MAMÍFEROS

PAOLA ESCOBAR RAMOS

DOCENTE
MSC. CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICA

Noviembre 17 del 2016

 transition in vertebrate history. From Orbit
the fossil record, we can trace the
derivation over 150 million years of
MAMÍFEROS endothermic, furry mammals from
their small, ectothermic, hairless ances-
tors. Skull structures and especially
teeth are the most abundant fossils, A Anapsid
and it is largely from these structures
that we can identify the evolutionary Lateral
descent of mammals.
✤ Linaje sinapsido temporal Orbit
opening
The structure of the skull roof per-
mits us to identify three major groups
✤ Postura corporal
of amniotes that diverged in the Car-
boniferous period of the Paleozoic era,
the synapsids, anapsids, and diap- B Synapsid
✤ Adquisición de dientes
sids. The synapsid group which
includes the mammals and their ances- Dorsal
temporal
tors, has aa pair
✤ De la ectotermia of openings in the skull
la endotermia opening Orbit
roof for the attachment of jaw muscles
(Figures 30-1, 30-2, and 30-3). Synap- Lateral
✤ Dos grupos: Pelicosaurios
sids (Figure y the first
30-1B) were temporal
amniote group to radiate widely into opening
Terapsidos
terrestrial habitats. The anapsid group C Diapsid
is characterized by solid skulls and
✤ Cambios que favorecieron la ancestors Figure 30-1
includes the turtles and their
Skulls of early amniotes, showing the pattern of
(Figure
aparición 30-1A).
de los The diapsids have two
mamíferos temporal openings that distinguish the three
pairs of openings in the skull roof (Fig- groups.
ure 30-1C; see also Figure 28-2, p. 562)
MAMIFEROS: (a) Dimetrodon

Pelicosaurios
✤ Cámbrico
✤ Herbívoros y carnívoros (b) Edaphosaurus

✤ Espalda amplia, “vela” FIGURE 3.43 Pelycosaurs. (a) Dimetrodon, a predator,

reached 3 m in length (Lower Permian of Texas). (b) Edaphosaurus,
a herbivore (late Carboniferous and early Permian), was about
3 m long.
After Romer.

There is even some evidence from bone histology and lat-

itudinal distribution that therapsids were becoming
endothermic beginning in the Triassic.
MAMIFEROS:
(a) Dimetrodon (a) Moschops

Terápsidos
✤ Permico
(b) Titanophoneus
(b) Edaphosaurus
✤ Explotaron variedad de habitats
FIGURE 3.44 Therapsids. (a) Moschops, about 5 m in
FIGURE 3.43 Pelycosaurs. (a) Dimetrodon, a predator, length. (b) Titanophoneus, about 2 m.
Diversidad
✤ reached de(Lower
3 m in length diseños corporales
Permian of Texas). (b) Edaphosaurus,
(a) After Gregory; (b) after Orlov.
a herbivore (late Carboniferous and early Permian), was about
Caudrúpedos de cinco dedos
3 m✤long.
After Romer.
✤ Dientes, raíces
✤ Endotermos (Aves)
There is even some evidence from bone histology and lat- Mammalia
itudinal distribution that therapsids were becoming The mammals arose within the therapsid radiation in the
endothermic beginning in the Triassic. Late Triassic, initially small and shrewlike. These Mesozoic
 Characteristics of Class Mammalia Squamosal

1. Body mostly covered with hair, but reduced in some Incus

2. Integument with sweat, scent, sebaceous, and mammary
glands, underlain by a thick layer of fat Malleus
3. Skull with two occipital condyles and secondary Dentary
palate; turbinate bones in nasal cavity; jaw joint between D Mammal
squamosal and dentary bones (Figure 28.4), middle ear with
three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes); seven cervical
vertebrae (except some xenarthrans [edentates] and
manatees); pelvic bones fused
4. Mouth with diphyodont teeth (milk, or deciduous, teeth Squamosal

MAMIFEROS:
replaced by a permanent set); teeth heterodont in most
(varying in structure and function); lower jaw a single Quadrate
enlarged bone (dentary)
Dentary
5. Movable eyelids and fleshy external ears (pinnae) Articular
6. Circulatory system of a four-chambered heart (two atria

Terápsidos
and two ventricles); persistent left aortic arch, and C Derived Cynodont
nonnucleated, biconcave red blood corpuscles
7. Respiratory system of lungs with alveoli, and larynx;
secondary palate (anterior bony palate and posterior
continuation of soft tissue, the soft palate) separates air
and food passages (Figure 28.5); muscular diaphragm
✤ Carnívoros
for air exchange separates thoracic and abdominal cavities;
Squamosal

convoluted turbinate bones in the nasal cavity for warming Quadrate

✤ Tamaños variados
and moistening inspired air Articular Dentary
8. Excretory system of metanephric kidneys with ureters that
✤ Desarrollo de turbinales en la nariz
usually open into a bladder
B Primitive Cynodont
9. Brain highly developed, especially cerebral cortex; 12 pairs
of cranial nerves; olfactory sense highly developed
✤ Cinodontos, originaron a los mamíferos
10. Endothermic and homeothermic
11. Cloaca present only in monotremes (present but shallow in
marsupials)
12. Separate sexes; reproductive organs of a penis, testes Squamosal
(usually in a scrotum), ovaries, oviducts, and uterus; sex
determination by chromosomes (males is heterogametic) Quadrate
13. Internal fertilization; embryos develop in a uterus with
placental attachment (except in monotremes); fetal Articular
membranes (amnion, chorion, allantois) Dentary
14. Young nourished by milk from mammary glands A Pelycosaur
MAMIFEROS
www.mhhe.com/hickmanipz14e

non
surv
in th
that
to d
Pinna par
✤ Endotermia y homeotermia
Skull man
Brain radi
✤ Bajo metabolismo en la noche Opening to wer
Hard eustachian tube livin
(secondary) Soft palate milk
palate
✤ Habitar lugares muy fríos Axis
Turbinate (2nd cervical
bones R
vertebra)
o
✤ Dentición External t
nostril q
Epiglottis
e
✤ Variedad de alimentación Mandible Spinal cord
a
Esophagus
Tongue h
Trachea
(
✤ Segundo paladar Hyoid bone
p
Submandibular P
gland Thyroid
✤ Neocórtex cartilage d
a
Figure 28.5 t
Sagittal section of the head of a rabbit.
✤ Capacidades especiales s
n
s
This contrasts with the primitive amniote pattern of continual
MAMIFEROS

✤ Representados por:

✤ Monotremas

✤ Terios

✤ Metaterios y Euterios
MAMIFEROS

✤ PIEL y GLÁNDULAS

✤ Piel delgada

✤ Sudor, olor, sebáceo

✤ Epidermis y dermis

✤ Epidermis, protegida por el pelo

✤ Excepto, palmas de la manos y

plantas de los pies
 kar24239_ch06_212-239.qxd 12/22/10 3:43 PM Page 229

Cuticle

Cortex

Medulla

Melanin

MAMÍFEROS Epidermis
S. corneum
S. lucidum
S. granulosum
F
M
is
S. spinosum As
S. basale de
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA PIEL th
ce
su
Dermal papilla sp
Sebaceous of
gland fin
Th
pa
Sweat
Dermis ep
gland
ap
Arrector pili muscle
fo
w
Hair matrix sw
ov
Dermal papilla w
th

follicle begin to die. In early life, these stem cells differenti- mammals that live in burrows
ate into specialized melanocytes that manufacture pigments of porcupines are stiff, coarse
of hair and skin. But as an individual grows older, these cells
MAMÍFEROS:
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA PIEL
✤ Epidermis y dermis: unidas y separadas

✤ Membrana basal

✤ Hipodermis: tejido conjuntivo y grasa

✤ La epidermis: pelos, uñas o glándulas

✤ Queratonicitos: sistema queratinoso, capa cornificada, muerta, superficie de la piel

✤ Células queratinizada constatemente reemplazadas, estrato basal

✤ Celulas basales sufren divisiones mitóticas, reemplazo celular

✤ Estrato espinoso

✤ Estrato granuloso

✤ Estratro córneo
MAMÍFEROS:
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA PIEL
✤ Epidermis y dermis: unidas y separadas

✤ Hipodermis: tejido conjuntivo y grasa

✤ La dermis: doble capa

✤ Capa papilar: salientes a la epidermis (papilas dérmica)

✤ Capa reticular, tejido conectivo fibroso

✤ Dermis conectada con vasos sanguíneos, nervios, glándulas y fibras

elásticas

✤ Dermis contribuyen en la formación de huesos, cráneo y cintura pectoral

 kar24239_ch06_212-239.qxd 12/22/10 3:43 PM Page 229

MAMIFEROS:
EL PELO Cuticle

Cortex

Medulla

✤ Filamentos queratinizados Melanin

✤ Raíz
S. corneum F
S. lucidum M
✤ Tallo Epidermis S. granulosum is
S. spinosum A
S. basale d
th
✤ Cutícula: capa externa c
su
Dermal papilla sp
o
✤ Corteza: capa interna Sebaceous
gland fi
T
p
Sweat
Dermis e
✤ Médula: parte central gland
a
Arrector pili muscle
fo
w
Hair matrix sw
✤ Generado por el folículo piloso o
Dermal papilla w
(epidermis) th

follicle begin to die. In early life, these stem cells differenti- mammals that live in burrow
✤ Papila pilosa, células matriz ate into specialized melanocytes that manufacture pigments of porcupines are stiff, coarse
of hair and skin. But as an individual grows older, these cells
die off, eliminating a source of pigments, and adding no color Evolution of Hair Fossi
 kar24239_ch06_212-239.qxd 12/22/10 3:43 PM Page 229

MAMIFEROS:
EL PELO Cuticle

Cortex

Medulla

✤ Características distintiva Melanin

✤ Humanos, ballenas (pelos en el hocico)

S. corneum F
✤ Anclado a la dermis al músculo erector del pelo S. lucidum M
Epidermis S. granulosum is
S. spinosum A
S. basale d
✤ Tipos de pelo th
c
su
✤ Pelage, denso y suave (aislante) Dermal papilla sp
Sebaceous o
gland fi
T
✤ Pelos protectores, gruesos y largos; p
Sweat
coloración (protectores) Dermis
gland
e
a
Arrector pili muscle
fo
w
✤ Pelos de cobertura, debajo pelos lanosos Hair matrix sw
o
Dermal papilla w
✤ Vibrisas th

follicle begin to die. In early life, these stem cells differenti- mammals that live in burrow
✤ Púas ate into specialized melanocytes that manufacture pigments of porcupines are stiff, coarse
of hair and skin. But as an individual grows older, these cells
die off, eliminating a source of pigments, and adding no color Evolution of Hair Fossi
MAMIFEROS: GLÁNDULAS
✤ Gl. Sebáceas
✤ Sebo, liberado en la base del folículo

✤ Presentes en las esquinas de la boca, pene, vagina

✤ Ausentes en palmas de las manos plantas de los pies

✤ Gl. Sudoríparas
✤ Producen sudor

✤ Sudor puede ser viscoso o fluido

✤ Con o sin folículo

✤ Asociadas con la pubertad o antes

✤ Sudor fluido (antes de la pubertad), no asociado con el foliculo; función termorregulación

✤ Sudor viscoso (con la pubertad), asociado al foliculo; responsable del olor

MAMIFEROS:
Mammary glands consist of numerous lobules. Each lobule

GLÁNDULAS
is a cluster of secretory alveoli in which milk is produced.
The alveoli can open into a common duct that, in turn,
can open directly to the surface through a raised epidermal
papilla, or nipple. The nipple is usually surrounded by a cir-
cular pigmented area of skin called the areola. Alveolar
Hair
ducts also can open into a common chamber, or cistern, (a)
✤ Gl. Odorificas
within a long collar of epidermis called the teat. The teat
forms a secondary duct carrying milk from the cistern to
✤the surface (figure
Restringidas para6.23a–c).
el grupoAdipose tissue can build up
beneath the mammary glands to produce breasts. Alveolus
✤ MarcarIn monotremes,
territorio nipples and teats are absent, and Gland lobule
breasts do not form. Milk is released from ducts onto the Epidermis
✤flattened milk patch, or areola, on the surface of the skin
Comunicación
(figure 6.23a). The front of the infant’s snout is shaped to Gland duct
fit the surface, permitting vigorous suckling. In short 20- to
✤ Defensa o advertencia
30-minute bursts of suckling, a young echidna can take in
milk equivalent to about 10% of its body weight. In marsu- Cistern
✤ Localización: base de la cola, pene, detras de los
pials and eutherian mammals, either teats or nipples are
ojos y (figure
present cabeza,6.23b,c).
palmasAt desexual
las manos y ano
maturity, adipose tissue Nipple
builds up under the mammary gland to produce the breast. Teat duct
✤Enlargement
Reproducción of the mammary glands occurs under hor- (c) Nipple
monal stimulation shortly before the birth of suckling
✤young.
Gl. Suckling stimulates a neural response to the nervous
Mamarias Teat
system that results in release of oxytocin, the hormone that (b) Teat
stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells enveloping
Pezón
✤the alveoli, and hence milk is released. In common lan- FIGURE 6.23 Mammary glands. Glandular
guage, this active release of milk is termed letdown. mammary tissue derived from the integument lies in the dermis,
The origin of lactation in mammals remains a com- but ducts reach through the epidermis to the surface. Mammary
MAMÍFEROS: kar24239_ch07_240-293.qxd 12/22/10 4:44 PM Page 278

CRÁNEO
Pm
Pm

N
M

M
L
Prf
✤ Linaje sinapsido L N
FIGURE 7.49 Diagrammatic F
comparison of a derived mammal J
J
skull with a primitive amniote skull. Po Pf F
✤ Pérdida de huesos dérmicos
Bones lost in the derived mammal are
shaded in the primitive amniote. In
Sq P
mammals, orbital and temporal openings Sq P
merge. Abbreviations: frontal (F), jugal (J), Qj
interparietal (Ip), lacrimal (L), maxilla (M),
✤ Mamíferos terios
nasal (N), parietal (P), postfrontal (Pf),
premaxilla (Pm), postorbital (Po),
St
T Pp Pp
(Ip)
postparietal (Pp), prefrontal (Prf),
quadratojugal (Qj), squamosal (Sq), Primitive amniote Mammal
supratemporal (St), tabular (T). (opossum)
✤ Cuadradoyugal, prefrontal,
postfrontal, postorbital

Foramen
Foramen
ovale
rotundum Anterior palatine
Osp foramen
MAMÍFEROS: hic09617_ch30.qxd 6/10/00 6:18 AM Page 618

DENTICIÓN
618 PART 3 The Diversity of Animal Life

Premolars and molars

Premolars and molars Enamel on anterior

surfaces of incisors
Canines wears more slowly
than dentine behind,
keeps chisel-sharp
edge
Incisors
Carnassial teeth Gnawing

Excepto: monotremas, osos Incisors and Premolars and

✤ adapted for
slicing meat
cheek teeth grow
(beaver)
Upper incisors
molars
Carnivores throughout life
absent
(coyote)

hormigueros y ballenas Herbivores

Incisors

Diastema (gap between teeth)

✤ Estilo de vida Robust teeth

Grazing, browsing
(deer)

for crushing
hard fruit
Early insectivore
Frugivores with generalized dentition
(fruit-eating bat)
✤ Polifiodonta, vertebrados inferiores
Complete loss Numerous similar
of teeth; teeth in both jaws
tongue principal for fish capture

✤ Riesgo en la posición de los feeding tool

Versatile
dentition

dientes
for varied
diet
Piscivores and
Omnivores plankton feeders
Derived insectivores (marmoset) (dolphin)
(2-toed anteater)

Figure 30-10
✤ Difiodonta, mamíferos Feeding specializations of major trophic groups of eutherian mammals. Early eutherians were insectivores; all other types are descended from them.

differentiated in this manner are called
heterodont. Mammalian dentition is
differentiated into four types: incisors,
✤ Incisivos, caninos, premolares, with simple crowns and sharp edges,
used mainly for snipping or biting;
canines, with long conical crowns,
molares specialized for piercing; premolars,
with compressed crowns and one or
two cusps, suited for shearing and slic-
ing; and molars, with large bodies
and variable cusp arrangement, used
M 3/3 ! 44. Members of the order
Insectivora (shrews), some omnivores,
and carnivores come closest to this
primitive pattern (Figure 30-10).
Unlike reptiles, mammals do not
continuously replace their teeth
throughout their lives. Most mammals
grow just two sets of teeth: a tempo-
rary set, called deciduous, or milk,
teeth, which is replaced by a perma-
nent set when the skull has grown
Feeding Specializations
The feeding, or trophic, apparatus of a
mammal—teeth and jaws, tongue, and
alimentary canal—are adapted to its
particular feeding habits. Mammals are
customarily divided among four basic
categories—insectivores, carnivores,
omnivores, and herbivores—but many
other feeding specializations have
evolved in mammals, as in other living
organisms, and the feeding habits of
MAMÍFEROS: ESQUELETO

✤ Diferenciada en

✤ Siete vertebras cervicales

✤ Excepto: el perezoso y sirénidos

✤ Fusionadas por ejemplo el armadillo

✤ 15 o 20 vértebras torácicas y lumbares

✤ Dos o tres vértebras sacras

✤ Cinco en el humano

✤ Número de vértebras caudales variables

 MAMÍFEROS: REPRODUCCIÓN
(CICLO ESTRAL)
✤ Celo o estro

✤ Ciclo estral: cambios fisiológicos y morfológicos (ovarios, útero y vagina)

✤ Proestro: crecimiento de foliculos ováricos

✤ Estro: maduración

✤ Ovulación

✤ Metestro, período de reparación

✤ Diestro, útero pequeño y anémico

✤ Monoestro y poliestro
 ing t
Is the placental mode of reproduction superior to that of mar- from
supials? The traditional view holds this to be true, citing the low

MAMÍFEROS: REPRODUCCIÓN
species diversity and small geographic range of marsupials, and the He’s
success of introduced placentals in Australia at the expense of some In fa
marsupials. Clearly, placentals have the advantage of higher repro- His

(CICLO ESTRAL)
ductive rate, and retaining young in a pouch is not possible for fully To a
aquatic forms. However, marsupials may have some advantages In ju
of their own. Because marsupials invest less energy in newborns, Am
more energy would be available to a marsupial for replacement of His
Is qu
✤ Monotremas, ponen huevos Quit
They
✤ No gestación On a
The
✤ Huevo, fecunda en el oviductoFigure 28.24 Yet
Southern opossums,
The
✤ Metaerios, embolsan la cría Didelphis marsupialis, Dest
15 days old, fastened to And
teats in mother’s pouch.
✤ Coriovitelo, placenta primitiva (marsupio)
When born after a
gestation period of only
✤ Cría no desarrollada dentro del
12huevo
days, they are the size Th
of honey bees. They remain depend
✤ Lactancia prolongada attached to the nipples
for 50 to 60 days. Order
mice, m
Didelphimorpha, family mal, th
✤ Euterios o placentarios Didelphidae. which

✤ Gestación prolongada

✤ Embrión, útero (corionalantoides)