Modified Castigliano Theorem

Applied Mathematics and Mechanics Published by HUST Press,
(English Edition, Vol.5 No.2, Apr. 1984) Wuhan, China
ON THE MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO"S THEOREM*
Fu Bao-lian (~,I~L~)
(Northeast Heavy Machinery Institute)
(Received March 23, 1983)
ABSTRACT
This p a p e r gives the modified AbstractCastigliano's theorem, which is
more convenient and more extensive for applications than the clas-
The sical
one-dimensional
Castigliano's problemtheorem. Abstract
of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
The m o donly
an analytic solution i f i c awhen
t i o n s theto polytropic
the classical index of Castigliano's
detonation productstheorem are to three. In
equals
The in f o l l o w i n g two
one-dimensional respects,
problem of the the
motion firstof a respect
rigid is plate
flying that under
the expres-
explosive attack has
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
sion of the partial derivative with respect to the concentrated
an analytic
behavior of solution
the reflection only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
load p of the shock in the explosive
complementary energy products,
densityand in applying the smallCas-
the clasical parameter pur-
general, a numerical
terbation method,
tigliano's
analysis
an analytic, is required.
theoremfirst-order
is replaced
In this
approximate paper,
by the solution
however, by
is obtained
expressions
utilizing
withforteh
the
thepro- "weak" shock
problem of flying
behavior of
plate driven the reflection
by various
ducts of thehigh shock in the
explosives
external explosive
with
loads polytropic
and products,
influence and applying
indicesfunctions,
other than butthe nearly
the small parameter pur-
equal to three.
modifica-
terbation method,
tion an
brings analytic,
us first-order
greatest approximate
simplicity and solution
greatestis obtained
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus for
convenience the problem
for of flying
calculations under various loads; the indices
second other
plate
an driven
analytic by various
formula withhigh two explosives
parameters withof polytropic
high explosive (i.e. respect
detonation is that
than but nearlythe
velocity equalpolytropic
and to three.
expressions with the p r o d u c t s of the inhomogeneous boundary dis-
Final velocities
index) for pestimationof flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
l a c e m e n t sof and
the velocity of flying plate
the influence is established.
functions are introduced into the
an analyticclassical
formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation
C a s t i g l i a n o ' s theorem, the modification provides the
velocity and polytropic
index) for theoretical
estimation of the velocity of flying
fundamental plate is established.
for solving the problems of various
boundary conditions. 1. Introduction
We show also the method of h o w to apply the modified Castig-
Explosive
liano's driven
theoremflying-plate
to solve 1.
technique
the p Introduction
rffmds
o b l e mits
s ofimportant use in the
the surface study of behavior of
structural
mechanics.
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
Explosive Finally,
driven as a calculated example of important
the applications of theof behavior of
cladding ofm ometals. The flying-plate
method of estimationtechnique offfmds
flyoritsvelocity
d i f i e d C a s t i g l i a n o ' s theorem we solved the equation of the
and theuse way
in the study
of raising it are questions
materials
of common under intense surface
interest.
deflection
impulsiveofloading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
the rectangular plate with two adjacent
cladding ofedges
Under metals. The method
the assumptions
built-in of of
and estimation
one-dimensional
other of flyor
two adjacent planevelocity
edges and
detonation the
and way
free. rigidofflying
raising it arethe
plate, questions
normal
of commonofinterest.
approach solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
Under
governing thethe assumptions
flow of one-dimensional
field of detonation plane the
products behind detonation
flyor (Fig.andI):rigid flying plate, the normal
I. approach of solving
Introduction the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
The principle of minimum potential --ff energy and =o,
ap +u_~_xp+ au
the principle of minimum complemeiL-
tary energy are two J~portant principles of the mechanics of deformable bodies, they
--ff
au au 1 =o,
+u_~_xp+ yofau the=0,
ap problems
play important part for solving the mechanics of deformable bodies
au the au 1
(i.0
However, generally speaking, so far principle of minimum complementary energy is
aS as y =0,
not more a--T for
convenient and more extensive =o,
applications than the principle (i.0
of minimum
aS as
potenital energy. p =p(p, s),the
In order to generalize
a--T =o,applications of the principle of mini-
mum complementary energy we present the modified Castigliano's theorem.
where p =p(p, s),
Sincep, Alberto
p, S, u are pressure, density,
Castigliano foundspecific entropy and
Castigliano's particle in
theorem velocity
1873, offor
detonation
solving products
the
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
deflections of u the members, density,
where p, p,F S,
trajectory of flyor as another such
are pressure, as thoseentropy
Both of
specific
boundary. are the beams,
and thethe
particle
unknown; following
velocity
position several products
of Rdetonation
of and theo-
the state para-
respectively,
meters
rems were with
on given: the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary
it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave and the
trajectory
D i.and the F of
by initial flyor as another boundary.
stage ofCastigliano's
classical Both
motion of flyortheorem are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
meters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
293
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
* Communicated by Chien Wei-zang. 293
1264 Fu Bao-lian
2. the M a x w e l l - M o h r ' s theorem

~=]t ~ ~M(x)M~(x)dx (1.2)
3. the p a r t i a l l y m o d i f i e d C a s t i g l i a n o ' s theorem
~(~) =If ~j-M(x)M,(x;~)dx+[~ M,-~Q,]'o,r (1.3)

Comparing (I.i), (1.2) and (1.3) with each other it can be shown that the theorem
(I.I) is most fundamental, the theorem (1.2) is derived from the theorem (I.i), the
theorem (1.3) is d e r i v e d from the theorem (1.2).
Since the idea of the u n i t - d u m m y - l o a d is introduced into the theorem (1.2), the
partial derivative with respect to the concentrated load p of the bending moment
of the beams has the clear meaning of mechanics, then the theorem (1.2) can be used
to solve the d e f l e c t i o n of any point
Abstract
of the beams.
The classical C a s t i g l i a n o ' s
The one-dimensional problem theorem of the motion is m o d i f i e d partially in the following two
Abstractof a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analyticon solution
respects, the oneonlyhand,whenthetheacted polytropic
point index
of the of detonation
u n i t - d u m m yproducts
- l o a d in equals
the to three. In
theorem
general, The a one-dimensional
numerical problem
analysis is of
required.the motion
In this of a
paper,rigid flying
however,
(1.2) is looked upon as a flowing v a r i a b l e and, on the other hand, the inhomogeneous
plate
by under
utilizing explosive
the attack
"weak" has
shock
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur- products equals to three. In
boundary d i s p l a c e m e n t s are introduced into the theorem (i.i) and then the theorem
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior
(1.3)
plate isdriven of the
obtamned. reflection
by various highshock
The theorem in the
explosives (1.3) explosive
with is products,
a general
polytropic and
equation
indices applying
other of but
than the nearly
small parameter
deflection axis
equal pur-the
ot
to three.
terbation method,
Final velocities
stralqht an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained
beams : of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus for the problem of flying
plate
an driven
analytic
Before the
by classical
various
formula high
with two explosives
C a s parameters
with polytropic
t i g l i a n o ' sof theorem
high explosiveindices
or the (i.e.Mother than but' snearly
adetonation
x w e l l - M o h rvelocity
equalpolytropic
and
theorem
to three.
were used
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
only to solve the d e f l e c t i o n of the members, such as those of the beams, in ref. [5]
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
weindex)
g e n e rfor
a l iestimation
z e d the of the of
idea velocity of flying plate
the theorem (1.3)is established.
to the elastic thin plates, the~ the
1. Introduction
partially modified C a s t i g l i a n o ' s theorem of the plates was given in the following
form :
Explosive driven flying-plate technique 1. Introduction
ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under intense
= b ~ - : )driven
~"(~' "Explosive
impulsive
I ] / ~:'-~:', loading,
+ '~:.M~,- shock
,,(a:.~:., +synthesis
,~:~::~, ) of diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals. The flying-plate technique
method of estimation offfmds
flyoritsvelocity
important use way
and the in the study itofare
of raising behavior of
questions
materials
of common under
interest.intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
+2(]+v)M"A'/'~u']":'z'~r c~.(Q"' Os ),~,,,C~ds
cladding of metals.
Under The method
the assumptions of of estimation of flyor
one-dimensional planevelocity and the
detonation and way
rigidofflying
raising it arethe
plate, questions
normal
of common interest.
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
Under
governing thec,the
flowassumptions of
,,-, one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid( 1flying
field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I): .4) plate, the normal
approach of solving
Fro the rectangular the problem
elastic of motion
plates of flyor is
we o b t a i n e d to solve the following system of equations
governing the flowf~fb field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
--ff
- : ) J 0 J0 [~lI~I~,+M,M~,-,,(M.al~,
w(~. ~3= D g i 1_ ap +u_~_xp++MvM=,) au
=o,
--ff
au [I>( )]~
au 1
ap +u_~_xp+ y au
=o,
=0,
au au
(i.0
+[.f2."., _rr(
aS o..,a s y1 =0,
a--T =o, (i.0
aS as
--Ho/----+2Lj\aurr~
aAf,, p =p(p,
a.~f.,,ox)~dx]" a--T s), =o,
+ [(2M.,,)z~,]• --[(2M.,,)~] ~:o~ (1.5)
- JO(~sg }
Inwhere
ref. p,[5]
p, S,weu give the last
are pressure, eqs.pspecific
density, (1.3), entropy =p(p, s),
(1.4) and
and (1.5) with
particle respect
velocity to theproducts
of detonation partial-
lyrespectively,
modified Cwith a s t i the
g l i atrajectory R of reflected
n o ~ s theorem and in shock of detonation
the following we wave
shallD give
as a boundary and the
the complete
where
trajectory p, p,F S,ofuflyor
are pressure,
as anotherdensity, specific
boundary. Bothentropy
are and particle
unknown; the velocity of
position of Rdetonation
and the products
state para-
m o d i f i e d C a s t i g l i a n o ' s theorem.
respectively,
meters on it are withgoverned
the trajectory
by the Rflow
of reflected
field I of shock
centralofrarefaction
detonationwavewave D as the
behind a boundary
detonationandwave
the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
II.D and ThebyTwoinitial stage of motionto ofthe
Modifications flyorClassical
also; the position of F and the
Castigliano's state parameters
Theorem and Theirof products
Applications 293
293
On Modified C a s t i g l i a n o ' s Theorem 1265
I. The first m o d i f i c a t i o n
The expression with partial derivative with respect to the concentrated load P
of the complementary energy density or the expression with the products of the act-
ual internal moments and the internal moments produced by the unit concentrated load
in the exps. (1.4) and (I. 5 ) should be modified because it is tortuous, diverse and
complicated.
In order to explain this judgement let us use the exp. (1.5) to solve the equation
of deflection surface of the simply supported rectangular plate under uniformly dis-
tributed load as shown in Fig. l(a). In this case the exp. (1.5) becomes
1 faf~
w(~, ~ ) = ~ J o Jo [M~M., + M,M,,-v(M.M,, +M,M.~)
Abstract
+ 2( 1 + v)M~,.M,~,, ],...:r (z.I)
The one-dimensional problem of the motion Abstract
of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
Thea one-dimensional
general, numerical analysis problem of the motion
is required. In this of a rigid
paper, flying plate
however, under explosive
by utilizing attack
the "weak" has
shock
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur- equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying "weak" shock
behavior of the
plate driven reflection
by various highshock in thewith
explosives explosive products,
polytropic indicesand applying
other the nearly
than but small parameter pur-
equal to three.
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximatey solution is obtained for the
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus problem of flying
plate
an driven formula
analytic by variouswithhigh
(a) twoexplosives
parameters withofpolytropic indices
high explosive (i.e.other than but
detonation nearly and
to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established. with numerical results by computers. Thus
an analytic formula with two parameters Fig. of I high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
index) for estimation
we suppose that ofthetheinternal
velocity of flying plate
bending is established.
moments and twisting moment of the same sim-
1. Introduction
ply supported rectangular plate under a unit concentrated load acted at the point
as shown in Fig. l(b) can be1.solved
(~,~)
Explosive driven flying-plate techniqueIntroduction
ffmdsby ix[?~principle of minimum complementary
its important use in the study of behavior of
materials
energy andunder
they intense Mxt (x,y~,~),
impulsiveby loading,
are denoted M!,(x,y,~,7;)
shock synthesis of diamonds, M~u,(x, welding
and and explosive ,j;$.~) and
Explosive
cladding
respectively,
driven
of metals.
we The
flying-plate
can method
technique
of estimation
also find offfmds
the internal
itsvelocity
important
flyormoments use way
andi1/~(x,y)
the in the
of study itof
raising
11[~[x.!i) behavior
are
and
of
questions
M~y(x.U )
ofofthe
common interest.
simply supported rectangular plate under the uniformly distributed load in the
cladding of metals.
Under The method
the assumptions of of estimation of flyor
one-dimensional planevelocity and the
detonation and wayrigidofflying
raising it arethe
plate, questions
normal
same
of manner.interest.
common
Under
thethe
Substituting
governing assumptions
flow the of one-dimensional
fieldprevious results
of detonation products plane the
M~l(x.y;~,q).
behind detonation(Fig.andI):rigid
Mw,(x,y:~,~),
flyor flying plate, :the
M~Fi(x,y;~.~) normal
]%~(x,U).
approach of
A/~ x.,})solvingandthe problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following
~[~(x,y) into the exp. (2.1) and calculating the exp. (2.1), system of equations
we obtain the deflection equation--ff of simply supported =o, rectangular plate under u n i f o r
ap +u_~_xp+ au
mly distributed load
--ff
au au 1
ap +u_~_xp+ y au
=o,
I f~fB =0,
au au
(i.0
--v[M~(x,y)M,~ (x,yaS y1 (x,y;
$,~) + MAx,y)M;,
as =0,~,~) ]
a--T =o, (i.0
aS as
pv =p(p, s), =o,
=~Jiqw,(x,y;~,o)dxd a--T (2.o)
where p,~u,(x.yj:~,~)
where is the equation
p, S, u are pressure, =p(p,
density,pspecific s),
of deflection
entropy andsurface
particle produced
velocity ofbydetonation
the unit concen-
products
respectively,
trated with the
load acted at trajectory
the point R of reflected
(i,R) - shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
where
From p,the
trajectory p,F S,previous
ofuflyor
are pressure,
as programdensity,
another specific
boundary.
it can beBothentropy
seen arethatandtoparticle
unknown; usethethevelocity
position
exp. ofof(2.1)
Rdetonation products
andtothesolve
state para-
the
respectively,
meters on it with
are the trajectory
governed by the R of
flow reflected
field I of shock
centralof detonation
rarefaction wave
wave D
behindas a boundary
the detonationandwave
the
deflection eq. t~(~,~) is tortuous, diverse and complicated. If we shall not use
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of productsthe state para-
the exp. on(2.1)
meters it aretogoverned
solve the equation
by the flow fieldbut
I ofuse directly
central the wave
rarefaction exp. behind
(2.2),thei.e., we use
detonation wave
293
D and bythe
directly initial stage of motion
expression of flyor also;
with products of the
theposition of F load
external and theq state
and parameters
influenceof function
products
293
1266 Fu Bao-lian
~u,(:r that is very simple. Hence we draw the following conclusion: the exp-
ression with partial derivative with respect to the c o n c e n t r a t e d load of the com-
plementary energy density in the classical C a s t i @ l i n o ' s theorem should be replaced

by the p r o d u c t s of the external loads and influence function. It is the first mo-
dification to the classical Castigliano's theorem.
We show also th..t for the beams, especially for the beams under the various loads,
the first m o d i f i c a t i o n is necessary, too.
2. The second m o d i f i c a t i o n
The second m o d i f i c a t i o n to the classical Castigliano's theorem was a c c o m p l i s h e d

by us in the ref. [5], but it did not give its a p p l i c a t i o n s and it is very important.
In the following we shall explain
Abstract
its applications.
The The
second m o d i f i c a t i problem
one-dimensional o n shows
of the Abstract
influence
the motion of the
of a rigid inhomogeneous
flying boundary
plate under explosive dis-
attack has
an analytic in
I:lacements solution
the d eonly
f l e c when the polytropicForindex
t i o n equation. the of detonation
plates, products
if we equals
suppose in to three.
advance In
general, numerical analysisproblem
is of the motion
required. In this of a rigid
paper, flying plate
however, by under explosive
utilizing the attack
"weak" has
shock
the boundary d i s p l a c e m e n t s on the basis of deformable character on the edges, then
an analytic
behavior solution
of the only shock
reflection when the in thepolytropic
explosiveindex of detonation
products, and applying products
the small equals to three.pur-
parameter In
let us introduce
general, a numericaltheanalysis
secondis mrequired.
o d i f i c a t iIn
o n this
in paper,
the exp. ~1.4)byand
however, (1.5) the
utilizing gives
"weak"contri-
shock
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
behavior
butions ofof the
plate driven the reflection
boundary
by various highshock
i s p l ain
d explosivesc ethe n texplosive
m e with to theproducts,
s polytropic indicesand
equation ofapplying
other d ethan the
f l e cbut nsmall
t i o nearly parameter
surface pur-
of three.
equal to the
terbation
p]Final method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained
ate. velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus for the problem of flying
plate
an driven formula
analytic by various high
with two explosives
parameters withofpolytropic
(i.e.other than but
to three.
R,-yleigh-Ritz method has a chief shortcoming, which is hard to assume in advance
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established. well with numerical results by computers. Thus
an equation
the analytic formula with two parameters
of deflection surface under of highvarious
explosiveboundary
(i.e. detonationconditions.velocity and The polytropic
shortcom-
index)
ing can for
be estimation
overcome of by the
thevelocity of flying variational
generalized plate is established.
p r i n c i p l e s [2] and b] the modified
1. Introduction
Castig] J ano's theorem, too.
Finally, we sdriven
Explosive h a l l flying-plate
explain the 1. Introduction
method
technique to apply
ffmds to the muse
its important o d iin
f i ethe
d Cstudy
a s t i gof
l i abehavior
n o ' s theo-
of
materials
rem undertheintense
to solve b e n d iimpulsive loading,
n g of the shock synthesis
rectangular elasticof thein
diamonds, and explosive
plates weldingbound-
with various and
Explosive
cladding driven
of metals. The flying-plate technique offfmds
method of estimation flyoritsvelocity
important use way
and the in the study itofare
of raising behavior of
questions
ars, conditions.
materials under intense
of common interest. impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
According
cladding to S aThe
of metals. i n t -method
V e n a n t ofprinciple
estimation ofit flyor
is easy to and know that any complex boundary
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional planevelocity
detonation the
and way rigidofflying
raising it arethe
plate, questions
normal
of common
conditions interest.
can be transformed into a simple boundary condition
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations and corresponding
Under
governing
boundary thethe
force assumptions
flow field
and of one-dimensional
of detonation
displacment. products plane the
For thebehind detonation
rectangular (Fig.andI):rigid
flyor plates, if flying
we takeplate,a the normal
simply
supl)orted edge as the simple b o u n d a r y condition, then any other boundary conditions
can be transformed into the simply --ff supported edge=o,
ap +u_~_xp+ au
as well as the c o r r e s p o n d i n g boun-
dary force and displacement.

--ff
au au 1 =o,
ap +u_~_xp
In the follwcing we shall discuss yau respectively,
three + cases =0,
au au edge1 built-in and other adjacent edge simply
(i.0
(i) the first case with one adjacent
aS as y =0,
supported (or built-in) a--T
as shown in Fig. =o,
2(a) (i.0
aS as
.~,~ /rr7-7
p =p(p, s), =o, ~/o
a--T ~,, z'~
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density,pspecific =p(p, s),entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively, with the trajectory
B ,2 . . . . .
R of
-,<:
~ reflected shock
e,
of detonation
. . . . .
wave D as a boundary and the
where p, p,F S,ofuZflyor
trajectory are pressure, density,
as another
~
specific
7boundary.
/ Bothentropy
are andQ" particle
/ ' unknown;
velocity of
the 1'position of Rdetonation products
and the state para-
respectively, /')'
with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave
meters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonationD as a boundary andwave
the
trajectory F of flyor as another
D and by initial stage of motion boundary. Both are unknown;
of flyor also; the position of (b) the position of R and the state
F and the state parameters of products para-
(~0
293
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor2 also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
Fig.
293
On Modified C a s t i g l i a n o ' s Theorem 1267
Removing the bending restrictions of the built-in edge CD , which are replaced
by the distributed bending moment Mza(N) taken in the form of the series
.ny
M,;a(y) = c,, sin b (2.3)
(2) The second case with one adjacent edge built-in (or simply supported) and
other adjacent edges free as shown in Fig. 3(a).
. . . . . . .
i/-~ -/ i-
Abstract " 4'
(a) (b)
The one-dimensional problem ofFig. 3Abstract
the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an Removing
analytic solution only when the polytropic
the bending restrictions of the built-in index of detonation
C O , products
as before, equals to three.
which In
are rep-
general, numerical analysis problem of the motion
is required. In this of a rigid
paper, flying plate
however, under explosive
by utilizing the "weak" attack has
shock
laced
an by thesolution
analytic moment only M.~(9)
when the ; applying
polytropic corresponding boundary equivalent toshearing
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosiveindex of detonation
products, and applying products equals
the small three.pur-
parameter In
general,
force anda numerical
displacement analysis is
w~(~)at required.
the In
free this
edge paper,
BC however,
, then by
the utilizing
latter
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying the
is "weak"
transformedshock
behavior
plate the
into of
driven the reflection
by various
simply highshock
supported edgein the
explosives explosive
B Cwith shown products,
as polytropic Fig. and
in indices (b)applying
3 other than butthe nearly
small parameter pur-
equal to three.
terbation
Final method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
Whenvelocities
the edge of flying
x = 0 is plate obtained
simply agree verywewelltake
supported, withthe
numerical
equationresults
of by computers. Thus
displacement of
plate
an driven formula
analytic by various with high twoexplosives
parameters withofpolytropic
(i.e.other than but
to three.
the
Finaledge y = b of in the form obtained of the agreeseries
index)velocities
for estimation flying
of theplate velocity of flying veryiswell
plate with numerical results by computers. Thus
established.
an analytic formula with two
w~(x) = ~ to. sin rnnx parameters
o
of high explosive (i.e. detonation
(2.4)
velocity and polytropic
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
m - I
When the edge x-----0 is free, we 1.takeIntroduction the equation of displacement of the edge
y=b in the form

Explosive wdriven
o~
1. Introduction
b ( x ) = -flying-plate
( a - x ) kb + technique ffmds its important use(2.5)
~ to,.sin rmr~x in the study of behavior of
O
at theExplosive
claddingsame time,
driven
of metals. Thetheflying-plate
corresponding
method concentrated
technique
of estimation offfmds force must
flyoritsvelocity
important inbe the
use way
and the applied
of at behavior
study itof
raising arethe corner
of
questions
materials
of common
point under intense
(0,b)interest. impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals.
(3)Under
The the The
assumptions
third casemethodwithof of estimation
one-dimensional
two adjacentof flyor
planevelocity
edges and shown
detonation
free as the
and way inofflying
rigid raising
Fig~ it arethe
plate,
4(a) questions
normal
of common interest.
Under
governing thethe assumptions
flow of one-dimensional
field of detonation plane the
products behind detonation
flyor (Fig.andI):rigid flying plate, the normal
--ff
ap +u_~_xp+ au
=o,
--ff
au au 1
ap +u_~_xp+ y au
=o,
=0,
(a) au au (b) (i.0
aS
Fig. 4 as y1 =0,
a--T =o, (i.0
Applying $orresponding boundary equivalent shearing force and displacment w~(Y)on
aS as
the free edge x=a , then the =p(p,
a--T
pfree s), =o,
edge is transformed into the simply supported
edge
where Cp,O p, as
S, ushown in Fig.density,
are pressure, =p(p, s),
4(b). pspecific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
When the with
respectively, edge the y-----0 is R
trajectory simply supported,
of reflected the
shock of equationwave
detonation of Ddisplacement
as a boundaryofandthethe
where p, p,F S,of
trajectory
free edge
u are pressure,
x = aflyorisas taken
anotherdensity,
inboundary.
specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
the formBoth are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
respectively, with the trajectory
meters on it are governed by the oo flow reflected
R of nzy I of shock
field centralofrarefaction
detonationwave
wave D as the
behind
(2.6~ a boundary andwave
detonation the
trajectory F of w.(g)=
flyor as k~ ~ boundary.
another ~.sin b Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
D and by initial stage of motion i 1 . ! of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
at the on
meters same,
it arethe corresponding
governed by the flowconcnetrated force
field I of central must be
rarefaction applied
wave on detonation
behind the the cornerwave
293
D and
point by initial
(c .b) stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
293
1268 Fu B a o - l i a n
When the edge g:0 is free, the equation of dzspla,seme~,t of the f~:ee e d g e x ~a
is t a k e n in t h e form
!~5.~-b
~,,a(,U)=&+. I+,~),~+~oo . ruff/
~vnsm ~" (2.7}
~t the same time, the corresponding concentrated forces must be applied on the cor-
ner points (a,b) a n d (a,0)
Applying corresponding b,)undar;, e d u i v a l e n t shearinq force and disp]aceme;,t :Ub[X)

On the free edge !l=b , then the free e d q - is transf~rmed int , t h e stmply support-
ed edge /JC as shown in F i g . 4(b)
When the edge x:0 is simply supported, the equation c~f d i s p l a c e m e n t of the free
edqe g=b is [ a k e n in the form

~'~(x) = ko+ ~ -a.,
" ' sin mr~x
Cl ( 2.8)
el. 1
When the edge x=0 Js free, the equation
Abstract of dJsplaceme~:t of the fcce edqe ,tl---b
is t a k e n in the form gx3
The one-dimensional w~ problem

(x) ---- & +of (/e~--_
the kk)a
motion x + of ~ a~'=sinrigid"nx-~
flying plate under explosive
(2.9) attack has
at t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o p . c e n t r a t e d f o r c e m u s t b e a p p l i e d on the c o r n e r
p obehavior
int (O,b)
of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur-
I l lplate
. D e r i v aby
driven t i o various
n o f the
highMexplosives
o d i f i e d Cwith
a s t i polytropic
g l i a n o ' s Theorem
indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
In the c a s e cf small ,lef ~rm~tir,~ we d e r i v e IS]
v:here .i(~,U,~) Js t h e actual equetion of deflection in the direction of tile d u m m y
load /~ ; ~"c is the

c o m r , ] e m e n t a r v 1. enercly density,;
Introduction P~l, P ~ and P,I d e n o t e 8p~ ap~
. . . . aP ' aP
~nd Op~ respectively; ~. ~ ~nd ~ a r e t h e g i v e n ,:]is]~]p.cement components on the
aP
part Explosive
0. concernecJ. driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
Fro, t h e ] i n e q r el :.,stic ]bodies, t h e c b m p ] c m e n t a r ' / e n e r g y der, s [ t v [*c is ec!ua] to the
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
},~,tentil] enerq'/ Jensit),' [[~ , :h,2n~ ;,:e <,re
of common interest.
8I'o aU, of BUr
Under the assumptions Oe~ 8U~ 3p,+
one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying (plate, the normal
OP aP ac~ ,3~" + d e : , de.~ ~ .... (Cr~ e z l nu 7velt~ a-' ' " ) 3,2]
approach
w},ere of solving
e.,, eg~.'" the problem of motion
a t e str,-'.ln cc :,: -:~en of a t {]0e pc.ints(x..q z ) p r o d u c e d b y t h e equations
flyor is to solve the following system of uF, i't--!um-
governing the flow field of
m,'-lc)7.,d ,icted on t ~ e ~,,qtnt~
detonation products
(~.~..,
behind the flyor
9 oa, ~s~. ... o~ue a c t u a l
(Fig. I): s t r e s E c'm/e,..e:its.
~:ubstitutinm t],e e:<::,. (]:.2) _':,'.: t first term on the right-hand side (;f the c;.:p.
i-',.]) , roe! .~-,-llnq tc t}:e

--ff
, f +u_~_xp
e:~u,~tior. ap e :.~i I i:A-ium,
+ au _,r
=o, ] boundar}" conditions ~:,,~
:{llreSS-r;t]7-air+-t rc],7, t]-ras aP,(] aN')l-+'3!-tc~

au , ++::
aui : . f ~1
:m".]-: ,we }~ave
y =0,
(i.0
aS as
rr a--T =o,
l,:~,,)JLJ (3.S)
.," J 9
Substituting the exp. (3.3) =p(p,
i n t o pthe s), (: ,]) , we
exp. ! t ~_n finally
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
meters
~t is the on mito dare
i f igoverned
ed < a s t iby
g l ithe
a n o 'flow
s tfield
h e o r Ie mof central
for t h rarefaction
e t h r e e - d i wave
m e n s ibehind
~n~l the
p r odetonation
blems o f wave
e]as-
ticJt,:,,, w h e r e f~. f~ and f: denote the components of t~.~e bed,/ f o r c e s ; p.,, p~ <nd
293
)I~ ~odi'~,d Ca':t~c]i~no's Theorem 1269
" :.'., : ><:sc'riL',d extern:~] for es. ll,, lh and :~1 denote
t :. " ,_; u., :~ and ~. dent,te the surface displace-

' 4 : '(" :r
:" )- t:< ,. : h . " : , ! :L< ".,.,.it},the curve boundary the m o d i f i e d Castiqlian,,'s

L} e':'rc,'h i,<~C,%Y~
I
, L,
i-I
~!j" (()- (.,'1.:);.

(j
-~:.,/.~.,,hl:- "X> sll. a,ia u,
< (.,:.,~: ~,~1)ds
-j, ({.).~ + ~- - Abstract

< ~-, f~'(x,u)d~
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution\ only ' I{ U.,. when '!:~7',"':-,.,/~
the polytropic index of detonation products equals ( 3 . 5 ) to three. In
i ' ,~. ~ i i e zect~:,:iu]a~ e l a sin
t i cthethin plates, takingandthe s o l u t ithe
o n s small
of tile simplypur-suF-
behavior of the reflection shock explosive products, applying parameter
terbation
i-,,,rtecl method,
t~ be n_ted an analytic,
k,y thefirst-order approximate solution
uylit cc4~.centrated l<~d as isiobtained n f l u e n c e forfu~ctions,
the problemthe of flying
modifi-
plate driven by various thigh
ed Castiglianc,~s h e o r eexplosives
m b e c o m e swith polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
an analytic;,'(.:,formula
,~) = !"-,'.,Jm',
with two parameters (x ,,, .~ ,,~)dxdu+
of highEexplosive
P,~', (x,,u,,(i.e.~,,~)
detonation velocity and polytropic
1. Introduction
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
of common interest.
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid] flying ~176 < ;. O) the normal
plate,
where q(_~.u)-- J~-<:n~'Jt/ of d i s t r i b u t e d load; Hi-- c o n c e n t r a t e d load acted at
rl,e ~)oi!:t (x~,L/~) ; \i~,,.... exterYa] bendinq moment in the :< - d i r e c t i o n acted on the
-J-int (x~, U;) ; ][.j _ _ exrerna! bending moment in the Y -direction ~cted at the point
--ff +u_~_xp+ au =o,
(>~, lJ~.) and otl.e r~otations ap~re i d e n t i c a l with that which is h a b i t u a l l y used,
au s y s tau
The'/ are all acted on the : tu~-;l em
y1 =0,
uh(x,U:~.U ) is the equation of d e f l e c t i o n surface of the simply (i.0
supp~,rted
rectangular plate produced by aS as concentrated

the unit load acted at the p o i n t (~,~I] ;
a--T =o,
the ~1.-~. ~f~'~ and -~]z,a: are the interY.al b e n d i n g moments and t w i s t i n g moment prod-
p =p(p, s),
used by the unit concentrated load.
in the case of tile straigl~t
beams, taking s o l u t i o n s of the simply s u p p o r t e d b e a m
respectively,
acted by with the trajectory
nhe unit c o n c e n t rR
a t eof
d reflected
load onshock
the of detonation
flowing c o o r dwave
inatD
e as
poai nboundary
t ~ as and the the
influ-
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position
ence functions, the e q u a t i o n of the d e f l e c t i o n axis of the a c t u a l of R and the state para-
s t r a i g h t beams
D band
ecomes
by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
293
1270 Fu Bao-lian
w(~)= oq(X) Wl(x;~)dx + %~p,wl(x~t~)+ M~-dx w,(xj;~)

~-i I-I
-[M@x w,(x;~)]'0-[O,(x,~)w]~ (s.7)

It must be pointed out that the formulas (3.5) - (3.7) are identical with the cor-
responding formulas of the ref. [6].
IV. The application of the modified Castigliano's theorem to solving the bending of
the rectangular plate with the two adjacent edges b u i l t - i n and other two adjacent
edges free as shown in Fig. 5.
Abstract
behavior of the reflection shock Fig. in 5the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur-
terbation
In this method,
case the an analytic,
modified first-order approximate
Castigliano's solution
formula is obtained
(3.6) becomesfor the problem of flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
w(~,q) • J-i ][ qw~ (x,y;
Final velocities e~,rl) dxdy
of flying ]i
plate+obtained
My,, (x)agree
~-~d-dw~ (x,Owell
very ; ~e,r/)with
d:t numerical results by computers. Thus
a
+ ]oM.o(ul~--~,(o,u,~,,T)
index) for estimation of the velocity dy-j~
[b( ak.~, 0M~,,
+2~-) o,~,~,,,~.(,j)<,j
of flying~plate is established.
ay ~.,;,.,:,q, ~"(x)dx+2M'''(a'b;~'Tl)~(a'b)
1. Introduction (4.1)
which must satisfy the following ~oundary conditions

Explosiveamdriven flying-plate technique 8w ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under intense: o ,impulsive loading,: shock synthesis
---o
of diamonds, and explosive welding and
asw . Saw l .
raSw 8sw 1 ,
o~r+(o-~)a-T~jr
of common interest. L-~,-+ta-~)a-~V],., =o (4.~)
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
OZw
yg-+~
approach of O'~w
o_-~ )~.~ =o.
solving ; Ozw
the problem a'-w
( ~ - + of motion=o,
~V)~-~
t O2w I
of flyor is to :o
toq~j~,:~ solve the following system of equations
We assume that the bending moments of the edges A m and A N are respectively
M,o(X) = ~ D = s i n rr~x
,,., a --ff =o, (4:3)
ap +u_~_xp+ au
c~
n~y au au
M,,,,(y) = ~
tt-I
A , sin b y1 =0, (4.4)
and the equations of displacement of the edges BC and CD are respectively
(i.0
aS as
w , ( x ) = ~ko+
x a--T
~ , b . sinm~.~
~-- =o, (4.5)
m~l G
p =p(p, s),
oo
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density,

n-!
(4.~)
specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively,
Substitutingwiththe the exps.
trajectory R of (4.6)
(4.3)- reflected shock
into theofexp.
detonation
(4.1) wave
and D as a boundary
merging and the
the terms with
trajectory
teh constant F of flyor as another boundary.
k,, i n t o o n e , we o b t a i n Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
meters on it are governed a 0
by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
293
On M o d i f i e d Castigliano's Theorem 1271
0 w~(x,O,~,~)dx
m-|
+ i 5-~
~ A.si. nny 0 w~(O,y)~,~)dy
8 8x
_[( +ooM..,
m-i
"[~ ( OM,l aJ'l.li ~ 9 '~=y .
_rf~ p_s,, oM:., ~ -~ d,
'P/ OM:, zOM:,,)Abstract~-dy-~.M.,, (a,biGrD]k,, (~.7)

+ J o [ - ;~Z + --o,j--.<<,,.,~,,,
R e g a r d i n g to the first t e r m on the r i g h t - h a n d side of the exp. (4.7), we o b t a i n
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, 2 and applying the small parameter pur-
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Regarding to the second term on the right-hand side of the exp. (4~ we o b t a i n
im-[ r ~-I
9[fl,.ethfl. ~" ( b -- ~/) c t h-~-"1.(b---~)-

Introduction
] 1 ft.(b_ . . mrr s i nm~ d. x ]jax
. . ~7)sin .
...... ~ _ ,~fi. ~h b
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it(4.9~ are questions
of common interest.
R e g a r d i n g to the t h i r d t e r m on the r i g h t - h a n d side of the exp. (4.7), we o b t a i n
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of ~i solving
o~ .thennyl b2 ~.of motion of flyora.(a-~)
problem ctha.(a-~)l
is to solve l system of equations
the following
.., o ..... ~ --Jh%h~.
--ff
-~--~'~ -b-~ <''-'=-~
ap +u_~_xp+ au
=o,
.~. [ - s h L ~ <"~o
au au
y1 =0,
F"-V--~ sn a b (4 to) (i.0
Regarding to the fourth termaSon the
as right-hand side of the exp. (4.7), we o b t a i n
a--T oO
=o,
- --oy - + 2--~.~ )<.,~,.., ~ b.
p =p(p, s),
m-i
where p, p, S, u =arem~.L pressure, (:t.ll)products

sh/%. t density, 2 ~, specific
. entropy
o andu particle
.J u velocity
u of detonation
R e g a r d i n g to the fifth t e r m on the r i g h t - h a n d side of the exp. (4.7), we o b t a i n
trajectory F of flyor J OM,q as another boundary. Both
8M~,, ~ oo
are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
meters on it are governed +by
' 7 -the
- - - flow field ~I ofc .central
. n y rarefaction
1,o,,,~.,, .., s i n -~- d" wave behind the detonation wave
0 .~-~-( " oy Y
293
1272 Fu Ba0-1 ian
= ~ . ]+l r m,,th~.~-- clh ~'

--~I
- - tl tl I1
sb~ L~
( 4 . "12)
Regarding to the sixth term on the righc-h.-,n.i side oL u}:e e x p . i'<./), v,e ,>},-~l:Lr
c 9 . . ,.. . ~.... a' + [, ch" :7!t ",< ,s.:," ,7 li
/,V = -\7/
--"7"l[:a':(cr'L>:~ J) ub I~ (,t.13',
The e x p s . (-!.8) , (~,9) , (4.]0} , (4.!~) , (q..l.' .~nd (4.]3) are ]dc:ntic,~.l with the
exps, (I) , (7) , (13) , (19) , (25) a~d (31) <~f t ] ; e ~ e~<. [A] respectively.
5u],stituting the exF~ (4,_%)- (4. i5) into the g e n e r a ] eq. (4.7) ~f the d e f l e c t i o n
surface, the complete solution is o b t a i n e d . Since the result < f the c,_,mplete solu-
tion obtained by us is identical w,th th:tt of [4], v:e -ire n<t jolnq to c tlculate tile
numeric,~l values.
Abstract
REFERENCES
(1) Chien Wei-zang and Yeh Kai-guan, Elastic Mech~nLos, :A:.el;cm ]'ress (March, iI'$0)
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur-
(in Chinese)
plateChien
(2) drivenWei-zang,
by various highThe explosives
Variationwith polytropic
Method indices other
and Finite than but
Elemen#, Vol.nearly equal to three.
~, Science F,_~::~{,
Final(1980).
velocities (in
of flying plate
Chinese)
obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
(3) Timoshenko, S. and S Woinowsky-Krieger, Theory of Plates and SheZls, Secon,
Edition, (1959).
(4) Chang Fu-fan, The Rectangular
1.Plate with Two
Introduction Adjacent Edges Suiit-in 7~d <:~her
Two Adjacent Edges Free, (March, 1980) (in Chinese)
(5) FuExplosive
Bao-lian,driven flying-plate
Energy technique
Theorem ffmds Equations
of Solving its importantofuse in the studyApplied
Deflection, of behavior of
Mathe-
materials under
manism, intense
Vol. impulsive
2, No, loading,
6. (Dec. shock
1981). synthesis of and
Mathematics diamonds, and explosive welding and
Mechanism
(o) Fu Bao-lian, Applications of the Reciprocal Theorem to Solving the Equations
of common interest.
ofUnder
the Deflection
the assumptions Surface of the Rectangular
of one-dimensional Plates and
plane detonation wit]~ Various
rigid Edge the
flying plate, Condltions,
normal
approach of solving the problem of motion
Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Vol of flyor is to solve the following
3, No. 3, (June, 1982). system of equations
--ff
ap +u_~_xp+ au
=o,
au au
y1 =0,
(i.0
aS as
a--T =o,
p =p(p, s),
293

Modified Castigliano Theorem

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics Published by HUST Press,

(English Edition, Vol.5 No.2, Apr. 1984) Wuhan, China

ON THE MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO"S THEOREM*

(Received March 23, 1983)

2. the M a x w e l l - M o h r ' s theorem

3. the p a r t i a l l y m o d i f i e d C a s t i g l i a n o ' s theorem

~(~) =If ~j-M(x)M,(x;~)dx+[~ M,-~Q,]'o,r (1.3)

plementary energy density in the classical C a s t i @ l i n o ' s theorem should be replaced

The second m o d i f i c a t i o n to the classical Castigliano's theorem was a c c o m p l i s h e d

dary force and displacement.

y=b in the form

ner points (a,b) a n d (a,0)

Applying corresponding b,)undar;, e d u i v a l e n t shearinq force and disp]aceme;,t :Ub[X)

ed edge /JC as shown in F i g . 4(b)

edqe g=b is [ a k e n in the form

The one-dimensional w~ problem

load /~ ; ~"c is the

i-',.]) , roe! .~-,-llnq tc t}:e

:{llreSS-r;t]7-air+-t rc],7, t]-ras aP,(] aN')l-+'3!-tc~

t :. " ,_; u., :~ and ~. dent,te the surface displace-

:" )- t:< ,. : h . " : , ! :L< ".,.,.it},the curve boundary the m o d i f i e d Castiqlian,,'s

~!j" (()- (.,'1.:);.

-j, ({.).~ + ~- - Abstract

rectangular plate produced by aS as concentrated

w(~)= oq(X) Wl(x;~)dx + %~p,wl(x~t~)+ M~-dx w,(xj;~)

-[M@x w,(x;~)]'0-[O,(x,~)w]~ (s.7)

which must satisfy the following ~oundary conditions

where p, p, S, u are pressure, density,

"[~ ( OM,l aJ'l.li ~ 9 '~=y .

_rf~ p_s,, oM:., ~ -~ d,

'P/ OM:, zOM:,,)Abstract~-dy-~.M.,, (a,biGrD]k,, (~.7)

9[fl,.ethfl. ~" ( b -- ~/) c t h-~-"1.(b---~)-

where p, p, S, u =arem~.L pressure, (:t.ll)products

= ~ . ]+l r m,,th~.~-- clh ~'

c 9 . . ,.. . ~.... a' + [, ch" :7!t ",< ,s.:," ,7 li

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