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3-D GEOMETRY

By:- Nishant Gupta

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9953168795, 9268789880
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3-D GEOMETRY

Direction Cosines : Cosines of the angles made by a line with positive directions of X ,Y,Z axes
If α ,β , γ be the angles made by a line with positive directions of X ,Y, Z axes then direction cosines are
cos α , cos β , cos γ & these are represented by l ,m, n resp & l2 + m2 + n 2 = 1
Direction Ratios < a , b , c >: Set of three numbers which are proportional to l , m , n of a line are said to be
Direction Ratios of that line
If a line joins points ( x1 , y1 , z 1 ) & ( x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) then D.R. are < x 2 -x1 , y2 - y1 , z 2 - z1 >
CHANGING Direction Ratios < a , b , c > to Direction cosines
a b c
, ,
a b c
2 2 2
a b c
2 2 2
a  b2  c2
2

STRAIGHT LINE :
x  x 1 y  y1 z  z 1
(a) Equation of line thro’ (x1, y1, z1) & with direction ratios <a, b, c >   .
a b c
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
(b) Passing thro’ A(x1, y1, z1) & B (x2, y2, z2)   . As D.R. of line AB is < x2 – x1, y2 –
x 2  x 1 y 2  y1 z 2  z 1
y 1, z 2 – z 1 >
        
(c) Vector form Passing thro’ A ( a ) & || to vector b is r = a +  b , & Thro’ A( a ) &B(b ) r = a +
 
( b - a )
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
(d) Angle between lines with D.R.  a 1 , b1 , c1   a 2 , b 2 , c 2 ,  is cos 1 & With D.C. (
a a
2 2
1 2
l1, m1, n1 ) & (l2, m2, n2) is cos-1 (l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 )

   
      (b 1 x b 2 ).(a 2  a 1 )
(e) Shortest distance between two lines r = a 1 +  b 1 , r = a 2 + K b 2 is
 
b1 x b 2

  
 b x (a 2  a 1 )
(f) Shortest distance between 2 Parallel lines i.e. D.R. is b (say)

b

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

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         
(g) Coplanar: r = a 1 +  b 1 , r = a 2 + K b 2 are coplanar if a 2  a 1 , b1 , b 2   0 (Scalar triple product) &
 
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
x  xi y  yi z  zi
  ( i =1,2) if a1 b1 c1  0
ai bi ci
a2 b2 c2

x  x i y  y1 z  z i
(h) Intersection of two lines   = k i (say) , i = 1,2 General points on lines ( k 1 a1 +
ai bi ci
x1, k1 b1 + y1, k1c1 + z1 ) (k2a2 + x2, --------------) For intersection these points should be same . Equate
two of respective coordinates i.e. x with x etc. If values of k 1 & k2 so obtained from any two satisfy 3rd
only then lines intersect.
(i) Also go through questions of finding foot of  & reflection / image of a given line let foot of  of P in
line L
(a) find general point on line of terms of ‘k’ (say M )
(b) Apply condition of  in PM & line L & obtain K. Putting in general point we get foot of 
(j) Projection of AB on CD is al + bm + cn where <a, b, c> D.R. of AB & ( l, m, n) are D.C. of CD
         
(k) Equations of lines of shortest distance are [ r - a 1 , b 1 , b 1 x b 2 ] = 0 & [ r - a 2 , b 2 , b 1 x b 2 ] =0
PLANE
 
Equation is r . n  p or lx + my + nz = p, is distance of the plane from origin. l , m, n being D.C. of  to

the plane n , a unit vector  to the plane.
1. General Equation is Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 , <A, B, C> D.R. of  to plane.
   
2. One point form : Thro’ point A ( a ) ( r - a ). n = 0
Thro’ point (x1, y1, z1 ) A ( x – x1) + B (y – y1) + C (z – z1) = 0
x y z
3. Intercepts form (If a, b, c are intercepts on x, y & z axes )   1
a b c

a ,a
l
1 2
4. Angle between two planes cos-1 l2 etc. or cos-1 etc.
a a
1
2 2
1 2

 
  a.b
5. Angle between two plane (with D.R. a ) & a line (with D.R. b ) Sin-1  
a b

Ax 1  By1  Cz1  D
6. Distance of (x1, y1, z1) from Ax +By + Cz + D =0
A 2  B2  C2
 
  a .n  d
7. Distance between a & r . n = d is
n
        
8. Line lies in a plane r = a + b lies in r . n = d if b . n = 0 & a . n = d

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

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         
9. Eqn. of plane containing two coplanar lines r = a 1 +  b 1 , r = a 2 + k b 2 is ( r - a 1 ) . ( b 1 x b 2 ) = 0
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1 x  x2 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
Cartesian form a1 b1 c1  0 or a1 b1 c1 = 0

a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2

10. Bisectors of angles between planes a 1 x  b1 y  c1z  d1 =0 & a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2 z  d 2 =0 is

a 1 x  b 1 y  c1 z  d 1 a 2x  b2 y  c2z  d2
 Let  be angle between one of the planes & bisector if
a 12  b12  c12 a 22  b 22  c 22
tan  < 1 then this bisector bisects acute angle b/n planes & other one obtuse Its’ otherwise if tan  <
1 Bisector of angle containing origin
(a) Write equations of planes by making constant terms of same sign.
(b) Then write equation of bisector corresponding to the sign , it will contain origin.

11. Plane thro’ intersection of two planes p1 = 0, p2 = 0 , p1 + k p2 = 0

    
12. Pts. a & b are on opposite or same sides of r + n + d = 0 according to
   
r . a + d & r . b + d are of opposite Or same sign.

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880
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ASSIGNMENT
3-D GEOMETRY

1. Intersection of the planes 2x - 3y + 4z = 0, (a) 2 (b) 4

- x + y = 4 and 4x + 4y + z= 40 is (c) √2 (d) 2√ 2
(a) a plane (b) a line 8. Distance of point of intersection of line x-3 =
(c) a point (d) N/T (y-4) /2 = (z-5 ) / 2 & x + y + z = 17 from
2. A line makes acute angle α , β ,γ with axes ( 3, 4, 5 ) is
such that cos α cos β = cos γ cos β = 2/9 & (a) 2 (b) 3
cos α cos γ = 4/9, then cos γ+ cos β + cos α is (c) 1/3 (d) ½
(a) 25/9 (b) 5/9 9. A line passes through ( 6, -7 , -1 ) & ( 2, -3 , 1 )
(c) 5/3 (d) N/T . If acute α is the angle made by line with + ve
3. Plane through z – axis & ┴ to direction of x-axis , then DCs are
x 1 y  2 z  3 (a) 2/3 , -2/3 , -1/3 (b) 2/3 , 2/3 , -1/3
  is
cos  sin  0 (c) 2/3 , -2/3 , 1/3 (d) 2/3 , 2/3 , 1/3
(a) x cosα + y sinα = 0 10. Angle between 3x+ 2y + z = x+ y -2 z & 2x-y -
(b) x sinα -y cosα = 0 z = 7x+10 y -8 z

(c) x cosα + y sinα = 0 (a) π/6 (b) π/2

(d) x sinα +y cosα = 0 (c) π/3 (d) 0

4. Points ( 0,0,0) & ( 2,5,7 ) are on same side of 11. Locus of xy + yz = 0 is

2x+ay + 3z + 1= 0 if (a) pair of ┴ lines (b) pair of || lines
(a) a < 0 (b) a > 0 (c) pair of || planes (d) pair of ┴ planes
(c) a < - 26/ 5 (d) a > - 26/5 12. If vector a lies in the plane of vectors b and c,
5. The points (3,3, 7) , (8,3,2) and (5, 3 ,5) lie on which of the following is correct ?

(a) a fixed plane (a) a . b x c = - 1 (b) a . b x c = 0

(b) intersection of two non parallel planes (c) a . b x c = 1 (d) a . b x c = 2.

(c) a circle with centre ( 51/2 , 3 , -31 /2) 13. Plane containing ( 0 ,7 ,-7 ) &
x 1 y  3 z  4
(d) none of these.   is
3 2 1
6. Lines x = ay + b , z = cy + d & x = a 1 y +
b1 , z = c2 y + d2 are ┴ to each other then (a) x + y + z = 2 (b) x + y + z = 1
(a) aa1 + cc2 =-1 (b) aa1 + cc2 =1 (c) x + y + z = 0 (d) N/T

(c) a/a1 + c/c2 = -1 (d) a/a1 + c/c2 = 1 14. Vector r which is equally inclined to co-
7. A plane passes through point P(4,0,0) and ordinate axes such that | r | = 15 3 is
Q(0,0,4) and is parallel to the y-axis. The
distance of the plane from the origin, is
(a) î  ĵ  k̂ 
(b) 15 î  ĵ  k̂ 
Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
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
(c) 7 î  ĵ  k̂  (d) None (c) 1 (d) no real k

22. Equation of plane containing

15. If O is origin, OP=3 with DRs – 1, 2, - 2, then
co-ordinates of P are x 1 y  2 z  3
  & is ┴ to plane 2x + 7y
1 3 2
(a) (- 1, 2, - 2) (b) (1, 2, 2)
+5z =2 is
 1 2 2 (a) x +y + z =6 (b) -x + y + z =2
(c)   , ,  (d) N/T
 9, 9 9  (c) 2x - y + z = 3 (d) x - y + z =2
16. Distance between planes 2x + 2y – z + 2 = 0 & 23. Vector eqn. of line 6x – 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z – 2 is
4x + 4y – 2z + 5 = 0 is
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/4


(a) r  î  ĵ  3k̂   î  2 ĵ  3k̂ 
(c) 1/6 (d) N/T  1 1 
(b) r  î  2 ĵ  3k̂   î  ĵ  k̂ 
x y 1 z 1 3 3 
17. Image of ( 1, 2, 3 ) in   is
2 3 3  1 1

(c) r  î  ĵ  k̂   î  2 ĵ  3k̂ (d) N/T
3 3

(a) (1, 5/2, 5/2) (b) (1, 9/4, 11/4 )
(c) (1, 3, 2) (d) (3, 1, 2 ) 24. Distance between line

r  î  ĵ  2k̂  (2î  5 ĵ  3k̂) and plane
x  2 y 1 2  z
18. Angle between line   & 
2 1 2 r.(2î  ĵ  3k̂  5 is
plane 3x + 6y – 2z + 5 = 0 is
5 6
(a) (b)
 4 4
(a) cos-1   (b) sin-1    14 14
 21   21 
7
(c) (d) N/T
6
(c) sin-1   (d) N/T 14
 21 
25. Shortest distance of point (2, 10, 1) from
19.
x  4 y z  1 x 1 y 1 z 1
  &  

 
plane r . 3î  ĵ  4k̂  2 26 is
2 0 3 3 1 0
(a)Intersect (a) 2 26 (b) 26

(b) do not intersect (c) 1 26 (d) N/T

(c) Intersect at (4,0,-1) 
26. Angle between st. lines r =
(d) Intersect at ( 1, 1,-1) 
î  2 ĵ  k̂  s(3î  4k̂) & r =

20. The
x 2 y3 z 4
lines   and 1  t 4î  ĵ t2î  ĵ  3k̂  is
1 1 k
x 2 y4 z 5  18 
  are coplanar if (a) 0 (b) cos-1  
k 1 1  5 14 
(a) k = - 3 or - 2 (b) k = 0 or – 1  6 
(c) cos-1   (d) N/T
(c) k = 1 or - 1 (d) k = 0 or – 3
 5 17 
x4 y2 zk
21. If   & lies in plane 2x - 4y 27. Length of shortest distance between lines
1 1
+z - 7 = 0 then k is
2 

r  3î  5 ĵ  7k̂   î  2 ĵ  k̂ &
(a) 7 (b) -7

 
r  î  ĵ  k̂   7î  6 ĵ  k̂ is

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(a) 83 (b) 6

(c) 3 (d) N/T

35. Equation of plane passing through line of
x 1 y 1 z  3 intersection of planes x + y + z = 6 and 2x + 3y
28. Lines   &
1 2 0 + 4z + 5 = 0 & passing through (1, 1, 1) is
x 2 y3 z 4 (a) 2x + 3y + 4z = 9 (b) x + y + z = 3
  are
0 0 1 (c) x + 2y + 3z = 6 (d) N/T
(a) Parallel (b) coincident 36. Volume of tetrahadron included between
(c) skew (d) N/T plane 3x + 4y – 5z – 60 = 0 & co-ordinate
29. Point of intersection of Lines planes is
x 5 y7 z  2 (a) 60 (b) 600
  &
3 1 1 (c) 720 (d) None
x 3 y3 z 6 37. The lines 2x + 3y + 7z – k = 0 = x – y – z + 1
  are
 36 2 4 and 2x – y + 5z – 6 = 0 = x + y + z – 3 will be
coplanar for k equal to
(a) (2, 10, 4) (b) (21, 5/3, 10/3)
(a) 14 (b) 12
(c) (5, 7, -2) (d) (-3, 3, 6)
(c) 13 (d) 20
30. Distance between line

r  2î  2 ĵ  3k̂  (î  ĵ  4k̂) & plane 38. Plane
x y z
   1, cuts axes in A,B,C then

 
r. î  5 ĵ  k̂ = 5 is
2 3 4
area of ABC
(a) 10 / 3 3 (b) 10 / 3
(a) 29 (b) 41
(c) 10 / 9 (d) N/T
(c) 61 (d) N/T
31. Reflection of pt. A(1,0,0) in line
x  1 y  1 z  10 39. If P be point(2,6,3), then equation of plane
  is through P at right angles to OP, O being origin
2 3 8
(a) 2x + 6y + 3z = 7 (b) 2x – 6y + 3z = 7
(a) (3, - 4, - 2) (b) (5, - 8, - 4)
(c) 2x + 6y – 3z = 49 (d) N/T
(c) (1, - 1, - 10) (d) N/T
40. Equation of sphere concentric with sphere x2
32. Distance of point (3,4,5 ) from point where
+ y2 + z2 – 4x – 6y – 8z – 5 = 0 & which passes
x 3 y4 z 5
  meets x + y + z = 17 is through point (0, 1, 0) is
1 2 2
(a) x2 + y2 + z2 + 4x + 6y – 8z – 7 = 0
(a) 1 (b) 2
(b) x2 + y2 + z2 – 4x – 6y – 8z = 0
(c) 3 (d) N/T
(c) x2 + y2 + z2 – 4x – 6y – 8z + 5 = 0
33. Equations of line through (1,1,1) &  to plane
2x + 3y – z – 5 = 0 are (d) N/T

x 1 y 1 z 1 x 1 y 1 z 1 41. The equation of the plane passing through

(a)   (b)   line of intersection of 2x + y – z = 3 and 5x-
2 3 1 2 3 1 3y + 4z + 9= 0 and parallel to line having
x 1 y 1 z 1 direction ratios 2, 4, 5 is
(c)   (d) N/T
2 1 1 (a) 7x + 9y -10z -27=0
34. Angle between lines x = 1, y = 2 & y = - 1, z = 0 (b) 7x - 9y -10z -27=0
is
(c) 7x - 9y -10z + 27=0
(a) 90o (b) 30o
(d) 7x + 9y + 10z -27=0
(c) 60o (d) N/T
Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85
Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880
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42. In 3-D x 2 – 5 x + 6 = 0 represents 45. A line makes α with x & z axis , β with y
(a) Points (b) Plane such that sin2 β = 3 sin 2 α then cos2 α is
(c) Curves (d) Pair of st. lines (a) 2/3 (b) 1/5
43. Plane passing through ( 3 ,2 , 0 ) & (c) 3/5 (d) 2/5
x 3 y 6 z 4
  is
1 5 4 46. If i  j  k, i  3 j  5k, 7i  9 j  11k are three
(a) x – y + z = 1 (b) x + y + z = 5 consecutive vertices of a parallelogram then the
angle between the diagonals is
(c) x +2y - z = 1 (d) 2x – y + z = 5
 17   17 
x  3 y 1 z  3 x 1 y  2 z 1 (a) cos─1  
 (b) sin─1  

44.   &  
1 2 k k 3 4  700   700 
are coplanar if k is  17   1 
(c) cos─1  
 (d) cos─1  

(a) 2 (b) 13  325   175 
(c) - 13 (d) N/T.

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880
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ANSWER (3-D GEOMETRY)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
c c a d b a d b a b d b a b a c c
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
d c d a d c d d c d d b a b c b a
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
d b b c c c a a a d d d

Nishant Gupta, D-122, Prashant vihar, Rohini, Delhi-85

Contact: 9953168795, 9268789880