration. A robust image
processing algorithm was developed
to detect the position of the REI from
the weld pool image. A mathematical
model that calculates the SH was also
developed based on the law of reflec-
tion. In this model, the weld pool top
surface is considered a spherical mir-
ror with a changing curvature. The
SH was quantitatively related to the
distance between the electrode tip
and the REI (DERI), arc length, and
weld pool width. To verify this
method, bead-on-plate welding exper-
iments were performed on an SS304
workpiece. The calculated SH was val-
idated through the welding experi-
ments with different weld pool sur-
face shapes. The relationship between
the SH and penetration during bead-
on-plate autogenous welding was fur-
ther investigated through these exper-
iments. The study of REI can be fur-
ther applied to control penetration
during the GTAW process.
Principles of Measurement
Acquisition of the Reversed
Electrode Image during GTAW
The diagram of the passive vision
weld pool monitoring system is shown
in Fig. 1. The moving welding torch
was perpendicular to the stationary
workpiece. The weld pool SH was de-
fined as the vertical distance from the
vertex of the weld pool surface to the
workpiece. Considering the weld pool
top surface as a spherical surface mir-
ror, a virtual reversed image of the
tungsten tip was formulated on the
other side of the weld pool due to
specular reflection on the weld pool
surface.
The DERI is defined as the
following:
DERI = D0 + D1 (1)
Object distance, D0, is equal to the
arc length during welding. As men-
tioned in previous research (Refs. 20,
21), the arc length is defined as the
distance from the tip of the welding
electrode to the adjacent surface of the
weld pool. The image distance, D1, is
the distance from the REI to the weld
pool surface, which is determined by
the shape of the weld pool surface.
A high-speed charge-coupled device
(CCD) camera was mounted behind
the moving torch to capture the weld
pool images. The welding angle and
distance between the camera and the
torch could be adjusted in the experi-
ment. The distance between the weld
camera lens and the tungsten tip was
approximately 150 mm. Based on the
pinhole camera model, both of the im-
ages of the electrode and the REI were
visible from the camera with an ade-
quate camera posture.
In this study, the passive vision sys-
tem utilized arc light as the major light
source. A narrow band-pass filter was
added in front of the camera lens to
reduce the intensity of the arc light in
the captured image. The exposure time
and aperture were also adjusted to
control the amount of light reaching
the CCD camera.
Figure 2 shows the passive vision
image obtained during GTAW with
welding wire. When the exposure time
was selected at 500 s, the weld pool
was fully visible as shown in Fig. 2A.
However, the intensive arc light over-
whelmed the internal information of
the weld pool. By reducing the exposure
time to 50 s, the intensive arc light
was largely suppressed, and only a spin-
dle-shaped area was illuminated. The
electrode tip and REI were clearly visi-
ble inside the illuminated area. There-
fore, we selected a low exposure time

368-s WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017, VOL. 96

Chen Supplement Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:28 PM Page 369
A B
Fig. 4 — A — Reflection diagram of the concave weld pool surface;
B — reflection diagram of the convex weld pool surface.
Fig. 6 — Flow chart of the SH calculation.
Table 1 — Algorithm to Extract Position REI from Image
Input: An image frame, location of the electrode tip in the image
Output: The location of the reverse image of the electrode tip ZB in the image, DERIs
1: Apply the median filter to the image.
2: Obtain the binary image (Fig. 9B).
3: Determine that the ROI contains the REI from the binary image by scanning the
white area vertically.
4: Determine the location ZB of REI from the original image by searching the
maximum intensity point inside the ROI.
5: Compute the DERIs by |ZA − ZB|.
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 5 — DERI vs. SH and weld pool width (D0 = 4.5 mm).
for the DERI measurement. The droplet
in Fig. 2B was introduced by the weld-
ing wire with a low feeding speed. The
disturbance from the droplet was mini-
mized because the welding wire was
smoothly fed into the pool.
Reflection Model on the Weld
Pool Surface
Previous research found that arc
pressure and gravity deform the weld
pool top surface during GTAW (Refs.
22, 23). Arc pressure formulates a de-
pression area underneath the elec-
trode if the welding current is above
200 A. For the experiment with weld-
ing current less than 200 A, this ef-
fect of arc pressure may be insignifi-
cant, but gravity and surface tension
play an important role on the defor-
mation of the weld pool.
This research focuses on bead-on-
plate welding under a low current
(< 200 A) and low travel speed (1.5–3
mm/s) level. Under this condition,
previous numerical studies of weld
pool behaviors indicated that the weld
pool surface shape is an important
characteristic associated with weld
penetration, as shown in Fig. 3 (Refs.
18, 22, 24).
During the partial penetration
state, as shown in Fig. 3A, the weld
pool surface was convex due to the ex-
pansion of liquid metal. The critical
penetration was the transition state
from partial penetration to complete
penetration, when the bottom surface
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 369-s
Chen Supplement Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:28 PM Page 370
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 7 — Schematic of the pinhole camera model.
of the weld pool started to form on the
backside of the workpiece.
For the complete penetration weld
in Fig. 3C, the area of the weld pool
bottom surface was increased, and the
surface tension became the major
force to support the liquid metal.
Therefore, the gravity force formed a
concave-shaped weld pool top surface.
The depression of the weld pool sur-
face further increased at the overpene-
tration state, as shown in Fig. 3D.
When joining with a welding wire,
along with an increase of liquid weld
pool volume, the convexity of the weld
pool surface in Fig. 3A can be further
increased. Depression of the weld pool
surface in Fig. 3C–D can be reduced.
In this research, the sphere-shape
model was used to describe the weld
pool top surface in Equation 2. R is the
radius of the sphere, and d is the total
length of the partial sphere, which
equals to the width of the weld pool.
Thus, the index of the SH is the ap-
proximate calculation of the weld pool
surface height.
(R)2 = (R + SH)2 + (d/2)2 (2)
The reflection diagram of two types
of spherical weld pool surfaces are
shown in Fig. 4. O is the vertex point
on the spherical surface. Point C is the
center of the curvature, where OC = R.
F is the focal point of the curved mir-
ror. The distance between points F and
O is the focal length, ,which is equal
to R/2. The concave weld pool had a
positive SH, and the convex one had a
370-s WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017, VOL. 96
Fig. 8 — Calibration of the camera system.
negative SH.
Based on the reflection law, the vir-
tual image was formed in the opposite
side of the mirror because the object
distance D0 is smaller than the focus
length . The mirror equation de-
scribes the relationship between ob-
ject distance, D0, and image distance,
D1, as follows:
1 1 1
= +
f D0 D1
The object distance, D0, is less than
the absolute value of the image dis-
tance |D1| in the concave surface (SH
< 0 and F > 0) in Fig. 4A. A magnified
REI is formed on the other side of the
weld pool surface. For the convex sur-
face in Fig. 4B, a shrunken REI appears
on the other side of the weld pool. The
object distance D0 is larger than image
distance |D1|. When SH = 0, the weld
pool surface is a flat mirror, and D0 =
|D1|. [An REI image with the same
size as the electrode tip is formed.]
Based on Equations 2 and 3, the rela-
tionship between DERI and SH is fur-
ther deduced to the following:
4* SH 1 1
= +
( d / 2)
2
+ SH 2 D0 D0 DERI
Simulation
In this proposed reflection model,
the DERI is determined by SH, weld
pool width, and arc length. In Fig. 5,
the simulation curve describes the re-
lationship between the DERI, weld
pool SH, and weld pool width. The arc
length is the only constant variable in
the simulation case (D0 = 4.5 mm),
and the 3D surface plot describes the
relationship between the DERI, weld
pool SH, and weld pool width. The
trend of the plot shows that increasing
the SH causes the DERI to decrease.
(3)
Experimental Procedure
and Method
Procedure for Calculating the
Surface Height Index
The procedure for calculating the
SH is presented in Fig. 6. Camera cali-
bration was performed to identify
camera parameters before the welding
experiments. The position of the REI
was automatically extracted from the
image obtained using the designed im-
age processing algorithm in real time.
The DERI in the real-object coordinate
system was further calculated. Mean-
while, the arc length was determined
from the arc voltage. With the meas-
urement of the weld pool width from
(4)
the passive vision image, the SH was
calculated based on the proposed re-
flection model.
System Calibration
A vision approach was developed to
calculate the DERI in the object sys-
Chen Supplement Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:28 PM Page 371
A B
Fig. 9 — A — Location of ZB in the image; B — image bina­
rization and window search.
tem from the image based on the pin-
hole camera model as shown in Fig. 7.
First, a standard calibration method
was performed to identify the camera
parameters. A flat checker board plane
with known grid size was set under-
neath the electrode tip. From the
(checker board) image shown in Fig. 8,
the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters
were identified (Ref. 25). The camera
intrinsic parameter includes the cam-
era focus length, , the stand-off dis-
tance S between the camera lens to-
ward the object plane, and the princi-
ple point O at the center of the sensor
plane. The camera setup angle  can be
calculated from the extrinsic parame-
ters, which determined the camera’s
pose and position in the object coordi-
nate system.
In the object coordinate system
DERI = |Z'A – Z'B|, Z'A represents the
position of the electrode tip while Z'B
represents the position of the REI. In
the camera sensor coordinate system,
ZA represents the position of the elec-
Table 2 — Welding Parameters
Number Material Thickness
of Experiment
1 SS304 3 mm
2 SS304 3 mm
3 SS304 6 mm
4 SS304 6 mm
5 SS304 6–1 mm
6 SS304 6–1 mm
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 10 — Diagram of experiment setup.
trode tip and ZB represents the posi- Algorithm to Extract the REI
tion of the REI. The distance between from the Image
ZA and ZB was nominated as DERIs =
|Z'A – Z'B|. The transformation equa- To calculate DERI in real time, it was
tion is shown as follows necessary to automatically obtain the
position of the electrode tip and the REI
Z' A cos
f = ZA (5) from the image plane. The location of
S – Z' A sin the electrode tip ZA was fixed because
the camera was mounted on the moving
welding torch. It was challenging to de-
Z' B cos
f = ZB (6) termine the location of REI (ZB) in the
S – Z' B sin
passive vision image due to the distur-
bance of the droplet and arc. Hence, as
Equations 5 and 6 can be further shown in Table 1 and Fig. 9, a robust al-
simplified as Equation 7 if S >> DERI. gorithm was developed to automatically
extract the ZB location and compute the
DERI  DERIs  S/(cos  ) (7) DERIs from the image sequence.
Based on the proposed algorithm,
DERIs can be calculated in real time
From the obtained image, the with the error range in ±2 pixel.
DERIs can be measured in the unit of
pixel, which was determined by the
CCD size and camera resolution. The Experimental Setup and
camera resolution was 800  600 pix- Welding Parameters
els, and the CCD size was 11.2  8.4
mm. The pixel size was 0.014 mm. The experimental setup of the weld
pool surface monitoring system is
shown in Fig. 10. The welding torch was
set perpendicular to the workpiece, and
it travelled toward the right at a con-
stant speed driven by the servomotor
and transmission unit. The automatic
Current Travel Voltage Wire Feed voltage control unit (AVC) was applied
Speed Rate to maintain a constant arc length by
120 A 2 mm/s 11 V /
close-loop control of the welding voltage
120 A 3 mm/s 11 V / in real time. The position of the welding
150 A 2 mm/s 11 V 10.6 mm/s torch was automatically adjusted by
150 A 2 mm/s 11 V / comparing the measuring voltage with
120 A 2 mm/s 11 V / the setting voltage. An increment of 0.2
120 A 1.6 mm/s 11 V / V triggered the control unit to adjust its
position to maintain constant welding
voltage and arc length during welding.
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 371-s
Chen Supplement Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/15/17 2:45 PM Page 372
WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 11 — A — Measured arc voltage for Experiment 1 with a cur­
rent of 120 A; B — measured arc voltage for experiment 4 with a
current of 150 A; C — arc voltage vs. arc length.
The digital camera was fixed on the
welding torch. The weld pool image and
arc voltage can be obtained in real time
at the sampling rate of 30 Hz.
To validate the proposed method to
calculate the SH, bead-on-plate welding
experiments were conducted on an
SS304 workpiece with uniform thick-
ness from Experiments 1 to 4. The
workpiece was clamped tightly before
welding. The welding parameters are
shown in Table. 2. All welds were con-
ducted at a constant current and weld-
ing speed. Experiments 1 and 2 were
conducted on a 3-mm-thick SS304
workpiece with the same welding cur-
rent and welding voltage. The welding
speed of Experiment 1 was much lower
than that of experiment 2. Experiments
3 and 4 were conducted on a 6-mm-
thick SS304 workpiece. Experiment 3
was conducted with welding wire to in-
crease the convexity of the weld pool
surface.
To further study the relationship
between SH and penetration, in Ex-
periments 5 and 6, bead-on-plate au-
togenous welding was conducted on a
specially designed SS304 workpiece
with decreasing thickness from 6 to 1
mm, as shown in Fig. 10. Welding pa-
rameters including current, voltage,
and travel speed of the torch remained
constant during each weld. Due to the
thickness change of the material, vary-
ing penetration states were found in
one pass of weld.
Results and Discussion
Determination of Arc Length
The object distance, D0, in Equation
372-s WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017, VOL. 96
A B
3 equals the arc
length. The meas-
urement of arc
length from the arc
voltage has been ap-
plied to welding
penetration control
by many researchers
(Refs. 26–28). The
arc voltage was
found to be propor-
tional to the arc
length with the given welding current
(Refs. 21, 28). In this experimental set-
up, arc length was controlled at a con-
stant level via the arc voltage control
unit. The measured voltage signal from
the hall sensor from Experiments 1 and
4 are shown in Fig. 11A–B. At 2 s after
the arc started, the measured arc volt-
age became stable at 11 ± 0.1 V.
The relationship between arc volt-
age and arc length was established
through the calibration curve as
shown in Fig. 11C. During the calibra-
tion tests, around 30 data points were
collected at different arc lengths with
the welding current at 150 and 120 A.
At the same welding current, the arc
voltage increased with the increase in
arc length. The calibration curve was
obtained through linear regression.
The R-squared value of the regression
was 0.97–0.98, which indicated the
points were well in line with the re-
gression result.
Based on the calibration curve
shown in Fig. 11C, the estimated arc
length for Experiments 1, 2, 5, and 6
was 4.5 mm. For Experiments 3 and 4,
the estimated arc length was 3.6 mm.
The standard error of the arc length
estimation was ±0.32 mm.
C
SH Calculation from
Experiments
The weld bead cross-section view of
Experiments 1–4 are shown in Fig. 12.
In Experiment 1, a completely pene-
trated weld was produced on a 3-mm-
thick plate. A concave-shaped weld
bead was made on the workpiece. The
depression of the weld bead was –1.1
mm. In Experiment 2, a partially pene-
trated weld was produced on the same
plate by increasing the travel speed. In
Experiment 3, a convex weld bead was
created on a 6-mm-thick workpiece us-
ing welding wire. The face reinforce-
ment measured from the cross-section
view was 1.2 mm. The face reinforce-
ment of the weld bead in Experiments
2 and 4 were close to zero.
For Experiments 1–4, the DERI was
calculated from the REI using the de-
veloped method as shown in Fig. 13.
Before welding, the distance between
the electrode and the workpiece was
close to zero. As welding started, the
weld torch was automatically raised
up. In the first 10 s of the weld, the
calculated DERI continuously in-
creased from 0 s until the welding
process became relatively stable. The
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WELDING RESEARCH

Fig. 12 — Weld bead cross­section view for Experiments 1–4. Fig. 13 — Calculated DERI curve for Experiments 1–4.

A B C D
Fig. 14 — The passive REI image of Experiments 1–4 at 20 s after weld­ Fig. 15 — Calculated SH from Experiments 1–4.
ing started.

measured data in Fig. 13 after 18 s can
be used to calculate the SH of the four
experiments.
The images in Fig. 14 were obtained
at 20 s when the weld pool became sta-
ble. The REI in Fig. 14 were symmetri-
cal because the shape of weld pool sur-
face was close to a symmetrical sphere.
Also, the unsymmetrical weld pool
surface caused aberration of the REI
image, which may have affected the
DERI measurement.
From the REI image in Fig. 14A–B,
the measured DERI was larger in Ex-
periment 1 than that in experiment 2
due to the decreased weld pool SH. In
Experiment 2, the weld pool surface
was close to flat when the partially
penetrated weld occurred. The weld
pool surface was considered a flat mir-
ror. The size of REI was close to the
image of the electrode tip. As the pen-
etration increased in Experiment 1, a
concave weld pool surface was formed.
Compared to Fig. 14B, the specular
weld pool surface served as a concave
mirror, which increased the size of the
REI image and DERI in Fig. 14A.
During Experiment 4, the weld pool
surface was considered a flat surface
mirror because the convexity of the
weld pool was relatively small. In Exper-
iment 3, the convex weld pool with an
increased convexity was produced by
adding welding wire. A small and fo-
cused REI image was found in Fig. 14C
due to the specular reflection on the
convex shape weld pool surface. Com-
pared with experiment 4, the increase in
the weld pool SH caused a decrease in
the measured DERI in Experiment 3, as
shown in the measured curve in Fig. 13.
The change in arc length was another
factor that caused the difference in the
measured DERI in the four experi-
ments. Changing the welding current
caused different arc lengths, which was
4.5 ± 0.32 mm in Experiments 1 and 2,
as well as 3.6 ± 0.32 mm in experiments
3 and 4. Thus, the measured DERI in ex-
periments 1 and 2 largely increased
compared to experiments 3 and 4.
Based on the experimental results,
we can conclude that the DERI de-
creased with the increase of the weld
pool SH with the same arc length, which
is consistent to the simulation results.
In Fig. 15, the SH was calculated
during the stable stage from 15 to 30 s
based on measured variables including
DERI, arc length, and weld pool width.
Consequently, the calculated SH was
close to the measurement of the weld
bead from the cross-section view in
Fig. 13.
Penetration Detection
In Experiments 5 and 6, welding
was conducted on a specially designed
wedge-shaped SS304 workpiece at a
constant current of 120 A. The arc
voltage was controlled at 11 V via a
AVC unit. The thickness of the work-
piece changed gradually from 6 to 1
mm. The front and back side views of
the two welds were shown in Fig. 16,
with the red arrow bar indicating the
time line of the welding process.
The front side width of the weld in-
creased with the decrease of thickness.

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 373-s

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WELDING RESEARCH

A
A

B
D

Fig. 16 — Weld bead on the wedge­shaped workpiece: A — Front

view of Experiment 5; B — back side view of Experiment 5; C —
front view of Experiment 6; D — back side view of Experiment 6.

The different penetration states were did not change

identified from the back side view of significantly be-
the weld as shown in Fig. 16B–D. Par- cause the weld
tial penetration was found at the be- pool front side
ginning of the weld. As the thickness was close to a flat
of the plate decreased, complete pene- surface. The de-
tration was formulated at the end of rivative of the
the fifth weld. More penetration was calculated SH sig-
found in Experiment 6 with a lower nificantly de- C
welding speed at 1.6 mm/s. Overpene- creased once a
tration and melt-through were formu- deeper complete
lated at the end of the sixth weld. penetration was
In Fig. 17A, the SH was calculated formulated at 80
based on the measured variables. The s during Experi-
calculated SH curve was close to the ment 5, and 63 s
surface depression measured from the during Experi-
weld bead. It was found that the SH ment 6, while the
did not change much between partial depression of the
and critical penetration periods of the weld pool surface
weld. The calculated SH decreased sig- was produced.
nificantly once complete penetration This phenome-
was formulated. non has also been Fig. 17 — A — Comparison of the SH and weld bead in Experi­
The back side width (BW) was used confirmed by pre- ments 5 and 6; B — comparison of the derivative of SH and BW in
as the major variable to describe the vious research Experiment 5; C — comparison of the derivative of SH and BW in
penetration state. In Fig. 17B–C, the (Ref. 29). Thus, E­xperiment 6.
derivative of the calculated SH, which the decrease of
described the trend of SH, was calcu- SH and its deriva-
lated and compared with the BW. The tive could be used as an important in- tration. Thus, the derivative of SH can
data point of the BW was measured formation to detect complete penetra- be further applied to prevent overpen-
from the backside of the weldment af- tion from the top side of the weld pool etration during the welding control
ter welding. The BW equaled zero dur- surface. Overpenetration started at 80 process.
ing the partial penetration period. s in Experiment 6. During this period,
The critical penetration in this the weld pool surface was deeply de- Conclusions
study started at 66 s during Experi- pressed and only surface tension sup-
ment 5 and ended at 45 s in Experi- ported the liquid pool. An inflection A new feature of the electrode tip
ment 6. During this period, the back- point was found at 72 s in the deriva- reversed image was defined and ex-
side weld pool surface was formulated, tive of the SH, which indicated that tracted from the passive vision image
and the BW was above zero. However, the decreasing speed of the SH was re- during GTAW. A robust algorithm was
the calculated SH and its derivative duced when it got close to overpene- developed to automatically track the

374-s WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017, VOL. 96

Chen Supplement Layout.qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:28 PM Page 375
position of the REI and calculate the
DERI. Based on the spherical mirror
assumption of the weld pool surface,
we proposed a reflection model to cal-
culate the index of the weld pool sur-
face height from the measurement of
the DERI, arc length, and weld
pool width. The method was verified
with bead-on-plate experiments. The
following conclusions were drawn:
1. The measured DERI is relevant to
the weld pool surface shape. The in-
crease in the weld pool surface height
will cause a decrease in the DERI.
2. The calculated SH is closely relat-
ed to the face reinforcement of the
weld bead. The convex and concave
weld pool surface shapes can be deter-
mined based on the calculation
results.
3. During bead-on-plate autoge-
nous welding, no significant change in
the SH was found between the partial
penetration and critical penetration
states. The SH and the depression
depth of the weld bead was significant-
ly reduced once complete penetration
was produced.
4. The decreasing speed of the SH
was reduced once the weld was close to
overpenetration.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported and
sponsored by the U.S. Department of
Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, for
nuclear energy enabling technologies
and crosscutting technology develop-
ment efforts, under a prime contract
with Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tenn. ORNL is
managed by UT-Battelle LLC for the
U.S. Department of Energy under con-
tract DE-AC05-00OR22725.
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Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of

Induction­Assisted Laser Welded AHS Steels
The method combining laser welding and induction heating at high
temperatures was performed

BY M. S. F. LIMA, D. GONZALES, AND S. LIU

and rapid cooling in a specially de-

ABSTRACT signed die, creating a transformed and
hardened material. The ability to effi-
The present study proposes an innovative method of laser welding at high tempera­
ciently combine strength and complex-
tures, where the rapid solidification and preheating were performed consecutively in the
same setup. The 22MnB5 hot pressed, advanced high­strength steel (AHSS) parts were ity allows hot forming to produce
heated to a given temperature and held for a given time to ensure an isothermal condi­ parts in one relatively lightweight part
tion, after which, laser welding was performed. The welded part was then maintained at that would typically require a thicker
a high temperature for a sufficient time to develop a bainitic structure. A steel part was and heavier part. Press hardened
welded both in ambient and high­temperature conditions. The welds made using the blanks therefore currently represent
same laser parameters, an induction heating to 445° or 529°C, and isothermal treatment one of the most advanced lightweight
of 10 min produced a bainite plus retained austenite microstructure. The hardness was solutions for the car body structure
greatly reduced when using the high­temperature welding method, and the hardness that simultaneously allows improved
profiles were flat compared to the room temperature welded sample. The tensile behav­ crash performance and passenger safe-
ior of the room temperature welded coupons presents high tensile strength (1200 MPa)
ty requirements.
and negligible maximum elongation (1.3%). Alternatively, the high­temperature coupons
present tensile strengths of 840 and 650 MPa and total elongation of 2.7 and 3.5%, for The hot stamping process currently
the conditions 445° and 529°C, respectively. Therefore, the high temperature coupons exists in two main variants: the direct
demonstrated higher toughness compared to the room temperature coupons. and the indirect hot stamping method
(Ref. 4). In the direct hot stamping
process, a blank is heated up in a fur-
KEYWORDS nace, transferred to the press, and
subsequently formed and quenched in
• Laser Beam Welding • Advanced High­Strength Steels (AHSS) • Austempering the closed tool. The indirect hot
• Induction Heating stamping process is characterized by
the use of a nearly complete cold pre-
plex phase (CP), and martensitic steels formed part that is subject only to a
Introduction quenching and the calibration opera-
(MART). All these above-mentioned
Over the last decade, transporta- AHSS have been used in critical safety tion in the press after austenitization
tion industries have produced a strong locations of automobile structures to (Ref. 3). Full martensite transforma-
competition between steel and low absorb energy from impacts. High- tion in the material causes an increase
density metals as a result of increasing strength steels with high-energy ab- of the tensile strength of up to 1500
requirements of passenger safety, ve- sorption will better manage dynamic MPa. Today, many structures are hot
hicle performance, and fuel economy loading occurring during car crashes or formed after welding, but the appear-
(Ref. 1). The response of the steel in- collisions (Ref. 1). DP and TRIP steels ance of a hard and brittle martensite is
dustry to the new challenges is a quest with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) a problem. Specifically, in tailored
for the rapid development of high-per- exceeding 1000 MPa have been shaped laser blank welds of AHSS, one prob-
formance alloys, namely advanced by cold or hot forming processes for lem is the intrinsic high martensite
high-strength steels (AHSS) (Ref. 2). these applications. amount in the fusion zone (FZ) and
These steels are characterized by im- Hot stamping is an innovative the heat-affected zone (HAZ) (Ref. 5).
proved formability and impact tough- process by which AHSS is more effi- Since the most important phase
ness during crashing compared to con- ciently formed into complex shapes transformation during rapid quench-
ventional steel grades. The category of than with traditional cold stamping ing is from austenite to martensite,
AHSS covers the following generic (Ref. 3). The process involves the heat- the martensite start temperatures
types: dual phase (DP), transforma- ing of the steel blanks until they are (Ms) and the critical cooling rate (CR)
tion-induced plasticity (TRIP), com- malleable, followed by deformation for a number of boron-added AHSS for

376-s WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017, VOL. 96

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WELDING RESEARCH

Fig. 1 — Comparison of experimental and calculated results for the

overall transformation kinetics of upper bainite in a steel as pro­
posed in the Singh model (Ref. 11).

Fig. 2 — Scanning electron micrograph of the base material near

the surface, showing the Al­Si coating and the reaction layer.

ceed this CR. main constituent of the FZ was

The yield
strength, y, in
the as-delivered
condition was
457 MPa and af-
ter hot stamp-
ing, 1010 MPa.
These values are
the threshold be-
tween elastic
and plastic de-
formation of the
sheets, usually
measured at
Fig. 3 — Optical microscopy of the base material. The constituents are 0.2% of elonga-
ferrite (F – light colored phase) and pearlite (P – dark color regions). tion in the ten-
sile tests. The
hot stamping has been established. Ac- tensile strength,
cording to Karbasian and Tekkaya m, representing the maximum tensile
(Ref. 4), the 22MnB5 steel has the fol- strength of the sheet during deforma-
lowing characteristics: martensite tion, in the as-delivered condition was
start temperature, Ms, of 410°C and 608 MPa and after hot stamping, 1478
critical CR for the martensite transfor- MPa.
mation of 27°C/s. This latter value is Kim et al. (Ref. 6) laser welded Al-Si
the cooling rate to form a fully coated 22MnB5 steel using a fiber laser.
martensitic structure during hot form- The purpose of the coating is to protect
ing. Therefore, the press tool tempera- the base steel from high-temperature
ture must be designed to attain or ex- oxidation during hot stamping. The
martensite, and the HAZ was com-
posed of tempered martensite and bai-
nite. The Al-based coating was dis-
solved in the weldment causing brittle-
ness as evidenced during the shear ten-
sile stress of the overlapped joined
sheets. It was noticed the welded
blanks could break down during manip-
ulation, thus one possible solution is to
allow bainite to be formed instead of
martensite in the FZ and HAZ (Ref. 7).
In bainite, nucleation corresponds
to a point where the slow, thermally
activated migration of glissile partial
dislocations gives way to rapid, break-
away dissociation (Ref. 8). This is why
it is possible to observe two sets of
transformation units, the first consist-
ing of very fine embryo platelets below
the size of the operational nucleus,
and the second set corresponding to
the rapid growth of the embryos to the
final size.
There are several theories of bainite
nucleation and growth such as those
proposed by Bhadeshia (Ref. 9), Rees
and Bhadeshia (Ref. 10), Singh (Ref.
11), and Opdenacker (Ref. 12), all

Table 1 — Composition of the Base Material in wt­% (Fe as the Balance)

C Mn Si Cu Al Cr P S V Ni Ti N Mo Sn B
0.22 1.18 0.33 0.27 0.054 0.204 0.007 0.003 0.003 0.011 0.037 0.0042 0.005 0.004 0.0033

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WELDING RESEARCH
A B
Fig. 4 — A — Setup for high­temperature laser experiments; B — front side view of the
experimental setup.
from the University of Cambridge. Ac-
cording to Santofimia et al. (Ref. 13),
the Singh model (Ref. 11) predicts bet-
ter the bainite fraction as a function of
temperature for an alloy (Fe-0.31C-
0.25Si-1.22Mn) with similar composi-
tion to the current 22MnB5 steel. Fig-
ure 1 presents the simulated results
together with some experimental
points for the austempering tempera-
tures of 475°, 500°, and 525°C.
According to Fig. 1, the volume
fraction of bainite will be 1 after 400 s
at a temperature ranging between
475° and 525°C. Consequently, for any
preheating around this temperature
range, it is recommended to reach this
time in order to maximize bainite for-
mation. The objectives of this work are
to propose a conjugated laser welding
and preheating treatment in the same
setup, in order to generate bainite in-
stead of martensite in the FZ of a
22MnB5 steel, and to characterize the
resulting microstructures and the me-
chanical behavior.
Material and Methodology
Material
The studied material was furnished
by AK Steel Corp., West Chester, Ohio,
in the form of sheets measuring 105 
44  1 mm. The steel classification is
22MnB5 (DIN EN 10083-3), called Ul-
tralume PHS (press-hardenable steel)
by the company (Ref. 14). The steel
composition is given in Table 1.
The steel surface was coated by an
electrogalvanized 20-m thick Al-9%Si
378-s WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017, VOL. 96
alloy — Fig. 2. The aim is to protect the
base steel from excessive oxidation at
high temperatures. Between the coating
and the steel, there is a reaction layer of
approximately 6 m thickness. The base
material is furnished in as-annealed
condition and is composed of pearlite
and ferrite, as shown in Fig. 3. Pearlite
accounts for about 44% of the volume
fraction of the base material.
The hardness of the base material is
260±10 HV (24 HRC). According to
the quality control worksheet, the
base material tensile strength tests re-
sults are: yield strength (y) - 425
MPa, tensile strength (m) - 655 MPa,
and maximum elongation (m) - 20%.
Laser
The laser used in this study was an
IPG Photonics fiber laser with an out-
put power of 1000 W, model YLR-
1000, equipped with a 100 m inner
diameter fiber optic for beam delivery.
The beam parameter product (BPP)
Fig. 5 — A schematic evolution of temperature as a function of time for the experiments.
was 7.5 mm.mrad. The laser head mo-
tion was carried out by stepper motors
mounted on a CNC table and con-
trolled by Mach3 CNC software. The
CNC software also controls the laser
on/off and laser power.
Furnace
The heating of the samples was car-
ried out using an induction heater
Ameritherm Inc., model EasyHeat. The
maximum output power was 1.2 kW
with induction frequency tuned be-
tween 150 and 400 kHz and a maxi-
mum AC coil current of 300 A. The in-
duction coil is a pancake-type with four
complete turns and positioned below
the sample to be heated. Figure 4A pres-
ents the experimental setup for the
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WELDING RESEARCH

A B

Fig. 6 — Calculated temperature profiles: A — Overall tempera­

C
ture evolution as a function of time for the each condition; B —
detail of temperature near at the laser start time (~600 s); C —
the related cooling rates (in °C/s) after 0.5 s of laser interaction.

laser power (P) welds. For high-temperature condi-

high-temperature laser welding. An alu-
mina bridge was fabricated in order to
avoid short circuiting between the sam-
ple and the coil. Figure 4B presents the
actual setup with a front view for better
visualization of the coil position.
The accuracy of the pyrometer meas-
urements was assured by a comparison
with thermocouples soldered to the
samples in some experiments. The dif-
ference between the measured tempera-
tures was ± 1°C, calibrated considering
substrate emissivity as 0.48 for temper-
atures between 100° and 700°C.
Weld Experimental Conditions
The fixed process parameters were
weld speed (v) 50 mm/s (3 m/min);
Table 2 — Preset Current and Temperature Conditions
Condition Current (A)
AT20 0 20
HT455 135
HT529 145
800 W, and focus
on the upper sur-
face of the weld
plate. The speed
was considered as
an optimal value
because the
equipment maxi-
mum output pow-
er is 1000 W, and
further increases in speed might result
in insufficient penetration. Lower
speeds would produce greater heat in-
put that could eventually enter the fer-
ritic zone on the time-temperature-
transformation (TTT) diagram. The
focus on the upper surface ensured a
minimum spot diameter of 0.176 mm,
according to the current laser configu-
ration. Considering both laser power
and spot diameter, the intensity was 1
× 107 W/cm2 and the heat input (HI =
P/v) was 16 J/mm.
The holding temperature (T*) was a
variable in the present investigation
and set as presented in Table 2. The
AT20 condition describes the room
temperature welds and the other two
conditions are the high temperature
T* (C)
455
529
tions, the currents through the induc-
tion coil were 135 and 145 A, respec-
tively. A potential variation in the
sample position could influence the
high frequency coupling and thus the
actual temperature; therefore, great
care was exercised to position the sam-
ples in the same locations during heat-
ing and welding. The high-tempera-
ture conditions were HT455 for tem-
perature ranging between 440° and
469°C and HT529 for temperature be-
tween 512° and 546°C. Each experi-
mental condition was repeated seven
times for HT434 and HT529 and four
times for AT20.
A graphic representation of the
high-temperature welding procedures,
HT455 and HT529, is presented in Fig.
5 and described as follows:
A) Both the recording pyrometer
and induction current were started at
the same time;
B) The time from heating to laser
welding (t1) was kept at 10 min for all
the samples;
C) The welds were autogeneous and
bead on plate type in the middle of the
sample;
D) The laser processed sample was
maintained at T* temperature for an
additional 10 min;
E) After the total time (t1  t2) of
20 min, the induced current was
turned off and the sample was cooled
down to the room temperature over
the alumina plate.
The time of 10 min each, for both t1

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WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 7 — Calculated time­temperature­transformation (TTT) curves
for the current alloy; Widmanstätten ferrite start (F); bainite start
(B); martensite start (Ms).
and t2, was chosen considering the time
needed to reach the temperature T* and
the time for ferritic bainite growth in
the austenite matrix (see Fig. 1).
Analysis
Light optical microscopy (LOM)
was conducted by standard polishing
cross sections of the samples using di-
amond suspensions of 6 and 1 m, fol-
lowed by etching with a nital 2% (2%
HNO3 in ethanol) solution. The im-
ages were recorded by a camera con-
nected to an inverted metallurgical mi-
croscope LECO/Olympus model
PMG3.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
examination was conducted using a
QUANTA600 FEG, part number 300-
388-000, for imaging and using a JEOL
JSM 7000F, equipped with an EDAX Oc-
tane Plus, for chemical analysis.
The Vickers microhardness meas-
urements were obtained using a LECO
tester, model 200, according to the
standard ASTM E384. The load was
100 gf with 10 s dwell time.
The tensile strength tests were con-
ducted on an MTS, model Alliance
RT/100, computercontrolled servo-
hydraulic uniaxial test machine
equipped with a 1-in. extensometer.
The tests were carried out according to
ASTM E 8 M (Ref. 15) and the samples
were machined as subsize type. The
crosshead displacement was set at 1
mm/min. After the tests, the resulting
recorded stress-strain data were treat-
380-s WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017, VOL. 96
Fig. 8 — Macrostructure of the sample AT, FZ, and HAZ
(LOM).
ed to obtain the elastic
modulus (E), the yield
stress at 0.2% elonga-
tion (y), the tensile
strength (u), the uni-
form elongation (u),
and the maximum elon-
gation before failure
(m). The toughness
moduli (Ut) were esti-
mated from the integral
of the strain-stress
curves. Fig. 9 — Macrostructure of the sample AT20, showing the
Simulation was car- extension of the heat­affected zone (LOM).
ried out using SysWeld
Software© (Ref. 16), a fi-
nite element analysis software designed interest are the time-temperature evo-
for welding and heat treatment of met- lution in different regions of the plate;
als and alloys. For the current purpos- the final residual stresses near to the
es, a refined mesh around the laser weld centerline and the final out-of-
path was designed and the desired out- plane distortion angle (bending). The
puts are the time-temperature evolu- final bending was calculated by the z-
tion and the stress-strain field at the axis displacement at the end of the
end of the processing. The exact simulation. More information about
22MnB5 material properties are un- the FEM of the keyhole welding using
available in the Sysweld database, the software could be found in Ref. 17.
therefore TRIP750 material properties For thermodynamic calculations
were used instead. using the ThermoCalc© software, the
The composition and properties of TCFE6-steel database was used (Ref.
22MnB5 and TRIP750 steels are simi- 18). The thermodynamic data avail-
lar. The model was simulated in a able are the liquidus, A1 and A3 tem-
manner similar to the experimental peratures for the current alloy. The
design (Fig. 5), starting with the mate- continuous cooling transformation di-
rial at room temperature and preheat- agrams for each alloy were generated
ing to a given T* (see Table 2). For by a software called MAP_STEEL_M-
high-temperature conditions, the ma- UCG83 developed by Mathew Peet and
terial was maintained at T* for 10 min H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia (Ref. 19). The
after welding. The software produced software was used for modelling of the
many valuable outputs, but those of thermodynamics and kinetics of solid-
Lima (201747).qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:19 PM Page 381

WELDING RESEARCH

Fig. 10 — The microstructure of the FZ in the sample AT20. Optical Fig. 11 — The microstructure of the FZ in the sample
microscopy (LOM). AT20 (SEM).

Fig. 12 — Chemical analysis by EDS of the intradendritic and inter­ Fig. 13 — The microstructure near the FL (LOM).
dendritic regions of the AT20 weld (wt­%).

state transformations in steels and cal-
culated Widmanstätten, bainite, and
martensite start temperatures.
Results and Discussion
Calculations
Figure 6 presents the evolution of
temperature as a function of time as
estimated by Sysweld© in the middle
of the fusion zone. Figure 6A is the
calculated temperature profile for each
condition. For all experiments, laser
welding started after 600 s and the
sample would be at T* (see Table 2)
from the beginning of the simulation.
After 370 s, the high temperature con-
ditions attained steady state tempera-
ture. The in-situ, postwelding treat-
ment took 600 s for the high-tempera-
ture conditions.
The preheating temperature, T*,
barely influenced the solidification
rate for each condition. Figure 6B
presents the SysWeld calculated cool-
ing curves for AT20, HT455, and
HT529 around the solidification inter-
val, i.e. between Tl and Ts, where the
cooling rates are 3.3  104°C/s, 1.8 
104°C/s, and 1.2  104 °C/s, respective-
ly. It is clear that rapid solidification
occurred in all cases.
The influence of T* on the solid state
reactions was also marginal. As can be
seen in Fig. 6C, after a half second of
laser interaction, the cooling rates were
almost the same, irrespective of T*. Be-
tweeen 700° and 725°C, the cooling
rates for HT455 and HT529 were
190°C/s and the cooling rate for AT20
around 300°C was about 210°C/s.
All the calculated temperatures vs.
time were calibrated using the pyrom-
eter. The reason for this is the missing
absorptivity of the laser beam in the
workpiece.
Figure 7 presents the TTT curves
for Widmanstätten ferrite start, bai-
nite start, and martensite start tem-
peratures as a function of time for the
current alloy, calculated using the
MUCG83 software (Ref. 19). The Wid-
manstätten start temperature range
was between 660° and 705°C. The nu-
cleation limited bainite start tempera-
ture was 561°C. The martensite start
temperature was estimated as 412°C,
which corroborates well the value ob-
tained by Karbasian and Tekaya (Ref.
4). In the present work, the TTT
curves were used instead of continu-
ous cooling transformation (CCT) be-
cause the last one is missed in the lit-
erature and in the simulations package
MUCG83.
Considering the TTT curves in Fig.
7 and an initial austenitizing tempera-
ture of 900°C, the critical cooling rates
for Widmanstätten ferrite (CRF) and
bainite (CRB) are 15°C/s and 65°C/s,
respectively. When the CR is below

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WELDING RESEARCH
Fig. 14 — The microstructure near the FL (SEM).
CRF a primary diffusion-controlled fer-
rite appears. When the CR is higher
than CRB, martensite is the main reac-
tion product. Finally, between CRF and
CRB, bainite will grow from the pri-
mary austenite. These values are only
estimates because the TTT curves will
be displaced during continuous cool-
ing conditions.
Microstructural Results
Room Temperature Welds — AT20
The welds produced at room tem-
perature, AT20, exhibited the typical
laser keyhole shape, as shown in Fig. 8.
The width of the FZ depended on the
depth, z, being 1, 0.4, and 0.6 mm at
the top, middle, and bottom of the
weld, respectively. Figure 9 shows the
extent of the HAZ measuring 0.48 mm
in the mid-thickness of the sheet.
The microstructure observed in the
FZ is presented in Fig. 10. As can be
seen, the as-welded structure is com-
posed of primary dendrites of retained
austenite and interdendritic ferrite.
The solidified ferrite is sometimes re-
ferred to as skeletal type (Ref. 20). The
dendrites are filled with dark needles
that resulted from martensitic trans-
formation.
Figure 11 presents an image ob-
tained by backscattered electrons in a
SEM of the AT20-FZ. The dendritic
structure and the intradendritic
martensite needles are clearly visible.
Using an automatic particle counting
382-s WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017, VOL. 96
Fig. 15 — Macrostructure of the sample HT455.
software, the in-
terdendritic fer-
rite (darker col-
ored phase in
Fig. 11) account-
ed for about 20%
near to the cen-
ter of the weld.
Figure 12
shows the EDS
chemical analysis
of the intraden-
dritic and inter-
dendritic regions,
such as those pre-
sented in Fig. 11.
Each region was
measured six
times. The carbon Fig. 16 — Macrostructure of the sample HT455, showing the exten­
composition sion of the HAZ.
could be disre-
garded. Despite (WI) is shown in Figs. 13 (LOM) and 14
the low standard deviation for the cur- (SEM). The volume fraction of marten-
rent samples, the x-ray peak was too site was much higher in the HAZ.
close to the beginning of the spectra Other evidence in Figs. 13 and 14
and subject to a large variation depend- shows that both austenite and ferrite
ing on the analysis method. From Fig. grew epitaxially from the solid. This is
12, a measurable amount of ferrite sta- a typical feature of peritectic alloys as
bilizing elements, such as Al, Si, and Cr, proposed by Kerr and Kurz (Ref. 21).
was detected in the interdendritic spac- Near the FZ, the growth rate was suffi-
ing. This segregation explains the ap- ciently low to allow for the nucleation
pearance of a white zone between the of some pro-peritectic ferrite. Howev-
dendrites in Fig. 10. It is also reasonable er, the time would not be sufficient to
to conclude that the high Al content in allow for the peritectic reaction be-
the FZ came as a result of the coating di- tween the ferrite and liquid to form
lution. Therefore, the coating was not austenite. Consequently, the residual
properly removed from the sheet sur- liquid would directly solidify as
face prior to welding. austenite. When the growth rate in-
The region near to the weld interface creased, a few micrometers from the
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WELDING RESEARCH

A B

Fig. 17 — SEM micrographs of the FZ in HT455. The letters A and B indicate austenite and bainite, respectively.

Figure 21A shows a region in the

Table 3 — Comprehensive Mechanical Behavior of the Experimental Conditions
Sample E (GPa) y (MPa)
Designation
AT20 280  90 450  40
HT455 230  30 400  50
HT529 260  40 410  30
FL, austenite would be the primary
phase because of its higher growth
temperature than ferrite. The mecha-
nism could be observed in Fig. 13 for
an epitaxial ferrite near the FL, at low
growth rates, and in Fig. 14 where
high growth rates promoted austenite
dendrites.
High­Temperature Welds — HT455
Figure 15 presents an optical image
of the sample produced in the condi-
tion HT455. The width of the FZ de-
pends on the relative weld depth, be-
ing 0.9 mm, 0.4 mm, and 0.6 mm at
the top, middle, and bottom of the
weld. Figure 16 presents the extension
of the evident HAZ, measuring around
0.67 mm in the mid-thickness of the
sheet.
The observed FZ microstructure of
the HT455 sample is shown in Fig.
17A and B. Figure 17A shows a low
magnification of a region in the mid-
dle of the FZ, showing a typical
bainitic microstructure (B) and resid-
ual austenite matrix (A). Figure 17B
u (MPa) u (%) m (%) Ut (MPa)
1210  20 1.3  0.2 1.3  0.2 12
840  50 1.3  0.3 2.7  0.4 19
650  50 1.7  0.5 3.5  0.6 20
presents a higher magnification
image where the ferritic laths and
polygons are more visible. According
to phase analysis, the total amount of
bainite is 66% and the average bainite
plate thickness is 0.4 m.
Figure 18 shows the SEM image
near the FL. The HAZ next to the FZ is
composed of martensite and the FZ is
a mixture of bainitic ferrite and
austenite.
Weld Cross Section — HT529
Figure 19 presents a view of a
HT529 weld cross section. The FZ is
not easily distinguished from the
BM/HAZ because of the high-temper-
ature treatment, but the widths of the
FZ could be measured: 1.0 mm at top,
0.47 mm at mid-thickness, and 0.72
mm at bottom of the sheet.
Figure 20 presents the microstruc-
ture in the middle of the FZ after pro-
longed etching using a 2% Nital solu-
tion (dark etched). The difference be-
tween austenite (light color) and
bainitic ferrite (dark) is clearly evident.
center of the weld for the sample
HT529. Bainite (B) and residual
austenite (A) are the principal con-
stituents of the weld. In this image,
the overall bainite percentage is about
36%. Figure 21B presents a higher
magnification near to the top of the
weld, where coalesced bainite (Bc) is
more visible. Small ferrite grains (G)
start to develop as well.
The weld interface is clearly visible
under SEM — Fig. 22. A high amount
of retained austenite is noticeable in
the FZ. Because the temperature and
time were sufficiently high near to the
FL, the grains also developed a bainitic
structure. In some grains, allotriomor-
phic ferrite (F) is visible at grain
boundaries.
Hardness Results
Hardness profiles were obtained ac-
cording to a line crossing the fusion
zone in a cross-section of the sample.
The lines were positioned approxi-
mately at the mid-section of the weld
thickness. Figure 23 presents the
hardness profile for the sample AT20.
The average hardness in the FZ was
590 HV. The HAZ was divided in two
parts: HAZ1 around 0.4 mm away
from the weld centerline where the av-
erage hardness was 700 HV, and HAZ2
starting around 0.55 mm and finish-
ing 1 mm from the weld centerline
where a minimum hardness of 450 HV

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Fig. 19 — Macrostructure of the sample HT529 (LOM).

Fig. 18 — SEM micrograph of the weld line of HT455. WI is the

weld interface.

was attained. Therefore, the HAZ pres- able. This behavior

ents a region harder than the FZ next
to the weld interface and softer than
the fusion zone farther away from the
FZ. HAZ1 has been associated to a ful-
ly austenitized region, which trans-
formed into martensite during
quenching. HAZ2 corresponds to the
intercritical region composed of soft
phases, austenite and ferrite, and tem-
pered martensite. The base material
presents varied hardness, between 550
and 700 HV, because of the different
microconstituents present such as fer-
rite, bainite, retained austenite, and
martensite.
Figure 24 presents the hardness
profile for the HT455 condition. The
FZ hardness was approximately 320
HV, which is almost half of the previ-
ous condition discussed (AT20). The
HAZ1 and HAZ2 were also character-
ized in the figure with peak hardness
of 390 HV and a minimum hardness of
210 HV. It is important to note that
the maximum HV of the HAZ1 in
HT455 (Fig. 24) is 13% less than the
minimum HV of the HAZ2 in AT20
(Fig. 23). The HAZ2 in HT455 shows a
hardness similar to the BM: 260 HV.
Figure 25 represents the hardness
plot for a sample at HT529 condition.
The FZ average hardness was about
310 HV, which is similar to HT455-FZ
condition (see Fig. 24). However, the
increase in hardness in HAZ1 was only
up to 320 HV, which is hardly notice-
was attributed to the
absence of marten-
site near the WI. The
decrease of the hard-
ness in HAZ2 at-
tained the level of
the BM (~260 HV).
Tensile Strength
Results
Fig. 20 — Dark etched microstructure at the center of the FZ
Tensile testing for the sample HT529 (LOM).
was carried out on
AT20, HT455, and
HT529 coupons, as described in the
Material and Methodology section.
Figure 26 shows three curves repre-
sentative of each experimental condi-
tion. Although the elastic part of the
curves appeared similar, the plastic be-
havior was very different. The AT20
coupon presented the higher values of
tensile strength, but very limited duc-
tility or any necking. On the contrary,
the high temperature weld coupons
presented lower yield strengths but an
extended ductility.
Table 3 summarizes the tensile re-
sults. The elastic moduli (E) were al-
most the same, only slightly reduced
in HT455 and HT529 when compared
to AT20. This observation resulted
from the annealing of the entire plate
during the experiments, which partial-
ly tempered the initial microstructure,
contributing to some softening. The
yield strength (y) in AT20 was slightly
higher compared to the HT conditions
because of the hardening in FZ and
HAZ1. However, due to the limited di-
mension of these zones, compared to
the entire tensile coupon, the HT ef-
fect in y is less perceptible. The elon-
gation values (u) of the samples were
statistically similar.
On the contrary, the effect of HT
processing on the tensile strengths
(u), the maximum elongations (m),
and the moduli of toughness (Ut) was
far more noticeable. The increasing
values of T* promoted a decreasing u
and increasing m and Ut. The AT20
condition presented ultra-high tensile
strength and negligible maximum
elongation. The HT conditions exhibit-
ed lower values of u and higher m,
being more suitable for post mechani-
cal processing as aimed in this work.

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WELDING RESEARCH

A B

Fig. 21 — SEM micrographs of the FZ in HT529: A — region near to the center; B — region near to the top. The letters A, B, and Bc indicate
austenite, bainite, and coalesced bainite, respectively.

Fig. 23 — Hardness profile of the sample at AT20 condition. The dis­

Fig. 22 — A SEM micrograph at the weld interface in
HT529. The letters A, B, and Bc indicate austenite, bainite,
and coalesced bainite, respectively.
Comparing the moduli of toughness
between the AT20 and HT529 condi-
tions, the toughness of the coupons
using the proposed technique was al-
most doubled when compared with
the AT condition.
The ductility of the laser welded
samples was below the value proposed
by the fabricant (~20%). This is due to
the effect of the welding process that
produced a softened HAZ2, composed
of tempered martensite, location at
which the tensile coupons broke.
The coupons at condition HT529
presented the same yield and tensile
tance from the weld centerline (d = 0) is shown together with the ap­
proximated location of the FZ as well as HAZ1 and HAZ2 boundaries.
strength of the base values are difficult to validate experi-
material, accordingly to mentally because the weld bead di-
the material data sheet. mensions are very small for any ana-
lytical detection.
Residual Stresses The degree of bending, as a meas-
urement of the final out-of-plane dis-
It was expected that high-tempera- tortion angle, was also reduced by
ture welding produces less residual welding at high temperatures. Figure
stresses and low distortion in the 27B shows the bending angle for each
plates. According to the FEM simula- condition, comparing AT20, HT455,
tion results shown in Fig. 27A, the and HT529, for both FEM simulations
residual stresses after welding were re- (bars) and experimental measure-
duced from 780 to 340 MPa from ments using a 3808AC Dial Starret
AT20 to HT455 condition, i.e., a reduc- test indicator with an arm-held
tion of 56%. Comparing the condition mount. Considering both calculated
HT529 to AT20, the reduction is even and measured values of bending angle,
higher, about 66%. These simulated there was a clear reduction in bending

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 385-s

Lima (201747).qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:19 PM Page 386

WELDING RESEARCH

Fig. 24 — Hardness profile of the sample at HT455 condition. The Fig. 25 — Hardness profile of the sample at HT529 condition. The
distance from the weld centerline (d) is shown together with the distance from the weld centerline (d) is shown together with the
approximated loci of the FZ, HAZ1, and HAZ2 boundaries. approximated loci of the FZ, HAZ1, and HAZ2 boundaries.

after HT treatment. The angle reduc-

tion was reduced by 80 and 90% for
HT455 and HT529, respectively. The
differences between the FEM and ex-
perimental values are due to the in-
trinsic differences between the mod-
eled and the real material.
General Discussion
There are several differences be-
tween the conventional austempering
and the proposed approach. In the
conventional method, the steel is ini-
tially austenitized above 900°C for a
period of time to homogenize the mi-
crostructure and then quenched in a
given medium, such as a salt bath, to
obtain bainite. If the quenching is
done correctly, the metastable austen-
ite is kept just above Ms and enters
the bainite curve in TTT.
During welding, the FZ is heated
above the liquidus temperature and
freezes to form austenite dendrites with
some segregation. Compared to normal
austempering, the material is chemical-
ly and morphologically different be-
cause of the thermal gradient. Addition-
ally, the welded material could have a
different composition from the base
material because of elemental volatiliza-
tion from the pool and incorporation of
the coating elements.
The use of TTT curves in the partic-
ular context of isothermal transforma-
tion of an initial austenitic weld bead
seems to be correct. The austenitizing
time is considered as the period the
weld is maintained above A3 (808°C
(Ref. 18)), which is only about 0.1 s in
AT20
HT455
Fig. 26 — Representative engineering stress­strain curves for the different experimental
conditions.
the middle of the weld. However, as
the phase transformations occur rap-
idly during laser welding, a more pre-
cise determination of ferrite and
austenite fractions as a function of
time is missing in this analysis.
The physical properties used in the
Sysweld simulations belong to
TRIP750 steel, which has a different
chemical composition from the cur-
rent alloy. However, the temperature
evolution may be correct because the
TRIP750 and the 22MnB5 steel have
similar thermal conductivities, densi-
ties, and specific heats. Thermome-
chanical results such as residual stress-
es and final bending (Fig. 27) should
be considered with greater care, as
they might represent only behavioral
trends in the present case. The esti-
mated decrease in both residual stress-
HT529
es and final bending can be assumed
to be correct.
Microsegregation plays an important
role in the as-welded microstructure, as
could be seen in Fig. 11. As the original
dendritic microsegregation is annealed
at high-temperature treatments, the
carbon content is expected to become
homogeneous throughout the fusion
zone. However, the time needed to ho-
mogenize substitutional atoms such as
Si and Mn must be quite long and then
composition modulation can occur in
the samples. The initial bainitic ferrite
plates could eventually find the Si- and
Mn-rich regions as low energy sites for
nucleation, but this is still an open sub-
ject for discussion.
The Al-Si coating, if not completely
removed, will be diluted in the FZ, lead-
ing to an increase in Al content in the

386-s WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017, VOL. 96

Lima (201747).qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:19 PM Page 387
A B
Fig. 27 — A — Estimated von Mises residual stresses for each experimental condition; B — estimated bending angle for each experimental
condition. The percentages indicate reduction from the AT20 value.
interdendritic region, as shown in Fig.
12. Although a reference (Ref. 4) indi-
cates that intermetallic Fe-Al may ap-
pear after welding of Al-Si coated
22MnB5, no microstructural or hard-
ness evidences were observed. On the
other hand, the Al increase in the FZ
was expected to change the TTT behav-
ior (see Fig. 7) by extending the Wid-
manstätten ferrite range to shorter
times. Considering that the actual com-
position of Al in the molten metal was
raised from 0.054% to 2% , the CRF in
Fig. 7 would be much higher than ex-
pected, exceeding 1000°C/s (Ref. 19).
This cooling rate is only obtainable us-
ing laser or electron beam welding. In
the industrial environment, the choices
of heating could include high-frequency
induction, resistance or furnace sources.
However, because of many aspects such
as high cooling rate, limited HAZ and
distortion, high-energy weld sources are
preferable.
Although the main literature re-
sults about the bainite growth are very
optimistic, the bainite fraction never
attains unity (complete transforma-
tion) because 1) the strain field around
the ferrite plates would stabilize the
austenite; 2) an extended time or
higher temperatures would coarsen
the original plates instead of creating
new, isolated plates (coalescence (Figs.
21 and 22) is a natural evolution of the
operating ferritic nucleus, with or
without carbides, because the inter-
faces are convergent); and 3) the over-
all content of Al in solution would lead
to a decrease in the final bainite frac-
tion in the weld.
The differences between the marten-
site in FZ and HAZ of the AT20 samples
are due to the effectiveness of solid-
state transformation. In other words,
the grains near the WI become fully
austenitic and then transform to
martensite on cooling. On the other
side of the WI, the epitaxial solidifica-
tion would begin with ferrite grains and
then develop into austenite dendrites.
The softening in HAZ2 (Fig. 23) is a
larger threat than coalescence during
deformation. A softer zone next to the
FL will be a stress concentration point
that can plasticize earlier than the rest
of the tensile coupon. In all cases, fail-
ure would occur within this HAZ2
leading to limited ductility.
The AT20 condition produced an ul-
tra-high-strength steel with negligible
ductility and toughness. The HT treat-
ment reduced the tensile strength, but
the parts retained sufficient toughness
to be safely manipulated.
The current technique could be fur-
ther developed to fabricate tough weld
joints in many AHSS. The difference
between conventional preheat-and-
weld procedure in conventional weld
methods and the current methodology
is the automation.
Conclusions
A technique combining laser welding
and induction heating was developed to
produce 22MnB5 steel welds direct in
the bainitic range. The methodology for
such process was to preheat the sample
to a temperature T* above the marten-
site start temperature and held for 10
min before the laser weld. After laser
welding, the temperature T* was held
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 387-s
WELDING RESEARCH
for an additional 10 min for the specific
alloy case.
According to the current TTT plots
and the literature, two temperatures
(455° and 529°C) were chosen for the
preheating.
The as-welded room temperature
welds, AT20, presented a microstruc-
ture composed of primary austenite
dendrites, which transformed to
martensite during cooling, and inter-
dendritic ferrite. The interdendritic re-
gion was richer in ferrite stabilizing el-
ements such as Al, Si, and Cr. The FZ
hardness was about 600 HV and at-
tained a maximum value of the 700
HV in the HAZ. The tensile tests
showed a negligible ductility (1.3%)
and a high tensile strength (1200
MPa) for these coupons.
High-temperature welding caused
the samples to exhibit microstructures
of bainite plus austenite grains.
The sample with T*  455°C,
HT455, had around 66% of bainite in
an austenite matrix. The hardness in
the FZ was 320 HV and attained a
maximum of 390 HV in HAZ, repre-
senting about half of the AT20 values.
The tensile tests showed a maximum
elongation of 2.7% and a tensile
strength of 840 MPa.
The sample with T*  529°C,
HT529, had around 33% of bainite in
an austenite matrix. The reduction in
the bainite percentage compared to
HT455 is due to the cooling procedure
because the undercooling temperature
is too low. Additionally, this sample
presented some coalesced bainite. The
hardness in the FZ was 310 HV and at-
tained a maximum of 320 HV in HAZ,
Lima (201747).qxp_Layout 1 9/13/17 4:19 PM Page 388
WELDING RESEARCH
which was similar to the original base
material. The tensile tests showed a
maximum elongation of 3.5% and a
tensile strength of 650 MPa.
The proposed methodology at-
tained the initially established objec-
tive of producing tough welds directly
in the bainitic range, without the need
of extra heat treatments.
Acknowledgments
This work was sponsored by the Fun-
dação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado
de São Paulo (FAPESP) under grant
2014/26930-7 and the Center for Weld-
ing, Joining and Coatings Research
(CWJCR), Colorado School of Mines
(CSM). Thanks are due to AK Steel,
West Chester, Ohio, for providing base
materials and to CSM researchers
Jonathan Watson, Drew White, and
Thomas Stott for technical assistance.
All the analytical equipment and soft-
ware are the property or licensed to Col-
orado School of Mines, the George S.
Ansell Department of Metallurgical and
Materials Engineering.
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MILTON SERGIO FERNANDES DE LIMA (msflima@gmail.com) is with the Institute for Advanced Studies, São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo,
Brazil. DEVON GONZALES (degonzal@mines.edu) and STEPHEN LIU (sliu@mines.edu) are with the Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo.
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Capdevila, F. G., Garcıa-Mateo, C., and de
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Soysal and Kou Supp 201736 new.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 2:39 PM Page 389

WELDING RESEARCH

A Simple Test for Solidification Cracking

Susceptibility and Filler Metal Effect
While Varestraint testing has long been the most widely used test, a simple,
low­cost alternative is available to provide similar and valuable additional information

BY T. SOYSAL AND S. KOU

grains growing side by side in the

ABSTRACT welding direction along the centerline
of the mushy zone. Tension induced in
Solidification cracking is a serious weld defect, and it is essential to test the suscepti­
the transverse direction of the mushy
bility to this defect. In Varestraint testing, the workpiece is bent suddenly during welding
to induce cracking. This causes an unrealistically high deformation rate, and the global zone is most likely to separate the
deformation rate of the workpiece cannot reveal the local deformation rate of the mushy grains from each other. Near the be-
zone that causes cracking. A simple new test was developed in the present study, where ginning of the mushy zone (close to
two pieces of materials were welded, while one piece moves normal to the welding di­ the weld pool), grain separation is un-
rection at the speed V. V is the lateral tensile deformation rate of the mushy zone that likely to cause cracking because there
causes solidification cracking. As V was increased from zero, the transition from no crack is plenty of liquid for feeding if the
propagation to full crack propagation occurred over a range of V, called the transition grains begin to separate.
range. The crack susceptibility is lower if the transition range is located at a higher V level However, near the end of the
because a faster deformation rate V is required to cause crack propagation. It was shown mushy zone (i.e., near the end of solid-
that the V level of the transition range increased, i.e., the crack susceptibility decreased,
ification), grain separation is likely to
in the order of 6061 Al, 7075 Al, 2024 Al, 2014 Al, and 2219 Al, consistent with reported
data. The crack susceptibility decreased when 6061 Al and 7075 Al were welded with result in cracking because little liquid
filler 4043 Al, and 2014 Al and 2024 Al with filler 4145 Al. This is consistent with pub­ may be left to feed the grain boundary
lished filler metal guides and data. The repeatability of the present test and its several if it opens up. When cracking does oc-
significant advantages over the Varestraint test, including the use of a filler metal, were cur, it happens along the grain bound-
discussed. Because the Varestraint test has long been the most widely used test for solid­ ary, and the fracture surface can ap-
ification cracking, the present test is particularly significant. pear dendritic because the grain
boundary liquid is too thin to cover up
the dendrite arms. An alloy that main-
KEYWORDS tains a small fraction of liquid over a
wide temperature range near the end
• Solidification Cracking • Varestraint Test • Mushy Zone • Deformation Rate of solidification is likely to form long,
• Aluminum Alloys • Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) • Filler Metals continuous thin liquid films along
grain boundaries, making it suscepti-
Introduction thermal expansion coefficient of the ble to solidification cracking.
solid metal. However, the mushy zone
Cracking inside the fusion zone cannot shrink freely because it is con- Models for Cracking
during solidification is called solidifi- nected to the workpiece. Thus, signifi-
cation cracking (Ref. 1). The solidify- cant tension can be induced in the during Solidification
ing weld metal, called the mushy zone, mushy zone to cause cracking. Accord-
is a weak, semisolid region located be- ing to Novikov (Ref. 4), cracking dur- Numerous models or criteria have
tween the advancing weld pool and the ing solidification is caused by ob- been proposed for cracking during so-
completely solidified weld metal be- structed shrinkage. lidification in castings, including
hind it. The mushy zone tends to The mushy zone is a semisolid con- stress-based, strain-based, and strain
shrink because liquid metal shrinks sisting of dendritic grains and inter- rate-based models (Ref. 5). Essentially,
upon solidification due to solidifica- dendritic liquid. In welding, these den- stress-based models assume a semisol-
tion shrinkage and thermal contrac- dritic grains are usually columnar un- id will crack when tensile stresses ex-
tion. The former is caused by the high- less the formation of equiaxed den- ceed its strength. Strain-based models
er density of the solid than the liquid, dritic grains is promoted by grain re- usually assume a semisolid will crack
e.g., 6.6% in the case of Al (Refs. 2, 3), fining. For the purpose of discussion, when tensile strains are sufficient to
and the latter is associated with the consider two columnar dendritic fracture the grain-boundary liquid

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 389-s

Soysal and Kou Supp 201736 new.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 2:39 PM Page 390
WELDING RESEARCH
films. It became clear more recently
that the strain rate, instead of the ac-
tual strain, plays a critical role in solid-
ification cracking. The existence of a
critical strain rate above which solidifi-
cation cracking occurs was confirmed
experimentally by Matsuda et al. (Ref.
6) and more recently by Coniglio et al.
(Refs. 7, 8).
The classic model of Prokhorov
(Ref. 9) focused on the thermome-
chanical factor of cracking, assuming
that cracking can occur if the rate of
strain () accumulation with tempera-
ture (T) drop, that is, d/dT, exceeds a
critical value during solidification.
Matsuda et al. (Refs. 10–12) applied
this model to solidification cracking in
welds of Al alloys and stainless steels,
but the critical d/dT is difficult to de-
termine accurately. The model of Feur-
er (Ref. 13), on the other hand, fo-
cused mainly on liquid feeding of the
shrinking mushy zone. It is an empiri-
cal formula based on the assumption
that cracking can occur if volumetric
shrinkage exceeds volumetric feeding.
Nasresfahani et al. (Ref. 14) revised
Feurer’s model into another empirical
formula by including a uniaxial con-
traction stress measured during
casting.
The RDG criterion of Rappaz,
Drezet, and Gremaud (Ref. 15) consid-
ered both uniaxial tensile deformation
and solidification shrinkage. However,
it did not consider the grain boundary,
where cracking occurs. Instead, it
treats the entire mushy zone as one
piece and calculated the pressure dis-
tribution in it, assuming cracking (cav-
itation) can occur when the interden-
dritic liquid pressure falls below a cer-
tain level at the root of the dendrites.
Drezet et al. (Ref. 16), and Coniglio
and Cross (Ref. 8) applied the RDG cri-
terion (Ref. 16) to solidification crack-
ing in Al welds. In fact, Coniglio and
Cross (Ref. 8) proposed mechanisms
for crack initiation and crack propaga-
tion. They pointed out that, according
to Campbell (Ref. 3), a tensile hydro-
static fracture pressure about 3  104
atm is needed for homogeneous vapor
pore nucleation and 2  103 atm for a
heterogeneous one. Thus, it was con-
cluded that liquid fracture by cavita-
tion is unlikely. Instead, it was sug-
gested that pores form from preexist-
ing pore nuclei.
Kou (Refs. 17, 18) recently consid-
390-s WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017, VOL. 96
ered three factors at the boundary be-
tween two columnar dendritic grains
growing side by side in the welding di-
rection: 1) lateral separation of one
grain from the other under welding-
induced tension to cause cracking, 2)
lateral growth of the grains toward
each other to bond together to resist
cracking, and 3) liquid feeding along
the grain boundary to keep cracking
from occurring. Considering the space
in a volume element positioned be-
tween the two neighboring grains near
the end of solidification, i.e., near
(fS)1/2 = 1, Kou (Ref. 17) derived a crite-
rion for cracking to occur during solid-
ification. According to the criterion, if
the rate of space increase, due to grain
separation under tension, minus the
rate of space decrease, due to lateral
grain growth, exceeds the rate of space
decrease, due to liquid feeding, a void
can form in the volume element, that
is, a crack can form at the grain
boundary. This can occur if crack initi-
ation sites, such as microporosity,
folded oxide films, or external surfaces
(Ref. 8), are available.
Kou found a simple index to predict
the susceptibility to cracking, that is,
the steepness  dT/d(fS)1/2 of the curve
of T vs. (fS)1/2 near (fS)1/2 = 1, where T is
the temperature and fS the fraction
solid (Ref. 18). He showed that a high
 dT/d(fS)1/2 near (fS)1/2 = 1 causes the
following: 1) slow growth of the grains
toward each other to bond together to
resist cracking, 2) a long liquid channel
along the grain boundary to hinder liq-
uid feeding (Ref. 19), and 3) a long liq-
uid channel between the grains to act
as a sharp notch to promote crack
initiation.
Because the maximum steepness
occurs near (fS)1/2 = 1, an option is to
use the maximum  dT/d(fS)1/2 as the
index for the susceptibility to solidifi-
cation cracking (Ref. 19). For binary
alloys, simple analytical equations de-
scribing fS as a function of T can be
used to plot the T–(fS)1/2 curve (Refs.
20–23). For multicomponent alloys,
several commercial thermodynamics
software package and databases are
available to do it. The steepness  dT/
d(fS)1/2 is the absolute value of the
slope dT/d(fS)1/2. It was shown that the
index works well for Al alloys, consis-
tent with the crack-susceptibility rank-
ing of commercial Al alloys, the pub-
lished Al filler-metal guides, and the
crack susceptibility curves of binary Al
alloys (Refs. 17, 18, 24).
Tests for Solidification
Cracking Susceptibility
Numerous tests have been devel-
oped to evaluate solidification crack-
ing (Ref. 25). Essentially, three differ-
ent types of test have been developed
to evaluate the susceptibility of welds
to solidification cracking. In the first
type of test, strain is self-induced; for
example, the Houldcroft test (Ref. 26),
circular-patch test (Refs. 27–31), ring-
casting test (Refs. 11, 32, 33), and
cast-pin test (Refs. 34, 35). They can
serve as a useful tool for assessing the
crack susceptibility, but they do not
provide quantitative information, such
as the deformation (or strain) or de-
formation rate (or strain rate) needed
to cause cracking.
In the second type of test, deforma-
tion (or strain) is applied, before weld-
ing starts, to the workpiece normal
(Refs. 36–39) or parallel (Ref. 40) to the
expected welding direction. In the third
type of test, deformation (or strain) is
applied to the workpiece during weld-
ing. For example, in the Varestraint test
(Refs. 41–43), the workpiece is bent
suddenly during welding. In the pro-
grammable deformation rate (PVR) test
(Ref. 44), the workpiece is stretched
along the welding direction at an in-
creasing rate. In the variable deforma-
tion rate (VDR) test (Ref. 6), the mushy
zone is deformed under tension normal
to the welding direction. In the con-
trolled tensile weldability (CTW) test
(Refs. 7, 8), the workpiece is pulled nor-
mal to the welding direction.
The Varestraint test, originally de-
veloped by Savage and Lundin (Ref.
41), is shown in Fig. 1. It has been the
most widely used test for evaluating
the susceptibility to solidification
cracking. Welding is conducted by the
gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)
process without a filler metal. The
standard Al specimen is 203 mm long,
102 mm wide, and 12.7 mm thick.
With the use of a pneumatic system,
an augmented strain is applied in the
welding direction by bending the
workpiece suddenly against a curved
mandrel during welding. A transverse
version of the Varestraint test was
subsequently developed by Senda et al.
Soysal and Kou Supp 201736 new.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 2:39 PM Page 391
Fig. 1 — The Varestraint test developed by Sav­
age and Lundin in 1965 (Ref. 41) has become the
most widely used test for solidification cracking.
The workpiece, usually 12.7 mm thick, is bent
suddenly during welding to cause cracking.
(Refs. 42, 43), in which the workpiece
is bent suddenly in the transverse di-
rection of welding. In either case, the
strain  = H/(2R + H)  100%, where R
is the radius of curvature of the man-
drel (bending block) and H the speci-
men thickness. No filler metal can be
used because the crown will make H
vary across the width of the weld. By
bending the workpiece suddenly, the
applied strain would not vary along
the weld. The maximum or total crack
length is used as the index for the sus-
ceptibility to solidification cracking.
Spot welding has also been conducted
using the transverse version.
To evaluate the effect of filler met-
als on the susceptibility of an alloy to
solidification cracking, a multistep
procedure is required. For example,
Lippold et al. (Ref. 45) first machined
a groove 2 mm deep and 16 mm wide
in a 304 stainless steel plate, then de-
posited the filler metal in the groove
by gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and
then removed the weld reinforcement
by machining. The specimen prepared
by this three-step procedure was
then used for Varestraint testing,
with GTAW restricted to within
the weld made previously by
GMAW.
Regarding the Varestraint test,
Coniglio (Ref. 46) indicated that
the applied strain is global in the
workpiece rather than local within
the mushy zone and the strain
rate is very high. He pointed out
measurements revealed actual
strain rates in the weld up to
130%/s, far exceeding both the
strain rates in real-world welding
conditions (less than 8%/s) and
the critical strain rate to form a
crack (less than 5%/s in arc weld-
ed aluminum alloys). He further
pointed out in Varestraint testing
the weld metal shows significant-
ly higher strains (more than 2%)
and strain rates (more than
100%/s) than the applied strain
(0.5%) and strain rate (40%/s)
calculated based on  = H/(2R +
H)  100%. Nakata et al. (Ref. 11)
subsequently lowered the strain
rate, called the slow-bending
Varestraint test. The bending
speed had to be carefully con-
trolled. However, according to
Coniglio (Ref. 46), the global
strain in the workpiece still does
not represent the local strain in
the mushy zone that causes solidifica-
tion cracking.
Matsuda et al. (Ref. 6) developed
the variable deformation rate (VDR)
test. A flat plate (160 mm wide, 320
mm long, and 10–15 mm thick) was
rotated at a constant angular speed 
while being welded by GMAW to a ver-
tical plate (60 mm wide, 330–450 mm
long, and 10–15 mm thick) on the top
to cause solidification cracking. The lo-
cal deformation rate in the mushy
zone dD/dt = L, where D was the de-
formation, t time, and L the distance
from the gun to the axis of rotation.
dD/dt decreases continually as the
welding gun advances and eventually
brings the crack to a stop.
The critical deformation rate was
(dD/dt)c = Lc, where Lc was the dis-
tance at which the crack stops. Alloys
that were more crack resistant showed
higher (dD/dt)c values. This suggests
that the local deformation (strain) rate
played a critical role in solidification
cracking. Liquation cracking was not
OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 391-s
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expected because the partially melted
zone is not under tension. Unfortu-
nately, the VDR apparatus is very com-
plicated and seldom used.
More recently, Coniglio and Cross
(Ref. 8) developed the controlled ten-
sile weldability (CTW) test. The speci-
men consists of a smaller sheet (120
mm long, 40 mm wide, and 4 mm,
thick) for welding, and two larger
plates (each 150 mm long, 300 mm
wide, and 8 mm thick) needed to con-
nect the smaller sheet to a horizontal
tensile testing machine to pull it nor-
mal to the welding direction during
GMAW. To measure the deformation
(or displacement) and hence trans-
verse strain across the weld, an exten-
someter was attached underneath the
weld at a gauge length of 10.5 mm.
The test was repeated at various
crosshead speeds to determine the
minimum speed needed to cause solid-
ification cracking, that is, the critical
deformation rate, which can be divid-
ed by the gauge length (10.5 mm) to
become the critical strain rate. 6061 Al
was welded with and without filler
metal 4043 Al (~Al-5Si). It was shown
that the critical strain rate increased
with increasing 4043 Al in the weld,
which is consistent with the practice
of using filler metal 4043 Al to reduce
solidification cracking in 6061 Al. The
critical strain rate was used to develop
models for solidification cracking.
Because an alloy melts over a tem-
perature range, the material in the weld
pool was completely melted and the ma-
terial in the region immediately next to
the weld pool was partially melted, with
liquid formation (called liquation) along
grain boundaries. This region, called the
partially melted zone, can crack under
tension (called liquation cracking). Ex-
cept for the ring-casting, cast-pin, and
VDR tests, liquation cracking can occur
and interfere with solidification crack-
ing. When liquation cracking occurs, the
tension is relaxed and solidification
cracking can stop. This has been ob-
served, for instance, in the circular-
patch test (Ref. 29). As compared to the
Varestraint test (Ref. 41), the transverse
Varestraint test (Ref. 43) tends to show
much less liquation cracking but liqua-
tion cracks can still occur (Ref. 42).
In the present study, an attempt
was made to develop a simple, low-
cost test (requiring no pneumatic sys-
tem and bending blocks, or a tensile
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WELDING RESEARCH

testing machine) that could: 1) apply a

slow deformation rate during welding
to evaluate the susceptibility to solidi-
fication cracking, and 2) use filler met-
als to test their effect on the crack sus-
ceptibility. It was intended to apply a
local deformation to the mushy zone
alone (instead of a global deformation
to the entire workpiece) at a slow rate
close to that in welding practice (in-
stead of a much higher deformation
rate). It was also intended to keep
cracking within the mushy zone, with-
out liquation cracking occurring in the
adjacent partially melted zone to in-
terfere with the solidification cracking
being tested. A

Experimental Procedure
B
A new test was developed here. In-
stead of welding one single piece of ma-
terial and bending it during welding to
induce tension in the solidifying part of
the material (as in Varestraint testing),
it was decided to weld two pieces of ma-
terials while one piece moves in a
straight line normal to the welding di-
rection. One such example is welding a
lap joint and another is welding a T-
joint. In both cases, either one of the
two members being joined can move
normal to the welding direction.
Figure 2A is a schematic sketch of
welding a lap joint between two
sheets. During welding, the upper
sheet is stationary while the lower
sheet moves at speed V normal to the C
welding direction. This can induce a
transverse tensile deformation rate V
= dD/dt, where D is deformation in the
mushy zone.
Figure 2B shows how the lap weld-
ing in Fig. 2A can be implemented.
The photo shows the arrangement of
the workpiece and the gun for GMAW.
In order to not block the view of the
lap joint, the gun is shown near its
ending position instead of starting.
The upper sheet was 3.2 mm thick,
152 mm wide, and 51 mm long. The
lower sheet was 3.2 mm thick, 102
mm wide, and 127 mm long. In the
case of 2014 Al, the thin pure Al
cladding on the top and bottom sur-
faces were milled off to keep them Fig. 2 — The present test: A — Schematic; B — photo before weld­
ing (upper, lower, and guide sheets all 3.2 mm thick, but can be
from changing the weld composition. 1.6 mm); C — 3.2­mm­thick steel bar and tabs for preventing
A steel bar and two steel tabs were workpiece distortion.
used to help prevent distortion of the
workpiece during welding as shown
in Fig. 2C. Initially, the lower sheet

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A by step to, for instance, 0.6, 0.4, and
B confirm its dendritic feature charac-
Fig. 3 — Apparatus for the present crack susceptibility test: A — Schematic;
B — photo. The control unit is connected to a computer used for program­
ming the moving speed and for data acquisition.
stuck out of the upper sheet by 19 mm
(0.75 in.). The lower sheet, positioned
between two Al guide sheets of the
same thickness, was moved normal to
the welding direction by a 12.7-mm-
thick Al plate.
As shown in Fig. 3, the moving
plate was mounted on a lead-screw as-
sembly driven by a motor. Because the
mushy zone was semisolid, it had little
strength. Thus, a small ordinary motor
sufficed. For programming purposes,
however, a servomotor was used. The
control unit was hooked to a computer
for both control of the moving speed
and data acquisition.
The compositions of the workpiece
and filler metals used in the present
study are shown in Table 1. Gas metal
arc welding was used to lap weld the up-
per sheet to the lower sheet (other
processes might work, as well). This al-
lowed the effect of the filler metal on
the crack susceptibility to be evaluated.
The welding conditions were as follows:
Ar shielding at 3.54  10-4 m3/s (45
ft3/h), DCEP polarity (direct current
electrode positive), 23 V welding volt-
age, 5.1 mm/s (12 in./min) gun travel
speed, 1.2 mm filler metal diameter, 93
mm/s (220 in./min) wire feed speed (ex-
cept for 7075 wire at 116 mm/s or 275
in./min), and the corresponding weld-
ing current was (124–133 A). The gun
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was tilted 10 deg toward the joint and
10 deg backward (dragging).
To avoid filler metal piling up at the
start of the weld, the gun started travel-
ling not after but before arc initiation.
The lower sheet also started moving be-
fore arc initiation. The servomotor was
programmed to move the lower sheet at
1.5 mm/s for a distance up to about 25
mm before making a step change to a
lower predetermined constant speed,
e.g., 0.4 mm/s. The servomotor was set
at a maximum torque of 1 Nm (Newton
meter). Crack initiation always occurred
at 1.5 mm/s. The servomotor automati-
cally stopped when crack propagation
stopped.
During the present study, the ser-
vomotor was also programmed such
that the pushing speed of the lower
sheet decreased from 1.5 mm/s step
0.2 mm/s during one welding experi-
ment. It was anticipated that this
would determine the critical deforma-
tion rate in one single experiment.
However, the critical deformation
rate determined by this multispeed
procedure was not always consistent.
Thus, the simple, two-speed proce-
dure was adopted in the present
study. If the crack initiated at the be-
ginning failed to propagate, the mov-
ing speed of the lower sheet was
raised to a higher level in the follow-
ing experiment.
After welding, the fracture surface
of the fusion zone was examined to
teristic of solidification cracking.
Welds made with nonmatching filler
metals were cut in the transverse cross
section, polished, and etched with
Keller’s etching solution (5 mL HNO3,
3 mL HCl, 2 mL HF, and 190 mL dis-
tilled water) to reveal the fusion
boundary. The composition of the
weld metal was calculated based on
the transverse cross section of the
weld and the compositions of the
workpiece and the filler metals. Let AU,
AL , and AF be the areas in the weld
transverse cross section that represent
the contributions to the weld metal
from the melted upper sheet, lower
sheet, and filler metal. The so-called
dilution D, that is, the volume fraction
of the melted base metal in the weld
metal, is as follows:
D = (AU + AL) / (AU + AL + AF) (1)
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overview of the workpiece after test-

ing. It shows 6061 Al welded at the
travel speed of 5 mm/s with filler met-
al 4043 Al and the lower sheet moving
at 0.55 mm/s. As shown, the crack is
wider in the initial 25 mm of the weld
because, as already mentioned, the
lower sheet moved at 1.5 mm/s in the
initial 25 mm weld length to ensure
crack initiation. No significant distor-
tion was observed in this or any other
workpiece after welding.
Figure 5 shows the fracture surface
of the fusion zone of a weld made by lap
welding 6061 Al with 6061 Al as the
filler metal. The location of the fracture
surface in the weld is shown in Fig. 5A.
As shown by the SEM images in Fig. 5B
and C, dendrites are visible on the frac-
ture surface. This confirms cracking oc-
curred during solidification, that is, so-
lidification cracking.

Matching Filler Metals

A B
Figure 6 shows the test results of
Fig. 4 — The 6061 Al welded with filler 4043 Al: A — Overview; B — en­
6061 Al welded with 6061 Al as the
larged. The speed of the lower sheet was V = 1.5 mm/s in the initial
part (about 25 mm) of the weld to ensure crack initiation. Crack propa­ filler metal. The normalized crack
gation occurred at V = 0.55 mm/s. Lcrack and Lweld are, respectively, the length is plotted against the deforma-
crack length and weld length, excluding the initial part of the weld. tion rate of the mushy zone. Because
the welds were close to each other in
length but not identical, it is more
Assuming complete mixing in the where (wt-% E)weld, (wt-% E)work, and convenient to discuss the experimen-
weld pool as an approximation, the (wt-% E)filler are the wt-% of element E tal results based on the normalized
composition of the weld was calculated in the weld metal, workpiece, and filler crack length than the crack length it-
using the following equation (Ref. 1): metal, respectively. self. As illustrated in Fig. 4B, the nor-
malized crack length is Lcrack/Lweld,
(wt-% E)weld = D  (wt-% E)work + (1 – D) Results and Discussion where Lcrack and Lweld are, respectively,
 (wt-% E)filler (2) the crack length and the weld length
Figure 4 shows an example of the corresponding to the deformation rate

Table 1 — Compositions of Materials

Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Ni Zn Ti Al
Plates
2014 0.80 0.19 4.84 0.73 0.57 0.008 0.010 0.023 0.04 balance
2219 0.16 0.12 5.82 0.33 0.004 0.002 0.03 0.02 0.04 balance
2024 0.09 0.19 4.4 0.57 1.4 0.01 – 0.14 0.02 balance
6061 0.72 0.6 0.33 0.08 1.0 0.20 – 0.10 0.02 balance
7075 0.07 0.17 1.5 0.03 2.4 0.19 – 5.7 0.03 balance
Wires
2014 0.92 0.31 4.56 1.04 0.31 0.047 0.02 0.183 0.027 balance
2024 0.58 0.26 4.36 0.60 1.27 – – 0.112 0.03 balance
2319 0.1 0.15 6.3 0.3 – – – – 0.15 balance
4043 5.0 0.80 0.30 0.05 0.05 – – 0.10 0.20 balance
4145 10.0 – 4.0 – – – – – – balance
6061 0.52 0.32 0.27 – 0.78 0.100 0.007 0.036 0.015 balance
7075 0.41 0.25 1.4 0.022 2.3 0.174 – 5.80 0.014 balance

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Fig. 6 — Test results of 6061 Al welded with 6061 Al as filler

metal. Transition range: transition from no crack propagation
B at V = 0.06 mm/s to full crack propagation at V = 0.21 mm/s.

C
Fig. 5 — Fracture surface of 6061 Al welded with 6061 Al: A — Lo­
cation of fracture surface; B — SEM image showing dendrites and
thus confirming solidification cracking; C — higher magnification.

at which crack propagation was tested. Al, and 2219 Al weld-

A blue curve is drawn to best fit the
data points in Fig. 6. As shown, the
normalized crack length increases
from 0 at about V = 0.06 mm/s to 1.0
at V = 0.21 mm/s. Hereinafter, the
range of V over which the normalized
crack length increases from 0 to 1.0
will be called the transition range.
Thus, for 6061 Al welded with 6061 Al
as filler, the transition range is 0.06–
0.21 mm/s under the welding condi-
tions involved here.
Similar test results are shown in Figs.
7–10 for alloys 7075 Al, 2024 Al, 2014
ed with matching
filler metals. It should
be pointed out that
filler 2319 Al is Fig. 7 — Test results of 7075 Al welded with 7075 Al as filler
known as a matching metal. Transition range: 0.16–0.26 mm/s.
filler metal of alloy
2219 Al, similar in composition except deformation rate V required for the
for a slightly higher Ti content of about transition from no crack propagation to
0.15 wt-% intended for grain refining full crack propagation to occur increases
(which can reduce the susceptibility to in the order of 6061 Al, 7075 Al, 2024
solidification cracking). Al, 2014 Al, and 2219 Al. This means
Figure 11A summarizes the transi- the difficulty for the transition to occur
tion ranges of the five Al alloys shown increases in the same order. Thus, the
in Figs. 6–10. As shown, the level of the crack susceptibility should decrease in

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Fig. 8 — Test results of 2024 Al welded with 2024 Al as filler Fig. 9 — Test results of 2014 Al welded with 2014 Al as filler
metal. Transition range: 0.20–0.30 mm/s. metal. Transition range: 0.20–0.40 mm/s.

the same order. This order is consistent testing, the pro-

with the author’s data (Ref. 47) and the posed test for the
data reported by previous investigators susceptibility to so-
shown in Fig. 11B (Refs. 48, 49). lidification cracking
Alloy 2219 Al appears to have a sig- can cover the realis-
nificantly lower crack susceptibility tic range of defor-
than other alloys. This difference can be mation or strain
seen in both Fig. 11A and B but is clear- rate realistic in actu-
er in the former. One possible explana- al welding.
tion for this difference is that the rela- It is also worth
tively high Ti content of filler metal pointing out that the
2319 Al can make grains smaller to re- results in Figs. 6–10
duce the crack susceptibility (Refs. 1–3). demonstrate clearly
More microstructural analysis is needed the importance of
to confirm it. It is worth mentioning deformation or
that the present test has also been con- strain rate. Below a
ducted successfully with autogenous critical rate, cracking
GTAW (Ref. 47), and the results are sim- cannot even propa-
ilar to those in Fig. 11A, but the differ- gate. This is consis-
ence between 2219 and other alloys is tent with the criteri-
significantly less than that in Fig. 11A. on for solidification
This smaller difference supports the ef- cracking proposed
fect of high Ti in 2319 Al. by Kou (Ref. 17). Fig. 10 — Test results of 2219 Al welded with 2319 Al as filler
Before moving on from this sec- That is, two neigh- metal. Transition range: 0.60–0.76 mm/s.
tion, it is worth pointing out that boring columnar
Matsuda et al. (Refs. 10, 11) observed dendritic grains taken near the end of the crack. The ar-
a strain rate of 0.6–5.3% per second growing side by side can grow toward eas denoted by AU, AL, and AF represent,
across the weld width in GTAW of Al each other and bond together to resist respectively, contributions to the weld
sheets. The deformation rate in Figs. cracking if they are being separated metal from the upper sheet, lower
6–10 ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 mm/s. from each other by tension too slowly. sheet, and filler metal that were melted
This range of the deformation rate and mixed thoroughly to form the weld.
can be divided by the width of the Nonmatching Filler Metals These areas can be calculated using
weld, which is on the order of 10 mm, commercial computer software. The
to obtain a range of strain rate from Figure 12 shows the transverse cross small areas occupied by cracks are not
0.00 to 0.10 per second or 0 to 10% section of the weld shown previously in included in the areas. As shown in Eq. 1,
per second. Thus, unlike Varestraint Fig. 4. The transverse macrograph was areas AU, AL, and AF can be used to de-

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Fig. 12 — Transverse cross section of the weld in Fig. 4 near the

end of the crack. Areas AU, AL, and AF (excluding cracks) represent
contributions to the weld metal from the melted upper sheet,
lower sheet, and filler metal, respectively, which are used in Eq. 1
to calculate the weld metal composition.

Fig. 11 — Ranking crack susceptibility of Al alloys: A — Based Fig. 13 — Test results of 6061 Al welded with 4043 Al as filler
on the V level of the transition range (a higher V level means metal. Transition range: 0.43–0.60 mm/s.
faster deformation is required for the transition from no
crack to full crack to occur, i.e., crack propagation is more dif­
ficult to occur); B — reported data (Refs. 48, 49). ted against the deforma- made with matching filler metals are
tion rate V, and the data also included. As shown, the transition
termine the dilution of the filler metal points are best fitted range is at a significantly higher level
by the melted workpiece, D. The compo- with the blue curve. The highlighted of V in welding 6061 Al with 4043 Al
sition of the weld metal can be calculat- range of the deformation rate V is the as the filler metal than with 6061 Al.
ed based on D and the compositions of transition range. The transition is In other words, with filler metal 4043
the workpiece and the filler metal using from no crack propagation at V = 0.43 Al, the deformation rate V has to be
Eq. 2. Using the weld in Fig. 12 as an ex- mm/s to full crack propagation at V = raised significantly before crack propa-
ample, the dilution is 47.8%. Based on 0.60 mm/s. Similar results are shown gation can occur, that is, the crack sus-
this dilution and the compositions of in Fig. 14 for welding 7075 Al with ceptibility of 6061 Al is reduced signif-
the workpiece and the filler metal, the filler metal 4043 Al, Fig. 15 for weld- icantly by filler metal 4043. This is
weld metal composition was calculated ing 2024 Al with filler metal 4145 Al, consistent with filler metal guides,
using Eq. 2 and is shown in Table 2. and Fig. 16 for welding 2014 Al with which recommend 4043 Al for reduc-
Figure 13 shows the test results of filler metal 4145 Al. ing solidification cracking in welding
welding 6061 Al with 4043 Al as a The test results in Figs. 13–16 for 6061 Al (Refs. 48, 49).
nonmatching filler metal, which is a welds made with nonmatching filler The transition range is also at a sig-
commonly used commercial filler met- metals are summarized in Fig. 17. For nificantly higher V level in welding
al. The normalized crack length is plot- comparison, the test results of welds 2014 Al with 4145 Al as the filler metal

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Fig. 15 — Test results of 2024 Al welded with 4145

Al as filler metal. Transition range: 0.80–0.90 mm/s.

Fig. 14 — Test results of 7075 Al welded with 4043 Al as filler

metal. Transition range: 0.23–0.40 mm/s.

Fig. 16 — Test results of 2014 Al welded with 4145 Al as filler

metal. Transition range: 0.70–0.80 mm/s.

than it is with 2014 Al. Thus, the crack
susceptibility of 2014 Al is reduced sig-
nificantly by filler metal 4145 Al. This
is consistent with filler metal guides,
which recommend 4145 Al for reducing
solidification cracking in welding 2014
Al (Refs. 48, 49). The effect of filler
metal 4145 Al on 2024 Al is similar.
As also shown in Fig. 17, in welding
7075 Al, the transition range is at a
higher V level with Fig. 17 — Effect of filler metals on crack susceptibility. Filler
4043 Al as the filler 4043 Al raises the V level of the transition range of 6061 and
metal than with 7075 7075, and thus reduces their crack susceptibility, so does filler
Al though the differ- 4145 Al for 2014 Al and 2024 Al. Consistent with published
ence is not as much as data (Refs. 48, 49) and filler­metal guides (Refs. 50, 51).
in the case of 6061 Al.
The reduction of the crack susceptibili- Effect of Travel Speed
ty of 7075 Al by filler metal 4043 Al is
consistent with the data reported by Figure 18 shows the results of weld-
previous investigators (Refs. 50, 51). ing 6061 Al with a matching filler met-

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Fig. 18 — Test results of 6061 Al welded with 6061 Al as filler

metal at 10 mm/s gun travel speed. Transition range: 0.20–
0.30 mm/s.

al at the gun travel speed of 10 mm/s. neighboring columnar

The transition range of 0.20–0.30
mm/s here is higher than that of
0.06–0.21 mm/s at the gun travel
speed of 5 mm/s (see Fig. 6). This indi-
cates that the crack susceptibility is
lower at 10 mm/s than at 5 mm/s. Be-
cause the heat input was not changed,
the mushy zone became smaller at 10
mm/s travel speed than 5 mm/s. This
can explain the lower crack susceptibil-
ity at 10 mm/s than at 5 mm/s. How-
ever, the experiments were not con-
ducted by increasing the gun travel
speed alone, which could also change
the deformation rate of the mushy
zone. Instead, the deformation rate V
was still imposed on the mushy zone
when the travel speed was doubled.
This allows the effect of travel speed
to be compared under the same defor-
mation rate and hence explained based
on Kou’s criterion for cracking during
solidification (Ref. 17). Consider two
grains growing along
the centerline of the Fig. 19 — Differences between the present test and the
mushy zone. most widely used Varestraint test (Ref. 41). Liquation crack­
ing refers to cracking along the weld edge, which is not so­
Three key factors lidification cracking but can interfere with it during testing.
need to be considered:
1) lateral deformation
rate separating the grains to cause shape, solidification structure, and so
cracking, 2) lateral growth rate of on, to change the crack susceptibility.
grains toward each other to bond to-
gether and resist cracking, and 3) liq- Repeatability of the Present
uid feeding rate of the grain boundary. Test
Under the same tensile deformation
rate V, increasing the travel speed The repeatability of the present test
would increase the cooling rate (and can be explained as follows: First, the
reduce the mushy zone) to help grains normalized crack length was plotted
bond together earlier to resist crack- against the deformation rate V in ten
ing. However, it is not intended here different cases. In all cases, a distinct
to imply that increasing the welding transition range was observed. Fur-
speed will always reduce the suscepti- thermore, the location of the transi-
bility to solidification cracking. It is tion range on the V axis, that is, the V
likely that increasing the welding level of the transition range, can be de-
speed significantly may cause other termined accurately. On the average,
significant changes, e.g., the pool eight data points (eight samples) per

Table 2 — Composition of Weld in wt­% Made by Welding 6061 Al with 4043 Al (Fig. 12)

Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Ni Zn Ti Al

Workpiece 6061 0.72 0.6 0.33 0.08 1.0 0.20 – 0.10 0.02 balance
Filler 4043 5.0 0.80 0.30 0.05 0.05 – – 0.10 0.20 balance
Weld (47.8% dilution) 2.79 0.70 0.31 0.06 0.50 0.10 – 0.10 0.11 balance

OCTOBER 2017 / WELDING JOURNAL 399-s

Soysal and Kou Supp 201736 new.qxp_Layout 1 9/14/17 2:39 PM Page 400
WELDING RESEARCH
case would be sufficient for this. With
more experiments conducted to add
more data points, the location of the
transition range on the V axis would
not change significantly. The width of
the transition range can be affected,
but this is not important because the
crack susceptibility is affected by the V
level of the transition range, not by its
width. As mentioned previously, the
higher the V level of the transition
range is, the lower the crack suscepti-
bility becomes.
Comparison with
Varestraint Testing
Figure 19 summarizes the differ-
ences between the test developed in
the present study and the Varestraint
test (Ref. 41). Both tests can evaluate
the susceptibility to solidification
cracking. However, the present test
can provide valuable additional infor-
mation, such as the effect of the filler
metal on the crack susceptibility and
the local deformation rate in the
mushy zone. The latter is responsible
for solidification cracking, and it can
be useful information, for instance, in
verifying the computer simulation of
solidification cracking. The global de-
formation rate of the workpiece in the
Varestraint test differs significantly
from and does not reveal the local de-
formation rate in the mushy zone.
Unlike the Varestraint test, the pres-
ent test can apply slow deformation or
strain rates realistic for welding, ensure
crack initiation before testing crack
propagation, and keep liquation crack-
ing from interfering with solidification
cracking. The present test is simple and
inexpensive, and it requires only a rela-
tively small workpiece.
The authors have demonstrated the
use of autogenous GTAW in the new
test. The repeatability is better than
that with GMAW. Since plenty of re-
sults have already been presented
here, the results of the autogenous
GTAW was submitted for publication
elsewhere (Ref. 47).
Summary and Conclusions
1) A new methodology for testing so-
lidification cracking has been developed,
that is, welding two pieces of materials
while one piece moves in a straight line
normal to the welding direction at the
400-s WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 2017, VOL. 96
speed V. This methodology is useful be-
cause V is the lateral tensile deforma-
tion rate of the mushy zone that causes
solidification cracking.
2) The range of V over which the
transition from no crack propagation
to full crack propagation occurs can be
determined by plotting the normal-
ized crack length against V.
3) In all the ten different cases con-
sidered in the present study, a distinct
transition range was observed. In each
case, about eight data points were suf-
ficient to show clearly the location of
the transition range on the V axis, i.e.,
the V level of the transition range. The
width of the range was not as clear,
but this is not important.
4) A transition range located at a
higher level of V indicates a lower
crack susceptibility because a faster
deformation rate V is required to cause
crack propagation, that is, crack propa-
gation is more difficult.
5) The V level of the transition range
increases, that is, the crack susceptibili-
ty decreases, in the order of 6061 Al,
7075 Al, 2024 Al, 2014 Al, and 2219 Al,
consistent with reported data.
6) The V level of the transition range
increases, that is, the crack susceptibili-
ty decreases, when 6061 Al and 7075 Al
are welded with filler metal 4043 Al,
and 2014 Al and 2024 Al with filler met-
al 4145 Al, consistent with published
data and filler-metal guides.
7) The present test has the follow-
ing significant advantages over the
Varestraint test: It can allow the use of
filler metals to evaluate their signifi-
cant effect on solidification cracking,
impose slow deformation rates as
those in welding practice, reveal the lo-
cal deformation rate in the mushy
zone that causes cracking, determine
the transition range for crack propaga-
tion, keep liquation cracking from in-
terfering with tests of solidification
cracking, and significantly reduce the
costs of both the apparatus and the
workpiece material.
8) Because the Varestraint test has
long been the most widely used test
for studying the important subject of
solidification cracking, the present
test is particularly significant.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the
National Science Foundation under
Grant No. DMR 1500367.
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