Cambridge University Press

978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend

Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

T h e C a m b r i d g e C o m pa n i o n to t h e
A rt h u r i a n L e g e n d

For more than a thousand years, the adventures of King Arthur and his knights of
the Round Table have been retold across Europe. They have inspired some of the
most important works of European literature, particularly in the medieval period:
the romances of Chrétien de Troyes, Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival, Sir Gawain
and the Green Knight and Malory’s Morte Darthur. In the nineteenth century, interest
in the Arthurian legend revived with Tennyson, Wagner and Twain. The Cambridge
Companion to the Arthurian Legend outlines the evolution of the legend from the
earliest documentary sources to the musical Spamalot, and analyses how some of
the major motifs of the legend have been passed down in both medieval and modern
texts. With a map of Arthur’s Britain, a chronology of key texts and a guide to
further reading, this volume will contribute to the continuing fascination with King
Arthur and his many legends.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

Frontispiece The Sleep of King Arthur in Avalon by Edward Burne-Jones. By permission of the Museo De Arte De Ponce, Puerto Rico.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

THE CAMBRIDGE
C O M PA N I O N TO T H E

ARTHURIAN LEGEND

EDITED BY

E L I Z A B E T H A RC H I B A L D A N D A D P U T T E R

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

c a m b r i d g e u n i v e rs i t y p r e s s
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge c b 2 8 ru, u k

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521677882

© Cambridge University Press 2009

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2009

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

The Cambridge companion to the Arthurian legend / [edited by]
Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-521-86059-8
1. Arthurian romances – History and criticism. 2. English literature – Middle English,
1100–1500 – History and criticism. 3. Romances, English – History and criticism.
I. Archibald, Elizabeth, 1951– II. Putter, Ad. III. Title.
pr328.c36 2009
820.9Ł351–dc22
2009020686

i s b n 978-0-521-86059-8 hardback
i s b n 978-0-521-67788-2 paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or

accuracy of u r l s for external or third-party internet websites referred to
in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements page vii

Notes on Contributors ix
Frequently Cited Sources and Abbreviations xii
A Selective Chronology xv
Map of Arthurian Britain xix

Introduction 1
A d P u t t e r a n d E l i z a b e t h A rc h i ba l d

PART I Evolution 19
1 The early Arthur: history and myth 21
R o n a l d H u t to n

2 The twelfth-century Arthur 36

Ad Putter

3 The thirteenth-century Arthur 53

J a n e H . M . T ay l o r

4 The fourteenth-century Arthur 69

J . A . B u r row

5 The fifteenth-century Arthur 84

B a r ry W i n d e at t

6 The Arthur of the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries 103

Rob Gossedge and Stephen Knight

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

contents

7 The Arthur of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries 120

N o r r i s J . L acy

PART II Themes 137

8 Questioning Arthurian ideals 139
E l i z a b e t h A rc h i ba l d

9 Arthurian ethics 154

J a n e G i l b e rt

10 Imperial Arthur: home and away 171

Andrew Lynch

11 Love and adultery: Arthur’s affairs 188

P e g g y M c C r ac k e n

12 Religion and magic 201

C o r i n n e S au n d e rs

13 Arthurian geography 218

R o b e rt A l l e n R o u s e a n d C o ry J a m e s R u s h to n

Further Reading 235

Index 253

vi

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

AC K N OW L E D G E M E N T S

Our greatest debt is to our contributors, who responded admirably to

our request to describe such rich material so succinctly. Norris Lacy also
gave us useful editorial advice. We are grateful to Amanda Hopkins for
copy-editing an advanced draft of this book, to Cory Rushton for help in
compiling the further reading section, to Gareth Griffth for producing the
index, and to the University of Bristol for supporting their work through
awards from the Arts Faculty Research Fund and the Tucker-Cruse Fund.
We thank Linda Bree for commissioning this volume; she and Maartje
Scheltens supplied much valuable advice and support, and Tom O’Reilly
oversaw the production most efficiently. We are grateful to David Cox for
producing the map of Arthurian Britain. Geraldine Stoneham was the ideal
copy-editor, and saved us from many infelicities and inconsistencies.
We dedicate this volume to the memory of Derek and Elisabeth Brewer,
both distinguished Arthurians.

e l i z a b e t h a rc h i ba l d
ad putter

vii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

N OT E S O N C O N T R I B U TO RS

e l i z a b e t h a rc h i ba l d is Professor of Medieval Literature in the

English Department at the University of Bristol. Her publications include
Apollonius of Tyre (1991), Incest and the Medieval Imagination (2001),
and A Companion to Malory, co-edited with A. S. G. Edwards (1996). She
is currently working on macaronic literature and on bathing in the Middle
Ages.

jo h n b u r row is Fellow of the British Academy and Emeritus Professor

at the University of Bristol. He is the author of many studies of medieval
English literature, including A Reading of ‘Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’
(1965), Medieval Writers and Their Work (1982) and most recently The
Poetry of Praise (2008).

ja n e g i l b e rt is Senior Lecturer in French at University College London,

and a comparatist working in English, French, and modern theory. She is
currently completing a monograph on the interface between life and death
in medieval French and English literature.

ro b g o s s e d g e is a Lecturer in English Literature at Cardiff University.

He has recently published articles on Welsh modernism and the reception
of Arthurian literature in the post-medieval period. He is currently finishing
a book on British rewritings of the Matter of Britain in the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries.

ro n a l d h u t to n is Professor of History at the University of Bristol, and

author of twelve books, including Witches, Druids and King Arthur: Studies
in Paganism, Myth and Magic (2003).

s t e p h e n k n i g h t is Distinguished Research Professor in English

Literature at Cardiff University. He has written widely on medieval and

ix

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

n o t e s o n c o n t r i b u to rs

modern themes, including King Arthur and Robin Hood; his latest book,
Merlin: Knowledge and Power, will be published in 2009.

n o r r i s j. l acy is the Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of French and Medieval

Studies at Pennsylvania State University. He is an Honorary President of the
International Arthurian Society and has been knighted by the French gov-
ernment. His many Arthurian publications include The Craft of Chrétien
de Troyes (1980), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia (3rd edn, 1996), The
Arthurian Handbook (2nd edn, 1997), and A Companion to Chrétien de
Troyes (2005, co-edited with Joan Tasker Grimbert).

andrew lynch is Professor of English and Cultural Studies, and Director

of the Centre for Medieval and Early Modern Studies, at the University of
Western Australia. His publications include Malory’s Book of Arms (1997)
and numerous articles and book chapters on medieval Arthurian literature
and its modern afterlives.

p e g g y m c c r ac k e n is Professor of French and Women’s Studies at the

University of Michigan. She is the author of The Romance of Adultery:
Queenship and Sexual Transgression in Old French Literature (1998) and
The Curse of Eve, the Wound of the Hero: Blood, Gender, and Medieval
Literature (2003).

a d p u t t e r is Professor of Medieval English Literature at the University

of Bristol. He is the General Editor of the series Arthurian Literature in the
Middle Ages, and has published widely in the area of medieval literature.
His books include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and French Arthurian
Romance (1995), An Introduction to the Gawain Poet (1996), and (with
Judith Jefferson and Myra Stokes) Studies in the Metre of Alliterative Verse
(2007).

ro b e rt a l l e n ro u s e teaches medieval literature and culture at the

University of British Columbia. He is the author of The Idea of Anglo-
Saxon England in Middle English Romance (2005), and co-author with
Cory Rushton of The Medieval Quest for Arthur (2005). He is currently
working on a study of the role of geography in the romance narratives of
medieval England.

CORY JAMES RUSHTON is Assistant Professor of English at St Francis Xavier

University, Canada. He co-authored The Medieval Quest for Arthur with
Robert Rouse (2005), and has published numerous articles on the Arthurian

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

n o t e s o n c o n t r i b u to rs

legend and romance. He co-edited (with Amanda Hopkins) The Erotic in the
Literature of Medieval Britain (2007). Forthcoming publications include A
Companion to Middle English Romance (co-edited with Raluca Radulescu),
and Disability and Medieval Law: History, Literature, Society.

c o r i n n e sau n d e rs is Professor in the Department of English Studies in

the University of Durham and is the English editor of the journal Medium
Ævum. She is the author of The Forest of Medieval Romance (1993), Rape
and Ravishment in the Literature of Medieval England (2001), and Magic
and the Supernatural in Medieval English Romance: Ideas and Imaginings
(forthcoming 2009). She has edited and co-edited numerous volumes,
including A Companion to Romance (2004), Cultural Encounters in the
Romance of Medieval England (2005), and A Concise Companion to
Chaucer (2006).

ja n e tay l o r is Emeritus Professor of French at Durham University. An

Honorary President of the International Arthurian Society, she has worked
extensively on medieval French literature, especially on Arthurian romance
and lyric poetry, as well as on translation. Her latest book, The Making of
Poetry: Late Medieval Poetic Anthologies, was published in 2007.

ba r ry w i n d e at t is Professor of English in the University of Cambridge,

and Fellow and Keeper of Rare Books at Emmanuel College. His research
focuses on the imaginative literature, visual culture and contemplative
traditions of medieval England in a European context. As Director of the
Cambridge ‘Medieval Imaginations’ Project he has created a website for
research and teaching on text and image in later medieval England (www.
english.cam.ac.uk/medieval/).

xi

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

F R E QU E N T LY C I T E D S O U RC E S A N D A B B R E V I AT I O N S

Frequently Cited Sources

The primary texts and critical studies listed below are mentioned so
frequently by our contributors that they are cited in both text and footnotes
only by author and/or short title, and by page/chapter/line number, as
appropriate. When a contributor refers to a different edition of one of these
primary texts, full details are given in a footnote. In the case of Malory,
where numerous different editions are widely used by scholars and students,
Caxton’s book and chapter divisions are included after the page numbers in
square brackets.

Primary Texts and Translations

Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer, The Riverside Chaucer, ed. Larry D. Benson
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987; Oxford University Press,
1988)
Kibler Chrétien de Troyes, Arthurian Romances, trans. William
W. Kibler (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991); this translation
is cited by page number. The textual history of Chrétien’s
romances is complex; for ease of reference, line numbers are
taken from the editions of Chrétien’s romances in the series
Classiques français du moyen âge: Erec et Enide, ed. Mario
Roques (1981); Le Chevalier au lion (Yvain), ed. Mario
Roques (1978); Le Chevalier de la charrete (Lancelot), ed.
Mario Roques (1978); Cligés, ed. Alexandre Micha (1978);
Le Conte du Graal (Perceval), ed. F. Lecoy, 2 vols. (1984)
Lacy Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and
Post-Vulgate in Translation, gen. ed. Norris J. Lacy, 5 vols.
(New York and London: Garland, 1993–6)
Lancelot Lancelot: roman en prose du XIIIe siècle, ed. Alexandre
Micha, TLF, 9 vols. (Geneva: Droz, 1978–83)

xii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

f r e q u e n t ly c i t e d s o u rc e s a n d a b b r e v i at i o n s

Malory Malory, Sir Thomas, The Works of Sir Thomas Malory [Morte
Darthur], ed. Eugène Vinaver, 3rd edn rev. P. J. C. Field, 3 vols.
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990)
Mort Artu La Mort le roi Artu, ed. Jean Frappier, TLF, 3rd edn (Geneva:
Droz, 1964)
Sir Gawain Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, ed. J. R. R. Tolkien and
E. V. Gordon, 2nd edn rev. Norman Davis (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1967)
Tennyson Alfred Lord Tennyson, Idylls of the King, ed. J. M. Gray
(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983; repr. 1996)
Thorpe Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the Kings of Britain, trans.
Lewis Thorpe (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966)
Twain Mark Twain, A Connecticut Yankee at King Arthur’s Court,
ed. Justin Kaplan (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971; repr.
1986)

Secondary Sources
The ongoing series Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, series editors
†W. R. J. Barron and Ad Putter, is indispensable for the study of the
Arthurian legend; it updates and expands Loomis’s 1957 volume of the
same title (ALMA – see below). Some if not all of the volumes listed below
are relevant to every chapter in this book, and should be consulted for
information about editions of primary sources and critical studies of spe-
cific texts and topics.
AoE The Arthur of the English: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval
English Life and Literature, ed. W. R. J. Barron, Arthurian Literature
in the Middle Ages 2 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1999)
AoF The Arthur of the French: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval
French and Occitan Literature, ed. Glyn S. Burgess and Karen Pratt,
Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages 4 (Cardiff: University of
Wales Press, 2006)
AoG The Arthur of the Germans: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval
German and Dutch Literature, ed. W. H. Jackson and S. A. Ranawake,
Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages 3 (Cardiff: University of
Wales Press, 2000)
AoW The Arthur of the Welsh: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval Welsh
Literature, ed. Rachel Bromwich, A. O. H. Jarman and Brynley
Roberts, Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages 1 (Cardiff:
University of Wales Press, 1991)

xiii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

f r e q u e n t ly c i t e d s o u rc e s a n d a b b r e v i at i o n s

Other Abbreviations
ALMA Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, ed. R. S. Loomis (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1957)
BBIAS Bibliographical Bulletin of the International Arthurian Society
CFMA Classiques français du moyen âge
EETS Early English Text Society
o.s. Original Series
e.s. Extra Series
PMLA Publications of the Modern Language Association of America
SATF Société des anciens textes français
STS Scottish Text Society
TLF Textes littéraires français

xiv

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

A S E L E C T I V E C H RO N O L O G Y

This chronology of the most important landmarks in the history of Arthurian

legend and literature is very selective, especially in relation to post-medieval
material (art, music and drama as well as literature), where we have focused
on the English tradition. Many dates, particularly in earlier periods, are
approximate, and there is great uncertainty about the dating of Welsh
Arthurian texts, some of which are believed to have had a long oral tradi-
tion before being committed to writing. Fuller overviews and further details
about individual entries can be found in the chronological survey chapters
of this Companion. Readers may also wish to consult reference works such
as The New Arthurian Encyclopaedia, ed. Lacy, and The Arthurian Annals,
ed. Nastali and Boardman (see Further Reading).

455–75 Arthur’s reign, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth

516(?518) Date of battle of Mount Badon in Annales Cambriae
537(?539) Date of Arthur’s last battle in Annales Cambriae
c. 548 Gildas, De Excidio Britanniae: mentions battle of
Mount Badon
7th century? Gododdin: mentions Arthur
830 Nennius, Historia Brittonum: records battles of
Arthur
c. 950 Annales Cambriae: mentions battle of Camlann where
Arthur and Mordred fell
11th century Probable time of composition of the earliest Arthurian
tales from The Mabinogion (Peredur, Culhwch and
Olwen) and Latin saints’ lives from Wales
c. 1105 Modena Cathedral archivolt depicting Arthurian
scenes
c. 1135 Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae
(History of the Kings of Britain): includes account of
Arthur’s life

xv

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

a s e l e c t i v e c h ro n o l o g y

c. 1150 Geoffrey of Monmouth, Vita Merlini (Life of Merlin)

1155 Wace, Roman de Brut: translates Geoffrey’s Historia;
first mention of Round Table
c. 1169–81 Chrétien de Troyes, Arthurian romances: first mention
of Camelot, Grail, and Lancelot’s love for Guinevere
c. 1180–1205 Hartmann von Aue translates Chrétien’s romances
into German
c. 1185 Andreas Capellanus, De Amore: treatise on courtly
love with Arthurian episode
c. 1190 Renaut de Beaujeu, Le Bel Inconnu: Fair Unknown
romance about Gawain’s son
1191 Exhumation of Arthur and Guinevere’s tomb at
Glastonbury Abbey
?later 12th century De Ortu Waluuanii: Latin Gawain romance
later 12th century Béroul, Tristan: Arthur present at trial vindicating
Iseut
c. 1210 Laʒamon, Brut: first English version of Arthurian his-
tory (based on Geoffrey of Monmouth and Wace)
Guillaume le Clerc, Fergus: romance parodying
Chrétien, set in Scotland
Robert de Boron: first cycle of Grail romances
Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival: German Grail
romance
c. 1215–30 Vulgate Cycle (Lancelot-Grail Cycle): vast French
Arthurian prose romance-history including Lancelot,
Queste del Saint Graal and Mort Artu, later supple-
mented by Estoire del Saint Graal and Merlin
c. 1235–40 Post-Vulgate Cycle (Roman du Graal): French prose
reworking of Vulgate Cycle
c. 1250 Prose Tristan: French fusion of Tristan legend with
Arthurian stories
c. 1260 Penninc and Pieter Vostaert, Roman van Walewein:
Dutch Gawain romance
1290 Edward I hosts Round Table tournament at Winchester
and commissions Round Table
early 14th century Dutch Lancelot-compilation: part of Vulgate Cycle
plus interpolated Dutch romances
c. 1340 Perceforest: vast French prose romance merging leg-
ends of Alexander and Arthur
Tavola Ritonda: Italian Arthurian compilation
c. 1380 Alliterative Morte Arthure (Middle English)

xvi

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

a s e l e c t i v e c h ro n o l o g y

c. 1390 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales: allusions to
Arthurian characters
1430s John Lydgate, Fall of Princes (based on Boccaccio
and Laurent de Premierfait): includes rise and fall of
Arthur
c. 1450 Burgundian prose adaptations of Chrétien’s Erec
and Cligés
c. 1457–64 John Hardyng’s Chronicle (2 versions): includes Grail
quest
1469–70 Sir Thomas Malory completes Le Morte Darthur
c. 1481–92 Ulrich Fuetrer, Buch der Abenteuer: German Arthurian
compilation
1485 First printed edition of Malory by William Caxton
1486 Henry VII names eldest son Arthur
1534 First printed edition of Polydore Vergil’s Anglica
Historia: questions historicity of Arthurian legend
1587 Thomas Hughes, The Misfortunes of Arthur: Senecan
tragedy
1590–6 Publication of Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene:
includes Prince Arthur
1613 Michael Drayton, Poly-Olbion: includes Arthurian
‘history’
1691 Henry Purcell and John Dryden, King Arthur: The
British Worthy (opera)
1695 Richard Blackmore, Prince Arthur: verse epic
1730–1 Henry Fielding, Tom Thumb: satire set at Arthurian
court
1765 Percy’s Reliques: includes Arthurian tales and ballads
1813 Sir Walter Scott, The Bridal of Triermain: Arthurian
episode
1816 First reprinting of Malory since 1634
1829 Thomas Love Peacock, The Misfortunes of Elphin:
satire set in sixth-century Wales
1832 Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Lady of Shalott: Tennyson’s
first Arthurian poem
1836–46 Lady Charlotte Guest translates The Mabinogion
1848 Foundation of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
1858 William Morris, The Defence of Guenevere
1859–85 Tennyson, Idylls of the King

xvii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

a s e l e c t i v e c h ro n o l o g y

1865 Richard Wagner, Tristan und Isolde

1881–98 Edward Burne-Jones, The Sleep of Arthur in Avalon
(cover illustration and frontispiece)
1882 Wagner, Parsifal
1889 Mark Twain, A Connecticut Yankee in the Court of
King Arthur
1903 Edwin Porter, Parsifal: first Arthurian film
1920 Jessie Weston, From Ritual to Romance: anthropolog-
ical study of romance motifs
1922 T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land
1923 Thomas Hardy, The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of
Cornwall
1927 Rodgers and Hart, A Connecticut Yankee (musical)
1938 T. H. White, The Sword in the Stone; reprinted 1958
as the first part of The Once and Future King
1949 International Arthurian Society founded
1958–9 John Steinbeck, The Acts of King Arthur (published
1976): retelling of Malory
1960 Lerner and Loewe, Camelot (musical)
1967 Joshua Logan, Camelot (film)
1970–9 Mary Stewart, The Merlin Trilogy
1965–77 Susan Cooper, The Dark is Rising series
1974 Robert Bresson, Lancelot du Lac (film)
1975 Terry Gilliam and Terry Jones, Monty Python and the
Holy Grail (film)
1978 Thomas Berger, Arthur Rex
Eric Rohmer, Perceval le Gallois (film)
1981 John Boorman, Excalibur (film)
1982 Marion Zimmer Bradley, The Mists of Avalon
1982–5 Camelot 3000: sci-fi Arthurian comic strip
1984 Mary Stewart, The Wicked Day
David Lodge, Small World
1995 Jerry Zucker, First Knight (film)
2004 Antoine Fuqua, King Arthur (film)
2005 Eric Idle and John Du Prez, Spamalot (musical)

xviii

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86059-8 - The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend
Edited by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter
Frontmatter
More information

+-#.+$( +$-$(

Loch N o r t h S e a
Lomond

 $(.+"#
 


Eildon
Hills


d '.+"#
R . Tw e e


Caledonian Wood
(Celidon) &(0$%
+! +2
+-#.+ - $+),0&


+&$,& +$(

,
&&
 (+$-#

 
$#')(
-- +$%

)+%
$(",-)(.*)(.&&
R. Hu
$++& mb
 er

("& , 2 (")+


# ,- +
Snowdonia


$(,'+2, Wash

 )--$("#' he
T

Lake Bala
en
Ri Gl
R.
ve


r Se

 +2,-02-#


  
vern

   
 
 )+ ,- +
Prescelly
Mountains  

+'+-# ( +-#.+
,
/
)(').-# &). ,- +
)&# ,- +
Forest 1!)+

 +& )( of Dean
+$" (  0*)+- $$("-)(

,-& R  ,-'$(,- +
&(+!(
+$!! . Th
Bristol Channel -# a m es )()(
.(,- +  -)( # (" .$&!)+ 
' ,.+2 )/ +
&,-)(.+2 $(# ,- +

.+2
,-&
 .+2
$(-" & &."#- + +$" $(",

' &!)+ l
n e
)'$(
,-& )+
n
C h a

 T h e

Arthurian Britain

xix

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org