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Environmental impact of ship

MARINE POLLUTION

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Bilge
Discharging ballast

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Blackwater n greywater + pollution from

accidents !!!!!
• The cruise line industry dumps 255,000 gallons of greywater and
30,000 gallons of blackwater into the sea every day.

• Blackwater is sewage, wastewater from toilets and medical facilities,

which can contain harmful bacteria, pathogens, viruses, intestinal
parasites, and harmful nutrients. Discharges of untreated or
inadequately treated sewage can cause bacterial and viral
contamination of fisheries and shellfish beds, producing risks to
public health. Nutrients in sewage, such as nitrogen and
phosphorus, promote excessive algal blooms, which consumes
oxygen in the water and can lead to fish kills and destruction of
other aquatic life. A large cruise ship (3,000 passengers and crew)
generates an estimated 55,000 to 110,000 liters per day of
blackwater waste

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AMOCO CADIZ INCIDENT

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Regulation

• MARPOL Convention

• KM 4 Tahun 2005 tentang Pencegahan

Pencemaran dari Kapal

• Peraturan Pemerintah No. 21 Tahun 2010

tentang Perlindungan Lingkungan Maritim

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MARPOL 1973/1978 - Technical Annexes

What do we want to achieve Annex I Regulations for the prevention of pollution by oil
with pollution regulations ?
Annex II Regulations for the control of pollution by noxious
liquid substances (NLS) in bulk

Annex III Regulations for the prevention of pollution by

1. Prevention of accidents harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form

2. Limitation of consequences from accidents Annex IV Regulations for the prevention of pollution by sewage
from ships
3. Prevention of operational pollution
Annex V Regulations for the prevention of pollution by
4. Enforcement, violation and sanctions garbage from ships

Annex VI Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from

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Annex I MARPOL Annex I, content:

CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL
Regulations for the prevention of pollution by oil CHAPTER 2 - SURVEYS AND CERTIFICATION

CHAPTER 3 - REQUIREMENTS FOR MACHINERY SPACES OF ALL SHIPS

Part A Construction, Part B Equipment
Part C Control of operational discharge of oil

CHAPTER 4 - REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CARGO AREAS OF OIL

TANKERS
Construction, Equipment, Control of operational discharge

CHAPTER 5 - PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION ARISING FROM AN

OIL POLLUTION INCIDENT

CHAPTER 6 - RECEPTION FACILITIES

CHAPTER 7 - SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FIXED OR FLOATING

PLATFORMS

Appendix I List of oils

Appendix II Form of IOPP Certificate
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CHAPTER 3 - REQUIREMENTS FOR Regulation 12 Tanks for oil residues (sludge)

MACHINERY SPACES OF ALL SHIPS

1 Every ship of 400 gross tonnage and above shall be provided
with a tank or tanks of adequate capacity, having regard to the
Part A Construction:
type of machinery and length of voyage, to receive the oil
Regulation 12 Tanks for oil residues (sludge) residues (sludge), such as those resulting from the purification
Regulation 13 Standard discharge connection of fuel and lubricating oils and oil leakages in the machinery
spaces.
Part B Equipment:
2 Piping to and from sludge tanks shall have no direct connection
Regulation 14 Oil filtering equipment
overboard, other than the standard discharge connection.
Part C Control of operational discharge of oil:
Regulation 15 Control of discharge of oil 3 In ships delivered after 31 December 1979, tanks for oil residues
Regulation 16 Segregation of oil and water ballast and carriage of oil in shall be designed and constructed so as to facilitate their cleaning
forepeak tanks and the discharge of residues to reception facilities. Ships
Regulation 17 Oil Record Book, Part I - Machinery space operations delivered on or before 31 December 1979, shall comply with this
requirement as far as is reasonable and practicable.

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Capacity of sludge tanks Regulation 13 Standard discharge connection

For ships which do not carry
ballast water, in fuel oil
tanks, the minimum sludge
tank capacity (V1) should be
calculated by the following
formula:
V1 = K1CD (m3) where:
KI = 0.015 for ships where
heavy fuel oil is purified for
main engine use or 0.005
for ships using diesel oil or Description Dimension
heavy fuel oil which does
Outside diameter 215 mm
not require purification
before use, Inner diameter According to pipe outside diameter
C = daily fuel oil consumption Bolt circle diameter 183 mm
(m3), 6 holes 22 mm in diameter equidistantly placed on a bolt circle of the above
D = maximum period of voyage Slots in flange
diameter, slotted to the flange periphery. The slot width to be 22mm
between ports where sludge
can be discharged ashore Flange thickness 20 mm
(days). In the absence of Bolts and nuts: 6, each of 20 mm in diameter and of
precise data, a figure of 30 quantity and diameter suitable length
days should be used. The flange is designed to accept pipes up to a maximum internal diameter of 125 mm and shall be of steel or
other equivalent material having a flat face. this flange together with a gasket, shall be suitable for a service
pressure of 600 kPa (6 kg/cm)

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Regulation 14 Oil filtering equipment Regulation 14 Oil filtering equipment

Equipment - ships of more than 400 gt Equipment - all ships below 400 gt
15 ppm filtering equipment As far as practicable and reasonable
reasonable::
+ 15 ppm filtering equipment +
Alarm and automatic stopping device automatic stopping device +
(for ships ≥ 10 000 gt, and in special areas) sludge tank +
+ standard discharge connection
Sludge tank OR
+ Bilge water tank / holding tank for sludge +
Standard discharge connection Standard discharge connection
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15 PPM bilge water separator

15 PPM filtering equipment with coal

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15 PPM filtering equipment Bilge water separator of

coalescence type Gravimetric Type

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Control of discharge of oil from machinery spaces of all ships

Reg.15 A: OUTSIDE SPECIAL AREAS SPECIAL AREAS:
SHIP TYPE AND SIZE DISCHARGE CRITERIA
Mediterranean Sea area
NO DISCHARGE except when
Baltic Sea area
1. The ship is proceeding en route
Black Sea Area
2. The oily mixture is processed through an oil Red Sea area
filtering equipment, complying with reg. 14.6 Gulfs area
All ships  400 gt 3. The oil content of the effluent without
 Gulf of Aden area
[Reg. 15.2] dilution does not exceed 15 PPM
 Antarctic area
4. The oily mixture does not originate from
 North West European
cargo pump room bilges on oil tankers
Waters
5. The oily mixture, in case of oil tankers, is  Oman area of the
not mixed with oil cargo residues Arabian Seas
NO DISCHARGE in the Antarctic area  Southern South African
Ship shall be proceeding en route and oil content
Waters
All ships < 400 gt
less than 15 PPM, or retain the bilge water
[Reg.9(2)]
onboard, and discharge it to a reception facility
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Control of discharge of oil from machinery spaces of all ships

CHAPTER 4 - REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
Reg. 15 B: WITHIN SPECIAL AREAS CARGO AREAS OF OIL TANKERS
SHIP TYPE AND SIZE DISCHARGE CRITERIA Part A Construction:
Regulation 18 Segregated ballast tanks
NO DISCHARGE except when Regulation 19 Double hull and double bottom requirements for oil tankers delivered on or
after 6 July 1996
Regulation 20 Double hull and double bottom requirements for oil tankers delivered before 6
1. The ship is proceeding en route July 1996
2. The oily mixture is processed through an oil Regulation 21 Prevention of oil pollution from oil tankers carrying heavy grade oil as cargo
Regulation 22 Pump--room bottom protection
Pump
filtering equipment, complying with reg. 14.7 Regulation 23 Accidental oil outflow performance
Regulation 24 Damage assumptions
All ships  400 gt (alarm & stopping devise)
Regulation 25 Hypothetical outflow of oil
[Reg. 15.2] 3. The oil content of the effluent without dilution Regulation 26 Limitations of size and arrangement of cargo tanks
does not exceed 15 PPM Regulation 27 Intact stability
Regulation 28 Subdivision and damage stability
4. The oily mixture does not originate from Regulation 29 Slop tanks
cargo pump room bilges on oil tankers Regulation 30 Pumping, piping and discharge arrangement
5. The oily mixture, in case of oil tankers, is
Part B Equipment: Regulation 31 Oil discharge monitoring and control system
not mixed with oil cargo residues Regulation 32 Oil/water interface detector
Regulation 33 Crude oil washing requirements
All ships < 400 gt Ship shall be proceeding en route and oil content
(except in the Antarctic area) less than 15 PPM, or retain the bilge water Part C Control of operational discharge of oil:
Regulation 34 Control of discharge of oil
[Reg.9(2)] onboard, and discharge it to a reception facility Regulation 35 Crude oil washing operations
Regulation 36 Oil Record Book, Part II - Cargo/ballast operations
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Regulation 18 Phasing out

single-hull tankers
Segregated ballast tanks

• Solely for ballast

Regulation 20:
Double hull and double
bottom requirements
for oil tankers delivered
before 6/7 - 96

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The Difference The Difference

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CHAPTER 5 - PREVENTION OF OIL Regulation 36 Oil Record Book,

POLLUTION ARISING FROM AN OIL Part II - Cargo/ballast operations
POLLUTION INCIDENT

Regulation 37
Shipboard oil pollution emergency plan

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Annex II - Regulations for the control of

MARPOL Annex II CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL
Regulation 1 Definitions
pollution by noxious liquid
substances (NLS) in bulk
7 Liquid substances are those having a vapour
pressure not exceeding 0.28 MPa absolute at
a temperature of 37.8°
37.8°C.

10 Noxious Liquid Substance means any substance

indicated in the Pollution Category column of
chapter 17 or 18 of the International Bulk
Chemical Code or provisionally assessed under
the provisions of regulation 6.3 as falling into
Category X, Y or Z.

11 PPM means ml/m3

liquid bulk cargo (all in ths. tons)

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MARPOL Annex II Chapter 2,

regulation 6
Regulations for the Control of Pollution
Noxious Liquid Substances are divided into four categories: by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk
1. Category X:X: NLS which, if discharged into the sea from
tank cleaning or deballasting operations, present a major
hazard to either marine resources or human health and,
therefore, justify the prohibition of discharge MARPOL 73/78 Annex II
2. Category Y:Y: NLS which, if discharged into the sea from +
tank cleaning or deballasting operations, present a hazard
to either marine resources or human health or cause harm BCH or IBC Code
to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and
therefore justify a limitation on the quality and quantity
of discharge
The revised Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 was
3. Category Z:Z: NLS which, if discharged into the sea from adopted on 15 October 2004 and entered into
tank cleaning or deballasting operations, present a minor force on 1 January 2007
hazard to either marine resources or human health and
therefore justify less stringent restrictions on the quality
and quantity of discharge
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CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL
MARPOL Annex II Regulation 1 Definitions
IBC Code
Chapter 3.7.4: Spray shields of pipe flanges
Chemical Codes

Bulk Chemical Code means the Code for the

Construction and Equipment of Ships carrying Dangerous
Chemicals in Bulk adopted by the MEPC by resolution
MEPC.20(22)
(Ships built before 1/7 1986)

International Bulk Chemical Code means the

International Code for the Construction and Equipment
of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk adopted
by the MEPC by resolution MEPC.19(22)
(Ships built after 1/7 1986)

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MARPOL Annex II MARPOL Annex II

Chapter 1 General
—
Chapter 2 Categorization of noxious liquid substances
—
Chapter 3 Surveys and certification
—
Chapter 4 Design, construction, arrangement and equipment
— MARPOL IBC Code
Chapter 5 Operational discharges of residues of noxious liquid
— Annex II MANUAL BCH Code
substances
Chapter 6 — Measures of control by port States
Chapter 7 — Prevention of pollution arising from an incident involving
noxious liquid substances
Chapter 8 — Reception facilities

• Appendix 1 Guidelines for the categorization of noxious liquid substances P & A Standards
• Appendix 4 Standard format for the Procedures and Arrangements (procedures and arrangements
Manual for the discharge of noxious
liquid substances)
• Appendix 5 Assessment of residue quantities in cargo tanks, pumps and
associated piping
• Appendix 6 Prewash procedures
• Appendix 7 Ventilation procedures
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MARPOL Annex II Regulation 15 Cargo record book MARPOL Annex II

P & A MANUAL – Content 1 Tankers, to which this Annex applies, shall be provided with
a Cargo Record Book, whether as part of the ship's official
logbook or otherwise.
1. Main features of MARPOL 73/78, Annex II
2 Any operation shall be promptly recorded in the Cargo
2. Description of the ship’s equipment and arrangements Record Book.
3. Cargo unloading procedures and tank stripping
4. Procedures relating to the cleaning of cargo tanks, the 3 In the event of accidental discharge of a noxious liquid
discharge of residues, ballasting and deballasting substance an entry shall be made in the Cargo Record Book
stating the circumstances.
5. Information and procedures
4 Entries shall be signed by the officer in charge of the
Addendum A: Flow diagram operation and each page shall be signed by the master.
Addendum B: Prewash procedures
5 The Cargo Record Book shall be readily available for
Addendum C: Ventilation procedures inspection. It shall be retained onboard for a period of three
Addendum D: Additional information and operational years after the last entry has been made.
instructions when required or accepted
by the administration 6 The Cargo Record Book is subject to port state control.

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Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency Annex III - Regulations for the prevention of
Plan for Noxious Liquid Substances pollution by harmful substances
carried by sea in packaged form
Every ship of 150 gt and above, certified to carry NLS
in bulk, shall carry on board such a plan
Content:
1. The procedure to be followed by the master or other persons
having charge of the ship to report a NLS pollution incident.
2. A list of authorities or/and persons to be contacted in the event
of a NLS pollution incident.
3. A detailed description of the action to be taken immediately by
persons on board to reduce or control the discharge of NLS
following the incident.
4. The procedures and point of contact on the ship for coordinating
shipboard action with national and local authorities in combating
the pollution.
Reg. 17
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What is a
HARMFUL SUBSTANCE ?
Environmental
Damage
Regulation 1.1:
–
A
caused by a
Harmful substance Marine
is identified as a
marine pollutant
Pollutant
in the International Maritime
Dangerous Goods Code,
IMDG Code

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What is a
MARINE POLLUTANT ? How do I know on board that it is a
MARINE POLLUTANT ?
Appendix to MARPOL Annex III: Guidelines for the identification of harmful
substances in packaged form
Substances identified by any one of the following criteria are
harmful substances:

1. Bioaccumulated to a significant extent and known to

produce a hazard to aquatic life or to human health, or

2. Bioaccumulated with attendant risk to aquatic organisms

or to human health with a short retention of the order of Parties to the Convention shall issue detailed
one week or less, or requirements on packing, marking, labeling,
documentation,, stowage, quantity limitations
documentation
3. Liable to produce tainting of seafood, or and exceptions for preventing or minimizing
pollution of the marine environment by
4. Highly toxic to aquatic life, defined by a LC50/96t hour less
harmful substances.
than 1 ppm (or 1 mg/litre)
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How do I know there is What do the regulations say concerning

DANGEROUS GOODS transportation of dangerous goods ?
on board the ship ?
SOLAS, Chapter VII, Part A, Regulation 4, Documents
Dangerous goods packed in a container shall be
Dangerous goods shall accompanied with a packing certificate stating that
be identified by: the cargo in the unit has
been properly packed
LABELS and secured and that
all applicable transport
MARKS requirements have
SIGNS been met.

The labelling on packages shall be sufficient

to withstand 3 months immersion in the sea

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What do the regulations say concerning

transportation of dangerous goods ? Annex IV - Regulations for the prevention of
SOLAS Chapter VII, Part A, pollution by sewage from ships
Regulation 4, Documents

Each ship shall have a

detailed stowage plan,
which identifies the
dangerous goods by class
and sets out the location
of all dangerous goods on
board.
A copy shall be made
available, before
departure, to the
organization designated
by the port State
authority.
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Regulation 4: Surveys
The following surveys shall be carried out:
Annex IV: Regulations for the prevention of
INITIAL SURVEY before the first certificate is issued for the ship.
pollution by sewage from ships A complete survey of structure, equipment, systems,
fittings and material to ensure full compliance with
applicable requirements
Regulation 1
Definitions RENEWAL SURVEY at an interval of five years.
A survey of structure, equipment, systems, fittings
Sewage means: and material to ensure full compliance with
applicable requirements
1. Drainage and other wastes from any form of toilets and urinals
2. Drainage from medical premises (dispensary, sick bay, etc.) via ADDITIONAL SURVEY general or partial, after repair or renewals are
made, to ensure that the repairs or renewals have
wash basins, wash tubs and scuppers located in such premises been effectively made and that materials and
3. Drainage from spaces containing living animals workmanship are in all respects satisfactory and that
the ship complies with the applicable requirements
4. Other waste waters when mixed with the drainages defined
Surveys shall be carried out in conformity with the harmonized system
above

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INITIAL SURVEY before the first certificate is issued for the ship. A complete survey of structure, equipment, systems, fittings and
material to ensure full compliance with applicable requirements RENEWAL SURVEY at an interval of five years. A survey of structure, equipment, systems,
fittings and material to ensure full compliance with applicable requirements
• Examination of plans, specifications (quantity of water, number of
persons) and technical documentation

• Check they have onboard the required Certificates and Manuals

• * Look for wear and tear
• Examination and test of the onboard installation (type approval)

• Look at: * Ventilation of the room where the sewage treatment plan • corrosion
is located

• * Pumps and pipes (material, free flow of effluent etc.---

etc. ---)) • modifications and alterations
• * Level detectors and high level alarm
• * Automatic and/or manual operation • * Carry out a functional test
• * Holding tank quality (corrosion risk); cofferdam if they
are close to drinking water • * Take sample to confirm the function of
a treatment plan
• * Possibility of water flushing and washing

• * Shore connection
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Regulation 4: Surveys
Sewage systems
Regulation 9
.1 Sewage treatment plant which shall be of a type approved by
the Administration
.2 Sewage comminuting and disinfecting system approved by the
Administration. Such system shall be fitted with facilities to
the satisfaction of the Administration, for the temporary
storage of sewage when the ship is less than 3 nautical miles
from the nearest land
4.1 The condition of the equipment shall be maintained ensure .3 Holding tank of the capacity to the satisfaction of the
that the ship is fit to proceed to sea without presenting an
Administration for the retention of all sewage, having regard
unreasonable threat of harm to the marine environment.
to the operation of the ship, the number of persons on board
4.2 After survey of the ship, no change shall be made in the and other relevant factors. The holding tank shall be
structure, equipment, systems, fittings, arrangements or constructed to the satisfaction of the Administration and shall.
materials covered by the survey, without the sanction of have a means to indicate visually the amount of its contents.
the Administration, except the direct replacement of such
equipment and fittings.

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Alternatives
are
treatment
plant
or
comminute
and
disinfection

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Regulation 11 : Discharge of Sewage SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

because production of
toxic and flammable
gases in holding and
treatment tanks

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Annex V- Regulations for the prevention of Time for objects to dissolve at sea
pollution by garbage from ships
Paper bus ticket 2-4 weeks
Cotton cloth 1-5 months
Rope 3-14 months
Woolen cloth 1 year
Painted wood 13 years
Tin can 100 years
Aluminum can 200-500 years
Plastic bottle 450 years

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Regulation 7 -Reception facilities

1. The Government of each Party to the Convention undertakes to

ensure the provision of facilities at ports and terminals for the
reception of garbage, without causing undue delay to ships, and
according to the needs of the ships using them.
2. The Government of each Party shall notify the Organization for
transmission to the Parties concerned of all cases where the facilities
provided under this regulation are alleged to be inadequate.

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You don’t even need any text

to make people understand !

Regulation 9

Placards, garbage
management plans
and garbage record-
record-
keeping

Resolution MEPC.71(38)
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Regulation 9
Placards, garbage management plans and garbage record-keeping Regulation 9
Placards, garbage management
GARBAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN should contain: plans and garbage record-
record-keeping
a) A list of the particular ship’s equipment
b) Arrangements for the handling of garbage
c) Company instructions (policy)

Garbage
Matters to be addressed in the garbage management plan:
Record Book
1. Designated person in charge of carrying out the plan
2. Procedures for collecting garbage
3. Procedures for processing garbage
4. Procedures for storing garbage
5. Procedures for disposing of garbage

Appendix to Annex V

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Garbage Record Book

Description of the garbage
The garbage is to be grouped into categories:
1 Plastics
, cargo residues
2 Floating dunnage, lining, or packing material
3 Ground
Ground--down paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery, etc.
4 Paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery, etc.
5 Food waste DISCHARGES OF CARGO RESIDUES REQUIRE START AND STOP POSITIONS TO BE RECORDED

6 Incinerator ash
Entries in the Garbage Record Book
Entries in the Garbage Record Book shall be made on each of the following
occasions:
a) When garbage is discharged into the sea
b) When garbage is discharged to reception facilities ashore or to other ships
c) When garbage is incinerated
d) Accidental or other exceptional discharges of garbage
Receipts
The master should obtain from the operator of port reception facilities, or from
the master of the ship receiving the garbage, a receipt or certificate specifying
the estimated amount of garbage transferred. The receipts or certificates must
be kept on board the ship with the Garbage Record Book for two years.

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Regulation 4
Garbage type Offshore platforms
Plastics - includes synthetic ropes and Disposal prohibited
fishing nets and plastic garbage bags
Floating dunnage, lining and packing Disposal prohibited
materials
Paper, rags, glass, metal, bottles, Disposal prohibited
crockery and similar refuse
All other garbage including paper, Disposal prohibited
rags, glass, etc. comminuted or ground
Food waste not comminuted or ground Disposal prohibited
Food waste comminuted or ground > 12 miles
Mixed refuse types §

Offshore platforms and associated ships include all fixed or

floating platforms engaged in exploration or exploitation of sea-
bed mineral resources, and all ships alongside or within 500 m
of such platforms.

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Look Mr. Port State

Summary of Annex V - Control Officer,
I am not so
sure about
at-sea garbage disposal onboard this ship
everything is OK
that

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Annex VI - Regulations for the prevention

of air pollution from ships

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ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
Ozone depleting
Regulation 2, Definitions
Substances (Halon, CFC) Volatile Organic
Compounds
(VOC)

Emission means any release of substances,

subject to control by this Annex from ships
From What is air pollution ?
combustion
engines and Substance Source Effect
into the atmosphere or sea.
incinerator:
NOX, SOX, Sooth Freon Air condition, refrigerators Depletes the ozone layer
Halon Fire extinguishing Depletes the ozone layer
Particulars SOx Sulphur in the bunker Forms sulphur acid with water, acid rain
Green house NOx Product of combustion Forms nitric acid, acid rain
gases (CO2, VOC Petroleum, Cargo tanks Depletes the lower ozone layer. Risk for damage of
Methane etc.) life on land and in the sea
Others Incineration, bunker quality Emissions which might be dangerous both for flora
(sooth, and fauna
particulates,
heavy metals)

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Anti-Fouling Systems

International Convention on the Control of

Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships
(AFS 2001 Convention)

which bans the use of harmful organotin compounds on ships' hulls

EMMISINA

POLLUTIA LINE
Will enter into force on 17 September 2008

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Harmful ships' paint systems are illegal

Why is it necessary with a Convention ?
ORGANOTIN is:
- highly toxic towards marine organisms as a whole
- degrading very slowly in the marine environment
- causing toxic sediment on the sea bed
- causing problem with the reproduction for
the most sensitive species in the water
Therefore IMO in the 1990s called for action:
“to ultimately phase out the use worldwide and
to promote environmentally safe anti-fouling”
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Option 1:
Ships shall not bear organotin compounds on their hulls
(= full removal) or,
Option 2:
For ships already painted with such compounds,
a coating that forms a barrier must be applied to prevent
leaching from the underlying non-compliant anti-fouling
systems.
The Convention also establishes a mechanism to evaluate and
assess other anti-fouling systems and prevent the potential
future use of other harmful substances in these systems.
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Cari efek pencemaran dan

pencegahannya
1. Minyak dari kamar mesin & Cargo • 6d utang 2
2. Bahan berbahaya
3. Garbage
4. Sewage
5. Noise
6. Air pollution
7. Invasive Species
8. Anti fouling
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