13/04/2016

Magnetic Field
Material and Inductance

By : C. E. Panjaitan

History

Michael Faraday believe if a current

might result magnetic field, then a
magnetic field should be able to produce
a current.
The concept was fail on that time.
However, he worked this problem for 10
years and he was success in 1831.

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History - Video (Cont’d)

Forces on Moving Charges

q= each charge
V = velocity in the magnetic fields
B= magnetic field

Determined Lorentz law : = ( × )

If there is any incremental : = ( × )

According to the moving line, surface, and volume currents :

× = × ( = , )
= × = × ( = , )
λ × = × =λ ,

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Forces on Moving Charges (Cont’d)

If there is a net charge with electric field E, the total force densities becomes : = ( + + )

= λ + ×
= + ×
= + ×
The magnetic field cannot change the kinectic energy of a moving charge as the force is perpendicular to the velocity.
The three components of Newton’s law for a charge q of mass m moving through a uniform magnetic field are :

= × =

= 0 → =
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Forces on Moving Charges (Cont’d)

Substituting the result into the second equation gives us a single equation in :

1
+ =0 = =

The particle travels in a circle with the constant speed :

= (cos sin )

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(1) Faradays’s Law

A time-varying magnetic field produces an electromotive forces (emf) that may establish a current in a
suitable closed circuit. An emf is a voltage that arises from conductors in a magnetic field or from changing
magnetic fields. emf can be stated as :

(time rate of change) ≠ 0 if :

a) A time-changing flux linking a stationary closed path.
b) Relative motion between a steady flux and a closed path.
c) A combination of the two
The minus (-) sign : if the flux is added to the original flux, might reduce the magnitude of emf. (Lenz’s Law).
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(1) Faradays’s Law (Cont’d)

If the closed path is that taken by an N-turn filamentary conductor so :

The emf is a scalar and a dimensional check shows that it is measured in volts :

In electronics, the line integral leads to a potential difference : with time-varying fields, the result is an emf or a
voltage.
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(1) Faradays’s Law (Cont’d)

Replacing Φ with the surface integral B so emf can be written as below :

The fingers of our right indicate the direction of the closed path, and our thumb indicate the direction of dS.
A flux density B in the direction of dS and increasing with time thus produces an average value of E.

Partial derivative may be taken under the integral sign, so emf can be stated as :

(1) Faradays’s Law (Cont’d)

Applying Stoke’s Theorem to the closed line integral :

The surface are perfectly general and may be chosen as differentials :

And

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(1) Faradays’s Law (cont’d)

Assume a simple magnetic field which increases exponentially with time within the cylindrical region ρ < b.

= Constant; = ; < ; = 0

Along which must be constant by symmetry, so emf can be stated as :

If a is replaced with ρ, ρ<b, the electric field intensity at any point is :

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(1) Faradays’s Law (cont’d)

The close circuit consists of two parallel conductors

which are connected at one end by a high
resistance voltmeter of neglible dimensions and at
the other end by a sliding bar moving a velocity v.
The magnetic field flux density B is constant ( in
space and time) and is normal to the plane
containing the closed path.
emf can be stated as :

Let us now consider this example using the concept of motional emf.

The force on a charge Q moving at a velocity v in a magnetic field B is : or 12

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(1) Faradays’s Law (cont’d)

The force per unit charge, is called the motional electric field intensity :

The motional emf produced by the moving conductor is then :

A motional electric field intensity = × to every potion of the moving conductor and
evaluate the resultant emf by :

The magnetic field flux density is also changing with time so emf can be written as :

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Example

A 5T magnetic field directed out of the page changes to 0T in 0.1 s.

Questions :
a)Determine the emf generated in a wire loop 2 in area
b)The average current if the resistance is 20 Ω

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(2) Displacement Current (cont’d)

Faraday’s experimental law has been used to obtain one of Maxwell’s equations :

Review Ampere’s Circuit Law :

The divergence of the curl is identically zero,so . is also zero. So the equation of continuity :

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(2) Displacement Current (cont’d)

Suppose adding term G, so :

Takin divergence, so : Thus :

Replacing with . : The simplest solution for G :

Ampere’s circuital law becomes :

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(2) Displacement Current (cont’d)

Maxwell termed is a displacement current density. Sometimes denoted it by :

Conduction current density : Convection current density :

In a nonconductiong medium, the volume charge density is present J= 0, and then :

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(2) Displacement Current (cont’d)

The analogy between the intensity vectors E and H and the flux density vectors D and B is apparent. The force on a
charge is related to E and to B, and some good arguments may be presented showing an analogy between E and B
and between D and H.

The total displacement current crossing any given surface is :

Applying stoke’s theorem :

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(2) Displacement Current (cont’d)

Contains a filamentary loop and a parallel-plate capacitor.
A magnetic field varying sinusoidally with time is applied to
produce an emf about the closed path, as :

= cos ωt

Assuming that the loop has neglible resistance and inductance,

the current loop as :

Apply Ampere’s circuital law about the smaller

closed circular path k and neglect displacement
current for the moment : If we choose a simple surface punctured by the
filament, such as the plane circular surface defined by
H along the path are both definite quantities. the circular path k, the current is evidently the
∮ . is a definite quantity. conduction current.
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(3) Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form

There is two Maxwell’s equation for time-varying fields :

The remaining two equations are unchanged from their non-time-varying form :

Magnetic flux is always found in closed loops and never diverges from a point source.

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(3) Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form(cont’d)

These four equations form the basis of all electromagnetic theory.
They are partial differential equations and relate the electric and magnetic fields to each other and to their
sources, charge and current density.

The auxiliary equations relating D and E

Relating B and H

Defining conduction current density

Defining convection current density in terms of the volume charge density

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(3) Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form(cont’d)

For linear materials we may relate P to E :

And M to H, so M can be written as :

Because of its fundamental importance, Lorentz should be included as written below :

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(4)The Retarted Potentials

The time-varying potentials, called retarted potentials.
The scalar electric potential V may be expressed in terms of a static charge distributions.

The vector magnetic potential may be found from a current distribution which is constant with time :

The differential equations satisfied by V

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(4)The Retarted Potentials (cont’d)

and A

The fundamental fields are simply obtained by using the gradient

Or the curl :

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