Module 6.

Fault Current Calculation

By: Dr. Hamid Jaffari

Power system Review

 Fault Currents

 Symmetrical Fault
 Asymmetrical fault

Power System Review

 Fault Analysis
 Analysis Type
 Power Flow: normal operating conditions
 Faults: abnormal operating conditions
 Fault Types
 Balanced or Symmetrical Fault
 Three Phase Short Circuit
 Unbalanced or Unsymmetrical Faults
 Single line-to-ground
 Double line-to-ground
 Line-to-line
 What are the results used for?
o Determining the circuit breaker rating
o Protective Relaying settings
 Various Types of Faults
a)Symmetrical Fault

a a
VF
b b ISymmetrical-fault(3 ) 
c c Z1  Zfault
b)Unsymmetrical Fault

line - to - line Fault double line - to - ground Fault line - to - ground Fault
a a a
b b b
c c c
 j 3VF
Ifault(line - to - line) 
Z1  Z2  Zfault 3VF
Ifault(Line - to - ground) 
Z1  Z2  ( Z0  3Zn)  3Zfault
 Asymmetrical
Fault Calculation

Power System Review

 R-L Circuit Transients
R L

e(t )  2 V sin( wt   ) +
SW Closed @
-
t 0

di(t )
Equation : L  Ri (t )  2V sin(t   ) t  0
dt t
V 
Solution : i(t )  iac(t )  idc(t )  2 [sin(t     )  sin(   )e T ]
Z
forced Solution natural Solution
Symmetrical Fault / Steady State Fault Current( forced ) : dc Offset Current(transient ) :
t
V 
V idc(t )  2 sin(   )e
iac(t )  2 sin(t     ) amp
T

Z Z
Z R2  X 2  R 2  (l ) 2 
X 1  wl 
  tg 1 
  tg  
R  R
L X X
T  
R R 2fR
 Asymmetrical fault

t
V 
i(t )  iac(t )  idc(t )  2 [sin(t     )  sin(   )e T ]
Z
•Dc offset Magnitude depends on angle α:
 V
    (  ) 0  dc offset  2 Iac where : Iac(rms ac fault current ) 
2 Z

•In order to get the largest fault current: 

Set :   (  )
2
 
t
i (t )  i (t )  i (t )  2 I [sin(t  )  e T ]
ac dc ac
2
 Asymmetrical fault
 Note: i(t) is not completely periodic. So, how do we
get the rms value of i(t) ?
t

 Assume : e  C (constant)
T

 Now calculate the RMS Asymmetrical Fault Current:

t 2t
 
irms(t )  ( Iac) 2  ( Idc) 2  [ Iac]2  [ 2 Idce ]  Iac 1  2e T 2 T
Amp
X
L  X X 
Note : T     & t ; where  is time in cycles
R R R 2fR f
2

 X  4

2t f   
 2fR 
irms(t )  Iac 1  2e T
 Iac 1  2e  Iac 1  2e ( X / R)
Amp

4

Irms( )  k ( ) Iac where : k ( )  asymmetrical factor  1  2e ( X / R)
Per Unit
 Asymmetrical Fault Calculation
 Example: In the following Circuit, V=2.4kV, L=8mH,
R=0.4Ω, and ω=2π60 rad/sec. Determine (a) the rms
symmetrical fault current; (b) the rms asymmetrical fault
current; (c) the rms asymmetrical fault current for .1 cycle
& 3 cycle after the switch closes, assuming the maximum
dc offset. R  4 L  20mH

+
e(t )  2 2400 sin( wt   )
- SW Closed @ t  0
 Asymmetrical Fault Calculation
 Solution:
a) Z  R  jX  R  j (L)  0.4  j (2 60)(8 x10 3 )  0.4  j 3.016  3.04282.4

V 2400volts
Z  Z  3.04282.4 Iac    788.95A
Z 3.042

b) @ t  0; Irms(0)  Iack (0)  788.95 1  2  1366.46 A R  4 L  20mH

X 3.016 e(t )  2 2,400 sin( wt   ) +

c) ( Ratio )   7.54 -
SW Closed @
t 0
R 0.4
 4 ( 0.1)
k (  0.1cycle )  1  2e 7.54
 1  1.693  1.641
 4 ( 3 )
k (  3cycle )  1  2e 7.54
 1  6.739 x10 3  1.00

Irms  (  0.1cycle )  Iac k (0.1cycle ) x1.641  1,294.69 A

Irms  (  3cycle )  Iac k (3cycle )  788.95 A
 Asymmetrical Fault-Unloaded
Synchronous Machine
 Three Stages: Subtransient, Transient, and Steady State
i (t )  iac(t )  idc(t )  Instantaneous Current

t t
1 1  T "d 1 1  ' 1
iac(t )  2 Eg[( "  ' )e ( '  )e T d  ] sin(t    )
X d Xd Xd X d Xd 2
d-axis
Eg
idc(t )  2 " e t / TA  2 I "e t / TA M aximum dc offset Stator winding

X d N Uniform air-gap

Where : Stator

q-axis Rotor winding

" " "
X d  direct axix Subtransient Reactance I  Eg / X d
Rotor

X 'd  direct axix Transient Reactance I '  Eg / X ' d S

d  axis  direct axis

X d  direct axix Synchronous Reactance/SteadyStateReactance I  Eg / Xd q  axis  quadrature axis
TA  armature time constant
Note : M anufactureres provide :
M achine Reactances X "d , X ' d , X d &
Time Constants T"d , T ' d , T A
 Synchronous Machine
Asymmetrical Fault Envelopes
 Asymmetry Sources: (1) Open Phase and (2) SLG Fault
iac(t )
"
AC current envelopes
Subtransient fault Current 2I
2 Eg  TtA 
t

Eg Transient fault Current 2I

'
idc - MAX(t)  e  2 I "
e TA
I  "
"

Xd
X "d
Eg
I'  ' S.S fault Current
Xd
Eg 2I
I
Xd t
 2I " Stages of Asymmetrical Fault near Generator
Eg
I" 
X "d
Subtransient

Eg 2I '
I' 
X 'd
Transient
Eg
I
Xd Steady State

dc offset
"
2I

2I '
Asymmetrical Fault
Fault Current
Calculation

Power System Review

 Fault Current Analysis

Four methods to calculate the fault current:

1.Ohmic Method (not preferred)

2.Infinite Bus Method (Convenient & Easy)
3.Per Unit Method (Most Common)
4.MVA Method (Quick & Easy)

Note: This course will focus on PU & MVA Methods

Power System Review

Fault Current Analysis

Ohmic Method

Power System Review

 Ohmic Method
This Method Requires:
 Transferring all impedances to high/low
voltage side of transformer using square
2 2

of XFMR turn ratio  NN  OR  NN 

1

2
2

Using your AC circuit theory knowledge

Voltage & Current dividers
Thevenin & Norton equivalents
Kramer’s Rule, etc

Power System Review

Fault Current Analysis

Infinite Bus method

Power System Review

 Infinite Bus Calculation
•Infinite Bus calculation is a convenient way to
estimate the maximum 3ᶲ fault current flow on the sec
side of the transformer
•The following steps are necessary to calculate the ISC
Note1: If Utility Short Circuit is Known
Step1: Calculate Ztotal( pu)  Zutility  Ztransformer
Ztotal( pu)  Zutility  Ztransformer
1.0 pu
Step2 : Calculate ISC  where;
Zpu MVAbase Z%
KVA 3 Zutility  & Ztransformer 
Step3 : Calculate IBase  Ztotal
MVASC 100
3 x kVLL Note2 : If Utility Short Circuit is Unknown
Step4 : ISC actual  IBsae x ISC Ztotal  Ztransformer
where;
Z%
Ztransformer  pu & Zutility  0
100
 Infinite Bus Calculation
Unknown Utility SC Data
Example1: Calculate the maximum 3ᶲ fault current on 5000 KVA
Transformer’s secondary bus.
VS
Z% 7.5
Step1: Calculate Zpu    0.075 pu No Source Data 5000KVA
100 100 13.8kV/4.16kV

1.0 pu 1.0 Z  7.5%

Step2 : Calculate ISC    13.333
Zpu .075
KVA 3 5000
Step3 : Calculate IBase    693.95 A
3 x kVLL 3 x 4.16kV
Step4 : ISC actual  IBsae x ISC  13.333 x 693.95  9252.4 A
 Infinite Bus Calculation
with Known Utility SC Data
Example2: Calculate the maximum 3ᶲ fault current on 5000 KVA
Transformer’s secondary bus.
VS
5000KVA
Calculate Ztoal  Zutility  Ztransformer
SC  150MVA
13.8kV/4.16kV
M BAbase 150
Zutility    1 pu Z  7.5%
M VASC 150
Zutility
 kVold   SbaseNew  Ztotal  0.075  0.033  0.108 pu
2 2
 4.16   5 
ZUtility New  ZpuOld    1x     .033 pu
 kVnew   SbaseOld   4.16   150 
Z % 7.5
Ztransformer    0.075 pu
100 100

Calculatio n Steps : Step1: Calculate Ztotal  Zutility  Ztransformer  0.033  .075  0.108 pu
1.0 pu 1.0
Step2 : Calculate ISC    9.26
Ztotal( pu) 0.108
KVA 3 5000
Step3 : Calculate IBase    693.95 A
3 x kVLL 3 x 4.16kV
Step4 : ISC actual  IBsae x ISC  9.26 x 693.95  6426 A
Fault Current Analysis

Per-Unit Method

Power System Review

 Fault Current Analysis:
Per-Unit Method
PU analysis is used for both symmetrical &
unsymmetrical fault calculations.
•All components are defined in PU system.
•Analysis is performed using equivalent per phase
circuit modeling.
•Requires knowledge of symmetrical components
•Requires selecting two system bases for
calculating all base & PU quantities:
kVBase & MVAbase

Power System Review

 Fault Current Analysis:
Per-Unit Method
This Method requires:
•Knowledge of symmetrical components
Positive sequence (+ SEQ)
Negative sequence(-SEQ)
Zero sequence (0 SEQ)
•Interconnecting positive, negative, and
zero networks for calculating the various
unsymmetrical faults(LG, LL/LLG, and 3ᶲ)

Power System Review

 Symmetrical Components
Steps involved:

1. Draw a single-line diagram of the desired

power system(equivalent per phase)
2. Define zones using transformation point as
a point of demarcation
3. Select a common MVAbase for all zones
4. Select a kVBase for one zone & Calculate
a. kVBase for other zones
b. Zbase, and Ibase for all zones
Power System Review
Symmetrical Components..cont

6. Replace each component with its

equivalent reactance in per-unit
7. Draw sequence networks(+, -, 0)
8. Use (+)SEQ network for Symmetrical
Fault analysis
9. Combine appropriate networks for
calculating various Unsymmetrical
Fault analysis

Power System Review

 Symmetrical
Fault Calculation

Power System Review

 3Φ Symmetrical Fault Analysis
(PU Method)
 Symmetrical Fault refers to a balanced 3Φ
fault, in a balanced 3Φ system operating in
steady state, which is either :
 Bolted fault: LLLG fault with Zfault=0
 Non-Bolted fault: LLLG fault with Zfault≠0

 Only the (+)SEQ network exists.

 (0)SEQ & (-)SEQ currents are equal to “Zero”.

Power System Review

 Symmetrical Fault Modeling
for a Bolted Fault (PU Method)
Z1 eq I1 Ia
SEQ
I0 0 Ib
+
+ +
VF V1=0 I2 0 Ic
_ +
_ Vf ( PU ) Va
() SEQ
I 1 fault( PU )  +
Vb
Z 1eq ( PU ) Vc
_ _ _
g
Z0 eq I0=0 Z2 eq I2=0
+ Phase
+
Ib = -Ia = Ic = ISC
Vo=0 _ V2=0
_ Vbg = Vag = Vcg =0
(0) SEQ () SEQ
Note: VF=Pre Fault Voltage
Practice Example (PU Method):
 In the following power system Calculate(a)3ᶲ Symmetrical
fault current @ Bus3 and select an appropriate Breaker
Size @ Bus 3

500MVA 750MVA

13.8kVΔ / 115kVΥ 115kV / 13.8 kV 

Bus1 Bus 2
XT1"  0.15PU XT1  6 XT2 "  0.18PU
500MVA 750MVA
G1
13.8kV
XT13  2 XT23  4 G2
13.2kV
" "
X  0.15 PU Sbase  750MVA Sbase  750MVA
Bus3 Sbase  750MVA X  0.20 PU
Kvbase  13.8kV Kvbase  115kV Kvbase  13.8kV

Zbase  .254 Zbase  17.63 Zbase  .254

SBase  750 MVA

 Breaker Selection
 Modern Circuit Breaker standards are designed based on
ISymmetrical. The following steps are required to determine an
appropriate breaker size:
1. Use “E/X” method to calculate the minimum ISymmetrical.
2. Calculate X/R ratio:
1. If X/R <15 →Use ISymmetrical
2. If X/R>15 →It means the dc offset has not decayed
to an acceptable level. Thus, calculate IAsymmetrical.
3. Calculate IAsymmetrical at calculated fault location.
4. Breaker Interrupting Capability should be 20% greater
than the calculated fault current.
 Breaker Selection Criterion
 Generator/ Synchronous Motor/Large Induction motors
Breakers:
 Use subtransient Reactance X”d to calculate ISymmetrical.
 Use 2 cycle Breaker
 Transmission Breakers:
 Use 3 cycle Breakers if X/R>15
 Use 5 cycle Breaker if X/R<15
 Distribution Breakers:
 Use 3 cycle or 5 cycle Breakers
 If X/R ratio is unknown Use:

X ISymmetrical
 Unknown  IBreaker Interrupting Capability 
R 0.8
Practice Example (PU Method):
500MVA 750MVA

13.8kVΔ / 115kVΥ 115kV / 13.8 kV 

Bus1 Bus 2
XT1"  0.15PU XT1  6 XT2 "  0.18PU
500MVA 750MVA
G1 G2
13.8kV
XT13  2 XT23  4 13.2kV
" "
X  0.15 PU Sbase  750MVA Sbase  750MVA
Bus3 Sbase  750MVA X  0.20 PU
Kvbase  13.8kV Kvbase  115kV Kvbase  13.8kV

Zbase  .254 Zbase  17.63 Zbase  .254

Breaker Selection :
SBase  750 MVA

Breaker Voltage Class :115 kV

Breaker Cycle :3 cycle
ISymmetrical  13,291.2 A

13,291.2
IBreaker Interrupting Capability   16,614.2 A
0.8
Symmetrical Fault Current
Analysis…MVA-Method

MVA Method

Power System Review

Fault Current Calculation-MVA Method
 This method follows a four steps process:
1. Calculate the Admittance of every component in its own
infinite bus. 100
Y (Admittance) 
Z%
2. Multiply the calculated admittances in step(1) by the
MVA rating of each component to get MVASC.
MVAsc  MVA x Y (Admittance)
3. Combine short-circuit MVAs & follow the Admittance
series & parallel rules:
a) Parallel M VAs : b) Series M VAs :
1 1 1 1
MVAtotal  MVA1  MVA2  ........MVAn    ........
MVAtotal MVA1 MVA2 MVAn
4. Convert MVAs to Symmetrical fault current
MVAsc (Total )
Isymmetrical 
3 x kVll
Power System Review
 MVA Equivalent Network

Series M VAs :
1 1 1 1
1

1

1
MVAtotal MVA1 MVA2
 ........
1
MVAn
  
MVAtotal MVA1 MVA2 MVA3
MVA1 MVA2 MVA3 MVATotal

Parallel M VAs :
MVAtotal  MVA1  MVA2  ........MVAn MVAtotal  MVA1  MVA2  MVA3

MVA1 MVA2 MVA3 MVATotal

 Why Use the MVA Method?

 This method is internationally used and accepted by most

protection engineers.
 The network set up is easier than Ohmic or PU method.
 You can calculate Ifault in a shorter time period.
 This method makes it easier to see the fault contributions
@ every point in the system.
 Calculation accuracy is within 3% to 5% compared to PU &
Ohmic method.

Power System Review

 MVA Method Assumptions

Two Conditions must be satisfied:

X
1.  10
R
2. Steady StateOperation

Power System Review

 Symmetrical Fault Current
Analysis...MVA-Method
 Formulas:

Utility : MVAfault  MVAsc  3x kVll x Isc( KA)

kVll 2
Cable : MVAfault 
Z ()
100
Generator / Sycnhroonous Motor : MVAfault  MVA x
Xd "Gen%
100
Transformer : MVAfault  MVA x
Zxfmr %

Note: Impedances (Z) are steady state values

Power System Review

 Symmetrical Fault Current
Analysis...MVA-Method
Motor :
100
Motor : MVAfault  MVAmotor x
Xd "Gen%
Ilocked rotor
Induction Motor : MVAfault  MVAmotor x
Ifull  load amp

Where: X”d=direct-axis Subtransient Reactance

X”d= I Full-load amp/I Locked Rotor amp

Power System Review

 Symmetrical Fault Current
Analysis...MVA-Method
 Summary:

MVA parallel  total  MVA1  MVA2      MVAn

1
MVA series  total 
[(1/ MVA1)  (1/ MVA2)      (1/ MVAn)]

MVA total
I fault ( KA) 
3 x kVLL
Power System Review
Example1:Fault Calculation(MVA method)
In the following Power System, Calculate the fault current @ Bus2 & fault current
contributions from both Gen & Motor?

Utility Source
13.8kV, 15KA fault current

Bus 1 13.8kV

Transformer
7MVA
13.8kV/4.16kV
Z=9%

Generator
1.5MVA Y
4.16kV 3-500McM cables, 2000 ft
X”d=0.15pu Z=0.2Ω

Bus 2 4.16kV

Motor
2MVA Y
4.16kV M
X”d=0.25pu
 Step1:Network Modeling(MVA Method)
Utility Source
13.8kV, 15KA fault current

Bus1 13.8kV MVAsource  3 x (13.8kv) x(15kA)  358.5MVA 358.52

Transformer
7MVA
100 7 x100
13.8kV/4.16kV MVAtransformer  MVA x   77.77 MVA 77.77
Z=9% Zxfmr % 9
Generator 1 1
MVAGenerator  MVA x "
 1.5 x  10MVA
Xd 0.15
3-500McM cables, 2000 ft
1.5MVA Y Z=0.2Ω 10 86.53
4.16kV kV2 2
(4.16)
X”d=0.15 MVALine    86.53MVA
Zline 0.2

Bus2 4.16kV
1 1
Motor MVAMotor  MVA x  2 x  8MVA 8
2MVA Y Xd " 0.25
4.16kV M
X”d=0.25
Step 2: Network Reduction(MVA Method)
Series M VAs :
358.52 1 1 1 1
  
MVAtotal 358.52 77.77 86.53
77.77 1
MVAtotal   36.76
1 1 1
 
358.52 77.77 86.53

10 86.53 10 36.76 Fault MVA

54.76

8 8

Parallel MVAs :
MVAtotal  MVA1  MVA2  MVA3
MVAtotal  10  36.76  8  54.76
Step 3:Fault MVA Conversion to Ifault
Bus 2 Quantities :
MVAfault  54.76
kVll  4.16kV
Bus2 Fault Current:

MVAfault(3 ) 54.76
Ifault(kA)    7.6003
3x(4.16kVLL) 3x(4.16kVLL)

Ifault(Symmetrical )  7,600.3 Amp

 Example1:Fault Analysis(PU Method)
In the following Power System, Calculate the fault current @ Bus2 & fault current
contributions from both Gen & Motor using PU Method?
Utility Source
13.8kV, 15KA fault current

Bus1 13.8kV

Transformer
7MVA
13.8kV/4.16kV
Zutility
Z=9%
Vf  1.0 pu
Generator
ZXfmr ZGen Zmotor
1.5MVA
Y 3-500McM cables, 2000 ft
4.16kV Z=0.2Ω
X”d=0.15 ZLine
Bus2 4.16kV
()SEQ Network for Bus 2
Motor
2MVA Y
4.16kV M
X”d=0.25
Example 1: Symmetrical Fault Current
Calculation Comparison between
PU & MVA Methods

MVA method calculatio n :

Ifault @ Bus2  Ifault( pu) xIbase  0.548x13,879 A  7,605.7 A

Per  Unit Method calculatio n :

Ifault @ Bus 2  7,600.3 Amp

Ex1: Motor/Gen Fault Contribution
(MVA Method)
Utility Contributi on :
36.76MVA 36.76
Ifault    5,102 A
3 x 4.16kV 7.205

MVA(Utility  Xfmr  Line) MVAGen

36.76 10 Generator Contributi on :
10MVA
Ifault  Gen   1,387.9 A
3 x 4.16kV
8 Motor Contributi on :
MVAMotor
8MVA
Ifault  motor   1,110.3 A
Total Fault Current : 3x 4.16kV
Ifault  If  motor  If  utility  If  Gen  5,102  1,387.9  1,110.3  7,600.2 A
Ex1:Symmetrical Fault Current Analysis
PU & MVA Methods Comparison

MVA method calculatio n :

If  motor  1,110.3 Amp

Per  Unit Method calculatio n :

If-motor  1,110 A
 Symmetrical Fault Current Calculation
MVA Method
Example2: Calculate the Symmetrical fault current @ Bus2 using the MVA Method
MVAfault  3 x 22.86 kVLLx15kA  593.903
Utility Source
kV 2 (22.86kV ) 2 Generator
MVAfault   2,903.22 22.86kV, 15KA fault current
Zline 0.18
MVAXfmr 20 3-500McM cables, 2000 ft
MVAfault    222.222
 Z %  0.09 Z=.18 Ω
 
 100  Transformer
MVAXfmr 3.5
MVAfault    50 20MVA Delta-Yn
 Z %  0.07 22.86/4.16kV
Generator
 
 100  Z=9% Y 5MVA
MVA 5 4.16kV
MVAfault(G1)    41.667 MVA
 Z %  0.12 Z=12%
 
 100  BUS 1
MVA 2
MVAfault(G 2)    14.286 MVA
 Z %  0.14 Transformer
 
 100  3.5MVA Delta-Yn Motor

MVAfault( M 1) 
MVA

2
 13.333 MVA
4.16kV/480V Y M
2MVA Y
 Z %  0.15 Z=7% 4.16kV
 
 100  Z=15%
MVA 1.5
MVAfault(G 2)    9.375 MVA
 Z %  0.16
 
 100 
BUS 2
Generator
2MVA Motor
480 V M 1.5MVA Y
Z=14% 480V
Bolted Fault Z=16%
Solution to Example2 (MVA method):
 22.86 kV Utility Source:

MVAfault  3 x 22.86 kVLLx15kA  593.903

 Line:
kV 2 (22.86kV ) 2
MVAfault   2,903.22
Zline 0.18

 Transformers:
MVAXfmr 20
MVAfault    222.222
 Z %  0.09
 
 100 
MVAXfmr 3.5
MVAfault    50
 Z %  0.07
 
 100 
Power System Review
Solution to Example2 (MVA method):
 Generators:
MVA 5
MVAfault(G1)    41.667 MVA
 Z %  0.12
 
 100 
MVA 2
MVAfault(G 2)    14.286 MVA
 Z %  0.14
 
 100 
 Motors: MVA 2
MVAfault( M 1)    13.333 MVA
 Z %  0.15
 
 100 
MVA 1.5
MVAfault(G 2)    9.375 MVA
 Z %  0.16
 
 100 
Power System Review
 Example 2:Symmetrical Fault Current
Calculation (MVA-method)
Step1: Network Modeling 593.903
MVA

2903.220
MVA

41.667
222.222 MVA
MVA
BUS 1

50 MVA 13.333
MVA
BUS 2

9.375
14.286
MVA MVA

Power System Review

 Symmetrical Fault Current
Analysis…MVA-Method
Step2 : Network MVA Reduction

 Series MVAs:

1
MVA series  total 
[(1/ MVA1)  (1/ MVA2)      (1/ MVAn)]
 Parallel MVAs:

MVA parallel  total  MVA1  MVA2      MVAn

Power System Review

 Example2: Symmetrical Fault Current
Analysis…MVA-Method
Step2 : Network MVA Reduction
 MVA series:
MVA=1/[(1/593.903)+(1/2,903.220)+(1/222.222)]
MVA=1/[(.0017)+(.0003)+(.0045)]=153.846
 Bus1 (parallel)=153.846+41.667+13.333=208.846
208.846MVA

 MVA series @Bus2: 50 MVA

MVA=1/[(1/208.846)+(1/50)] BUS 2
MVA=1/[(.0048)+(.0200)]=40.323
14.286 9.375
MVA
MVA

Power System Review

Ex2: Short Circuit MVA Calculation
@ Bus 2(MVA method)
Step3 : Fault MVA Calculatio n
1
MVA series  total   153.846
[(1 / 593.903)  (1 / 2,903.22)  (1 / 222.22)]

41.667 MVA parallel  153.846  41.667  13.333  208.846MVA

153.846 MVA
MVA
BUS 1 208.846
MVA

50 13.333 50
MVA MVA MVA
BUS 2

BUS 2
9.375 9.375
14.286 14.286
MVA MVA
MVA MVA
Ex2: Short Circuit MVA Calculation
@ Bus 2(MVA method)
1
MVA series   40.323
[(1 / 208.846)  (1 / 50)]

40.323
MVA

BUS 2

9.375
14.286
MVA
MVA

MVA @ Bus 2  40.323  14.286  9.375  63.984 MVA

MVA fault @ Bus 2  63.984 MVA
 Example2: Symmetrical Fault
Current Analysis…MVA-Method

 Bus2 (total) = 40.323+14.286+9.375=63.984 MVA

Available Fault Current @Bus 2:

Ifault=63.984 MVA/[ 3 x 0.48kV]=76,963 A

 Now, Calculate the Short Circuit MVA @Bus1?

Power System Review

Ex2:Calculate Short Circuit MVA@ Bus1
(MVA method)
MVA parallel  153.846  41.667  195.531MVA
41.667
153.864 MVA 195.531
MVA MVA
BUS 1 BUS 1

50 MVA 13.333 13.333
MVA 50
MVA
MVA
BUS 2

9.375+14.286=23.661
MVA
9.375
14.286
MVA
MVA

208.864= 195.531+13.333 208.864+16.051=224.915 MVA

MVA


BUS 1
BUS 1
1/[(1/50)+(1/23.661)]=1/.0623=16.051
MVA
MVA fault @ Bus1  224.915 MVA
Power System Review
Ex2: Calculate Short Circuit MVA
@ Bus 1 (MVA method)
 S.C or Fault MVA @ Bus1:
 S.C or Fault MVA= 224.915
I fault @Bus1= 224.915 MVA/( 3x4.16kV)

Available Fault Current at Bus 1:

I fault @Bus1=31,216 A

Power System Review

Example 3: Symmetrical Fault Analysis
Calculate the symmetrical fault current at the secondary terminals of a 10 MVA XFMR
using both the PU-Method & the MVA Method. Use 15 MVA & 69 kV base values for
the transmission line.

1500 MVA 10 MVA

69 kV 69kV Δ/Υ-n 13.8kV 5 MVA Υ-n
Fault
X=2.8Ω X=8.5% 13.2 kV
Source M X=0.2

VlL-Base1  69 kV VlL-Base2  13.8 kV

13.82
Z Base2   12.7
kV 2 Base1 692 15
Z Base1    317.4 S Base
SBase1 15 IBase2   627.57 A
3 x kVBase1
SBase  15 MVA
Zone 1 Zone 2 SBase  15 MVA

Power System Review

 Example3: Symmetrical Fault
Analysis(MVA-method)
1500 1 1 1 1
Source   
MVA MVA 1500 1700.36 117.65

1700.36 102.52
Line MVA MVA

MVA Fault= 102.52+27.32

117.65
= 129.84
Transformer
MVA 27.32
MVA Ifault= 129.84/(1.732x13.8)
= 5,432.3 Amps

Motor 27.32
MVA
5 MVA_____ =27.32
(13.2/13.8)²x0.2

Power System Review

Example 3:
Symmetrical Fault Calculation
Comparison Between PU & MVA
Methods
PU method : I fault= 5,410.3 Amp

MVA method : I fault = 5,432.3 Amp

Power System Review

 References
1. J.D. Golver, M.S. Sarma, Power System Analysis and design,
4th ed., (Thomson Crop, 2008).
2. M.S. Sarma, Electric Machines, 2nd ed., (West Publishing Company,
1985).
3. A.E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley, and S. Umans, Electric
Machinery, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983).
4. P.M. Anderson, Analysis of Faulted Power systems(Ames, IA: Iowa
Satate university Press, 1973).
5.W.D. Stevenson, Jr., Elements of Power System Analysis, 4th
ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982).
Break Time !!!!!
Solution

 Answer: 37.5 KVA