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Economics 210 Handout # 6 The Probit, Logit, Tobit and Linear Probability Models
Economics 210 Handout # 6 The Probit, Logit, Tobit and Linear Probability Models
1) Heteroscedasticity
2) The difficulty of interpreting probabilities >1 and < 0
3) Constant marginal effects
Index function
Interpretation of
I. Utility Interpretation: is the additional utility that individual i would get by choosing
rather than . The utility gain is partly random across individuals.
If we assume that the probability density function (pdf) of the error term is the standard
normal distribution, , the model is called the probit model. The probit model
is estimated by Maximum Likelihood Estimation.
Marginal Effects:
The coefficients from the probit model are difficult to interpret because they measure the
change in the unobservable y* associated with a change in one of the explanatory
variables. A more useful measure is what we call the marginal effects.
Example
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lfp | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
we | .0482551 .0076384 6.317 0.000 .0332599 .0632504
hhrs | -.0000672 .0000292 -2.305 0.021 -.0001244 -9.97e-06
kl6 | -.2262515 .0331852 -6.818 0.000 -.2913987 -.1611043
k618 | .0145722 .0131891 1.105 0.270 -.0113198 .0404642
_cons | .1619111 .1123544 1.441 0.150 -.0586563 .3824785
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Probit
probit lfp we hhrs kl6 k618
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lfp | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
we | .1351213 .0220863 6.118 0.000 .091833 .1784096
hhrs | -.0001862 .0000803 -2.319 0.020 -.0003436 -.0000288
kl6 | -.6343051 .0984215 -6.445 0.000 -.8272077 -.4414025
k618 | .0404934 .0361599 1.120 0.263 -.0303787 .1113655
_cons | -.9628781 .3146603 -3.060 0.002 -1.579601 -.3461551
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mfx compute
mat A = (12,2000,2,0,1)
mfx compute, at (A)
In the probit model we assumed that In the logit model we assumed that has
The model is estimated by MLE. It can be readily be verified that the CDF of is
Examples
logit lfp we kl6 k618 hhrs
mfx compute
Note: Despite the differences in the coefficients the marginal effects are
very similar.
Examples
reg tickets price
Number of obs = 50
R-squared = 0.5630
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tickets | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
price | -8.318243 1.057751 -7.864 0.000 -10.44499 -6.191492
_cons | 1120.203 31.77058 35.259 0.000 1056.324 1184.082
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
reg tickets price if tickets < 1000
Number of obs = 16
R-squared = 0.5876
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tickets | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------
price | -24 5.374079 -4.466 0.001 -35.52625 -12.47375
_cons | 1720 231.1596 7.441 0.000 1224.212 2215.788
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