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U.S.pat. 7,700,872, Cable For Stringed Musical Instruments, 2010.
U.S.pat. 7,700,872, Cable For Stringed Musical Instruments, 2010.
11
U.S. Patent Apr. 20, 2010 Sheet 1 of 4 US 7,700,872 B2
1
O 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Frequency (Hz)
- - - 935pF simulation -- 206pF simulation
O 955pF measurement o 206pF measurement
- 408pF simulation - 123pF simulation
A 408pF measurement a 125pF measurement
FIG. 2
U.S. Patent Apr. 20, 2010 Sheet 2 of 4 US 7,700,872 B2
D 34 DW 33
S.
P 35
FIG. 3
650
600
550
1 35802S2
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
O 5 O 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Strain (%)
FIG. 5
35802S3
35802S2
J5802S1
O,O 0,5 10 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Extension (in)
F.G. 6
U.S. Patent Apr. 20, 2010 Sheet 4 of 4 US 7,700,872 B2
US 7,700,872 B2
1. 2
CABLE FOR STRINGEDMUSICAL Ohms. Given the voltage divider circuit between the cable
INSTRUMENTS resistance and amplifier input resistance, the signal transmis
sion of the circuit is relatively insensitive to cable resistance
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED below 50-100 ohms. Instrument cables have resistance values
APPLICATION well below this range.
The frequency response of the circuit is dependent on the
The present application is a continuation application of interaction of the pickup inductance and cable capacitance. A
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/028,923 filed Feb. 11, resonant frequency is created where the reactance of the cable
2008 now abandoned; and U.S. Provisional Application No. capacitance and pickup inductance are equivalent in ampli
60/889,347 filed on Feb. 12, 2007. 10 tude. The resonant frequency of the circuit in FIG. 1 is cal
culated by:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
TABLE 1
Center Conductor Tensile Strength and Flex Life
Conductor Average
Cross Average Tensile Flex Life
Sectional Peak Average Sample (Cycles Flex
Area Re- Force Elongation Size - to Sample
Sample AWG (10 in) Materia Manufacturer inforcment (lbf) (%) n1 Failure) Size - n2
22 (19/34) 5.923 Silver Plated WG High NA 2O.S 24.3 3 141 7
Copper,
Soft Temper
Soft Temper
28 (19/40) 1.471 Alloy 135 WG High NA 9.0 10.7 3 99 6
Performance
High Strength Conductors,
Copper IlC.
Soft Temper
28 (7/36) 1.374 CS95, WG High NA 1S.O 9.4 3 413 6
High Strength Performance
BeCu Copper Conductors,
Alloy, IlC.
Soft Temper
28 (7/36) 1.374 HS95, Fisk Alloy NA 14.5 7.9 9 400 6
High Strength Conductor,
BeCu Copper IlC.
Alloy,
Soft Temper
28 (7/36) 1.374. Alloy 135 WG High ePTFE 14.5 6.7 6 293 6
Tensile Flex (R), Performance Tape 1, 1
High Strength Conductors, Layer
BeCu Copper IlC.
Alloy,
Soft Temper
10 28 (7/36) 1.374. Alloy 135 WG High ePTFE 19.2 15.7 6 1427 7
Tensile Flex (R), Performance Tape 1, 2
High Strength Conductors, Layer
BeCu Copper IlC.
Alloy,
Soft Temper
US 7,700,872 B2
11 12
TABLE 1-continued
Center Conductor Tensile Strength and Flex Life
Conductor Average
Cross- Average Tensile Flex Life
Sectional Peak Average Sample (Cycles Flex
Area Re- Force Elongation Size - to Sample
Sample AWG (10 in) Material Manufacturer inforcment (lbf) (%) n1 Failure) Size - n2
The 22 AWG copper conductor (sample 1) tested is repre the 28 AWG 90 ksi alloy conductor (samples 13-15) average
35
sentative of a typical conductor type found in commercially flex life could be further increased to 2046-3747 cycles or
available cables. Its peak force was observed to be 20.5 lb about 97 to 178 times that of 28 AWG copper conductor
with 24% elongation. The 28 AWG copper conductor (sample (sample 3).
3) had a peak force of 5.0 lb with 21.3% elongation. The B. Braid Samples
copper conductors have an ultimate tensile stress of about 40
Cables were constructed having varying braid angles.
30-35 ksi. The Alloy 135 is an alloy of beryllium and copper
Table 2 below sets forth the cable construction. These cable
with an ultimate tensile stress of about 60 ksi (approximately
twice that of the copper). The 28 AWG Alloy 135 samples parameters were held constant while the braid angle was
increased the average peak force to 9.0-9.3 lbf with 8.4- 45
varied. The cables were tested for tensile properties according
10.7% elongation (samples 5 and 6). The HS.95 and CS95 are to the tensile test set forth above. The results of the tests are
similar alloys of beryllium and copper with ultimate tensile also set forth in Table 3.
stress of about 90 ksi (approximately triple that of copper).
HS95 and CS95 increased the peak force to 14.5-15.0 lb with
7.9-9.4% elongation (samples 7 and 8). The higher strength 50
TABLE 2
alloys (samples 5-8) have about 40% less elongation to failure
than copper. By adding tape reinforcement to the high Braid Example Cable Definitions
strength alloy conductors, tensile strength could be increased
by an additional 10 lb. and elongation could be increased by 55
Semi
100% compared to the raw alloy (samples 9-15). Con
Center ductive
The 22 AWG copper conductor (sample 1) average flex life Conductor Dielectric Layer Shield Binder Jacket
was observed to be 141 cycles. The 28 AWG copper conduc
tor (sample 3) had an average flex life of 21 cycles. By using 60 AWG Foamed PE, AWG 38 (1) 0.002" Nom. 0.065"
28 AWG 60 ksi and 90 ksi alloy conductors, average flex life 28 (7/36) PE, Diameter: TPC Braid, Wall Nom.
increased to 74-99 and 400-413 cycles respectively (samples Bare Diameter: 0.165" 16 Carrier, 8 Conductive Wall
5-8). The 28 AWG 90 ksi alloy conductors (samples 7 and 8) Copper O.161' Nom. Ends, (see ePTFE PVC
exhibit an average flex life about 20 times that of 28 AWG Soft Nom. Table 5.1 for
copper (samples 3 and 4) almost 3 times that of 22 AWG 65 temper angle)
copper (sample 1), and almost 5 times that of 24 AWG copper
(sample 2). By adding various forms of tape reinforcement to
US 7,700,872 B2
13 14
TABLE 3
Braid Example Tensile Results
Center Relative Cable Cable
Conductor Stress Strain Force
Cross- Braid at at Chord
Sample Sectional Area Angle Failure Failure Modulus Failure Failure
Number (10 “in?) (Degrees) (ksi) (%) (ksi) (Ibf) Mode
3580 2 S1 1.374 38.8 157 18.7 763 21.6 Center
Conductor
3580 2 S2 1.374 20.8 S84 48.0 1,187 80.3 Center
Conductor
358O 2 S3 1.374 9.6 615 44.9 1,339 846 Shield
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Table 3 shows the cable force and extension where conti C. Working Examples of the Inventive Cable
nuity was lost for the three different braid angles. Also noted Cables according to the present invention were made with
on this chart is the failure mode which describes the first
various constructions as shown in Table 4 below. The dielec
mechanical component of the system to experience tensile
failure. The center conductor in Sample 3580 2 S1 fails at a tric, semi-conductive layer and jacket were held constant and
significantly lower force and extension than the braid. This are the same as defined in Table 2. For each construction, the
translates into a significantly lower force at failure compared shield (14) is a braid made with AWG 38(1) tin-plated copper
to the other two samples. As the braid angle is decreased in wire. An average braid diameter (D) of approximately
samples 2 and 3 respectively, the relative stress increases and 25 0.173 inches was constructed for each example. The shield
the chord modulus increases as the braid contributes tensile
strength at a faster rate as a function of strain (FIG. 5). This effective inner diameter for each example is approximately
preserves the center conductor and results in a higher cable 0.171 inches. All of the center conductors are AWG 28(736),
force at failure (FIG. 6). This learning can be translated to having an effective outer diameter of approximately 0.0142
other cable constructions by controlling braid angle. inches to achieve low capacitance values.
TABLE 4
Working Examples Description
Braided Shield Parameters (FIG.3
TABLE 6.1