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12HL Note 2 Functions P
12HL Note 2 Functions P
c
Imagine you arrive at an airport in Thailand and you see the following taxi
companies advertising. Which company would you choose?
In each case the driver must charge a fare listed.
Functions:
i.e. elements of the domain map to one and only one element of the range.
Take the set of numbers ÿ = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let this be our domain.
Under the rule = ÿ2, the corresponding set, or range, is = {1, 4, 9, 16}
c
d d
d
c
Domain Range
Take the set of numbers ÿ = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let this be our domain.
Under the rule = 2ÿ+ 1, the corresponding set, or range, is = {3, 5, 7, 9}
c
1 3
2 5
3 7
4 9
c
Domain Range
This is a 1 ± 1 function.
Many to One
Some different elements of the domain map to the same element in the range.
Take the set of numbers ÿ = {¯2,¯1, 1, 2} and let this be our domain.
Under the rule = ÿ2, the corresponding set, or range, is = {1,4}
d
d
d
c
Domain Range
1
2
The relation =ÿ is not a function as it is One to Many
d d
c
One to Many
Relation Taxis
Distance Cost (baht)
d km 30
d km 60
km 30
km 60
3 km 35
3 km 60
Many to Many
If a vertical line cuts a graph in more than one place it is one to many and not
1
2
a function. e.g. =ÿ
-2
Interval Notation.
ÿ [a,b] means a ÿ b
1
1. For the function ^:ÿÔ2ÿ with domain {¯1, 0, 1, 2, 3}, state
the range.
1 1 1
^(¯1) = ¯2 ^(0) = 0 ^(1) = 2 ^(2) = 1 ^(3) = 12
1 1 1
the range is { ¯2 , 0 , 2 , 1, 12 }
2. Graph the function g(ÿ) = ÿ2 $ 3 , and state the domain and range.
Domain: ÿö
2
Range: ÷ ¯3
2
; c c
3. Graph the function h(x) = 3ÿ $ 2 for ¯2 ÿ < 2 and state the range.
4
for ¯2 ÿ < 2
range: ¯ <4
4
6
2ÿ$ 1
4. Graph the function ^ : ÿ Ô on your calculator.
ÿ$1
It has 2 asymptotes.
These are lines the
f; graph approaches but
never meets.
2
They are not part of
£ the graph.
The horizontal
asymptote has
2 equation = 2 , and
the vertical is ÿ = 1.
The vertical asymptote is the value of ÿ that makes the denominator zero
2ÿ$ 1
The horizontal asymptote is the limiting value of as ÿ Ô
ÿ$1
2ÿ$ 1
i.e. what gets close to as ÿ gets very big (positive or negative)
ÿ$1
2ÿ$ 1
In formal maths: cc =2
ÿ
ÿ $ 1
5. The absolute value function: ^ : ÿ Ô |ÿ|
This function assigns to each number its distance from the origin (0)
c c
Range 0 10
Then0(2) = 23 = and ^( ) = 2 x + 1 = 17
^ 0(2) means substitute 2 into 0(ÿ) to get an answer and then substitute that
answer into ^(ÿ) to get a final answer.
12
Example: For 0(ÿ) = (ÿ) = ÿ + 4 and (ÿ) = ÿ2
ÿ
12 12
(a) (i) 0 (ÿ) = (ii) 0(ÿ) = +4 (iii) (ÿ) = (ÿ +
ÿ+4 ÿ
4)2
12 144
(iv) (ÿ) = ÿ2 + 4 (v) 0 (ÿ) = (vi) 0(ÿ) =
ÿ2 ÿ2
1
; c c;
2
u;x c c
1 1
1
1
2
; c c
4
6
; c c
1
12
1
Inverses. ^ (ÿ)
To find the inverse of a function (the rule that ³goes the other way´ )
An Obvious Example «
1
e.g. ^(ÿ) = ÿ2 for ÿ ö´ then ^ (ÿ) = ÿ
1
^(5) = 25 ^ (25) = 25 = 5
giving a Range of ö´
^()
´ ´
½ c ½ c
u i
c
Å
^ c
´ ´
½ c ½ c
u i
1
The Range of ^(ÿ) becomes the domain of ^ (ÿ) and vice versa.
Domain ÿ ö , Range ö
ÿ$1=2
ÿ$1
2 =
V1 ÿ$1
^ :ÿÔ 2 ÿö
ÿ2 + 2
O Find the inverse of: 0(ÿ) = 5
2
Domain ÿ ö , Range ÷ 5
ÿ2 + 2 2
+2
= 5 Inverse will be ÿ= 5
2
5ÿ = +2
2
5ÿ $ 2 =
For the inverse to be a function we now need to restrict the domain of 0(ÿ) so
ÿ2 + 2
that 0(ÿ) = 5 for ÿ ÷ 0
then 5ÿ $ 2 = 2
becomes 5ÿ $ 2 =
V1 2
i.e. 0 (ÿ) = 5ÿ $ 2 for ÿ ÷ 5
2 V1 2
Hence: 0 : [0 , [ Ô [ 5 , [ and 0 : [ 5 , [ Ô [0 , [
2ÿ$ 1
f Find the inverse of: ^ : ÿ Ô
ÿ$1
2 $1
Write: ÿ =
$1
then ÿ( $ 1) = 2 $ 1
ÿ $ÿ =2 $1
ÿ $ 2 = ÿ $ 1
(ÿ $ 2) = ÿ $ 1
ÿ$1
= ÿX2
ÿ$2
V1 ÿ$1
i.e. ^ (ÿ) = Domain ÿ ö , ÿ X 2 and Range ö, X1
ÿ$2
Note The graph of the inverse of a function will be the reflection of the function
through the line = ÿ.
= ÿ2 and = ÿ V1 ÿ$1
Unless we restrict the domain the ^ : ÿ Ô 2ÿ + 1 and ^ : ÿ Ô
; c2 c
inverse is not a function ; c c
V
V
2ÿ$ 1 V1 ÿ$1
^:ÿÔ ^ (ÿ) =
ÿ$1 ÿ$2
V
f; c c
V
Exercises: UPM page 3 Ex 1B, page 45 Ex 1E
IPM page 105 Ex 3E, page 111 Ex 3F , page 114 Ex 3G
Do enough to understand.
Linear Functions.
^ : ÿ Ô Ôÿ + = Ôÿ + ÿ +
+ = 0c
f; =ÿ+
;
; Represents a
; vertical translation
0
by
; = Ôÿ
f;
Ô changes the
gradient of the line
;
; ;
$ 1 = Ô(ÿ $ ÿ1)
ë
Will be a line of
gradient Ô through
(ÿ1, 1)
ë
i.e. The graph has
ë
been translated by
5 5 ÿ1
1
^ : ÿ Ô aÿ2 + bÿ + c = aÿ2 + bÿ + c
Factorise if possible:
Examples:
= ÿ2 $ 2ÿ $ factorise
= (ÿ $ 4)(ÿ + 2)
minimum at (1,Ø9)
Sketch = ÿ2 + 2ÿ $ 15
Harder Factorising:
Method 1 Method 2
Find factors of 60 which differ by 11 (6ÿ )(6ÿ )
write = 6
Here 4 and 15 fill in factors of 60 which differ by 11.
5 2
($ 2 , 0) and ( 3 , 0)
11
the line of symmetry is ÿ = $ 12
11
Giving minimum ($ 12 ,$15ð0)
We can use these patterns to ³complete the square´ to help us sketch graphs
by finding the turning point (maximum or minimum).
Examples:
;x c cx
÷;x c cx x
1. ÿ2 + 4ÿ + 1 = 0 2. 3ÿ2 + 10ÿ $ 2 =0
10 2
ÿ2 + 4ÿ + 4 = 3 ÿ2 + 3 ÿ $ 3 =0
10 100 2 100
(ÿ + 2)2 = 3 ÿ2 + 3 ÿ + 36 = 3 + 36
10 31
ÿ+2 = 3 (ÿ + 6 )2 = 9
5 31
ÿ=2$ 3 ,2+ 3 (ÿ + 3 ) = 3
5 31
ÿ= 3
2 Øb b2 $ 4ac
aÿ + bÿ + c = 0 ÿ= 2a
Proof:
aÿ2 + bÿ + c = 0
b $c
֞ ÿ2 + aÿ = a
2 b b2 $c b2
m ÿ + aÿ + 4a2 = a + 4a2
b 2 b2 $ 4ac
m (ÿ + 2a ) = 4a2
b b2 $ 4ac
m (ÿ + 2a ) = 2a
Øb b2 $ 4ac
m ÿ = 2a as required
Examples:
y = ¦ÿ V 1
1. Show that the equations 2 have no real solution
y = ÿ + (¦ V 1)ÿ + ¦2
for all values of ¦
2 2
equating gives ÿ + (¦ V 1)ÿ + ¦ = ¦ÿ V 1
2 2
simplifying ÿ V ÿ + (¦ + 1) =0
now b2 V 4ac = 1 V 4(¦2 + 1)
2
= V3 V 4¦
2
= V(3 + 4¦ )
< 0 for all ¦
ß as < 0, the equations have no real solution for all values of ¦
c
2. The equation kÿ2 $ 3ÿ + (k + 2) = 0 has two distinct real roots.
Find the set of possible values of k.
¨ = 3² ± 4(k + 2)k
= 9 ± k ± 4k²
13 13
±1 + 2 < k < ±1 + 2
Transformations
Ú Ú
$
Ú
Ú
$
Graph 2 = 1(ÿ) + 1
and describe the transformation.
g(x) = f(ÿ) + 1
= ÿ3 $ 3ÿ2 + 4
Graph 2 = 1(ÿ+ 2)
and describe the transformation.
Graph 2 = $ 1(ÿ) c
and describe the transformationc
Graph 2 = ¿ 1(ÿ)¿ c
and describe the transformation
m(ÿ) = |f(ÿ)|
Graph 2 = 1(¿ÿ¿) c
and describe the transformation
p(ÿ) = f(|ÿ|)
1
Graph 2 =
1(ÿ) c
and describe the transformation
1
n(ÿ) =
f(ÿ)
q(ÿ) = 3f(ÿ)
Graph 2 = 1(3ÿ) c
and describe the transformation
r(ÿ) = f(3ÿ)
ÿ
a transformation f(ÿ) ĺ f q stretches
the graph by scale factor q , parallel to
the Vaxis
c
Graph 2 = 1(ÿ+ 2) $ 3 c
and describe the transformation
ccccs(ÿ) = f(ÿ + 2) $ 3
$1
Use the draw menu to sketch 1 (ÿ) c
1
Graph 1 = and its inverse.
ÿ c
Comment.
c
1
The graph of f: xĺ has both
ÿ
axes as asymptotes. The line
= ÿ is a line of symmetry, and
hence
1
fV1(ÿ) = = f(ÿ).
ÿ
1
This can be easily verified: =
ÿ
, for the inverse swap ÿ and
1
giving ÿ = and rearrange
1
y=
ÿ
The exponential function ^ : ÿ Ô aÿ , a > 0
V1
Its inverse function is ^ (ÿ) = log2(ÿ) for ÿ > 0 with range ö
0
V5 0 5
V2
V4
log(ÿ)
since log2(ÿ) = log(2)
V1
It has inverse function is ^ (ÿ) = log(ÿ) for ÿ > 0 with range ö
V
V
V
The function =
¦is used to model various growth / decay
situations.
and ¦ are parameters, and measures time.
0
represents the initial ³amount´ when = 0 since (0) =
=
Example Solution
The population of a country grows P = 12ekt and t=7 when P = 15
according to the law P = 12ekt Hence 15 = 12e7k
where P million is the population at 1
time t years and k is a constant. k = 7 ln(15/12) = 0.0319
Given that when t = 7 , P = 15 , P= 30 30 = 12 e0.0319t
calculate the number of years when
the population will reach 30 million. 1
t = 0.0319 ln(30/12) t = 2 .74
i.e. t = 29 years
10m 1
The mass of a radioactive t = 4 m = 9 eV4k k = V 4 ln(0.9)
substance is given by m = m0eVkt
where m is the mass at t years, and m = 0.6m0 0.6m0 = m0 e1/4 ln(0.9) t
m0 is the initial mass and k is a
constant. Given that 10m = 9m0 1
when t = 4 , find the value of t when ln(0.6) = 4 ln(0.9) t
the mass has reduced to 0.6m0 . 4ln(0.6)
t = ln(0.9) = 19.4
{ c
c
c c
c
c
c
c
c
c
ccccccc
c c
c
Examples:
ÿ2 < 3
c cc$c 3 <cÿc< 3 cc
c
i.e. ÿ ]$c 3 , 3 [ c
3. Solve ÿ2 + 3ÿ $ 1 4ÿ $ 6
ÿ2 $ ÿ $ 12 0
(ÿ $ 4)(ÿ + 3) 0
i.e. ¯3 ÿ 4
ÿ+1
4. For what values of ÿ is ÷
ÿ$2
0?
Three methods:
1. Graph
{ÿ ¯1} {ÿ > 2}
2. Table of Values
{ÿ ¯1} {ÿ > 2} ÿ ¯2 ¯1 0 2 3
ÿ+ 1 $ 0 + + +
ÿ$ 2 $ $ $ 0 +
c
ÿ+1
c + 0 $ +
c ÿ$2
c
3. Multiply by (ÿ $ 2)2
ÿ+1
÷ 0
ÿ$2
(ÿ + 1)(ÿ $ 2) ÷ 0 ÿ X 2
giving ÿ ¯1 or ÿ > 2
| 2ÿ + 1 |
6. Solve 3 = 5
2ÿ + 1 = ¯15 2ÿ = 14
2ÿ = ¯16 ÿ=7
ÿ=¯
i.e. ÿ {¯ , 7 }
c
7. Solve | 2ÿ + 1 | = | 3ÿ $ 2 |
This again gives two possibilities;
(2ÿ + 1) = 3ÿ $ 2
and ¯(2x + 1) = 3x $ 2
1
Solving each gives x = 3 and x = 5
c
. Solve | 2x + 1 | < | 3x V 2 |
In this case make use of the fact
that | a | = a2
(2x + 1)2 < (3x V 2)2
(2x + 1)2 < (3x V 2)2
4x2 + 4x + 1 < 9x2 V 12x + 4
simplifying and factorising gives
(x V 3)(5x V 1) > 0 c
1
hence {x: x < 5 } {x: x > 3}
2 1
9.cccc > It is not possible to multiply by e.g. (x$3) as this may
x$2 x$3
be negative and change the sign!
2 1 2 1 (x$4)
> $ >0 >0
x$2 x$3 x$2 x$3 (x$2)(x$3)
(x$4)
i.e. > 0 when 2 < x < 3
(x$2)(x$3)
or when x > 4
c
Thus {x: 2< x < 3} {x: x > 4} is the
required solution.
IPM Ex 1i page 37
Examples:
3
We know ( I hope!) 23 5 = 45
4 is called the
3 is called the
Starter: Find 5340716 17
1 17
2 34
3 51
4 6 ½
c
5 5
c
6 102 c
7 119 c
c
136 c
9 153 c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
So now can you do this one? (2ÿ4 + 3ÿ3 $ 4ÿ2 + 5ÿ $ 4) (ÿ $ 1)
ÿ $ { ÿ ÿ $ ÿ { ½ ÿ $
2
or (2ÿ4 + 3ÿ3 $ 4ÿ2 + 5ÿ $ 4) (ÿ $ 1) = (2ÿ3 + 5ÿ2 + ÿ + 6) +
ÿ $1
ÿ ÿ ÿ $ ÿ { { ÿ {
We had
We also had:
{ÿc$c{
ÿ{cc {cccccÿcc{ÿc$c
ÿ{c$cÿc{c
c
cÿcc¯ccccccxccccc c xcc
The Remainder Theorem:
For any polynomial P(ÿ), the remainder when divided by (ÿ V ) is P( ).
the degree of the remainder R(ÿ) must be less than the degree of the
divisor D(ÿ). Therefore if D(ÿ) has degree = 1, R(ÿ) has degree = 0
and is constant.
Example: Find the remainder when 6ÿ5 $ 29ÿ4 + 26ÿ3 + 29ÿ2 $ 20ÿ $ 12
is divided by:
So (ÿ $ 3) , (ÿ $ 1) and (ÿ $ 2) are
all factors of 6ÿ5 $ 29ÿ4 + 26ÿ3 + 29ÿ2 $ 20ÿ $ 12
ÿ4 + ÿ3 $ 27ÿ2 $ 25ÿ + 50 = (ÿ $ 5)(ÿ $ 1)(ÿ + 2)(ÿ + 5) = 0
ÿ {¯5, ¯2, 1, 5}
c c c
c (ÿ V ) is a factor of P(ÿ) if and only if P( ) = 0
Examples:
1. Factorise ÿ3 $ 7ÿ + 6
P(1) = 1 $ 7 + 6 = 0 (ÿ $ 1) is a factor
(ÿ3 $ 7ÿ + 6) (ÿ $ 1) = ÿ2 + ÿ $ 6
ÿ2 + ÿ $ 6 = (ÿ + 3)(ÿ $ 2)
P(1) = 1 $ 4 $ 17 + 24 + 36 X 0
P(2) = 16 $ 32 $ 6 + 4 + 36 = 0 ß (ÿ $ 2) is a factor
P(V1) = 1 + 4 $ 17 $ 24 + 36 = 0 ß (ÿ + 1) is a factor
The Vintercept is ¯4
4.
When ÿ $ ÿ
{
ÿ º is divided by ÿ $ the remainder is ±, and
when the same expression is divided by ÿ the remainder is 0.
Calculate the values of Ê and , and factorise the expression completely.
Answers:
{
4. P(ÿ) = ÿ $ ÿ ÿ º P(1) = ¯ and P(¯1) = 0
P(1) = a + b = a+b=
P(¯1) = ¯2 $ a + b = 0 ¯a + b = 2
2b = 10 b = 5 , a= 3
IPM Chapter 4
f;
- d
; - -
-d -d - d d
- c c c c c c
- c c c c c c c c c
-
c c(c c c)c c
c c c
-
c(c c c)c
c c
c c c
-d
-d
-d
-d
c