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Power Factor How Effects Bill PDF
Power Factor How Effects Bill PDF
Presented by
Scott Peele PE
Understanding Power Factor
Definitions
kVA, kVAR, kW, Apparent Power vs. True Power
Calculations Measurements
Power Factor Correction
Capacitors
System Impacts
I2 R losses, Chapter 9 NEC
Equipment sizing
Power Factor Charges
Problems with adding Caps
Harmonic resonance
Volt rise
Power Factor vs Load Factor
What is Power Factor
200
150
120 Volts RMS
Voltage Level
Magnitude
100
169 volts
50
-50
One Cycle
-100
.01666 seconds
-150
-200
60 Hertz/second
0
Duration
Time
Phase Angle
200
150
120 Volts RMS
Voltage Level
Magnitude
100 o
90 o
50 180
0
-50
One Cycle
-100
-150 o
360
-200 o
0 270
Duration
Degrees
Three Basic Circuits or Loads
Resistive
Inductive
Capacitive
Or any combination
Resistive Inductive
Inductive Capacitive
Resistive Capacitive
Resistive Inductive Capacitive
Types of Loads
200
150
100
Magnitude
50
Level
-50
-100
-150
-200
0
Duration
Time
Inductive Loads
Lagging
200
150
100
Magnitude
Level
50
-50
-100
-150
-200
0
Duration
Time
Capacitive Loads
Leading
200
150
100
Magnitude
Level
50
-50
-100
-150
-200
0
Duration
Time
What is Power
A= Side Opposite
θ
True power
Power Factor =
Apparent power
=θ Adjacent side
Cos
A= Side Opposite
Hypotenuse
θ
θ
Power Factor = Cos B= Side Adjacent
True power
Power Factor =
Apparent power
Power
Side Opposite
A= Reactive
θ
B= Side
TrueAdjacent
Power Right Angle 900
Understanding Power Triangle
B= True Power
Watts, KW, Power
Graphical representation of resistance,
reactance, and impedance
Inductive
Motors
Reactance
Inductive
X
θ R
Resistance
Graphical representation of resistance,
reactance, and impedance
Resistance
θ
R
Reactance
Capacitive
X
Capacitors
Imaginary
Inductive
kVAR
Motors
Reactance
Imaginary
θ Real - WATTS – kW (KWH over Time)
Capacitive
Capacitors
10 HP 460 Volt 4 Pole Motor
Transformer
Conductor
Motor
A= Reactive Power
VAR = 6593
θ
Power Factor = .79
B= True Power
Measured Amps = 13.6 Watts =8592
Reactive Amps = 8.3
Resistive Amps = 10.8
Motor
VAR = 1
VA =8595
Watts =8592
Measured Amps = 8.3
A= Reactive Power
θ VAR = 6593
Measured Amps = 13.6
B= True Power Motor
Watts =8592
2.8 2 X .5 = 3.92
3 X 3.92 = 11.76 Motor
Utility Meter
II22 R
R Savings
Losses
Motor
VA Watts VAR
VA Watts VAR
125%
14000
115%
12000
100%
10000
75%
8000
50%
25% Min
6000
4000
2000
0
0.82 0.81 0.79 0.73 0.61 0.40 0.17
Power Factor
Power Factor vs Amps
180
160
140
120
100
kW
Amps
80
Power Factor
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 HP Voltage Rise
Transformer
Conductor
Motor
MW KW
Distribution Circuit
Substation
Capacitor
Bank
L L L
Industrial Commercial Residential
Load Load Load
Distribution Circuit
Substation
Capacitor
Bank
L L L
Industrial Commercial Residential
Load Load Load
Distribution Circuit
Substation
Capacitor
Bank
Feeder
L Capacitor L L
Bank
Industrial Commercial Residential
Load Load Load
XT
3 PHASE AC X Source
INPUT
XT
XC
Harmonic
Source
Harmonic Filters
XF
L1
XC
L2
L3
L1 L2 L3
Power Factor Vs Load Factor