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Immediate Skill Shortage List

This is the revised Immediate Skill Shortage List (ISSL), agreed changes will come into
effect on 26 November 2009

Recommended standard for


Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Professional Accountant (Chartered - Qualifications recognised by the Auckland/Upper North Island,


Occupations Senior positions only) New Zealand Institute of Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
(221111) Chartered Accountants AND/OR Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
completion of the Chartered South Island, Otago/Southland
Accountant examinations AND
three years’ relevant experience

Professional Auditors (221213) Degree level (Level 7) Auckland/Upper North Island,


Occupations (221214) qualification majoring in Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
accounting Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
South Island, Otago/Southland

Professional Chemist (including Bachelor of Science (major in Auckland/Upper North Island,


Occupations Analytical Chemist) Chemistry) AND minimum of Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
(234211) two years’ experience in an Island, Wellington
analytical laboratory
Professional Conductors (Conductive Trained Conductors Diploma Auckland/Upper North Island,
Occupations Education Practitioners) (assessed as comparable to a Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
(241599) Level 7 degree and a Diploma of Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
Teaching) South Island, Otago/Southland
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Professional Early Childhood (Pre- Montessori Diploma (ages 0-5) Auckland/Upper North Island,
Occupations primary School) Teacher (minimum of Level 5) Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
(Montessori Teacher) Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
(241111) South Island, Otago/Southland

Professional IT Specialist (261112 or Bachelor of Science, with majors Auckland/Upper North Island,
Occupations 261313 or 263299) in computer science or Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
information science AND a Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
minimum of three years’ full- South Island, Otago/Southland
time relevant work experience
WITH at least 12 months
relevant work experience in the
past 18 months in at least one
of the specialisations on the list

Professional Microbiologist (234517) Bachelor of Science in Auckland/Upper North Island,


Occupations Microbiology AND two years’ Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
relevant experience in a Island, Wellington
laboratory
Professional Post-Doctoral Fellows PhD or Masters degree Auckland/Upper North Island,
Occupations (242111) Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
South Island, Otago/Southland
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Professional Primary School Teacher New Zealand registration AND Auckland/Upper North Island,
Occupations (241213) three years relevant teaching Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
experience Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
South Island, Otago/Southland

Construction, Architectural Designer Bachelor of Architecture or Auckland/Upper North Island,


Design, (232111) equivalent Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Engineering Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
and Surveying South Island, Otago/Southland
Professionals

Construction, Architectural Diploma in Civil Engineering Auckland/Upper North Island,


Design, Draughtsperson (Civil Level 6 OR National Certificate Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Engineering CAD (Computer Aided in Civil Engineering Level 6 AND Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
and Surveying Draughting) Designer evidence of five years’ on the South Island, Otago/Southland
Professionals only) (312111) job draughting experience using
CAD in the civil engineering
sector
Construction, Architectural National Diploma in Engineering Auckland/Upper North Island,
Design, Draughtsperson and OR equivalent Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Engineering Civil, Electrical, Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
and Surveying Electronic and South Island, Otago/Southland
Professionals Mechanical Engineering
Draughtsperson
(312111, 312211,
312311, 312411 and
312511)
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Construction, Construction Project Tertiary qualified or Diploma of Auckland/Upper North Island,


Design, Manager (Chip sealing, Engineering and trained in Staff Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Engineering Asphalt or other Management AND ten years’ Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
and Surveying Technical Manager) relevant practical experience South Island, Otago/Southland
Professionals (Roading and
Infrastructure) (133111)
Construction, Construction Project At least five years’ experience in Auckland/Upper North Island,
Design, Manager (Foreman) building or maintaining roads Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Engineering (Roading and AND Staff management Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
and Surveying Infrastructure) experience AND appropriate South Island, Otago/Southland
Professionals (133111) drivers licence

Construction, Construction Project Bachelor or Diploma of Auckland/Upper North Island,


Design, Manager (Roading and Engineering or equivalent and Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Engineering Infrastructure) (133111) Project Management Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
and Surveying qualification AND a minimum of South Island, Otago/Southland
Professionals five years’ relevant experience
AND staff management
experience

Construction, Electrical Engineer Bachelor of Engineering in Auckland/Upper North Island, Central


Design, (Instrumentation Electrical North Island
Engineering Engineer) (233311)
and Surveying
Professionals
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Construction, Electrical Engineer Bachelor of Engineering in Auckland/Upper North Island,


Design, (Power Systems Electrical Wellington, Canterbury/Upper South
Engineering Engineer) (233311) Island
and Surveying
Professionals
Construction, Electronic Engineering National Certificate in Auckland/Upper North Island,
Design, Technician (Radio Telecommunications Level 4 OR Canterbury/Upper South Island
Engineering Frequency) (312412) National Diploma in Engineering
and Surveying (Telecommunications) Level 6
Professionals
Construction, Graphic Artist (232411) Bachelor of Fine Arts (Graphic Auckland/Upper North Island
Design, Design), National Diploma in
Engineering Design (Graphic) Level 5 OR
and Surveying equivalent AND relevant
Professionals experience
Construction, Marine Designer Bachelor of Engineering: Auckland/Upper North Island
Design, (233916) Mechanical OR equivalent
Engineering technical qualifications
and Surveying
Professionals
Construction, Mechanical Engineering Bachelor’s Degree in Canterbury/Upper South Island,
Design, Technician (312512) Engineering AND three years’ Otago/Southland
Engineering relevant experience
and Surveying
Professionals
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Construction, Mining Engineer Bachelor’s Degree in Waikato/Bay of Plenty,


Design, (233611) Engineering AND three years’ Canterbury/Upper South Island,
Engineering relevant post graduate work Otago/Southland
and Surveying experience
Professionals
Construction, Petroleum Engineer Bachelor of Engineering, with Auckland/Upper North Island, Central
Design, (including Petroleum majors in energy engineering North Island
Engineering Industry Specialist) OR chemical engineering
and Surveying (233612)
Professionals
Construction, Program or Project National Certificate or Diploma Auckland/Upper North Island,
Design, Administrator (Building in Building, Architecture, Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Engineering Control Officials Carpentry or Construction Island
and Surveying (Inspectors) (511112) Management AND two years’
Professionals relevant experience
Construction, Surveying Technician National Certificate in Surveying Auckland/Upper North Island
Design, (Spatial Science (Hydrographic Surveying) Level
Engineering Technician/Hydrographic 5
and Surveying Technician) (312116)
Professionals

Construction, Surveying Technician Bachelor or Diploma of Auckland/Upper North Island,


Design, (Spatial Science Surveying AND two years’ Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Engineering Technician/Land relevant work experience Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
and Surveying Surveyor's Technician) South Island, Otago/Southland
Professionals (312116)
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Construction, Urban and Regional Bachelor of Science in Civil Auckland/Upper North Island
Design, Planner (Traffic and Engineering (BSCE)
Engineering Transport Planner)
and Surveying (232611)
Professionals
Health Ambulance Officer (Basic National Diploma in Ambulance Auckland/Upper North Island,
Life Support) (411111) Practice (Level 5) AND two Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
years work experience in this Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
role. South Island, Otago/Southland

Health Anaesthetic Technician City and Guilds 752, Operating Auckland/Upper North Island,
(311211) Department Assistant (UK Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
qualification) or NVQ Level 3 Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
Operating Department South Island, Otago/Southland
Practitioner (UK qualification) or
Diploma of Higher Education
(DipHE) in Operating
Department Practice AND at
least two years post
qualification experience in
anaesthesia.

Health Dental Technician Diploma in Dental Technology Auckland/Upper North Island,


(411213) AND NZ registration Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
South Island, Otago/Southland
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Health Dental Therapist Bachelor of Health Science Auckland/Upper North Island,


(411214) specialising in Dental Therapy Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
AND NZ registration Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
South Island, Otago/Southland

Health Dentist (252312) Bachelor of Dental Surgery AND Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
NZ registration Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
South Island, Otago/Southland

Health Dispensing Optician OTEN/TAFE Optical Dispensing Auckland/Upper North Island,


(399913) Certificate IV (Australia); OR Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
FBDO (UK); OR Optical Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
Dispensing Examination South Island, Otago/Southland
approved and registered by the
Optometrists and Dispensing
Opticians Board
Health Biotechnologist (234514) Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing OR Auckland/Upper North Island,
Health Science related field AND Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
minimum two years’ experience Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
as a biotechnologist South Island, Otago/Southland
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Health Medical Laboratory Minimum two year medical Auckland/Upper North Island,
Technician (Phlebotomy qualification as recognised by Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
and Histology the Medical Laboratory Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
Technicians) (311213) Scientists Board as suitable for South Island, Otago/Southland
registration as a medical
laboratory technician AND at
least 12 months experience in
medical laboratory or blood
donor centre
Health Medical Practitioners Bachelor of Medicine and Auckland/Upper North Island,
(excluding First Year Bachelor of Surgery AND NZ Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Resident Medical registration Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
Officers) (253111- South Island, Otago/Southland
253999)

Health Optometrist (251411) Optometry Qualification Auckland/Upper North Island,


Certificate AND registered by Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
the Optometrists and Dispensing Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
Opticians Board South Island, Otago/Southland

Health Pharmacy Technician National Certificate in Pharmacy Auckland/Upper North Island,


(Hospital) (311215) (Technician) with strands in Wellington
Hospital and Community Level 5

Health Photographer (Medical Relevant Bachelors degree OR Auckland/Upper North Island


Photographer - Health post graduate degree AND
Services) (211311) relevant work experience
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Agriculture, Apiarist (121311) National Certificate in Apiculture Auckland/Upper North Island,


Horticulture Level 3 AND at least two years’ Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
and Viticulture relevant experience Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
South Island, Otago/Southland

Agriculture, Beef and Dairy Cattle National Certificate Level 2 or Auckland/Upper North Island,
Horticulture Farmer (Assistant Herd above AND/OR two or more Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
and Viticulture Manager) (121312 and years’ relevant experience Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
121313) South Island, Otago/Southland

Agriculture, Beef or Dairy Cattle National Certificate Level 2 or Auckland/Upper North Island,
Horticulture Farmer (Herd Manager) above AND two years’ relevant Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
and Viticulture (121312 or 121313) experience Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
South Island, Otago/Southland

Agriculture, Beef or Dairy Cattle National Certificate in Auckland/Upper North Island,


Horticulture Farmer (Farm Manager) Agriculture Level 4 AND Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
and Viticulture (121312, 121313) minimum of three years’ Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
relevant experience South Island, Otago/Southland

Agriculture, Dairy Cattle Farmer National Certificate in Auckland/Upper North Island,


Horticulture (Assistant Farm Agriculture Level 2 AND/OR Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
and Viticulture Manager) (121313) three years’ relevant experience Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
South Island, Otago/Southland
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Agriculture, Fruit or Nut Grower Bachelor’s degree majoring in Auckland/Upper North Island,
Horticulture (Orchard Manager) Horticulture OR National Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
and Viticulture (121213) Certificate in Horticulture Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
(Advanced) (Level 4) with South Island, Otago/Southland
strands in Fruit Production or
Production Horticulture OR
Diploma in Horticulture (Level
5) AND three or more years’
experience
Agriculture, Market Gardener (Crop Bachelor’s degree majoring in Auckland/Upper North Island,
Horticulture Production/ Agronomist Horticulture OR National Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
and Viticulture Manager) (121221) Certificate in Horticulture Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
(Advanced) (Level 4) with South Island, Otago/Southland
strands in Fruit Production or
Production Horticulture OR
Diploma in Horticulture (Level
5) AND three or more years’
experience
Agriculture, Mixed Crop Farmer Bachelor’s degree majoring in Auckland/Upper North Island,
Horticulture (Grower Manager) Horticulture OR a related field Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
and Viticulture (121216) AND minimum of five years’ Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
managerial experience South Island, Otago/Southland
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Agriculture, Pig Farmer (Farm National Certificate in Pork Auckland/Upper North Island,
Horticulture Manager or Stock/Herd Production – Level 4 AND at Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
and Viticulture Manager) (121318) least three years’ relevant on- Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
farm experience South Island, Otago/Southland

Agriculture, Winemaker Bachelor of Viticulture and Wellington, Canterbury/Upper South


Horticulture (Viticulturist/Specialist Oenology OR a minimum of Island
and Viticulture positions – not pickers) three years relevant work
(234213) experience
Trades Arborist (362212) Trade Certificate AND/OR Auckland/Upper North Island,
National Certificate in Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Horticulture Arboriculture Level Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
4 AND a minimum of two years’ South Island, Otago/Southland
relevant experience

Trades Electrician (Electrical Bachelor’s Degree in Canterbury/Upper South Island,


Mechanic/Fitter) Engineering AND three years’ Otago/Southland
(341111) relevant experience

Trades Fire Alarm Technician National Certificate in Fire Auckland/Upper North Island,
(342313) Detection and Alarm Systems Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
(Level 4) Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
South Island, Otago/Southland
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Trades Flat Weaving National Certificate in Textiles Auckland/Upper North Island,


Specialist/Technologist Manufacture (Advanced Otago/Southland
(311499) Operations) Level 3 OR
equivalent AND/OR five years’
relevant practical work
experience with management or
technical oversight of fabric
manufacturing or finishing

Trades Florist - Senior (362111) National Certificate in Floristry Auckland/Upper North Island,
Level 4 or Diploma Level 4 AND Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
minimum of three years’ Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
relevant experience South Island, Otago/Southland

Trades Gasfitter (334114) National Certificate in Plumbing Auckland/Upper North Island,


and Gas Fitting AND NZ Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
registration Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
South Island, Otago/Southland

Trades Logging Plant Operator National Certificate in Forest Waikato/Bay of Plenty


(Hauler Yarder Operator Operations (Advanced) (Level 4)
and Breakouts) (721112) with the Machine Operations -
Hauler Strand
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Trades Instrument Control National Certificate in Industrial Auckland/Upper North Island, Central
Technician (233999) Measurement and Control Level North Island
4

Trades Plastics Technician National Certificate in Plastics Auckland/Upper North Island,


(399916) Processing or Plastics Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Technology Level 4 or Diploma Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
Level 5 AND three years’ South Island, Otago/Southland
relevant experience

Trades Plastics Technician National Diploma in Plastics Auckland/Upper North Island,


(Plastics Engineer) Processing Technology Level 5 Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
(399916) AND three years’ relevant Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
experience South Island, Otago/Southland

Trades Ship’s Engineer (231212) Marine Engineer’s Certificate Auckland/Upper North Island
Level 4 OR trade certificate
Level 4

Trades Truck Driver (General) NZ recognised Full Class 5 Auckland/Upper North Island,
(733111) Driver Licence OR National Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Qualification Framework Level 4 Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
Unit Standard 17577 AND three South Island, Otago/Southland
years' relevant experience
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Trades Upholsterer (393311) National Certificate in Furniture Auckland/Upper North Island,


(Restoration and Recovery Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Upholstery) Level 4 AND two Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
years’ relevant work experience South Island, Otago/Southland

Trades Vehicle Body Builder (bus Trade Certificate in Coach Auckland/Upper North Island,
or coach only) (324211) Building Waikato/Bay of Plenty,
Canterbury/Upper South Island

Trades (Oil and Chemical Plant Operator National Certificate (level 4) in Central North Island, Wellington
Gas Industry) (399211) Energy and Chemical Plant
(Process Operations) AND a
minimum of five years
experience in the oil and gas
industry
Trades (Oil and Earth Science Technician Bachelor of Science majoring in Central North Island, Wellington
Gas Industry) (311412) Earth Science AND a minimum
of five years experience in the
oil and gas industry
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Trades (Oil and Gas or Petroleum National Certificate (level 4) in Central North Island, Wellington
Gas Industry) Operator (399212) Energy and Chemical Plant
(Process Operations) AND a
minimum of five years
experience in the oil and gas
industry
Trades (Oil and Geologist (234411) Bachelor of Science with Central North Island, Wellington
Gas Industry) Honours majoring in Geology
AND a minimum of five years
experience in the oil and gas
industry
Trades (Oil and Geophysicist and Bachelor of Science with Central North Island, Wellington
Gas Industry) Petrophysicist (234412) Honours in Geology OR Master
of Science with Honours in
Mathematics AND a minimum of
three years experience in the oil
and gas industry
Trades (Oil and Maintenance Planner Bachelor of Engineering AND a Central North Island, Wellington
Gas Industry) (312911) minimum of five years
experience in the oil and gas
industry

Trades (Oil and Occupational Health and National Certificate in Central North Island, Wellington
Gas Industry) Safety Advisor (251312) Occupational Health and Safety
(level 4) AND a minimum of five
years experience in the oil and
gas industry
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Trades (Oil and Production Manager Bachelor of Science OR Central North Island, Wellington
Gas Industry) (133512) Engineering AND a minimum of
five years experience in the oil
and gas industry

Trades (Oil and Safety Inspector National Certificate in Central North Island, Wellington
Gas Industry) (312611) Occupational Health and Safety
(level 4) OR Bachelor of
Engineering AND a minimum of
five years experience in the oil
and gas industry
Sport, Flying Instructor (Glider NZ Gliding Association “B” Otago/Southland
Recreation and Pilot Instructor) Category Instructors Rating
Travel (231113)

Sport, Horse Trainer (Stallion Minimum of two years’ relevant Waikato/Bay of Plenty
Recreation and Master) (361112) work experience
Travel

Sport, Horse Trainer (Stud Minimum of one year's Waikato/Bay of Plenty


Recreation and Groom) (361112) experience as a stud groom AND
Travel at least one year's yearling
preparation experience
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Sport, Jockey (452413) Completed an Apprenticeship Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North


Recreation and under the Rules of Racing in Island, Canterbury/Upper South Island,
Travel their country of origin AND must Otago/Southland
have clearance from that
authority

Sport, Skydive Instructor Skydive Instructor Rating AND a Auckland/Upper North Island, Central
Recreation and (452317) minimum of 1000 jumps North Island, Canterbury/Upper South
Travel Island, Otago/Southland

Sport, Skydive Tandem Master Tandem Master Rating AND a Auckland/Upper North Island, Central
Recreation and (452317) minimum of 1000 jumps North Island, Canterbury/Upper South
Travel Island, Otago/Southland

Sport, Snowsport Instructor The National Certificate in Central North Island, Canterbury/Upper
Recreation and (452314) Snowsport (Snowschool) Level 5 South Island, Otago/Southland
Travel OR PSIA (USA) OR (CSIA
(Canada) Level 1 OR NZSIA
(stage I) OR equivalent
internationally recognised
qualification
Recommended standard for
Occupational Occupation and ANZSCO
work permit applicants with an Regions
Group number
offer of employment

Sport, Snowsport Instructor National Certificate in Snowsport Auckland/Upper North Island,


Recreation and (including Technicians) Equipment Level 4 AND Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Travel (452314) minimum of two years’ Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
experience working in a South Island, Otago/Southland
ski/snowboard repair workshop

Sport, Trackwork Rider Completed an Apprenticeship Auckland/Upper North Island,


Recreation and (452413) under the Rules of Racing OR at Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Travel least two years relevant work Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
experience South Island, Otago/Southland

Hospitality Café and Restaurant National Certificate in Auckland/Upper North Island,


Manager (including Bar Hospitality (Operations Waikato/Bay of Plenty, Central North
Manager) (141111) Supervision) Level 4 AND a Island, Wellington, Canterbury/Upper
minimum of four years’ South Island, Otago/Southland
combined experience in
hospitality establishments WITH
a minimum of two years at
supervisory level or higher

Notes:
Note 1: Qualifications must be comparable to the standard of the New Zealand qualification listed.
Note 2: Where work experience is included as a requirement it applies to all qualifications listed for the occupation (unless otherwise

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