Blu

Blu-ray Disc
Blu-ray Disc
Media type High-density optical disc
Encoding MPEG-2, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and

VC-1
Capacity 25 GB (single-layer)
50 GB (dual-layer)
100/128 GB (BDXL)
Block size 64 kb ECC
Read mechanism 405 nm laser:

1× @ 36 Mbit/s (4.5 MByte/s)
Developed by Sony
Blu-ray Disc Association[1]
Usage Data storage

1080p High-definition video High-
definition audio
stereoscopic 3D
Future possibility:
Quad HD
2160p
Ultra HD
Blu-ray Disc (official abbreviation BD) is a high definition media format designed to supersede
the DVD format. The format defines as its standard physical media an 5-inch (same as DVDs
and CDs), 25 GB per-layer optical disc, being dual layer discs (50 GB) the norm for feature-
length video discs, and the addition of more layers left open as a future possibility.
The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the "blue laser" used to read the disc, which allows for five
times more storage than on a DVD.
Blu-ray Disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of
consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. As of June 2009, more than
1,500 Blu-ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom, with 2,500 in the
United States and Canada.[2] In Japan as of July 2010 more than 3,300 titles were released.[3]
During the high definition optical disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD
format. Toshiba, the main company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008,[4]
releasing their own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009.[5]
Contents
[hide]
• 1 History
○ 1.1 Origins
○ 1.2 Launch and sales developments
○ 1.3 Competition from HD DVD
○ 1.4 End of the format war and future prospects
• 2 Physical media
○ 2.1 Laser and optics
○ 2.2 Hard-coating technology
○ 2.3 Recording speed
○ 2.4 Variants
 2.4.1 Mini Blu-ray Disc
 2.4.2 Blu-ray Disc recordable
 2.4.3 BD9 and BD5
 2.4.4 BDXL
 2.4.5 IH-BD
• 3 Software standards
○ 3.1 Filesystem
○ 3.2 Directory and file structure
○ 3.3 Media format
 3.3.1 Container format
 3.3.2 Codecs
 3.3.2.1 Video
 3.3.2.2 Audio
 3.3.3 Bit rate
○ 3.4 Application format
○ 3.5 Java software support
○ 3.6 Player profiles
 3.6.1 BD-Live
○ 3.7 Region codes
○ 3.8 Digital rights management
 3.8.1 HDCP
 3.8.2 AACS
 3.8.3 BD+
 3.8.4 BD-ROM Mark
• 4 Backward compatibility
• 5 Ongoing development
○ 5.1 Blu-ray 3D
• 6 Variants
○ 6.1 AVCHD
○ 6.2 AVCREC
• 7 Criticism
• 8 See also
• 9 References
• 10 External links
[edit] History
Optical discs
• Optical disc
• Optical disc drive
• Optical disc authoring
• Authoring software
• Recording technologies
○ Recording modes
○ Packet writing
Optical media types
• Blu-ray Disc (BD): BD-R, BD-RE
• DVD: DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-R DL, DVD+R DL,

DVD-R DS, DVD+R DS, DVD-RW, DVD+RW,
DVD-RAM, DVD-D, HVD, EcoDisc
• Compact Disc (CD): Red Book, CD-ROM, CD-R,

CD-RW, 5.1 Music Disc, SACD, PhotoCD, CD
Video (CDV), Video CD (VCD), SVCD, CD+G,
CD-Text, CD-ROM XA, CD-i
• Universal Media Disc (UMD)
• Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)
• Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)
• Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
• China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)
• HD DVD: HD DVD-R, HD DVD-RW, HD DVD-

RAM
• High definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD

VMD)
• VCDHD
• GD-ROM
• MiniDisc (MD) (Hi-MD)
• Laserdisc (LD)
• Video Single Disc (VSD)
• Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
• Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)
• Five dimensional discs (5D DVD)
• Nintendo optical disc (NOD)
Standards
• Rainbow Books
• File systems
○ ISO 9660
 Joliet
 Rock Ridge / SUSP
 El Torito
 Apple ISO 9660 Extensions
○ Universal Disk Format (UDF)
 Mount Rainier
See also
• History of optical storage media
• High definition optical disc format war
This box: view • talk • edit

A blank rewritable Blu-ray Disc (BD-RE).
Commercial HDTV sets began to appear in the consumer market around 1998, but there was no
commonly accepted, inexpensive way to record or play HD content. In fact, there was no
medium with the storage required to accommodate HD codecs, except for JVC's Digital VHS
and Sony's HDCAM.[6] Nevertheless, it was well known that using lasers with shorter
wavelengths would enable optical storage with higher density. Shuji Nakamura invented the
practical blue laser diode; it was a sensation among the computer storage-medium community,
although a lengthy patent lawsuit delayed commercial introduction.[7]
[edit] Origins
Sony/Philips started two projects applying the new diodes: UDO (Ultra Density Optical), and
DVR Blue (together with Pioneer), a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become
Blu-ray Disc (more specifically, BD-RE).[8] The core technologies of the formats are essentially
similar.
The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000.[9] A
trademark for the "Blue Disc" logo was filed February 9, 2001.[10] On February 19, 2002, the
project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc,[11][12] and Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded
by the nine initial members.
The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10, 2003: the Sony BDZ-S77, a US$3,800
BD-RE recorder that was made available only in Japan.[13] But there was no standard for
prerecorded video, and no movies were released for this player.
Hollywood studios insisted that players be equipped with Digital Rights Management before
they would release movies for the new format, and they wanted a new DRM system that would
be more secure than the failed Content Scramble System (CSS) used on DVDs.
On October 4, 2004, the Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc
Association (BDA), and 20th Century Fox joined the BDA's Board of Directors.[14]
The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004.[15]
In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray
Discs.[16] Cartridges, originally used for scratch protection, were no longer necessary and were
scrapped.
The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006.[17]
AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004,[18] had been developing the DRM platform that could
be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was
delayed,[19] and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray Disc group voiced
concerns.[20] At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers, including Toshiba, Pioneer, and
Samsung, an interim standard was published that did not include some features, such as managed
copy.[21]
[edit] Launch and sales developments
The first BD-ROM players were shipped in mid-June 2006, though HD DVD players beat them
to market by a few months.[22][23]
The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released on June 20, 2006: 50 First Dates, The Fifth Element,
Hitch, House of Flying Daggers, Underworld: Evolution, xXx (all Sony), and MGM's The
Terminator.[24] The earliest releases used MPEG-2 video compression, the same method used on
standard DVDs. The first releases using the newer VC-1 and AVC codecs were introduced in
September 2006.[25] The first movies using 50 GB dual-layer discs were introduced in October
2006.[26] The first audio-only release was made in March 2008.[27]
The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, released by
Sony on July 18, 2006.[28] It recorded both single and dual-layer BD-Rs as well as BD-REs and
had a suggested retail price of US $699.
[edit] Competition from HD DVD
Main article: High definition optical disc format war
The DVD Forum, chaired by Toshiba, was split over whether to develop the more expensive
blue laser technology. In March 2002, the forum approved a proposal endorsed by Warner Bros.
and other motion picture studios that involved compressing HD content onto dual-layer standard
DVD-9 discs.[29][30] In spite of this decision, however, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee
announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition solution. In August,
Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard, Advanced Optical Disc.[31] It was finally
adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed HD DVD the next year,[32] after being voted down
twice by DVD Forum members who were also Blu-ray Disc Association members — a situation
that drew preliminary investigations by the U.S. Department of Justice.[33][34]
HD DVD had a head start in the high-definition video market, as Blu-ray Disc sales were slow to
gain market share. The first Blu-ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and
there were few titles available.[35]
The appearance of the Sony PlayStation 3, which contained a Blu-ray Disc player for primary
storage, helped turn the tide.[36] Sony also ran a more thorough and influential marketing
campaign for the format.[37] 2006 also saw the launch of AVCHD camcorders, whose recordings
can be played back on many Blu-ray Disc players without re-encoding, but not on HD DVD
players.
By January 2007, Blu-ray Discs had outsold HD DVDs,[38] and during the first three quarters of
2007, BD outsold HD DVDs by about two to one. At CES 2007, Warner proposed Total Hi Def
—a hybrid disc containing Blu-ray on one side and HD DVD on the other, but it was never
released.
In a June 28, 2007 press release, Twentieth Century Fox cited Blu-ray Disc's adoption of the
BD+ anticopying system as key to their decision to support the Blu-ray Disc format.[39][40]
In February 2008, Toshiba withdrew its support for the HD DVD format, conceding victory to
Blu-ray Disc.[41]
[edit] End of the format war and future prospects
On January 4, 2008, a day before CES 2008, Warner Bros. (the only major studio still releasing
movies in both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc format) announced that it would release only in Blu-
ray Disc after May 2008. This effectively included other studios that came under the Warner
umbrella, such as New Line Cinema and HBO—though in Europe, HBO distribution partner, the
BBC, announced it would, while keeping an eye on market forces, continue to release product on
both formats. This led to a chain reaction in the industry, with major U.S. retailers such as Best
Buy, Wal-Mart, and Circuit City and Canadian chains such as Future Shop dropping HD DVD in
their stores. A former major European retailer, Woolworths, dropped HD DVD from its
inventory.[citation needed] Netflix and Blockbuster—major DVD rental companies—said they would
no longer carry HD DVDs. Following these new developments, on February 19, 2008, Toshiba
announced it would end production of HD DVD devices,[42] allowing Blu-ray Disc to become the
industry standard for high-density optical discs. Universal Studios, the sole major movie studio
to back HD DVD since its inception, said shortly after Toshiba's announcement, "While
Universal values the close partnership we have shared with Toshiba, it is time to turn our focus
to releasing new and catalog titles on Blu-ray Disc."[43] Paramount Studios, which started
releasing movies only in HD DVD format during late 2007, also said it would start releasing in
Blu-ray Disc. Both studios announced initial Blu-ray lineups in May 2008. With this, all major
Hollywood studios now support Blu-ray.[44]
According to Adams Media Research, high-definition software sales were slower in the first two
years than DVD software sales.[45] 16.3 million DVD software units were sold in the first two
years (1997–98) compared to 8.3 million high-definition software units (2006–07).[45][46] One
reason given for this difference was the smaller marketplace (26.5 million HDTVs in 2007
compared to 100 million SDTVs in 1998).[45][46] Former HD DVD supporter Microsoft has stated
that they are not planning to make a Blu-ray Disc drive for the Xbox 360.[47]
Blu-ray Disc began making serious strides as soon as the format war ended. Nielsen VideoScan
sales numbers showed that with some titles, such as 20th Century Fox's Hitman, up to 14% of
total disc sales were from Blu-ray, although the average for the first half of the year was around
5%. Shortly after the format war ended, a study by The NPD Group found that awareness of Blu-
ray Disc had reached 60% of U.S. households. In December 2008, the Blu-ray Disc of The Dark
Knight sold 600,000 copies on the first day of its launch in the United States, Canada, and the
United Kingdom.[48] A week after launch, The Dark Knight BD had sold over 1.7 million copies
worldwide, making it the first Blu-ray Disc title to sell over a million copies in the first week of
release.[49]
According to Singulus Technologies AG, Blu-ray is being adopted faster than the DVD format
was at a similar period in its development. This conclusion was based on the fact that Singulus
Technologies has received orders for 21 Blu-ray dual-layer machines during the first quarter of
2008, while 17 DVD machines of this type were made in the same period in 1997.[50] And the
other key equipment supplier for optical disc Anwell Technologies Limited had shipped its Blu-
ray Disc production equipment to Frankfurt for the largest trade show in the world — MEDIA-
TECH Expo in May 2008 and they received new order for the Blu-ray production line also.[51]
According to GfK Retail and Technology, in the first week of November 2008, sales of Blu-ray
recorders surpassed DVD recorders in Japan.[52] According to the Digital Entertainment Group,
the total number of Blu-ray Disc playback devices (both set-top box and game console) had
reached 17.3 millions by the end of 2009.[53] According to Swicker & Associates, Blu-ray Disc
software sales in the United States and Canada were 1.2 millions in 2006, 19.2 millions in 2007,
82.4 millions in 2008, and 177.2 millions in 2009.[53] Some commentators have suggested that
renting Blu-ray will play a vital part in keeping the technology affordable while allowing it to
move forward.[54] In an effort to increase sales, studios are releasing movies in combo packs with
Blu-ray Discs and DVDs as well as "digital copies" which can be played on computers and
iPods. Some are released on "flipper" discs with Blu-ray on one side and DVD on the other.
Other strategies are to release movies with the special features only on Blu-ray Discs and none
on DVDs.
Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand[55] and from new technologies that allow access
to movies on any format or device, such as Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem or Disney's
Keychest.[56]
[edit] Physical media
Physical
Type Single layer capacity Dual layer capacity
size
Standard disc 25 GB / 23866 MiB / 50 GB / 47732 MiB /
12 cm
size 25025314816 B 50050629632 B
7.8 GB / 7430 MiB / 15.6 GB / 14860 MiB /
Mini disc size 8 cm
7791181824 B 15582363648 B
[edit] Laser and optics
While a DVD uses a 650-nanometer red laser, Blu-ray Disc uses a 405 nm "blue" laser. This
shorter wavelength allows for over five times more data storage per layer than allowed by a
DVD. Note that even though the laser is called "blue", it is actually close to black light.
The diodes are GaN (gallium nitride) lasers that produce 405 nm photons directly, that is,
without frequency doubling or other nonlinear optical mechanisms.[57] Conventional DVDs and
CDs use red and near-infrared lasers, at 650 nm and 780 nm, respectively.
Panasonic Internal Blu-ray ROM notebook drive

The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction, and depends
on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. By
decreasing the wavelength, increasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85, and making the
cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, the laser beam can be focused to a smaller
spot, which effectively allows more information to be stored in the same area.
For Blu-ray Disc, the spot size is 580 nm. In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs
feature improvements in data encoding that further increase the capacity[citation needed]. (See
Compact Disc for information on optical discs' physical structure.)
[edit] Hard-coating technology
Since the Blu-ray Disc data layer is closer to the surface of the disc compared to the DVD
standard, it was at first more vulnerable to scratches.[58] The first discs were housed in cartridges
for protection, resembling Professional Discs introduced by Sony in 2003.
Using a cartridge would increase the price of an already expensive medium, so hard-coating of
the pickup surface was chosen instead. TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch-
protection coating for Blu-ray Discs. It was named Durabis. In addition, both Sony and
Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable
media are spin-coated, using a scratch-resistant and antistatic coating. Verbatim's recordable and
rewritable Blu-ray Discs use their own proprietary hard-coat technology, called ScratchGuard.
Blu-ray Disc specification allows the use of such a layer to meet the required scratch resistance.
[59]
DVD media are not required to be scratch-resistant, but since development of the technology,
some companies, such as Verbatim, implemented hard-coating for more expensive lineups of
recordable DVDs.
[edit] Recording speed
Data rate Theoretical Write time for Blu-ray Disc (minutes)
Drive speed
Mbit/s MB/s Single-Layer Dual-Layer
1× 36 4.5 90 180
2× 72 9 45 90
4× 144 18 22.5 45
6× 216 27 15 30
8× 288 36 11.25 22.5
10× 360 45 9 18
12×[60] 432 54 7.5 15
[edit] Variants
[edit] Mini Blu-ray Disc
The "Mini Blu-ray Disc" (also, "Mini-BD" and "Mini Blu-ray") is a compact 8 cm (~3 in)-
diameter variant of the Blu-ray Disc that can store approximately 7.5 GB of data. It is similar in
concept to the MiniDVD and MiniCD. Recordable (BD-R) and rewritable (BD-RE) versions of
Mini Blu-ray Disc have been developed specifically for compact camcorders and other compact
recording devices.[61]
[edit] Blu-ray Disc recordable
Main article: Blu-ray Disc recordable
"Blu-ray Disc recordable" refers to two optical disc formats that can be recorded with an optical
disc recorder. BD-Rs can be written to once, whereas BD-REs can be erased and re-recorded
multiple times. The current practical maximum speed for Blu-ray Discs is about 12×. Higher
speeds of rotation (10,000+ rpm) cause too much wobble for the discs to be read properly, as
with the 20× and 52× maximum speeds, respectively, of standard DVDs and CDs.
Since September 2007, BD-RE is also available in the smaller 8 cm Mini Blu-ray Disc size.[61][62]
On September 18, 2007, Pioneer and Mitsubishi codeveloped BD-R LTH ("Low to High" in
groove recording), which features an organic dye recording layer that can be manufactured by
modifying existing CD-R and DVD-R production equipment, significantly reducing
manufacturing costs.[63] In February 2008, Taiyo Yuden, Mitsubishi, and Maxell released the first
BD-R LTH Discs,[64] and in March 2008, Sony's PlayStation 3 gained official support for BD-R
LTH Discs with the 2.20 firmware update.[65] In May 2009 Verbatim/Mitsubishi announced the
industry's first 6X BD-R LTH media, which allows recording a 25 GB disc in about 16 minutes.
[66]
Unlike the previous releases of 120 mm optical discs (i.e., CDs and standard DVDs), Blu-ray
recorders hit the market almost simultaneously with Blu-ray's debut.
[edit] BD9 and BD5
The BD9 format was proposed to the Blu-ray Disc Association by Warner Home Video as a
cost-effective alternative to the 25/50 GB BD-ROM discs. The format was supposed to use the
same codecs and program structure as Blu-ray Disc video, but recorded onto less expensive
8.5 GB dual-layer DVD. This red-laser media could be manufactured on existing DVD
production lines with lower costs of production than the 25/50 GB Blu-ray media.[67]
Usage of BD9 for releasing content on "pressed" discs has never caught on. After the end of the
format war, major producers ramped up the production of Blu-ray Discs and lowered their prices
to the level of DVDs. On the other hand, the idea of using inexpensive DVD media became
popular among individual users. A lower-capacity version of this format that uses single-layer
4.7 GB DVDs has been unofficially called BD5. Both formats are being used by individual users
for recording high definition content in Blu-ray format onto recordable DVD media.[68][69]
Despite the fact that the BD9 format has been adopted as part of the BD-ROM basic format,
none of the existing Blu-ray player models supports it explicitly. As such, the discs recorded in
BD9 and BD5 formats are not guaranteed to play on standard Blu-ray Disc players.
AVCHD and AVCREC also use inexpensive media like DVDs, but unlike BD9 and BD5 these
formats have limited interactivity, codec types, and data rates.
[edit] BDXL
The BDXL format supports 100GB and 128GB write-once discs[70][71] and 100GB rewritable
discs for commercial applications. It was defined in June 2010.
BD-R 3.0 Format Specification (BDXL) defined a multi-layered recordable in BDAV format
with the speed of 2X and 4X, capable of 100/128GB and usage of UDF2.5/2.6.[72]
BD-RE 4.0 Format Specification (BDXL) defined a multi-layered rewritable in BDAV with the
speed of 2X and 4X, capable of 100GB and usage of UDF2.5 as file system.[73]
[edit] IH-BD
The IH-BD (Intra-Hybrid Blu-Ray) format includes a 25GB write-once layer (BD-R) and a
25GB read-only layer (BD-ROM), designed to work with existing Blu-Ray Discs.[70][71]
[edit] Software standards
[edit] Filesystem
Blu-ray Disc specifies the use of Universal Disk Format (UDF) 2.5 as a convergent friendly
format for both PC and consumer electronics environments.[74] It is used in latest specifications of
BD-ROM, BD-RE and BD-R.[75][76][77]
In the first BD-RE specification (defined in 2002), the BDFS (Blu-ray Disc File System) was
used. The BD-RE 1.0 specification was defined mainly for broadcast recording of High
Definition TV. The BDFS was replaced by UDF 2.5 in the second BD-RE specification in 2005,
in order to enable interoperability among consumer electronics Blu-ray recorders and personal
computer systems. This enabled PC recording and playback of BD-RE.[77][78][79] BD-R can use
UDF 2.5/2.6.[80]
The Blu-ray Disc application (BDAV application) for recording of digital broadcasting has been
developed as System Description Blu-ray Rewritable Disc Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic
Specifications. The requirements related with file system have been specified in System
Description Blu-ray Rewritable Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0
(BDFS).[74]
Initially, the BD-RE version 1.0 (BDFS) was specifically developed for recording of digital
broadcasting using the Blu-ray Disc application (BDAV application). To support UDF, these
requirements are superseded by the Blu-ray Rewritable Disc File System Specifications version
2.0 (UDF) (a.k.a. RE 2.0) and Blu-ray Recordable Disc File System Specifications version 1.0
(UDF) (a.k.a. R 1.0). Additionally, a new application format, BDMV (System Description Blu-
ray Disc Prerecorded Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications) for High Definition
Content Distribution was developed for BD-ROM. The only file system developed for BDMV is
the System Description Blu-ray Read-Only Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications
version 1.0 (UDF) which defines the requirements for UDF 2.5.[74][77]
[edit] Directory and file structure
All BD-ROM application files are stored under a “BDMV” directory.[81][82][83][84]
• BDMV directory: contains the PLAYLIST, CLIPINF, STREAM, AUXDATA and
BACKUP directories.
○ PLAYLIST directory: contains the Database files for Movie PlayLists.
 xxxxx.mpls files: store information corresponding to Movie PlayLists.
One file is created for each Movie PlayList. The filenames of these files
are in the form “xxxxx.mpls”, where “xxxxx” is a 5-digit number
corresponding to the Movie PlayList.
○ CLIPINF directory: contains the Database files for Clips.
 zzzzz.clpi files: store Clip information associated with a Clip AV stream
file. The filenames of these files are in the form “zzzzz.clpi”, where
“zzzzz” is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Clip.
○ STREAM directory: contains AV stream files.
 zzzzz.m2ts file: contains a BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream. The names
of these files are in the form “zzzzz.m2ts”, where “zzzzz” is a 5-digit
number corresponding to the Clip. The same 5-digit number “zzzzz” is
used for an AV stream file and its associated Clip information file.
 SSIF directory: If used, Stereoscopic Interleaved files shall be placed
under this directory.
 zzzzz.ssif file: is a Stereoscopic Interleaved file that is composed
from two BDAV MPEG-2 transport streams. Both of the streams
include an MPEG-4 MVC view video stream for left eye or right
eye respectively. This file is used only when 3D video is played
back. The 5-digit number “zzzzz” is the same as the number used
for the AV stream file “zzzzz.m2ts” that includes the MPEG-4
MVC Base view video stream.
○ AUXDATA directory: contains Sound data files and Font files.
 sound.bdmv file: stores data relating to one or more sounds associated
with HDMV Interactive Graphic streams applications. This file may or
may not exist under the AUXDATA directory. If it exists, there shall be
only one sound.bdmv file.
 aaaaa.otf file: stores the font information associated with Text subtitle
applications. The names of these files are in the form “aaaaa.otf”, where
“aaaaa” is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Font.
○ BACKUP directory: contains copies of the "index.bdmv” file, the
“MovieObject.bdmv” file, all the files in the PLAYLIST directory and all files in
the CLIPINF directory.
○ index.bdmv file: stores information describing the contents of the BDMV
directory. There is only one index.bdmv file under the BDMV directory.
○ MovieObject.bdmv file: stores information for one or more Movie Objects. There
is only one MovieObject.bdmv under the BDMV directory.
[edit] Media format
[edit] Container format
Audio, video and other streams are multiplexed and stored on Blu-ray Discs in a container
format based on the MPEG transport stream. It is also known as BDAV MPEG-2 transport
stream and can use filename extension .m2ts.[81][85] Blu-ray Disc titles authored with menu
support are in the BDMV (Blu-ray Disc Movie) format and contain audio, video, and other
streams in BDAV container.[86][87] There is also the BDAV (Blu-ray Disc Audio/Visual) format,
the consumer oriented alternative to the BDMV format used for movie releases. The BDAV
format is used on BD-REs and BD-Rs for audio/video recording.[87] BDMV format was later
defined also for BD-RE and BD-R (in September 2006, in the third revision of BD-RE
specification and second revision of BD-R specification).[75][76] Blu-ray Disc employs the MPEG
transport stream recording method. That enables transport streams of digital broadcasts to be
recorded as they are without altering the format.[88] It also enables flexible editing of a digital
broadcast that is recorded as is and where the data can be edited just by rewriting the playback
stream. Although it is quite natural, a function for high-speed and easy-to use retrieval is built in.
[88][89]
Blu-ray Disc Video use MPEG transport streams, compared to DVD's MPEG program
streams. This allows multiple video programs to be stored in the same file so they can be played
back simultaneously (e.g., with "Picture in picture" effect).
[edit] Codecs
The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders
(players) and movie software (content).[85][90]
[edit] Video
High-definition video may be stored on BD-ROMs with up to 1920×1080 pixel resolution at up
to 59.94 fields per second, if interlaced. Alternatively, progressive scan can go up to 1920×1080
pixel resolution at 24 frames per second, or up to 1280x720 at up to 59.94 frames per second:[91]
Resolution Frame rate1 Aspect ratio Video format restrictions
1920×1080 59.94-i 16:9 2D encodes only
1920×1080 50-i 16:9 2D encodes only
1920×1080 24-p 16:9
1920×1080 23.976-p 16:9
1440×1080 59.94-i 16:9 (anamorphic) MPEG-4 AVC / SMPTE VC-1 only
1440×1080 50-i 16:9 (anamorphic) MPEG-4 AVC / SMPTE VC-1 only
1440×1080 24-p 16:9 (anamorphic) MPEG-4 AVC / SMPTE VC-1 only
1440×1080 23.976-p 16:9 (anamorphic) MPEG-4 AVC / SMPTE VC-1 only
1280×720 59.94-p 16:9
1280×720 50-p 16:9
1280×720 24-p 16:9
1280×720 23.976-p 16:9
720×480 59.94-i 4:3/16:9 (anamorphic)
720×576 50-i 4:3/16:9 (anamorphic)
Notes: 1 The interlaced (i) frame rates are marked as fields per second while progressive (p)
frame rates are in frames per second.
For video, all players are required to support MPEG-2 Part 2, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and SMPTE
VC-1.[92] MPEG-2 is the codec used on regular DVDs, which allows backwards compatibility.
MPEG-4 AVC was developed by MPEG, Sony, and VCEG. VC-1 is a codec that was mainly
developed by Microsoft. BD-ROM titles with video must store video using one of the three
mandatory codecs; multiple codecs on a single title are allowed.
The choice of codecs affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs as well as the title's maximum
run time, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 video
typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer
(25 GB) BD-ROM. The more-advanced video codecs (VC-1 and MPEG-4 AVC) typically
achieve a video run time twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality.
MPEG-2 was used by many studios (including Paramount Pictures, which initially used the VC-
1 codec for HD DVD releases) for the first series of Blu-ray Discs, which were launched
throughout 2006.[93] Modern releases are now often encoded in either MPEG-4 AVC or VC-1,
allowing film studios to place all content on one disc, reducing costs and improving ease of use.
Using these codecs also frees a lot of space for storage of bonus content in HD (1080i/p), as
opposed to the SD (480i/p) typically used for most titles. Some studios, such as Warner Bros.,
have released bonus content on discs encoded in a different codec than the main feature title. For
example, the Blu-ray Disc release of Superman Returns uses VC-1 for the feature film and
MPEG-2 for bonus content.[citation needed] Today, Warner and other studios typically provide bonus
content in the video codec that matches the feature.
[edit] Audio
For audio, BD-ROM players are required to support Dolby Digital (AC-3), DTS, and linear
PCM. Players may optionally support Dolby Digital Plus and DTS-HD High Resolution Audio
as well as lossless formats Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio.[94] BD-ROM titles must
use one of the mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if
present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.
Specification of BD-ROM Primary audio streams:[95]
Dolby Dolby DTS
Dolby DTS-HD DRA
LPCM Digital TrueHD digital DRA
Digital (Lossless) Extension
Plus (Lossless) surround
Max. 27.648 640 4.736 18.64 1.524 1.5
24.5 Mbit/s 3.0 Mbit/s
Bitrate Mbit/s kbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s Mbit/s
8(48 kHz, 8(48 kHz, 8(48 kHz,
Max.
96 kHz), 5.1 7.1 96 kHz), 5.1 96 kHz), 5.1 7.1
Channel
6(192 kHz) 6(192 kHz) 6(192 kHz)
Bits/sample 16, 20, 24 16-24 16-24 16-24 16, 20, 24 16-24 16 16
48 kHz, 48 kHz, 48 kHz,
Sample 48 kHz,
96 kHz, 48 kHz 48 kHz 96 kHz, 48 kHz 96 kHz, 48 kHz
frequency 96 kHz
192 kHz 192 kHz 192 kHz
[edit] Bit rate
For users recording digital television programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's initial
data rate of 36 Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts from any source
(IPTV, cable/satellite, or terrestrial). BD Video movies have a maximum data transfer rate of 54
Mbit/s, a maximum AV bitrate of 48 Mbit/s (for both audio and video data), and a maximum
video bit rate of 40 Mbit/s. This compares to HD DVD movies, which have a maximum data
transfer rate of 36 Mbit/s, a maximum AV bitrate of 30.24 Mbit/s, and a maximum video bitrate
of 29.4 Mbit/s.[96]
[edit] Application format
• BDAV or BD-AV (Blu-ray Disc Audio/Visual)[74][77][97][98] - a consumer-oriented Blu-ray
video format used for audio/video recording (defined in 2002)
• BDMV or BD-MV (Blu-ray Disc Movie)[74][75][76][77][98][99] - a Blu-ray video format with
menu support commonly used for movie releases
○ BDMV Recording specification - (defined in September 2006 for BD-RE and
BD-R).[76][100]
 RREF - (Realtime Recording and Editing Format) - a subset of BDMV
designed for realtime recording and editing applications[100]
[edit] Java software support
Main article: BD-J
At the 2005 JavaOne trade show, it was announced that Sun Microsystems' Java cross-platform
software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the
standard.[citation needed] Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to
the method used on DVD video discs. DVDs use pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable
subtitle pictures, which are considerably more primitive and rarely seamless. At the conference,
Java creator James Gosling suggested that the inclusion of a Java Virtual Machine, as well as
network connectivity in some BD devices, will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet,
adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional features not included on the
disc at pressing time.[citation needed] This Java Version is called BD-J and is a subset of the Globally
Executable MHP (GEM) standard; GEM is the worldwide version of the Multimedia Home
Platform standard. Most Blu-ray Discs that have BD-J menus do not allow a Blu-ray Disc player
to automatically resume a movie from the point at which it was stopped.[citation needed]
[edit] Player profiles
The BD-ROM specification defines four Blu-ray Disc player profiles, including an audio-only
player profile (BD-Audio) that does not require video decoding or BD-J. All three of the video-
based player profiles (BD-Video) are required to have a full implementation of BD-J, with
varying levels of hardware support.
BD-Video
BD-Audio [d]
Feature Grace Period Bonus View BD-Live[e]
[c]
Profile 3.0 Profile 1.0 Profile 1.1 Profile 2.0
Built-in
persistent No 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB
memory
Local
storage No Optional 256 MB 1 GB
capability[a]
Secondary
video
No Optional Mandatory Mandatory
decoder
(PiP)
Secondary
audio No Optional Mandatory Mandatory
decoder[b]
Virtual file
No Optional Mandatory Mandatory
system
Internet
connection No No No Mandatory
capability
^ a This is used for storing audio/video and title updates. It can either be built-in memory or removable media, such
as a memory card or USB flash memory.
^ b A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary.
^ c Profile 3.0 is a separate audio-only player profile. The first Blu-ray Disc album to be released was Divertimenti,
by record label Lindberg Lyd, and it has been confirmed to work on the PS3.[101][102]
^ d Also known as Initial Standard profile.
^ e Also known as Final Standard profile.
On November 1, 2007, the Grace Period Profile was superseded by Bonus View as the minimum
profile for new BD-Video players released to the market.[103] When Blu-ray Disc software not
authored with interactive features dependent on Bonus View or BD-Live hardware capabilities is
played on Profile 1.0 players, it is able to play the main feature of the disc, but some extra
features may not be available or will have limited capability.[104]
[edit] BD-Live
The biggest difference between Bonus View and BD-Live is that BD-Live requires the Blu-ray
Disc player to have an Internet connection to access Internet-based content. BD-Live features
have included automatic firmware updates, transmission of all usage data to the manufacturers
(including all Blu-ray Discs played), checking each time the device is switched on to see if it has
been tampered with and report the same, Internet chats, scheduled chats with the director,
Internet games, downloadable featurettes, downloadable quizzes, and downloadable movie
trailers.[105][106][107] Note that while some Bonus View players may have an Ethernet port, these are
used for firmware updates and are not used for Internet-based content.[citation needed] In addition,
Profile 2.0 also requires more local storage in order to handle this content.
With the exception of the latest players and the PlayStation 3, Profile 1.0 players cannot be
upgraded to be Bonus View or BD-Live compliant.[108][109][110]
[edit] Region codes
Regions for the Blu-ray standard:[111]

A/1: The Americas, and their dependencies, Japan, East Asia (except the People's Republic of
China and Mongolia), and Southeast Asia. B/2: Africa, Middle East, Southwest Asia, Europe
(except Belarus, Russia and Ukraine), Australia, New Zealand, and their dependencies. C/3:
Central Asia, East Asia (China and Mongolia only), South Asia, Eastern Europe, and their
dependencies.
As with the implementation of region codes for DVDs, Blu-ray Disc players sold in a specific
geographical region are designed to play only discs authorized by the content provider for that
region. This is intended to permit content providers (motion picture studios, etc.) the ability to
support product differences in content, price, release date, etc., by region. According to the Blu-
ray Disc Association, "all Blu-ray Disc players...(and) Blu-ray Disc-equipped computer systems
are required to support regional coding." However, "Use of region playback codes is optional for
content providers..."[112] Some current estimates suggest 70% of available [movie] Blu-ray Discs
from the major studios are region-code-free and can therefore be played on any Blu-ray Disc
player, in any region.[113]
Movie studios have different region coding policies. Among major U.S. studios, Paramount
Pictures and Universal Studios have released all of their titles region-free.[114][115] Sony Pictures
and Warner Bros. have released most of their titles region-free.[116][117][118] Lionsgate and Walt
Disney Pictures have released a mix of region-free and region-coded titles.[119][120] 20th Century
Fox and MGM have released most of their titles region-coded.[121][122]
The Blu-ray Disc region coding scheme divides the world into 3 regions, labeled A, B, and C.
• Region A includes most North, Central and South American and Southeast Asian
countries plus the Republic of China (Taiwan), Hong Kong, Japan and Korea.
• Region B includes most European, African and southwest Asian countries plus Australia
and New Zealand.
• Region C contains the remaining central and south Asian countries, as well as the
People's Republic of China and Russia.
In circumvention of region coding restrictions, stand-alone Blu-ray Disc players are sometimes
modified by third parties to allow for playback of Blu-ray Discs (and DVDs) with any region
code.[123] Instructions ('hacks') describing how to reset the Blu-ray region counter of computer
player applications to make them multi-region indefinitely are also regularly posted to video
enthusiast websites and forums. Unlike DVD region codes, Blu-ray region codes are verified
only by the player software, not by the optical drive's firmware.
[edit] Digital rights management
The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of digital rights management.[124][125]
The AACS decryption process.

[edit] HDCP
This section requires expansion.
Blu-ray equipment is encouraged to implement HDCP. Given certain flags in the media streams,
a Blu-ray Disc can enforce its reproduction in a lower resolution whenever a full HDCP-
compliant link isn't established all the way from the Blu-ray drive to the rendering devices (ie
display and speakers).[citation needed]
[edit] AACS
The Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for content distribution and digital
rights management. It was developed by AS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a
consortium that includes Disney, Intel, Microsoft, Panasonic, Warner Bros., IBM, Toshiba, and
Sony.
Since appearing in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format.
The first known attack relied on the trusted client problem. In addition, decryption keys have
been extracted from a weakly protected player (WinDVD). Since keys can be revoked in newer
releases,[126] this is only a temporary attack, and new keys must continually be discovered in
order to decrypt the latest discs. This cat-and-mouse game has gone through several cycles.
[edit] BD+
BD+ was developed by Cryptography Research Inc. and is based on their concept of Self-
Protecting Digital Content.[127] BD+, effectively a small virtual machine embedded in authorized
players, allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such
programs can:[124]
• examine the host environment to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed
playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory
footprints that identify their devices.
• verify that the player's keys have not been changed.
• execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system.
• transform the audio and video output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without
letting the BD+ program unscramble it.
If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially
release BD+ code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be
included in all new content releases.[128]
The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are available only to licensed device
manufacturers. A list of licensed commercial adopters is available from the BD+ website.
The first titles using BD+ were released in October 2007. Since November 2007, versions of
BD+ protection have been circumvented by various versions of the AnyDVD HD program.[129]
[130]
Other programs known to be capable of circumventing BD+ protection are DumpHD
(versions 0.6 and above, along with some supporting software),[131] MakeMKV,[132] and two
applications from DVDFab (Passkey and HD Decrypter[133]).
[edit] BD-ROM Mark
BD-ROM Mark is a small amount of cryptographic data that is stored separately from normal
Blu-ray Disc data. Bit-by-bit copies that do not replicate the BD-ROM Mark have no known
decoding method.[citation needed] A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the
ROM-mark into the media during replication. Through licensing of the special hardware
element, the BDA believes that it can eliminate the possibility of mass producing BD-ROMs
without authorization.[citation needed]
[edit] Backward compatibility
Though not compulsory, the Blu-ray Disc Association recommends that Blu-ray Disc drives be
capable of reading standard DVDs and CDs, for backward compatibility.[134] A few early Blu-ray
Disc players released in 2006 could play DVDs but not CDs.[135][136][137]
[edit] Ongoing development
Front of an experimental 200GB rewritable Blu-ray Disc.
Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue to work on
advancing the technology. Quad-layer (100 GB) discs have been demonstrated on a drive with
modified optics[138] and standard unaltered optics.[139] Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used
to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s video (HDTV) or 3 hours and 30 minutes of 64 Mbit/s video
(Cinema 4K). In August 2006, TDK announced that they have created a working experimental
Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200 GB of data on a single side, using six 33 GB data layers.[140]
Also, behind closed doors at CES 2007, Ritek revealed that they had successfully developed a
High Definition optical disc process that extends the disc capacity to ten layers, which increases
the capacity of the discs to 250 GB. However, they noted that the major obstacle is that current
read/write technology does not support the additional layers.[141]
JVC has developed a three-layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD
data and HD data on a BD/(standard) DVD combination. If successfully commercialized, this
would enable the consumer to purchase a disc that can be played on current DVD players and
can also reveal its HD version when played on a BD player.[142] Japanese optical disc
manufacturer Infinity announced the first "hybrid" Blu-ray Disc/(standard) DVD combo, to be
released February 18, 2009. "Code Blue" will feature four hybrid discs containing a single Blu-
ray Disc layer (25 GB) and two DVD layers (9 GB) on the same side of the disc.[143]
In January 2007, Hitachi showcased a 100 GB Blu-ray Disc, consisting of four layers containing
25 GB each.[144] Unlike TDK and Panasonic's 100 GB discs, they claim this disc is readable on
standard Blu-ray Disc drives that are currently in circulation, and it is believed that a firmware
update is the only requirement to make it readable to current players and drives.[145]
In December 2008, Pioneer Corporation unveiled a 400 GB Blu-ray Disc (containing 16 data
layers, 25 GB each) that will be compatible with current players after a firmware update. Its
planned launch is in the 2009–10 time frame for ROM and 2010–13 for rewritable discs.
Ongoing development is under way to create a 1 TB Blu-ray Disc as soon as 2013.[146]
At CES 2009, Panasonic unveiled the DMP-B15, the first portable Blu-ray Disc player, and
Sharp introduced the LC-BD60U and LC-BD80U series, the first LCD HDTVs with integrated
Blu-ray Disc players. Sharp has also announced that they will sell HDTVs with integrated Blu-
ray Disc recorders in the United States by the end of 2009.
As of April 2008[update][dated info], a joint licensing agreement for Blu-ray Disc has not yet been
finalized.[147] A joint licensing agreement would make it easier for companies to get a license for
Blu-ray Disc without having to go to each individual company that owns a Blu-ray Disc patent.
For this reason, a joint licensing agreement was eventually made for DVD by the DVD6C
Licensing Agency.[148]
On Jan. 1, 2010, Sony, in association with Panasonic, announced plans to increase the storage
capacity on their Blu-ray Discs from 25GB to 33.4 GB via a technology called i-MLSE
(Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation). The higher-capacity discs, according to Sony, will
be readable on current Blu-ray Disc players with a firmware upgrade. No date has been set to
include the increased space, but according to Blu-ray.com "it will likely happen sometime later
this year."[149]
On July 20, 2010, the research team of Sony and Japanese Tohoku University announced the
joint development of a blue-violet laser,[150] which will help in creating Blu-ray discs with a
capacity of 1 TB (dual layer).
[edit] Blu-ray 3D
Blu-ray 3D logo.
The Blu-ray Disc Association created a task force made up of executives from the film industry
and the consumer electronics and IT sectors to help define standards for putting 3D film and 3D
television content on a Blu-ray Disc.[151] On Dec. 17, 2009 the BDA officially announced 3D
specs for Blu-ray Disc, allowing backward compatibility with current 2D Blu-ray players.[152]
"The Blu-ray 3D specification calls for encoding 3D video using the "Stereo High" profile
defined by Multiview Video Coding (MVC), an extension to the ITU-T H.264 Advanced Video
Coding (AVC) codec currently supported by all Blu-ray Disc players. MPEG4-MVC compresses
both left and right eye views with a typical 50% overhead compared to equivalent 2D content,
and can provide full 1080p resolution backward compatibility with current 2D Blu-ray Disc
players."[153] This means the MVC (3D) stream is backward compatible with H.264/AVC (2D)
stream, allowing older 2D devices and software to decode stereoscopic video streams, ignoring
additional information for the second view.
Sony has released a firmware upgrade for PlayStation 3 consoles that enables 3D Blu-ray Disc
playback.[154] They previously released support for 3D gaming on April 21, 2010 [155] (followed
by availability of 3D games).
[edit] Variants
[edit] AVCHD
Main article: AVCHD
AVCHD was originally developed as a high definition format for consumer tapeless camcorders.
Derived from the Blu-ray Disc specification, AVCHD uses lower data rate, simpler interactivity
and cheaper media. AVCHD specification allows recording AVC-encoded video onto DVDs, as
well as onto other types of random access media like SD/SDHC memory cards, "Memory Stick"
cards and hard disk drives.[156]
Being primarily an acquisition format, AVCHD can also be used for distribution of high
definition video using inexpensive media like conventional DVDs and flash memory cards.
Many Blu-Ray Disc players support AVCHD playback from DVDs. Many Panasonic and JVC
HD television sets and Blu-Ray Disc players support AVCHD playback from SDHC memory
cards.
[edit] AVCREC
Main article: AVCREC
AVCREC uses BDAV container to record high definition content on conventional DVDs.[157]
Presently AVCREC is tightly integrated with Japanese ISDB broadcast standard and is not
marketed outside of Japan. AVCREC is used primarily in set-top digital video recorders and in
this regard is comparable to HD REC.
[edit] Criticism
The massive use of data protection systems such as DRM has led the Free Software Foundation
to criticise the Blu-Ray Disc, claiming that it constitutes "an outrageous attack on your freedom".
[158]
The FSF further considers the Blu-Ray Disk "an attack on free software, since free software
may never be able to read these disks",[158] referring to the licensing royalties that FOSS projects
would have to pay to integrate the technology for encoding/decoding in their applications. For
these and other reasons, the FSF promotes boycotting the Blu-Ray Disc.[159]
[edit] See also
Blu-ray portal
• Blu-ray Disc authoring

• Blu-ray Disc recordable
• Comparison of high definition optical disc formats
• HD DVD
• HDTV
• Digital 3D and 3D television
• List of Blu-ray 3D releases
• List of Blu-ray manufacturers
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12-17.
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gizmodo.com
110.^ http://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/terms/profile_1_1.cfm Afterdawn.com
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07-21.
131.^ Doom9.org
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134.^ "Can Blu-ray Disc products play DVD and CD?". http://www.blu-
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135.^ "LG BH100 Blu-Ray/HD DVD player". http://www.bluraydiscplayers.org.uk/blu-ray-and-hd-
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136.^ "Pioneer BDP-HD1". http://reviews.cnet.com/video-players-and-recorders/pioneer-bdp-
hd1/4505-6463_7-31637888.html?tag=rnav. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
137.^ "Sony BDP-S1 Blu-ray Disc Player — Product Profile".
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139.^ "Hitachi Demos Four-Layer Blu-ray Disc Playback". cdrinfo.xom.
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31, 2006. http://www.tdk.com/procommon/press/article.asp?site=con&recid=127. Retrieved
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[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Blu-ray Disc
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v•d•e
Audio recording formats
A Phonautogram (1857) · Phonograph cylinder (1877) · Gramophone record (1895) · Wire

n recording (1898) · Reel-to-reel tape (1940s) · SoundScriber (1945) · Gray Audograph (1945) ·
a Dictabelt (1947) · LP record (1948) · 45 rpm record (1949) · RCA tape cartridge (1958) ·
l Fidelipac (1959) · Stereo-Pak (1962) · Compact Cassette (1963) · 8-track (1964) · PlayTape
o (1966) · Mini Cassette (1967) · Microcassette (1969) · Steno-Cassette (1971) · Elcaset (1976) ·
g Cassette single (1980) · Picocassette (1985)
D
i Soundstream (1976) · 3M (1979) · X80/ProDigi (1980) · DASH (1982) · Compact Disc (1982) ·
g Digital Audio Tape (1987) · ADAT (1991) · MiniDisc (1991) · NT (1992) · Digital Compact
i Cassette (1992) · High Definition Compatible Digital (1995) · 5.1 Music Disc (1997) · Super
t Audio CD (1999) · DVD-Audio (2000) · USB flash drive (as audio format, 2004) · Hi-MD
a (2004) · SlotMusic (2008)
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v•d•e
Video storage formats
V AnalogQuadruplex (1956) · VERA (1958) ·

i Type A (1965) · CV-2000 (1965) · Akai
d (1967) · U-matic (1969) · EIAJ-1 (1969) ·
e Cartrivision (1972) · Philips VCR
o (1972) · V-Cord (1974) · VX (1974) ·
t Betamax (1975) · IVC (1975) · Type B
a (1976) · Type C (1976) · VHS (1976) ·
p VK (1977) · SVR (1979) · Video 2000
e (1980) · CVC (1980) · VHS-C (1982) · M
(1982) · Betacam (1982) · Video8 (1985) ·
MII (1986) · S-VHS (1987) · Hi8 (1989) ·
S-VHS-C (1987) · W-VHS (1994)
D1 (1986) · D2 (1988) · D3 (1991) · DCT

(1992) · D5 (1994) · Digital Betacam
(1993) · DV (1995) · Digital-S (D9)
(1995) · DVCPRO (1995) · Betacam SX
(1996) · DVCAM (1996) · HDCAM
Digital
(1997) · DVCPRO50 (1997) · D-VHS
(1998) · Digital8 (1999) · DVCPRO HD
(2000) · D6 HDTV VTR (2000) ·
MicroMV (2001) · HDV (2003) ·
HDCAM SR (2003)
Phonovision (1927) · Ampex-HS (1967) ·

AnalogTeD (1975) · Laserdisc (1978) · CED (1981) ·
VHD (1983) · Laserfilm (1984) · CD Video
V (1987)
i
d
e VCD (1993) · MovieCD (c.1995) ·
o DVD/DVD-Video (1995) · MiniDVD
d Digital(c.1995) · CVD (1998) · SVCD (1998) · EVD
i (2003) · XDCAM (2003) · H(D)VD(2004) ·
s FVD (2005) · UMD (2005) · VMD (2006) ·
c
HD DVD (2006) · Blu-ray Disc (2006) ·
High Definition
HVD (2007) · CBHD (2008)
Solid stateP2 (2004) · SxS

(2007)
MOD (2005) ·
AVCHD (2006) ·
Digital tapelessAVC-Intra (2006) ·
TOD (2007) ·
iFrame (2009)
Kinescope (1947) ·
Electronicam kinescope
Non-video TV recording
(1950s) · Electronic Video
Recording (1967)
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v•d•e
High definition media
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Blu-ray Disc · HD DVD · China Blue High-Definition (CBHD) · Holographic Versatile
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Disc · D-VHS
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Blu-ray Disc

Media type High-density optical disc

Encoding MPEG-2, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and

Block size 64 kb ECC

Read mechanism 405 nm laser:

Usage Data storage

• Optical disc drive

• Optical disc authoring

Optical media types

• Blu-ray Disc (BD): BD-R, BD-RE

• DVD: DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-R DL, DVD+R DL,

• Compact Disc (CD): Red Book, CD-ROM, CD-R,

• Universal Media Disc (UMD)

• Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)

• Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)

• Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)

• China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)

• HD DVD: HD DVD-R, HD DVD-RW, HD DVD-

• High definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD

• MiniDisc (MD) (Hi-MD)

• Video Single Disc (VSD)

• Ultra Density Optical (UDO)

• Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)

• Five dimensional discs (5D DVD)

• Nintendo optical disc (NOD)

 Rock Ridge / SUSP

 Apple ISO 9660 Extensions

○ Universal Disk Format (UDF)

• History of optical storage media

• High definition optical disc format war

This box: view • talk • edit

Panasonic Internal Blu-ray ROM notebook drive

Regions for the Blu-ray standard:[111]

The AACS decryption process.

This section requires expansion.

• Blu-ray Disc authoring

[edit] External links

• Blu-ray Disc Association

A Phonautogram (1857) · Phonograph cylinder (1877) · Gramophone record (1895) · Wire

V AnalogQuadruplex (1956) · VERA (1958) ·

D1 (1986) · D2 (1988) · D3 (1991) · DCT

Phonovision (1927) · Ampex-HS (1967) ·

Solid stateP2 (2004) · SxS

R BD-R · BD-RE · HD DVD-R · HD DVD-RW · HD DVD-RAM

B CyberLink PowerDVD · PlayStation 3 · Sony BDP-S1 · Panasonic DMP-BD10

A (All defunct): 819 line system · HD MAC · MUSE (Hi-Vision)

b ATSC · DVB · ISDB · SBTVD · DMB-T/H

D List of digital television deployments by country

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