The   

Rulebook 
to   
Superb Grammar   
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
By: Gabriel Afuwape 

1
 D
​ edication 
This book is dedicated to Mr. Rodriguez, my 
English teacher at Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet 
High School. He inspired me to write this book. 
He taught me everything I know and because of 
him I have the opportunity to be able to have the 
intelligence i have on grammar today. I am able to 
write this book today because of Mr. Rodriguez 
and i show my deep gratitude by writing and 
presenting this book.  
 
 
 
   

2
 ​T
​ able of Contents 
Dedication​:……………………………………………………………..​Page 2 
 
Section 1​:​Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, 
Conjunctions, Prepositions, Interjections…………...Page 5 - 15 
Section 2​:​Phrases…………………………………………...Page 16 - 17 

Section 3​:​Clauses…………………………………..………..Page 18 - 20 

Section 4​:​Sentence Parts, Sentence Types, Sentence Errors, 

Sentence Patterns…………………………………………….Page 20 - 25 

Section 5​:​Paragraph Introductory, Paragraph Body, 

Paragraph Conclusions…………………………………….Page 26 - 

29 

Section 6​:​Types of Essays, Strategies,Works Cited Page..29 

-32 

Section 7​:​Capitalization…………………………………..Page 32 

-34 

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Section 8​:​Punctuation…………………………………….Page 35 - 36 

  

​​Introduction
The purpose of the Art of Grammar is to teach you the various concepts in

grammar and for you to be able to use them more effectively and efficiently.

We have all made embarrassing blunders, whether it be in writing or in

speech but this book is here to solve all those problems. By the time you

finish this book, I guarantee that you will be a far better writer and a more

confident public speaker. Please enjoy!

 
4
 
 
Grammar  ​is  the  structure  and  system  of  a  language  that  governs 
how  it  works.  It  depends  heavily  upon  syntax,  which  is  word  order, 
and morphology, which is how words happen​. 
 
I. NOUNS 
A. Types of nouns:  
 
1. Common Nouns​: name a class of people, places, things, or 
idea. ​Ex: basket, racket, bat, hoop 
2. Proper Nouns:​ give the name or title of a particular person, 
place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). ​Ex: Lakers, 
Manchester United, Dodgers 
3. Compound Nouns: ​consist of words used together to form a 
single noun. ​Ex: basketball, baseball, football 
4. Concrete Nouns: ​refer to material things, to people, or to 
places. ​Ex: ball, bicycle, gloves 
5. Abstract Nouns:​ name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes. ​Ex: 
perseverance, strength, agility 
 
 
B. Noun identifiers: 
 
1. Noun endings:  
humbleness attention idealism list future 
attitude moment stance consistence 
responsibility story career manhood 
gangster    
 
2. Following  a  noun  marker  (NM)​:  a, all, an, ​both, each​, every, 
her,  his,  my,  our,  ​several,  some,  that​, their, ​these, this, those, one​, 
two,  three,  etc.  ​Emboldened  words  are  pronouns  that  function 
5
 as  noun  markers  only  when  they  act  as  adjectives,  i.e.,  ​Some 
basketballs  are  round​.  (“Some”  acts  as  an  adjective,  so  it’s  a 
noun  marker).  ​Some  are  round​.  (“Some”  acts  as  a  noun  so  it’s 
not a noun marker). 
   
NM N NM N 
The ​basketball​ is red.
The round red ​basketball​ is deflated. 
   
3. Plural form​:​ for example: “​athletes​” or “​balls​” 
 
4. Possessive form​:​ for example: “​athlete’s​ book” or 
“​athletes’​ book” 
 
 
5. Following a preposition​:   
NM N ADV V Prep NM ADJ N 
The coach accidently kicked ​down​ the three stumps. 
(preposition) 
 
These are some common prepositions​: aboard, about, above, according to, 
across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, 
amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back 
of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but 
(except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, 
except for, excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in 
addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, 
inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, 
on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, 
outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, 
until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, via, with, within, without. 
 
Note:​ Sometimes the above words are used as adverbs. 
 
The student tragically fell ​down​. (adverb) 
 
A. Functions (How nouns are used​): 
 
1. Subject​ (comes before the verb 
Lebron James​ spoke to his coach. 
Messi ​had to write a three hundred page book on the importance of fitness and 
training. 
 

6
2.​ ​Direct Object​ (comes after the verb and answer what or whom) 
Luke Walton passed the ​balls ​to the Lakers during their practice. 
Serena Williams broke her ​racket​ when she spiked her last hit which led to her 
victory over her fellow competitor. 
 
3. Indirect Object​ (answers to who or to whom) 
An award was given to ​Lebron James​ for being the MVP of the year. 
Serena Williams presented a donation to a ​girl​ who suffers   
from terminal pulmonary fibrosis. 
 
4. Adverbial Object​ (comes after the verb and answers when) 
Ronaldo trains ​nights​ when he is free. 
Floyd Mayweather practices ​midnights​ for his upcoming fight against the 
notorious Conor McGregor, 
 
5. Object of the Preposition​ (follows a preposition) 
Michael Phelps went to the ​bank​ to cash his check. 
Novak Djokovic drove to the ​airport​ in order to board his flight to Bora Bora 
where he will be presented a medal of onor. 
 
6. Subject Complement​ (following a ​linking verb​) 
The man holding the grey basketball is very ​sad​ ​because his son just died.   
Arsene Wenger is now the ​coach​ of Manchester United but will soon be stripped 
of his position due to tax evasion. 
 
7. Object Complement​ (follows a direct object and renames it) 
The soccer committee recently elected David Beckham ​president 
The NBA voted Kyrie Irving ​MVP​ on July 2nd, 2008 due to his outstanding 
performance.  
 
8. Appositives​ (renames nouns, separated by commas) 
Tom Clancy, my ​trainer, ​taught me how to do a backflip. 
People that do competitive short distance running,​ sprinters​, burn fat very fast. 
 
9. Adjectival​ (describes noun following it) 
The little kids asked their parents if they could go to a ​clothing ​shop. 
Lebron James hates playing basketball in the ​children's​ basketball center 
because he has to watch out for the younger children. 
 
10.​ ​Noun in Direct Address 
   
Lionel, ​are you having a match today or do you have somewhere else to go. 

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Are you going to see the basketball game, ​Fernando​, because it's going to be 
fun. 
 
11. Object of the gerund​ (noun that follows a ​gerund​) 
Gabriel won the long distance ​race ​last month. 
Defeating Manny Pacquiao, in the last boxing​ match​ of the   
year was a world class achievement. 
 
12. Object of the participle​ ​(noun that follows a ​participle​) 
During the archery ​competition,​ the boy began to gain more confidence in 
himself. 
At the last few seconds of the basketball ​game​, Stephen Curry fouled one of the 
other teams players who was about to make a buzzer beater. 
 
​ 3. Object of the infinitive​ (noun that follows an ​infinitive​) 
1
 
Lebron James really wanted to win the three pointer shootout ​game​. 
Serena Williams need to win the tennis​ match​ of the season in order to get   
the recognition she wanted. 
 
I. PRONOUNS 
Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established.   
 
1. Personal: 
One of the six types of pronouns which is used to refer to a person, yourself or a 
group of people. 
She ​tried to tell ​us ​where the basketball courts where at. 
Julie told ​me she​ wanted to have a picnic near the volleyball courts 
 
2. Relative: 
One of the six types of pronouns. They are used for joining two or more 
sentences together and refer to a person, place or thing. 
When ​did​ ​Ronaldo ever have better soccer skills than Messi? 
Which​ sport is best for burning fat? 
 
3. Interrogative: 
One of the six types of pronouns. They are used for asking questions 
(interrogating). 
Who​ stole my tennis racket? 
Whose​ basketball is that? 
 
4. Reflexive: 
One of the six types of pronouns. They end with -self or -selves and are used 
when the subject and the object are the same thing in a sentence. 

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Steph Curry believes he can take on whole basketball team by​ himself​. 
The group of kids believed they could become NBA superstars all by ​themselves​. 
 
5. Demonstrative: 
One of the six types of pronouns. They are used to specify or point out a 
particular person or object. 
This ​basketball was once owned by Michael Jordan. 
Those​ three basketball players are at least 6’4  
 
 
6. Indefinite: 
One of the six types of pronouns. These are pronouns that are not meant to be 
used to specify a person, place or thing and can be used as either a subject or 
an object. 
There are not ​many​ goalkeepers as good as Manuel Neuer in the Bundesliga. 
Everyone​ knows soccer is the most popular sport in the world. 
 
I. VERBS 
Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.  
A. ​How verbs are identified​: ​(list three to five of each type) 
1. Verb ending​: ​- s, -ed, -ing are the basic ones. Show the 
others, as well. 
 
2. Tense: ​verbs indicate time via tenses​:  
 
1. simple past:  watches, misses,    has been reading,   
brought, said, saw,    argues, fixes   have been  
knew,found  6. present:  playing, has been  
2. past:  catch, run, beat,    eating 
stopped,  smell     10. future: 
locked,ate  7. present perfect:  going to, I will, I   
3. past perfect:  had made, i have   shall 
had gone, had   heard, have   11. future perfect: 
stopped, had   written,   will have been, will 
used  8. present:  have gone, will   
4. past progressive:t  progressive  have seen 
was eating,    spitting, eating,    
was clapping,   fighting, biting   
was asking  9. present perfect: 
5. simple present:  progressive 
 
3. Forms:  
a. Forms of “to be”:​ ​am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (These verbs can 
be used as ​helping verbs​ or main verbs. When used as main verb, they are 
9
always ​linking verbs – true linking verbs = all forms of ​be​,​ become, ​and​ seem​)​. 
b. Forms of “to do”:​ ​do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be used as 
helping verbs​ or main verbs).  
c. Forms of “to have”:​ ​have, had, has, having (These verbs can be used as 
helping verbs​ or main verbs). 
 
4. Types: ​There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs:  
a. auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) 
b. linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject 
of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) 
c. lexical verbs (main verbs) 
d. dynamic verbs (indicate action) 
e. stative verbs (describe a condition) 
f. finitive verbs (indicate tense) 
g. nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) 
h. regular verbs (weak verbs) 
i. irregular verbs (strong verbs) 
j. transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object)  
k. intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) 
 
6. Verbals​: (​VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS​) 
a. Gerund:​ ​ word ending in “ing” used as a noun​. 
I. Ms. Sepulveda enjoys leisurely ​researching​ in the library. 
​ b.​ ​Participle:​ word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective 
I. There really is no ​swimming​ pool on the sixth floor. 
Ii. Mrs. Marks carefully drove past the ​deserted​ school. 
​c.​ I​nfinitive:​ ​verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, 
adjectives, or adverbs 
I. Derek likes ​to play​ soccer skillfully. (noun: direct object – likes what?) 
Ii. Ms. Montes has a car ​to drive​ to her son’s soccer games. (adjective: modifies 
car – what car?)   
 
I. ADJECTIVES   
Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. 
Kinds​: Demonstrative: They are used to describe which noun or   
pronoun you're referring to. This, That, Those.  
Common: an adjective that explains a noun and does   
not begin with a capital letter (proper noun). Round,  
Soft, Hard 
Proper: These are nouns that begin with capital letter  
which are mostly gotten from common nouns. 
Spanish, American, Nigerian 
1. Endings:​ -al (international), -ary (commentary), -ful 
(successful), -ic (athletic), -ical (practical), -ish (tallish), -less (reckless), -like  

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 (unsportsmanlike), ly- (cowardly), -ly (friendly), -ous (famous), y (busy) 
2. Conversions​: Challenge- Challenging, health-healthy, 
tire-tiring 
3. Articles​: Articles are a group of three words (adjectives) used 
before nouns in sentences. A, an, the 
4. Comparatives/Superlatives​: Comparatives are used to 
compare between two objects they affect. larger, smaller, bigger. 
Superlative are words the show the highest or lowest limit of an adjective.  
largest, smallest, best 
 
II. ADVERBS   
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. 
a. ​Ending: ​–ly, (quickly, speedily) -wards, (upwards, towards)   
-wise (streetwise, unwise) 
b. ​Conversions ​ Strength-strongly, success-successfully,   
quickly-quick 
c. ​Types​: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time 
d. ​Conjunctive  
​e.​ ​Intensifiers: ​Very, Really, Extremely 
f. ​Comparatives/ Superlatives:​ Comparatives are used to  
compare between two objects they affect. (faster, smarter, taller)   
Superlative are words the show the highest or lowest limit of an   
adjective. (fastest, smartest, taller) 
Example Types:  
​Manner​ – The coach yelled at his team ​angrily​. 
Morgan​ speedily​ dunked the ball right before the buzzer  
beater allowing his team to win only by two points. 
Time​ – Lebron will go to the game ​momentarily  
​Yesterday​, after several losses, Coach Derulo now puts the kids through  
Intense training to enhance their boxing skills. 
Place​ – Its seems as if basketballs follow me​ ​everywhere. 
​The old man told the professional poker players that he could   
Bestow them with the secrets of poker if they went ​outside. 
Degree​ – The Lakers played ​extremely​ well today. 
The amount of hockey pucks lost each year is enough for the   
entire population to play with. 
Frequency​ – Messi is ​frequently​ seen at the gym. 
Ronaldo is the forward of Real Madrid, but he is   
occasionally seen helping defenders train. 
   
CONJUNCTIONS  
 
A. Coordinating  (FANBOYS):  ​A  conjunction  placed  between sentences 
and/or words?  

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 Bats and balls are examples of sports equipment. 
Soccer teams normally wear either soccer cleats or indoor soccer   
cleats for indoor soccer.   
B. Correlative​:  These  are  conjunctions  that  connect  two  balanced 
clauses, phrases or words. 
People don't watch baseball as much often, neither do they watch   
football. 
It's either students procrastinate and get a low grade on their assignments   
or they become too lazy to do the assignment at all. 
C. Subordinate​:  Conjunction  that  joins  dependent  clauses  to 
independent clauses.Go get the balls while i get the snacks. 
Dr. Johnson promised Lebron that he'd be fine as long as he rubs   
vaseline on his inflamed knee. 
A. Relative  pronouns:  These  are used to join clauses or phrases to nouns 
or pronouns. 
Which monkey ate Ronaldo protein bar? 
The doctor said any soccer player who fractures their spinal cord   
would never be able to play the sport again. 
   
 
II. PREPOSITIONS 
Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the  
sentence.   
Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are ​one-word  
prepositions​ and ​complex prepositions​. These are ​some​ common  
prepositions: 
aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, 
against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, 
apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back 
of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, 
between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, 
despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, 
from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in 
behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, 
inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, 
notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on 
top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, 
owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, 
up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without. 
There are several others, as well: 
“Prior to​ the Lakers ​versus​ Cavaliers game, Lebron took the ball ​away from​ Luol 
Deng and dunked on the hoop.” 
“Messi helped win the game for Argentina when he scored a goal ​between​ the 
goalkeepers two legs.” 

12
“Despite ​her injury, Serena Williams won ​against​ Maria Sharapova by hitting the 
ball right ​beneath ​Maria.” 
 
III. INTERJECTIONS 
Interjections are the final part of speech. Find and include an 
alphabetical list. Then, write three sentences using as many interjections as 
possible without repeating any of them. Sentences must be on your subject and 
interjections must be underlined or emboldened.) 
A. Achoo 
B. Boo 
C. Ciao 
D. Dang 
E. Eww 
F. Fie 
G. Gosh 
H. Hi 
I. Indeed 
J. Jeez 
K. Kapow 
L. lo 
M. Man 
N. Now 
O. Oops 
P. Phooey 
Q. Quiet 
R. Roar 
S. Shush 
T. Toodles 
U. Uh-oh 
V. Vroom 
W. Whoops 
Y. Yikes 
Z. Zap 
  
“Oops, i dropped your penny.” 
“Jeez, you always act like a douchebag around my friends.” 
“Dang, you're looking extra fine today!” 
 
Key associated terms to know for Parts of Speech: 
Define each of these and give an example. 
 
i. Antecedents: a word, clause or phrase that is replaced by a 
pronoun or substitute in the same sentence. “The ​man​ ate his 
puck ​by mistake​.” 

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 ii. Complements: An adjective noun or pronoun which 
precedes the linking verb. “Jordan was a crazy ​guy​” 
iii. Objects 
1. Direct: The noun that receives the action of a verb. 
“Gabriel threw the ball” 
2. Indirect: Noun which precedes the direct object within 
a sentence. “ Joshua gave me some advice in 
shooting.” 
 
iv. Modifiers: a word or phrase that specifies the meaning or 
state of another word or phrase. “ The girl is wearing a ​green 
hat.” 
v. Transitions (INCLUDE A TRANSITION CHART) 
vi. Expletives: a swear word “​Crap​, i forgot my textbook in the 
hall’ 
vii. Agreements 
1. Subject-Verb: This is when both the subject and verb 
agree with each other. “.The ​men​ who went out ​were 
tired” 
2. Noun-Pronoun: This is when a pronoun agrees with its 
antecedent. “​Jennifer​ gave ​her​ soccer jersey away.” 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Section 1 Quiz
1. ​Name of person, place, thing or idea
A. Abstract noun
B. Proper noun
C. Compound Noun
D. Common Noun

2. ​Which one is an interjection?

A. School
B. Elderly
C. Kapow

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D. Smart

3. Red is an adverb.
A. True
B. False

4. There are at least how many types of verbs?

A. 11
B. 76
C. 2
D. 9

5. Which one is ​NOT​ a type of pronoun?

A. Relative
B. Interrogative
C. Personal
D. Introvert

Answer Key​ 3. B
1. D 4. 11
2. C 5. D
SECTION 2 
PHRASE 
   
 
Phrases are groups of words that function as a part of speech. 
A. Prepositional​:  A  group  of  words  which  contain  prepositions  and 
prepositional phrases all end with nouns. 
Messi ​came by the courts​ today. 
Barcelona ​played against Real Madrid​ yesterday. 
B. Appositive​:  A  group  of  words  that  contain  an  appositive  and  its 
modifiers. 
Lebron  James​,  ​a  famous  basketball  player​,  scored  100  points  on 
Sunday. 
When I went to the ​Staples Center​, ​a sports arena​, I met Kyrie Irving. 

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Verbal​: A group of words that consists of main verbs and a helping verb. 
1.​ ​Gerund​ A group of words that begins with a gerund and contains a modifier 
​Playing basketball on a hot day​, is a good for exercise. 
Derek really likes t​hrowing baseballs into Eren's house​. 
2.​ ​Participle​ A phrase containing a participle and any complements/modifiers. 
The soccer players ​passing the ball to each other​ were exhausted. 
The man ​tossing the ball to the kids​ was sickly. 
3.  Infinitive  ​verb  preceded  by  the  word  “to”  (to  go,  to  jump)  used  as  noun, 
adjectives, or adverbs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Section 2 Quiz 
1. What are phrases? 
A. Adverbs 
B. Pronouns 
C. Concrete nouns 
D. A group of words that function as a part of speech. 
 
2. Infinitives are: 
A. Verbs 
B. Nouns 
C. Adjectives 
D.Pronouns 
 
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3. A gerund is a group of words that contains an appositive and its 
modifiers. 
A. Yes 
B. No 
 
4. A participle is a phrase containing a participle and any 
complements/modifiers. 
A. True  
B. False 
 
5. What do prepositions end with? 
A. Nouns 
B. Verbs 
C. Adjectives 
D. Clauses 
 
Answer Key 
1. D 
2. A 
3. B 
4. A 
5. A 
 
 
 
 
​ ​SECTION 3 
CLAUSES 
 
Clauses are groups of words with a subject and a verb. 
A.​ INDEPENDENT – a group of words with a subject and predicate, can  
also stand alone as a complete sentence 
 
Serena Williams is a hard working tennis player. 
Lionel Messi is the world's best soccer player. 
   
B.​ SUBORDINATE (Dependent) – a group of words with a subject and  
verb, they cannot stand alone 
1. ​Noun Clause​: A dependent clause that acts as a noun, subject, direct object, 
indirect object, predicate nominatives or an object of preposition 
18
 
My mom lets me play basketball, ​whenever i want​. 
Whoever threw the ball back​ is a good person. 
 
2. ​Adjective Clause​: a dependent clause that acts as an adjective 
A​. ​Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: 
   
Soccer, ​which most people play​, is very fun. 
Basketball players ​who are tall​ get to dunk. 
   
B.​ ​Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: 
 
Lionel Messi, ​who i look up to​, is the greatest soccer player in the world. 
Ronaldo, ​who I despise​, is cocky and arrogant. 
 
​NOTE:​ The relative pronoun has two functions. It introduces   
the clause ​and​ it is used as a sentence-part within the clause.  
 
Ronaldo is a soccer player​ who misleads aspiring soccer fans. 
Jonathan is the guy, ​whom he angrily crossed over. 
 
a. Modifying verbs:  
They placed the basketballs ​where everyone would see them​.  
At the end of the game, ​when the buzzer rang​, Steph Curry missed a three 
pointer. 
 
b. Modifying adjectives: 
These basketball games feel ​twice as short as they normally are. 
David is ​as widely renowned as his grandpa​.   
c. Modifying adverbs: 
Lebron played more aggressively ​than his teammates normally do​.  
Mark swam more proficiently ​than his competitors regularly do. 
   
4. ​Relative Clauses​: Clauses that begin with relative pronouns. 
The man ​who came in second​ got no award. 
The girl ​who got knocked unconscious by the ball​ unfortunately died today. 
   
5. ​Elliptical Clauses​: A clause which contains implied words. 
When playing basketball​, always wear appropriate shoes. 
When applying for a swim team​, always have your emergency card on you. 
   
6. ​Essential Clauses​: Clauses necessary for the sentence to make sense. 
The boy ​who forgot his ball​ is coming back for it. 
I want the ball ​that is blue and gold. 

19
 
7. ​Nonessential Clauses​: Clauses that are not necessary for the sentence to 
make sense. 
John,​ who plays soccer every day​, is my good friend. 
My dad, ​who is a legendary basketball player​, promised to teach me how to 
play. 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Section 3 Quiz 
1.​ ​Clauses are group of words with a subject and verb. 
A. True 
B. False 
 
2. How many type of clauses are there? 
A. 6 
B. 5 
C. 3 
D. 7 
 
3. Which clause contains implied clause? 
A. Relative clause 
20
B. Essential clause 
C. Elliptic clause 
D. Noun Clause 
 
4. Which is the odd one out?  
A. Modifying transition 
B. Modifying Verb 
C. Modifying Adverb 
D. Modifying Adjective 
 
5. Is there a verb clause? 
A. Yes 
B. No 
 
Answer Key 
1. A 
2. D 
3. C 
4. A 
5. B 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SECTION 4 
SENTENCES 
 
Sentence Parts 
 
1. Subject (3) 
a. Complete: A complete subject is a word or a group of words that are the 
main focus of a sentence, along with its modifiers. 
 
I​. Soccer​ is my favorite sport. 
II. ​Tyrone’s basketball game​ will be held in the gymnasium at 4:30 pm on Sunday 
night and will be hosted by Nick Cannon. 
 
b. Simple: A simple subject is a word that is the main focus of a sentence.  

21
 
I. The ​ball​ is in the park. 
II. Lebron’s former ​coach​ gave me a motivational lecture about how to 
become a great player like Lebron. 
 
c. Compound: This is a sentence with two or more subjects. 
I. I will either get the ​blue ball​ or borrow the​ red one​. 
II. Neither ​Messi ​nor ​Ronaldo​ were nominated for the Ballon d'Or this year. 
 
2. Predicate (3) 
a. Complete: A complete predicate tells you what the subject in a sentence 
does or is. 
 
I. Norman ​passed the ball​. 
II. Mayweather ​defeated McGregor despite McGregor's boasts​. 
b. Simple: A simple predicate is the verb in a sentence that tells what the subject 
does. 
 
I. Lebron ​passed ​the ball to Kobe.  
II. James​ was helping ​his father practice for the elderly basketball game which 
was in three days. 
   
c. Compound: A compound predicate are two verbs which shows the actions 
of the same subject. 
 
I. Messi ​trained​ and ​then ate breakfast. 
Steph Curry ​dribbled the ball through 5 other players​ and ​made a three point 
buzzer beater​. 
 
 
 
 
Sentence Types 
 
1. Declarative: This is a sentence which declares something and ends with a 
period. 
a. I will beat Lebron James in a one on one basketball match. 
b. i am going to pass the examination for the tennis scholarship which is on 
January 9th. 
2. Interrogative: This is a sentence which asks a question. 
a. Are you going to the basket ball game? 
b. How are you gonna beat Serena Williams with your inflamed knee? 
3. Imperative: This a sentence that gives a direct command. 
a. Never hit the ball hard too hard. 

22
 b. Go get me the ball Coach Jenner keeps locked in the 
gymnasium.Exclamatory: These are sentences which express a lot of 
emotion and end with an exclamation. 
a. Go change in the locker rooms now! 
b. You were meant to pass the ball to Kobe, so he could make the final 
lay-up!  
 
Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) 
 
1. Run-On/Rambling: ​This is a sentence error in which two or more 
independent clauses are connected. 
a. I like playing soccer I would play if i had the time. 
b. Gary plays basketball all the time he has a Supreme basketball. 
   
2. Fused: This is a sentence in which ​two independent clauses are joined 
without any punctuation or connecting word between them. 
a. I love watching basketball it's very entertaining. 
b. When I went to the basketball courts I fell down while trying to help my injured 
teammate. 
 
3. Fragment: These are sentences that look correct but don't have 
independent clauses. 
a. Since I play basketball. 
b. Because she's extremely skilled at playing multiple sports such as basketball 
and soccer. 
 
4. Misplaced Modifier: A misplaced modifier is a word or phrase that is 
improperly separated from the word it ​modifies. 
a. Messi passed the ball to Ozil that didn't have grip. 
b. While waiting for Lonzo to pass the ball, Kobe’s nose was picked many times 
by Kobe as he stood there waiting. 
 
5. Double Negative: These are sentences which have two negative words 
improperly placed within them. 
a. Passing the ball to Emile Heskey won't do you no good. 
b. I hate going to these large scale soccer events because you can't see no 
soccer players from your seat​. 
  
6. Comma Splice: These are sentences which improperly connect two or 
more independent clauses with commas.  
a. It's already seven thirty, we won't make it to the park on time. 
b. The coach got mad, the team captain made a fool of himself in front of the 
entire school counsel. 
 

23
  
Sentence Patterns 
 
1. Simple  8. Parallel Structure 
2. Complex  9. Chiasmus 
3. Compound  10. Asyndeton 
4. Complex/Compound  11. Polysyndeton 
5. Loose Sentence  12. Anaphora 
6. Periodic Sentence  13. Epistrophe 
7. Balanced Sentence   
 
Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one Independent clause. 
a. Michael went to the basketball courts. 
b. Mikaela rendered John’s arm useless by breaking it with a tennis racket. 
Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no 
dependent clauses. 
a. I really want to play in the semifinals, but my legs broken. 
b. Messi scored a hat trick yesterday; it was amazing. 
Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one 
dependent clause. 
a. Because the basketball was too flat, we pumped it up with gas. 
b. Triple G was able to overpower Mcgregor in the match on Sunday, as i   
expected.  
Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses 
and at least one dependent clause. 
a. When I grow up, I want to be a soccer player, but my dad doesn't  
support this. 
b. I didn't play during the game, but my jersey still got dirty because the   
arena was full of dirt and mud. 
Loose Sentence: ​A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a 
subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase). 
a. I went to the Lakers game, met Kobe Bryant and bought a new   
jersey. 
b. Our team came out victorious, despite the other team cheating, and  
the unkempt field we played on. 
Periodic Sentence: ​A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the 
end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense . 
a. In spite of the harsh weather conditions, the soccer match continued. 
b. With fourteen goals scored in total and barely ten more minutes to go,  
this was surely the best soccer game ever witnessed.  
Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other 
by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length. 
a. Lebron James is fast, but I have better handles.  
b. No pain, no gain. 

24
Parallel Structure: A sentence ​using the same pattern of words to show that two 
or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader 
comprehend what is being written​. 
a. John likes biking, eating and playing music. 
b. Coach told Lebron to get better at passing, handling and shooting the  
Ball. 
9. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases,  
or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order. 
a. Dont hate the player, hate the game. 
b. He went to school, but to the soccer field went she. 
10. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words,  
phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. 
a. So you mean to tell me you lost my ball, the shoes, the racket? 
b. Girls, volleyball, food - could the day get any better? 
11. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close  
proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a   
rhetorical purpose. 
a. For Christmas, I want a bicycle and a basketball and a soccer jersey. 
b. Lebron can run fast and jump high and has amazing handles. 
12.Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word,  
words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order   
to place emphasis and draw attention. 
a. We will not quit. We will fight. We will win. 
b. I am prepared. I will not back down. I will fight hard. I will come out  
victorious. 
13. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the 
same word or words. 
a. I want to play soccer. He wants to play soccer. We all want to play  
soccer. 
b. Keep the thoughts to yourself. Keep your hands to yourself. And keep   
the ball to yourself. 
 
 
 
Section 4 Quiz 
1. A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the 
same word or words. 
A. Epistrophe 
B. Chiasmus 
C. Anaphora 
D. Loose Sentence 
 
2. Fused sentences are grammatical errors. 

25
 A. True 
B. False 
 
3. This is a sentence which asks a question. 
A. Exclamatory 
B. Declarative 
C. imperative 
D. Interrogative 
 
4. Is a declarative essay an essay which declares something and 
ends with a period. 
A. Yes 
B. No 
 
5. How many types of sentences are there? 
A. 5 
B. 13 
C. 9 
D. 7 
 
Answer Key 
1. A 5. B 
2. A 
3. D 
4. A 
   
 
 
 
 
​SECTION 5 
​PARAGRAPHS 
1. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) 
a. Hook (Lead) 
I.​ ​Anecdotal​ (Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic) 
 
1. Ex.​ James Torta was one of the greatest hockey players in history. He had won 
many games for the Cleveland Wolves and was touted as the Greatest of All 
Time. On Hockey Day he decided to play ice hockey with his family and 

26
decided not wear his helmet. Unfortunately for the legend, he slipped and 
cracked his skull. Sadly, he did not know the importance of safety equipment. 
2.​ ​Query Based​ (Question that brings the reader to the topic) 
3. Ex.​ Is wearing safety equipment during games really all that important? 
b. Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one 
sentence in length – and something that is arguable) 
I.​ ​Assertion​ (claim) 
Ex.​ Sports safety equipment helps prevent injury and should always be worn 
according to the sport. 
Ii.​ ​Fact​ (empirically verifiable) 
Ex.​ Safety equipment prevents injury. 
Iii.​ ​Opinion​ (personal position on a topic) 
Ex.​ DICK’S Sporting Goods sells the best sports safety gear. 
Iv. Belief​ (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a 
fact, though it is not necessarily) 
Ex.​ Not wearing safety gear in official or national sport games is illegal? not 
allowed. 
I. Generalization​ (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, 
none, most, half – ​avoid using this type of thesis statement​) 
Ex.​ Every athlete should wear safety gear when playing their sport. 
Ii. Document Based​ (cites a specific source and its position on a topic) 
Ex.​ In The Importance of Sports Equipment, Stephanie Ly states it is not easy to 
indulge in a sports game if you don't have the proper sports equipment. She 
further states that the better your sport equipment is, the better your game will 
be. 
Theory​ (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) 
Ex.​ Not wearing safety gear during games will destroy careers and potential 
careers. 
1. Body Paragraphs​ (must have echoes of the thesis in each and 
present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) 
a. Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the 
paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or 
support) 
Ex. ​Statistics show that safety gear greatly decrease the chances of sustaining 
an injury when playing sport . (Now every sentence in this paragraph must be 
related to the connection between fast food and health)  
b. Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as 
individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within 
sentences) 
Ex. ​Several researchers agree, “Through usage of protective equipments when 
engaging in sporting activities can help reduce injuries” (Media 2-3 (line) ). 
Ex.​ “Through usage of protective equipments when engaging in sporting 
activities can... make the sports much safer. (Media 2-3(line)). 

27
Ex. ​Several studies show, “Using the correct protective equipment for the right 
sport...will greatly reduce your risk of injury and make the game more 
enjoyable”. (Media 23-24(line)). 
Ex. ​Several studies show, “Correct footwear is important even for people who do 
not do much exercise”. (MotleyFitness 66(line)). 
Ex. ​Unfortunately for athletes, “​Minor injuries may occur as a result of using a 
piece of equipment even though it is not fault​y​” (MotleyFitness 31(line)) 
I. Paraphrase (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without 
quotation marks, but still citing the source) 
1. ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Safety equipment is a vital part of fitness.​ ​” 
(MotleyFitness 111(line)). 
2. Ex. ​PARAPHRASE –Safety gear is a very important part of athleticism. 
Ii. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections) 
1. ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Safety equipment is a vital part of fitness.​ ​” 
(MotleyFitness 111(line)). 
Ex. ​SUMMARY – Safety equipment is important. 
Iii. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples – ​AVOID​) 
Ex. ​People would sustain less injuries if they wore safety gear when engaged in 
sport activities. 
Concrete Examples (actual, reference-able examples) 
​Ex. ​According to a study by USA Today, approximately 1.35 million youths a year 
have a serious sports injury which could be easily prevented. 
a. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph 
with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo 
the thesis of the essay) 
​Ex. ​Thus, wearing safety gear is only for your benefit and will lower injury and 
even the death rate from sports by a large margin. 
1. Closing Paragraphs​ (Conclusions – should not be mere 
summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) 
a. Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis (establishing the potential 
consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – CREATING A 
COUNTERARGUMENT) 
Ex. ​If athletes truly did not require safety equipment , there probably wouldn't 
be such a high number of sports injuries each year. 
a. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the consequences of 
disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more 
sentences) 
Ex.​ As such, the the high rise of injuries related to sports can be connected with 
lack of safety equipment. 
b. Establishing the Significance of the Thesis 
Ex. ​Thus, the use of safety equipment during sports can greatly decrease your 
chances of death and even maybe death. 
d. Final Sentence (connects to the hook) 
Ex.​ Torta’s life would've been great right now if only he knew the benefits of 
safety equipment. 
28
 
Section 5 Quiz 
1. Assertion meaning: 
A. Claim 
B. Fear 
C. Fact 
D. Opinion 
 
2. Opinion does not mean personal position on a topic. 
A. True 
B. False 
 
3. A statement that can be tested and potentially proven… 
A. Theory 
B. Claim 
C. Opinion 
D. Fact 
 
4. Does a fact mean empirically verifiable? 
A. Yes 
B. No 
 
5. What do you call a question that bring a reader closer to the topic 
A. Query Based 
B. Claim 
C. Fact 
D. Theory 
 
 
Answer Key 
1. A 
2. B 
3. A 
4. A 
5. A 
 
SECTION 6 
ESSAYS 
​ Types of Essays 
29
Persuasive Essays 
Persuasive essays, also known as argumentative essays, are used to 
persuade readers to believe or do something and look from the 
writer's point of view. They use solid evidence and points to convince 
the reader that one idea is better than another. In order to write a 
good persuasive essay, you need solid evidence, give a good 
reason why you support your idea, be clear but do not sound biased 
and make your point strong and not contradictory to itself. 
Expository Essays 
Expository essays, also known as informative essays, are essays that 
are not necessarily argumentative but require research, evidence 
and information on a particular topic. They are straightforward, 
unbiased and do not show emotion of any kind. They writer's 
opinions should also not be included in this type of essay. In order to 
write a good expository essay, you need a strong thesis that is free of 
the author’s opinions, keep true to the topic and avoid getting off 
topic and the body paragraphs should contain well researched 
evidence which include statistics, and facts. 
Analytical/Critical 
Analytical essays, also known as critical essays, are essays that 
analyze and interpret books, films, poems, plays etc. 
Two other forms of analytical essays are: 
● Evaluative Essays: These are essays that offer the negative and 
positive aspects of a subject along with your judgement. They show 
your opinion on a subject or body of art (book, film etc). 
● Interpretive Essays: These are essays that interpret and analyze 
another piece of writing. 
In order to write a good analytic essay, you need to show the 
original author's purpose and thesis, have a good understanding of 
the original text and find good evidence from the text to support 
your claims. 
Narrative Essay 
Narrative essays are essays that tell a story from the author’s point of 
view or from his/her experiences. 
● Personal Anecdotes: a personal anecdote is a very short story . 
In order to write a good narrative essay you must include a plot, 
setting and characters. It is better to recreate the incident rather 
than plainly narrating it. The essay should have a purpose and be 
from a clear point of view. 
30
Research Essay 
This is an essay in which a large amount of research is put into a 
certain topic. They are used for academic purposes. They 
incorporate facts and statistics from other sources into their own 
Works.. 
● MLA Citation Format: MLA Citation Format ( Modern 
Language Association) is used to 
cite sources when writing papers. 
● APA Citation Format: APA Citation Format (American 
Psychological Association) is 
another style of citing sources 
In order to write a good research essay, you need strong evidence 
to back up your thesis statement, you need a works cited list and a 
try to include statistics and quotes from outside sources into your 
essay. 
Timed Essay 
Timed essays are essays in which you are given a specific amount to 
write a writing sample. They are used to determine how well you can 
write and manage your time. 
● Document Based Questions:(DBQ): The DBQ is an essay or series of 
short answer questions and requires the writer to be able to analyze 
and interpret the sources presented before them. 
● Synthesis: These are essays which combine more than one source 
and show the relationships between them. 
● Prompt Based: This is an essay which focuses on a certain issue 
which is then followed by a question. 
In order to write a good timed essay, you must organize your time 
and use it wisely, 
 
Section 6 Quiz 
1. Which of these is not an essay? 
A. Expository Essay 
B. Argumentative Essay 
C. Narrative Essay 
D. Dynamic Essay 
 
2. Which of these are a citation 
A. EMS 
B. KKT 
31
 C. MLA 
D. JFK 
 
3. Which are also known as critical essays? 
A. Narrative Essay 
B. Expository Essay 
C. Argumentative Essay 
D. Analytical Essay 
 
4. What does DBQ stand for? 
A. Doll Baby Quest 
B. Direct Book Questions 
C. Dynamic Back Question 
D. Document Based Questions 
 
5. What does MLA stand for? 
A. Message Language Association 
B. Modern Language Association 
C. Morse Language Agency 
D. Make Lot Act 
 
Answer Key 
1. D 
2. C 
3. D 
4. D 
5. B 
 
 
SECTION 7 
CAPITALIZATION 
1. Capitalization 
1. Harvard has one of the best sports programs in the world. 
(Always start a sentence with a capital letter) 
2. I can cross over Uncle Daryl. 
(capitalize proper nouns) 
3. Have you read The Art of Basketball 
(important words in titles of books, articles, and songs) 
4. You must have faith in God. 
(capitalize God and other religious words and books) 

32
 5. Jordan had to move his house to the Northeast. 
​ (capitalize directions when used as sections of the country) 
6. My dad bought me a gold golf ball for Christmas. 
(capitalize days of the week, months of the year, and holidays) 
7. We played soccer during Summer ‘09. 
(capitalize seasons, when used in a title) 
8. I played soccer in Mexico. 
(countries) 
9. Someone in my class said Messi played soccer during the Age of  
Enlightenment. 
(capitalize periods and events) 
10. I go for LA Lakers! 
(capitalize names of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic 
groups) 
11. I get all my clothes from Big Baller Brand. 
(capitalize trademarks) 
12. John loudly asked, “Is Lebron James in the Lakers?” 
(first word in a quote) 
13. Have faith in God; We will win. 
(capitalize the first word of a sentence following a colon) 
14. Roses are red 
Violets are blue 
I’ve never met anyone 
As beautiful as you. 
(capitalize the first word in each line of most poetry) 
15. I am going to the courts. 
(the single-letter word, first person pronoun ​I.​) 
​16. Dear Student, unfortunately you will not be a able to participate in  
tomorrow's game. 
(capitalize salutations and closings in letters - first word only unless proper  
name is Hused) 
17. The NBA is a professional basketball league. 
(capitalize initials, initialisms, and acronyms) 
18. A famous golf player told me that Venus is actually the hottest planet. 
(capitalize the names of planets) 
19. I have to check out my bags at Virgin Airlines because of my game on  
Wednesday. 
(Capitalize business names.) 
20. I. The Lakers won Game four. 
(Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an 
outline) 
21. Jeremy Lin is Taiwanese. 
(Capitalize races and ethnic groups) 
22. I crossed Vice-President Pence over. 
(Capitalize both parts of a hyphenated word in titles) 
33
 23. I wish i could speak Spanish so that I could talk to Brook Lopez. 
(Capitalize languages) 
24. I got a sports scholarship at the University of California. 
(Capitalize institution names) 
25. I will be the first Senate that's also in the NBA. 
(Capitalize government bodies and departments) 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Section 7 Quiz 
1.What do you always start a sentence with? 
A. a Noun 
B. A verb 
C. A capital letter 
D. Lower case letter 
 
2. Do you have to capitalize pronouns? 
A. Yes 
B. No 
34
 
3. How many capitalization rules are there? 
a. 23 
b. 29 
c. 25 
d. 20 
 
4. Do you capitalize the second word in a sentence? 
A. Yes 
B. No 
 
5. Do you capitalize business names? 
A. Yes 
B. No 
 
Answer Key 
1. C 
2. B 
3. C 
4. B 
5. A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SECTION 8 
PUNCTUATION 
1. Punctuation ​[ ] ( ) . , - – : ; ? ! ‘ “ …  
A.: This is used to put things in a list form or in order. 
I will give you two options a. give me your basketball or b. I will tell Patricia what 
you said about her. 
[ ]: They are used to include a piece of writing that is not part of the text of the 
original writer. 
After destroying him [Jerry] in basketball, he challenged me in soccer. 
(): They are used to add additional information. 
Jerry(who sucks at basketball) challenged me in a game. 

35
:: Colons are used to set up a list of items. 
Kobe Bryant has three prominent skills: speed, stamina and shooting. 
,: Commas are used to indicate pauses within sentences. 
I love basketball, but i prefer golf. 
-: They are used to separate group of words. 
Jordan is the definition of a man - tall, strong and athletic. 
_: underline are used to draw attention to the underlined word, phrase or 
sentence. 
Drey was a ​humongous​ man, who dwarfed even the likes of Lebron James. 
.: Periods are used to end sentences 
I enjoy golf. 
;: Semicolons are used to join two ideas together in a sentence. 
I have a big game tomorrow; I can't go out today. 
?: These are used to make a sentence a question. 
Are you playing basketball today? 
!: These are used to show emotion in a sentence. 
Pass the ball Edward! 
‘:Apostrophes are used to show plural possession. 
It was Jacob's basketball. 
“: Quotation marks are used to repeat what someone said. 
Lebron said, “Kyrie is a good player but he still needs more training.” 
…: Ellipses are used to make quotes shorter. by using only the words you need in 
the quote and separating them with the ellipses. 
Makayla said, “The coach… is mean and bitterly cruel...and knows nothing 
about tennis.” 
 
 
 
 
 
Section 8 Quiz 
1. What is the the symbol for an ellipse? 
A. … 
B. “” 
C. ? 
D. ! 
E. . 
 
2. Used to join two ideas together in a sentence 
A.Semicolon 
B. Period 
C. Exclamation mark 
D. Apostrophe 
36
 
3. Indicate pauses within sentences 
A. Quotation Marks 
B. Comma 
C. Question Mark 
D. Apostrophe 
 
4. Apostrophes are used to put things in list form 
A. Yes 
B. No 
 
5. Periods are used to end sentences 
A. Yes 
B. No   
 
Answer Key   
1. A 
2. A   
3. B 
4. B 
5. A 
 
 
 
 
 
 

​About The Author 

 
Gabriel Afuwape is a student who attends Francisco 
Bravo Medical Magnet High School. He is a junior 
born on April 2nd, 2002 - till date. He is of Nigerian 
descent and was able to travel to Nigeria at the 
tender age of 8. There he had to fend for himself and 
survive without his family members. He is an aspiring 
dermatologist, a skin doctor. He was often criticized 
37
as a bad writer when he was young, but he has been 
able to surpass his shortcomings and how now written 
his Pulitzer Award worthy novel “The Rulebook of 
Superb Grammar”. Currently he lives in Wilshire with a 
family of eight.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

38
Glossary:

Nouns: These are words that name a person place or idea.

Verbs: These are words that convey the action performed

Adjective: These are words that describe nouns.

Prepositions:These are words that link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to

other parts of the sentence.

Pronouns: These are words that take the place of nouns that have been
established.

Adverbs: These are words that modify verbs, adjectives, and other
adverbs.

Appositive: A group of words that contain an appositive and its modifiers.

Conjunction: A word used to connect clauses.

Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word,

words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order
to place emphasis and draw attention.

​Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close

proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a
rhetorical purpose.

Parallel Structure: A sentence ​using the same pattern of words to show that
two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader
comprehend what is being written​.

Run-On/Rambling: ​This is a sentence error in which two or more

independent clauses are connected.

39
Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with
the same word or words.

Misplaced Modifier: A misplaced modifier is a word or phrase that is

improperly separated from the word it ​modifies.

Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words,

phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each

other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length.

Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but

no dependent clauses.

Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent

clauses and at least one dependent clause.

40
 ​Works Cited
“Polysemous - Dictionary Definition.” ​Vocabulary.com​, ​www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/polysemous​.

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