Sensors and Actuators A 272 (2018) 23–27

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Sensors and Actuators A: Physical

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sna

In-fiber integrated gas pressure sensor based on a hollow optical fiber

with two cores
Xinghua Yang ∗ , Qikai Zhao, Xiuxiu Qi, Qunlong Long, Wenting Yu, Libo Yuan
Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Science, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: We demonstrate an in-fiber integrated highly-sensitive gas pressure sensor based on a special designed
Received 4 September 2017 hollow eccentric twin-core optical fiber (HTCF). In this design, the core in the hole and the core in the
Received in revised form 3 January 2018 annular cladding of the HTCF are separately used as sensing arm and reference arm. Then, in-fiber gas
Accepted 28 January 2018
pressure detection can be first realized in the long hole of the HTCF. The experimental results show that the
Available online 31 January 2018
sensor exhibits a gas pressure sensitivity of 0.42 nm/bar, with low temperature sensitivity of −51 pm/◦ ,
and a maximum bending sensitivity of 98 pm/␮m. Comparing with traditional optical fiber gas pressure
Keywords:
sensors, this device first realizes in-fiber gas pressure detecting through the special designed optical fiber
Microstructured optical fiber
Hollow optical fiber
with a compact size which can be easily connected and integrated in practical applications.
Optical fiber sensor © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In-fiber integrated

1. Introduction
In recent years, microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) with
microholes in the scale of micrometers are widely explored for the
components of the sensor devices [1–4]. The holey structure in the
MOFs can hold fluids such as liquid and gas samples with small vol-
umes. That is to say, the sensing devices based on MOFs are ideal
choice of microanalysis in many fields such as biology, chemistry
and environment [5–10]. Simultaneously, the integration of waveg-
uide and the cavity structures of MOFs can significantly simplify the
setups of sensors based on optical fibers. The long microholes in the
MOFs provide enough surface area for the interaction between the
core and the materials in the holes. Then, highly effective light cou-
pling between the core and the samples through the evanescent
field can be obtained in the optical fibers. Especially, the low con-
sumption of reagents can also minimize the size of the devices and
realize on-line detection [11,12].
On the other hand, gas sensors have gained popularity because
they play an important role in the fields of industry, chemical, and
environmental monitoring [13–15]. In particular, optical fiber gas
pressure sensors are widely investigated due to their unique advan-
tages such as structure integration, electromagnetic immunity,
stable in operation and easy signal detection. They are widely used
to detect harmful and flammable gases. Various structures such as
Fabry-Perot interferometer [16], long period optical fiber grating
(LPFG) [17] and fiber tip [18] have been developed to measure gas
pressure. However, although some of them exhibit higher spectral
features [19,20], most of these sensors are built with opened struc-
tures such as the cavities and microstructures etched with lasers
on the surface or the end of the fibers [21]. Unfortunately, these
machined structures have weak mechanical strength and is easy
to crack. In addition, most of the contacts between the gas and the
sensor are realized on the outside surface of the optical fiber and
then the sensor have to be contained in an extra chamber in practice
because of the open structures.
In this paper, we propose an in-fiber interferometer integrated
gas pressure sensor based on a kind of hollow optical fiber with
two cores designed by us. This gas pressure sensor first realizes in-
fiber pressure detection based on phase detection of the spectrum.
It enables an adequate light coupling of the gas and the waveguide
through the evanescent field around the core in the micro-channel
of the optical fiber. When the micro-channel is filled with gas with
different pressure, the effective RI around the core can be modu-
lated. Then, by changing the optical path length difference (OPD)
between the core in the micro-channel and the core in the annular
cladding, interference spectrum will shift and reflect the infor-
mation of the gas in the optical fiber. Significantly, this in-fiber
interferometer with a compact size can be easily connected and
integrated with the object such as gas bottle, chemical reaction
chamber rather than embedding in the cavities of them.

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: yangxh@hrbeu.edu.cn (X. Yang).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.01.055
0924-4247/© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
24 X. Yang et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 272 (2018) 23–27
Fig. 1. (a) Sketch of the optical path of the in-fiber interference gas pressure sensor
based on HTCF (b) Diagram of the gas line of the sensor.
2. Experiment
The in-fiber gas pressure sensor is based on a novel hollow twin-
core optical fiber (HTCF) which is newly fabricated in the lab. The
preform for it is fabricated following the method adopted in our
previous work [22]. The cross-section view of the optical fiber used
in the experiment is shown in the inset of Fig. 1(a). This optical fiber
has an air hole with the diameter of 42 ␮m and an annular cladding
with the thickness of 41.5 ␮m. There are two cores in the fiber. The
diameter of the two cores and the cladding are 7.9 ␮m and 125 ␮m,
respectively. The core located in the annular cladding is served as
a reference arm and the core on the inner surface of the micro-
channel is served as sensing arm which can be adjusted by the gas
pressure. The RIs of the two cores are 1.462 (in the microhole) and
1.457 (in the cladding), respectively. As shown in Fig. 1(a), the light
path of the in-fiber gas pressure sensor is composed of a supercon-
tinuum laser source (Anyang laser SC-5, 1W), an optical spectrum
analyser (OSA, AQ-6370C), a 1 × 2 3 dB single-mode fiber coupler,
and a piece of HTCF. For the light coupling, a short piece of HTCF is
first melted and collapsed to the solid structure by a fusion splicer.
Then, the solid part of the HTCF is cut and spliced with a piece of
multi-mode fiber (MMF, ∼240 ␮m) with the core/cladding diame-
ters of 105/125 ␮m. After that, the other end of the MMF is spliced
with the common terminal of the 3 dB coupler (a standard single-
mode fiber of SMF-28 with the core diameter of 8 ␮m). To get a light
reflection, the other end of the HTCF is covered with a layer of Au
film at the silica-air interface by ion sputtering method (JS-1600).
The diagram of the gas line is shown in Fig. 1(b). To immobilize the
optical fiber, the HTCF is inserted into a stainless steel capillary and
the two ends the capillary are sealed with epoxy glue. Then, the
gas with high pressure, gas pressure meter and a gas valve are also
connected with the chamber.
Here, the effective RI of the fundamental mode of the core in the
microhole is sensitive to the gas pressure, and the effective RI of
the fundamental mode of the other core can be considered stable
due to the thick cladding around it. Therefore, the OPD between the
two cores will vary with the change of the gas pressure, which will
result in the shift of the interference spectrum.
For this device, the interference spectrum of the in-fiber inter-
ferometer can be approximately modeled by two optical beam
interference models, and the interference arms are respective the
core in the hole and the core in the cladding. The output intensity
of the interferometer can be expressed as:

I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos  (1)
2n2L
 = = (2k + 1) (2)

2 4
= n2L = nL (3)
(2k + 1) 2k + 1
where k is an integer, I1 and I2 are the light intensities in the two
cores of the HTCF, respectively and  is the phase difference
between the two cores. Here, the dip of the interference spectrum
can be described as . It is obvious that  depends on the effective
RI difference of n of the two cores and the length of the fiber of L.
When the length of L remains constant, the dip of the interference
spectrum will shift because the change of n. Here, the effective RI
difference of n is determined by the density of the gas around the
core in the hole of the fiber. In addition, the gas density will change
with the variation of gas pressure. So the change of gas pressure
will lead to the change of the effective RI of n and further cause
the shift of the dip in the spectrum.
3. Results and discussion
In the gas pressure measurement process, the sensing fiber
probes with different length of HTCF were connected with the
sealed gas chamber connected with a commercial Ar gas bottle with
a high-precision pressure meter and kept straight like Fig. 1(b). The
pressure of the gas chamber was controlled from 0 bar to 9 bar with
an interval of 1 bar at room temperature. With the increasing of the
gas pressure in the fiber, the dips of the spectra show obvious shift
towards longer wavelength. The time the interference spectrum
shifts depends on the pressure balance between the gas cham-
ber and the optical fiber, and this process can be finished instantly
after the pressure is adjusted. It can be observed the approximate
response time of the sensor is within 0.5 s. The specific interference
spectra of the in-fiber gas sensor are presented in Fig. 2 (the reso-
lution of the OSA is set as 0.05 nm). From the results, the shape of
the interference spectra is uniform. It can be seen that the inter-
ference in the fiber mainly comes from the end reflections of the
two cores. Here, three devices based on HTCF with the length of
5 cm, 7.5 cm and 12 cm were respectively fabricated. Firstly, the
gas pressure response of the sensor with 5 cm of HTCF was tested.
The transmission spectra of the sensor are presented in Fig. 1(a).
According to Fig. 1(a), the free spectral range (FSR) [23] around
1563 nm is 15.7 nm. The relationship between the wavelength of
the dip and the gas pressure is illustrated in Fig. 1(b), where a good
linear response with a gas pressure sensitivity of 0.29 nm/bar is
obtained. Secondly, the response of the sensor with the length of
7.5 cm of HTCF was also tested. The transmission spectra are shown
in Fig. 1(c). In this figure, the FSR around 1554 nm reduced to 9.9 nm.
The relationship between the wavelength shift of the dip and the
gas pressure is present in Fig. 1(d). A good linear response with
higher sensitivity of 0.37 nm/bar is obtained. When the length of
the HTCF is increased to 12 cm, smaller FSR of 6.4 nm and higher
sensitivity of 0.42 nm/bar are obtained. From the results, we can
observe the length obviously influence the sensitivity of the sen-
sor. When the length of HTCF is increased, the sensitivity is also
increased. This is because the interaction area between the light and
the gas is determined by the length of the core in the hollow struc-
ture of HTCF. Longer fiber will provide bigger interaction area and
higher sensitivity. However, with the increase of the HTCF, the FSR
is greatly decreased. This will increase the difficulty of observing
 X. Yang et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 272 (2018) 23–27 25

Fig. 2. Interference spectra change and the wavelength shift of interference dip versus gas pressure with different lengh of HTCF in the range of 0–9 bar for the gas pressure.
(a) The spectra change with 5 cm of HTCF, (b) The shift of the dip around 1563 nm versus gas pressure with 5 cm of HTCF, (c) The spectra change with 7.5 cm of HTCF, (d) The
shift of the dip around 1554 nm versus gas pressure with 7.5 cm of HTCF, (e) The spectra change with 12 cm HTCF, (f) The shift of the dip around 1545 nm versus gas pressure
with 12 cm of HTCF.

the shifts of the spectrum. Additionally, in quantitative compari-
son, the sensor based on this hollow optical fiber with two cores
for positive gas pressure measurement exhibits a higher sensitiv-
ity (420 pm/bar or 4200 pm/MPa) than most of the sensors based
on the fiber grating (such as 11.2 pm/bar in [19], and 26.9 pm/bar
in [20]), Fabry-Perot interferometers (1036 pm/MPa in [16]) and
Fiber-tip (315 pm/MPa in [21]).
The bending response of the in-fiber interference is studied. The
sensing fiber probe was first encapsulated in a glass capillary tube
with internal diameter of 200 ␮m and length of 25 cm which can
hold the whole sensitive part of the probe. In order to fix the fiber
sensing probe, the two ends the glass capillary tube were sealed
with epoxy glue. A section of the HTCF with a free length of 1 cm
was left outside the capillary tube. The capillary tube was com-
pactly fixed inside a bearing which can rotate at the center to get
a specific orientation of the cores (Fig. 3(a)). A micrometer which
was fixed below the HTCF was used to induce a curvature of the
HTCF with different bending depth (inset of Fig. 3(a)). Prior to the
bending measurement, the initial position(red arrow)of the two
cores of the HTCF was confirmed by a microscope with an objec-
tive lens (x40, NA = 0.6). In the experiment, the room temperature
was maintained in 20 ◦ and the interference spectra were recorded
with increasing of the bending depth from 0 to 100 ␮m with a step
of 25 ␮m. After completing the measurement for one direction, the
micrometer and the HTCF was restored as before bending. Then, the
bearing was anticlockwise rotated by an angle of 45◦ . We repeated
the previous steps to obtain the relationship between the wave-
length difference and the bending depth at different directions, as
26 X. Yang et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 272 (2018) 23–27
Fig. 3. (a) The diagram of the orientation position of the two cores in the HTCF, (b) Wavelength shift of interference spectra versus bending depth at different directions.
Fig. 4. (a) Interference spectral changes of the in-fiber gas pressure sensor when the temperature increases from 30
temperature.
shown in Fig. 3(b). It is obvious that the wavelength is sensitive
to bending in the directions of 0◦ and 180◦ , and there is a linear
relation between wavelength shift and bending depth. However,
it is almost insensitive in the directions of 90◦ and 270◦ . As the
Fig. 3(b) shows, the interference spectrum shifts towards shorter
wavelength for the bending orientations of 0◦ , 45◦ , 270◦ and 315◦ ,
and towards longer wavelength for the bending orientations of 90◦ ,
135◦ , 180◦ and 0◦ . The maximum bending sensitivity of HTCF is
about 98 pm/␮m in the direction of 0◦ . These experimental results
are related to the unsymmetrical structure of optical fiber in differ-
ent directions. Theoretically, the OPD between the two cores of the
interferometer derives from the strain difference of the two cores
and the maximum vary of the OPD is corresponding to the direc-
tion of 0◦ and 180◦ . However, at the bending direction of 90◦ and
270◦ , because the two cores of the HTCF are just in the neutral plane
of the curvature, which results in invariable OPD between the two
arms of the interferometer. Then, in order to eliminate the interfer-
ence of curvature, the bending in the direction 0◦ and 180◦ should
be avoided.
To evaluate the influence of temperature on the in-fiber gas
pressure sensor, another device with 12 cm of HTCF was placed into
an electrothermal constant-temperature dry box and the spectra
were recorded with change of the temperature. The temperatures
from 30 ◦ to 100 ◦ were investigated. As a result, the interference
spectrum show blue shifts when the temperature is increased, as
shown in Fig. 4(a). When the temperature is 30 ◦ , the dip in this
experiment is located at 1553.6 nm. However, when the temper-
ature is increased to 100 ◦ , the dip shifts to 1549.6 nm. Dip shifts
of the interference spectrum with the change of temperature are
◦
to 100 ◦ , (b) Wavelength of interference dip versus
shown in Fig. 4(b). Similarly, there is a linear relation between the
wavelength and the temperature in this range and the temperature
sensitivity is about −51 pm/◦ . For the optical fiber interferometer,
the OPD derives from thermal-optic effect and thermal expansion
of the fiber. In this design, the two cores are in the same fiber, there
is no obvious thermal expansion between them. Then, the tempera-
ture response of the sensor based on this HTCF is mainly comes from
the thermo-optical effect of the optical fiber. This crosstalk form
temperature is about 0.11 bar/◦ without temperature compensa-
tion during practical measurement. Moreover, when the resolution
of OSA is 0.05 nm, this value is lower than the detection limit of the
gas pressure of 0.12 bar. Then, the crosstalk of temperature can be
ignored comparing with the result of gas pressure detection.
4. Conclusions
In conclusion, we have experimentally demonstrated an in-fiber
interference gas pressure sensor based on a specially designed opti-
cal fiber. Especially, the two cores of the optical fiber perform as two
interference arms and the micro-channel provide a long sensing
region for the gas. The gas can be pumped into the micro-channel in
the full length of the optical fiber interferometer through the end of
the optical fiber, and can sufficiently contact with the sensing arm in
the micro-channel. The results show that the interference spectrum
from the HTCF shifts with the variation of the gas pressure in the
optical fiber. The device has good operation linearity and exhibits a
gas pressure sensitivity of 0.42 nm/bar. Further, the sensing charac-
teristic of bending of HTCF has also been demonstrated in this optic
interferometer sensor. The HTCF exhibits anisotropic bending prop-
 X. Yang et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 272 (2018) 23–27
erty and the maximum sensitivity in the plane of the two cores is
about 98 pm/␮m. In addition, the in-fiber interferometer presents
a low temperature cross-sensitivity of 0.11 bar/◦ because of the
twin-core structure of the HTCF. Significantly, such a fiber-optic
interference device with a micro-channel realizes in-fiber gas pres-
sure detection without extra gas chamber and has high potentials
in various fields such as on-line micrometric analysis and industry
applications.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foun-
dation of China (NSFC, 11574061, 61405043, 61377085, 61290314,
61535004, 61307005, 61227013, U1231201), the Postdoctoral Sci-
ence Foundation of China (2014M551217), the Natural Science
Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (F201405) and the Fundamen-
tal Research Funds for the Central Universities.
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Biographies
Xinghua Yang received his B. S. and M. S. degree from Department of Chemistry,
Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China in 2002 and 2005 respectively. He
received Ph. D. Degree from State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photon-
ics, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Xi’an, China in 2008. From 2008 to now, he has been working at the Ministry of
Education Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics in Harbin Engineering Uni-
versity. His research interests are mainly focused on optic fiber sensors, optical
functional materials and nanomaterials. He has authored and co-authored over 40
articles mainly in the area of fiber optics and materials science.
Qikai Zhao received his B. S. degree in 2011 from Liaocheng University. Now he is a
master candidate in the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated
Optics in Harbin Engineering University. His major research focuses on optical fiber
sensors.
Xiuxiu Qi received her B. S. degree in 2011 from Zhongbei University. Now she is a
master candidate in the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated
Optics in Harbin Engineering University. Her major research focuses on optical fiber
sensors.
Qunlong Long received his B. S. degree in 2011 from Heilongjiang University of
Science and Technology. Now he is a master candidate in the Ministry of Education
Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics in Harbin Engineering University. His
major research focuses on optical fiber sensors.
Wenting Yu received her B. S. degree in 2011 from Changchun University of Science
and Technology. Now she is a master candidate in the Ministry of Education Key
Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics in Harbin Engineering University. Her major
research focuses on optical fiber sensors.
Libo Yuan has received his Ph.D. (Photonics, 2003), M. Eng. (Communication & Elec-
tronic Systems, 1990) and B.S. (Physics, 1984), from The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Harbin Shipbuilding Engineering Institute and Heilongjiang University,
respectively. He developed white light fiber optic interferometers for fiber optic
sensors. He is a full professor and director of the Ministry of Education Key Labora-
tory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Harbin Engineering University. His general area of
research is fiber optics and fiber-optic sensors and its applications. He has authored
and co-authored over 300 technical articles. He holds 40 technique patents related
with fiber optic technology and published 3 books and 3 book chapters.