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4 Ofdma CP H
4 Ofdma CP H
Abstract—In this work, a self-sustainable transmission ap- power sensitivities (i.e. -60dbm for information transfer and -
proach for orthogonal frequency division multiple access 10dbm for power transfer). Further, a dynamic power splitting
(OFDMA) receiver is considered, to extend the battery life of approach [3] at receiver with two cases, time switching and
the receiver. This is achieved by exploiting the redundant part
of OFDMA block structure, that is, cyclic prefix (CP). The self- power splitting, is given where received signal is divided into
sustainability level is analyzed by considering the effect of power two streams with different power levels, one for information
budget at the transmitter, the power consumed by the receiver, decoding and other for energy harvesting purposes. In [5],
distance-dependent path loss and shadowing. It is shown that how two receiver architectures, one is separated and other one is
the number of users within a cell affects the self-sustainability integrated, are given and analysis of the rate-energy region is
performance. Simulations prove that it is possible to have a fully
self-sustainable transmission under certain conditions (depending done. In energy receiver, RF to DC conversion is done using
upon the cell radius and the number of users). a rectifier.
Index Terms – Self-sustainable, Energy Harvesting, OFDMA. OFDMA block contains a redundant cyclic prefix (CP)
which is used to eliminate inter-block interference and inter-
I. I NTRODUCTION carrier interference (IBI and ICI, respectively) [6]. Conven-
tionally, it is simply removed at the receiver. However, if an
In wireless systems, power needed for signal processing energy harvesting unit is used to retrieve the CP at the receiver
of received signal is provided by battery and, the life of the and extract energy from it, then spectral efficiency loss at
battery restricts the receiver performance. One way of solving transmitter can be exploited as an advantage for receiver in
this problem is, we can increase the size of battery, but by terms of power [7]. By this way, the receiver can get informa-
this, the device portability and its market value reduce. As, tion and power from the same OFDMA transmission. Under
this is not a practical solution, so some newer techniques certain conditions, even fully self-sustainable transmission can
have become popular to get, the more sustainable battery. One be achieved. Here in this approach, time switching or power
of the most popular approaches is to use energy harvesting splitting at receiver front-end need not to apply as was needed
circuits at receiver which are capable of scavenging energy for the dynamic power splitting approach. So, now we don’t
from vibrations, light, heat and so on. have any need to calculate power/time splitting ratio depending
In wireless communication, mainly RF signals are used for upon its state to maximize the amount of the information
transmitting information. A possible way of increasing receiver and/or the amount of energy transferred to the receiver using
battery is to extract energy from these RF signals and use it algorithms. In OFDM transmission, once CP position in every
for powering mobile electronics and sensor networks. At first, OFDM block is obtained using timing synchronization at the
Varshney [1] gave the idea of simultaneous transmission of frame level, there will be no need of further synchronization.
energy and information in a wireless system in which trade-
off between reliable information and energy over a noisy line II. E NERGY H ARVESTING R ECEIVER
for wireless sensor networks, RFID systems and multi-antenna
systems were studied. A coding theorem and capacity-energy Assume, a down-link system with M user terminals (UT)
function was given. A non-trivial tradeoff for the energy and each having only one antenna and an access point (AP).
the information transfer for the frequency-selective channels Communication can be in frequency division or time division
with AWGN is proposed [2]. duplexing i.e. any duplexing mode can be used. Consider
Wireless information and power transfer in the presence of a frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel vector hi =
co-channel interference was studied in [3], [4]. In this, it was [hi,0 , ..., hi,l ] of l + 1 independent and identically distributed
shown that interference which is an undesired factor, can be taps, for i ∈ [1, M ], hi ∼ CN (0, Il+1 /(l + 1)).
used for energy harvesting. In practical circuits, if we are Let N be the set of sub-carriers with Si sub-carriers are
extracting energy then it is not possible to decode the in- allocated to ith UT, Si ⊂ N and size of CP be L. So in time
formation simultaneously. Receiver design must be optimized domain, every OFDMA block contains N + L samples.
for wireless power transfer as, at the receiver, wireless power Let the input vector (information symbols) be s =
transfer and wireless information transfer occur at different [s1 , ...sN ]> ∼ CN (0, P) at the AP. P = d(p) = E[ssH ] ∈
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represents the lowest value of the maximum equivalent channel
gain so that we can find a feasible CP size. In particular, if
we want a higher value of δ, then we will need a larger value
M
||gj,i ||2 in order to find a feasible CP length.
P
of max
i∈[1,N ] j=1
And one more conclusion can be made, as we increase
the number of users (M ), feasibility of the self-sustainability
decreases because of an increase in the lower bound of max
equivalent channel gain.
III. SIMULATIONS
According to the OFDM configuration
9 for1 the LTE downlink
[9], let N ∈ {128, 256} and L ∈ [ 128 , 4 ]N . Here, we are
assuming frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel vectors
of size l + 1 taps. As we need an AP which maximizes the
down-link rate, we will consider the case l = L because L
should be greater than l to remove ICI and IBI, and also
assume a perfect synchronization is achieved at the receiver.
At UT, the efficiency of the energy harvester element also
contributes, let take it as β = 0.5.
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Fig. 4. Self-sustainability level with path loss and shadowing, M = 6, N =
128, cell radius = 4 km Fig. 6. Self-sustainability level as cell radius increases, for M = 4, N = 128
R EFERENCES
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IV. C ONCLUSION ite approach to self-sustainable transmissions: Rethinking OFDM,” IEEE
In this paper, we discussed the energy harvesting OFDMA Transactions on Communications, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 3904–3917, Nov
2014.
receiver which exploits CP to extract power and gives a [8] T. S. Motzkin, “Beitrge zur theorie der linearen ungleichungen,” IEEE
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