ee ere Sele sled \ Nin Simon Haines & Barbara Stewai Neca OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS| Dangerous activities FUsteing end reading: Degenseaes | present tenses review Aspect Sounding interested Dangerous jabs Action verbs and state verbs aaa euaee SOS a Vocabulary development | Agreeing and Getting into @ conversation Writing: A formel lett di Collocations I Preventing someone from Confusing pairs Reena TT ening Reading: Childhood | Hidden Talents ‘onfessions | past perfect Pastsimple and Past | Wea forms continuous review | HSCEI Noeabulay, action Coliocations| | Expressing and asking au about opinions i Avoiding expressing an ‘pinion \ "Readng: 150 and 1990 | The shor an long predictions compared | term furure tures revcwe | Future continuous and wil going 0 Future perfect e Ne ce ateieee action aa Using a dictionary ‘Asking for and giving Adjectives describing Feasons feelings | : Reading: Coping with | Older relatives, i eiffcut infants ‘grandparents ete ules, needs, duties, and | Modal verbs: prohibition advice review tv oblate | fener Semana Word-building: suffixes tenn | sand names | The verb wih: mixed tonaional sentences | intonation of complaints | ad regrew Language iar Making instructions clear checking instructions = Svecabuanyr oT Learning new vocabulary | Vague language Reading: Turning points | 6 in life | Campodimele ~ an Italian village Present perfect review fy Fe svseabaraay Language SHOR: Homonyms Expressing annoyance | Euphemisms | Calming someone down CuLaa TEES Present perfect continous (1) sounding polite getting into a conversation Exlamations | st Involving someone in a conversation k Vague language | Ce Time-bancts The language of contrast: but, however, although | Sentence stress ‘Changing the subject ‘Writing: Letters and | of conversations of explanation Repetition of words ‘or phrases 1 ea Neanderthal Man Modal verbs: speculating about past events | ‘Word stress Keeping someone to the subject of the conversation Unfinished statements Question tags Writing: A fist parag © Human beings a¢ 200 exhibits | past vers with present or future meaning Ways of responding positively centenarians | resent perfect continuous (2) “hows of mean Vwi: eter ool WED Contents chart= as ee =a Reading: Aborigines | ‘Personal survival stories | One of the world’s greenest cities? ‘an, could, beable to raview | Ability and inability | anictes Weak forms : i Connotations | Persuading / advising ‘Making generalizations Distinctions between verbs | Someone not to do The use of you know something Unfinished statements ‘writing: Rado scripts Benetion famly business | Children in families the Kennedy Families | Relative clauses || Emphasizing words and structures Relative clauses review eeetnee ee ey Informal words, nice Writing: A letter of request ‘and get ‘Making and responding to Preparing the listener for a requests iffcult request ‘The use of OK, The thing ae Reeding: Travelers “Tourists move into cities as | Young people's driving hab Time and reason clauses | _ locals move out Cause and effect review | participle causes Sas “Synonyms " Making, capt, end Encng conversations Writing: A letter of ‘ejecting suggestions The use of just and actualy suggestion Viral pets Unening ard reading 7 Option nd pereption Srandon Lee | Posies oie [ ease consructions | The pronoun Metaphorial language | Announcing confirming Mising words Wilting: Announcing The verbs look and see | _ decisions ‘Asking negative questions decisions In writing | questioning decisions sentence strex Reading: Paparazzi “Ternado fellowers 7 Fans CCausatves review | Causative verbs and the | Question tags passive; non-causative use | Intonation of question tags ff have something dane Poe Word: building: refines | Expresing likes distkes, Giving examples Writing: A review ‘Word stress. and preferences Uses of the pronoun You ‘American and British English ne ia rea EE Reading: Types 7 Interpreting Gossip ‘communication | Reported speech: reporting | Infinitives or gerunds after verbs Reported speach review | verb | oeab Language Ra c ‘Compound nouns Erpresions for answering Expresions ‘owe when you Wing Telephone mesoges stress on compound nouns | end making telephone calls can't think of what to say | Instructions using if| Contents hart‘GF he thon of arg sks Kas Your thoughts only g handful have ever attacked thelr our] 1 Can you imagine doing any of the things shown in the photographs? Which of these reactions matches your own feelings most cioselyt Compare your ideas in pairs or groups. You woudd't catch me daing that They must be crazy! Fd quite like to try that, but PA be too scared! Td love to try that! 2 What is your opinion of the people in the photographs? For example, do you think they are brave, stupid, talented? Spacewoiks have become ritine part ofan atroiaut life, Listening 1. BIE Listen to people talking about the activ ‘match them to three of the photographs. 2 Listen again. ‘4 What are the spealers’ attitudes or feelings towan activities they are describing? b Which speaker is: + giving advice? + explaining a process? * describing personal reactions? ‘Standing up In front of a large audience HE nies ‘can be & torrifying experience.jing about some of the dangers of working in space, hy do you think people want to become astronauts? hat kind of dangers do they face? PYNTIUeMerlile (18 —a way of life for-astronauts iter a damaged part of their space station to connect + cables to the batteries inside, it will be a alfficult and sous operation. joing to be an extremely challenging task’ said one of the ‘put it’s not as bad as it sounds, We are well trained, and ob is no more dangerous than many othars in the past thite true that astronauts have faced dangerous spacewalks «In one of the earliest spacewalks, two Russian astronauts a knife to cut through metal to fix a leaking fuel tank. To unt their spacesuits from being tom, wihich almost certainly have meant instant death, they put blankets over the | edges of the hole before climbing through. It took five walks to fix the leak. nother occasion, astronauts had to go out to repair the ation on thelr space station. They did not realize, however, the outer door was damaged while they were opening it. finished their exhausting work, and re-entered the station, hey couldn't close the damaged door. They almost fait out of hile they were trying to close it. Eventually they closed the door and hoped for the best. It worked. «abilities, skills, and qualities do you think astronauts, it Discuss your ideas with a partner and compile a lst ve essential skills and qualities. son to person xt do you do, or what have you done in the past, that is 4) risky or dangerous? Describe your feelings. cere anything you would like to do, but haven't yet ad the opportunity or the courage to do? 1. When do we use present tenses? Match the extracts a-d with the different uses of the two present tenses 1-4. He's staring at me and his tongue is going in an out. always foo! nervous for several days in advance ‘More aud more people are taking it up asa regular activity . wood does not conduct heat well, something that is always true ‘temporary action that is happening now a situation or trend that is true atthe present time 1 regular action or experience (habit) penvance ;— Grammar — Present tenses review | | 2 In what other ways are the two present tenses used? a. fly to New York on Sunday. He's always losing his keys. ‘¢ We're meeting our friends in Paris next Tuesday. > Language commentary p.124 Pronunciation 3 The third person singular ending of Present simple verbs is pronounced! in three different ways. ‘a Read these words aloud and sort them into three groups. | Tees catches damages runs buys washes lees Types ides writes asks b MBEEM Listen and check your ideas. What rules of pronunciation and spelling can you work out? 1 Check 4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Present simple or the Present continuous. Today young men on Pentecost Island in the South Pacific still ceremony. (dive) b Adrenalin heart rate speed up) © What an amazing sight, The __ from treetops as part of a tradi man out of the window. Now he I don't think a parachute, (elim, jump, wear) 4__Atthe moment, more and more young people dangerous sports or hobbies. (take up) | el ry first parachute jump next Saturday. Its all arranged. (do) £ ’m leaving tomorrow morning, My plane _ at eleven o'clock. (take off) & Aspect er > Action verbs and state verbs pa Unit aReading 1 Look at these titles of magazine articles. The dangerous games aur children play ‘An ens, risky way to get around ‘A restaurant dish to de for a Predict what you think each atticle is about. Match these words to the right article ttle, chef_felloff injuries motorist _potsonous taste thumb train Tift meat road speed As you read 2 Worle in groups of three. Each read a different article, Match your article to one of the titles, b Check your answers for 1a and b. ‘© Underline four or five of the ‘most important words in the article to help you remember the main points ——— Close up ——_——— Atide 1 18 Think ofa onesword alternate for getting erounel 1.21 What does pick up mean here? Do you know any other meanings of pick up? Article 2 1.6 What does the word Apparently tol you about the writer ofthis article? What does numbness mean? What fs ‘the adjective related toi” How ace the noun and he adjective pronounced? Article 3 1.4 What does pick yp mean here? Do you know any other meanings of ick up? 1.441.419 What aro the different meanings ‘of rock? The carriages started to ‘rock violent... children leap off ‘rocks and cliff tops into the sea, 140 y Its easy, it’s cheap, it's “= convenient, and it's @ good ‘way of meeting people. It simply involves standing by @ road and sticking out your thumb. Every day hundreds of people in ireland hitch tft, tis a frequent method (of getting around, especially in rural areas, where there is litle danger, since people often know ‘those offering them a lift. But hitch-hiking can be risky. Leave any city er town on a Friday evening ‘the main roads out are lined with hitch-hikers, mainly young people, see from strangers. Last month a 21-year-old girl accepted a lift late at night ‘outskirts of a large town and has not been seen since. ‘A Dublin Tourist Authority spokeswoman said recently, ‘We never advise td to hitch. If they are stuck, we suggest that they ask in a local hetel or pub wt anyone is going in their direction.’ Motorists too are being warned. The spokesman for a motoring organi said, "We are now recommending that, for their own personal sefety, moi should not pick up hitch-hikers” You wont find Fugu fish in many Japanese restaurants, Fisy, ‘expensive ~ over £100 per person, And secondly, one fish contains e7 potion to kill an entire restaurant. Restaurants who want to offer Fugu mus 3 permission and only chefs who have had ‘raining can prepare the sh. Apparently, very litte taste but what makes Ful ‘appealing to Is fans & precely what | it so dangerous — its poison. If eaten in] 18 amounts, it produces a pleasant num) In larger amounts, it results in dea average five people @ year die from poisoning In Japan. ‘The most famous case occurred in 1875 when 1 Mitsu en actor, went for a Fugu meal with friends. at his request some | polsonous parts were presented on a plate, Mitsu dared his frends to eat Polson, but they refused. So he ate more than his share. He went back to hit and told his wife that he felt like he was fying. He became so numis he coi longer stand and eventually died the following morning. Thee It was 4.30 on a Friday afternoon at # busy London station ~ a teenag watched a train arrive. When the passangers had got on and the tain | to move off, the boy ran forward, jumped up and grabbed one of the doors, The tan pcked up speed. AE AS kph the carriages start fo rack vid The boy was shouting with excitement, but suddenly he lost his grip and fell off. He was the first known victim of the craze of train surfing, riding on the side or roof of trans. Since then there have been more deaths and many injures. Its not just on trains that boys risk death for ‘un, however. Lift surfing — riding on the top of lifts in tall buildings — was first suspected when council Inspectors discovered drink cans on lift : tops, Tables and armchairs have also been found. Then there Is bonnet sul standing on the bonnet of a fast-moving car as the driver skids and zit imitating the movement of waves in the sea; and tombstoning, which is sw! ‘the west coast, where children leap off rocks and diff tops into the sea, Thepretation ver the questions on the article you read. let ‘hy do you think hitch-hiking is popular in rural areast ‘hy do you think so many people leave cities on Friday evenings? le2 hy do you think Fuga fish is so expensive? ‘hy do you think people want to eat Fugu poison? le3 hy do you think only boys are mentioned in this article? Thy do you think tables and chairs were found on lift tops? sing some of the most important words you underlined, complete this sntence in ten words or less. ‘The article I read is about et others in your group read your sentence, viscuss what the three articles have in common. Speaking personally 1. What is your opinion of hitch-hiking? Have you ever hitch-hiked? 2. Why do young people take more risks than older people? Think of examples. Class survey 3 Work in groups. Make a list of questions about taking risks, then conduct @ class survey. Example Would you ent or drink something that you knew might be dangerous? Which dangerous sports might you be prepared to try? Have you ever... ect loring concepts set describes the way we think about the action ofa verb. There are two cs in English: the continuous (or progressive) aspect and the perfect aspect. the verbs in these sentences into three groups: continuous, perfect, other. 9 2L-yecr-old girl accepted a it late at night (she) has not been seen since. Ve never advise tourists to hitch, Ve are now recommending that motorists should not pick up hitch-hikes. only chefs who have had special tring ean prepare the fish. {five people a year die from Fugu poisoning in Japan, “he boy was shouting with excitement. suddenly he lost his grip and fell of ince then there have been more deaths... ch group of verbs, continuous or perfect, describes actions which: re finished but are still relevant now? re/were temporary or in progress? could you describe the verbs in the other group? language commentary p.124 suncation ‘When we ask someone about their personal lif, itis important to und interested. Listen to two people asking the same question. Which eaker sounds more interested? isten and repeat the remaining questions. Then practise saying them with partner. Exploitation 1 For each of the following topics Grammar — make up three sentences, one for each of the verb types: continuous, perfect, and simple. ending books + holidays + te sports and other interests Example + (continuous) At the moment I'n 12 book of short staries m reading + (perfect) P've read about shirty books so far this year. + (simple) I read three books last week. 2. You are going to interview your partner. Prepare some questions about these kinds of actions or situations. + temporary or in progress Where are you working at the + completed but still relevant moment? What have you done this week? + permanent or completed Where do you live/work/study? Free speech 3. Work in groups. Talk about the current situation in your country. Choose two of these subjects to talk about: + economics: prices/taxes/jobs + society: family life/education/ crime + the latest gossip involving famous people.Listening 1a Make a list of as many dangerous jobs as you can think of, What are the dangers of each job? Example racing-driver ~ high-speed car crashes b Compare your list with a partner. ¢ You are going to listen to four people talking about the dangers involved in their jobs, Here are some of the words and phrases the speakers use. With z partner, work out what each job is. Use a dictionary to check meanings you are uncertain of, Speaker 1 risky business, life-and-death situation, smoke and flames, Speaker 2 obsessed with kicking, international level, operations. Speaker 3 spell in the Middle East, ——— arrested, lens missing Speakor 4 speed limit, minor accidents, ual control cars ‘As you listen 2. MEN What are the jobs? Listen and check your ideas. 3 Work in pairs or groups. Listen to the speakers again, Rank the four jobs in order of danger from the most to the least dangerous. Add four of the dangerous jobs you listed in 1a. b Discuss which jobs on your ist you would mast and leas like a 4 4 Interpretation ‘The first speaker says that she doesn't think about the danger while she's dq het job but afterwards it hits you — when you get home and relax. What ki feelings do you think she is talking about? ‘The second speaker talks about the mental and plysical risks that sports pe take. Can you think of examples of these different kinds of risks ‘The third speaker mentions calculated risks. What are these? Why does he continue to take them? | ‘The fourth speaker says The nost important thing ist keep « cool head. Wh you think she needs to do this? Vocabulary Which of these verbs commonly go with the nouns? Match a verb from a noun from a, Use a dictionary to check your idea: ‘A keep play run waste B (a) cassette football (a) trick on someone (@) business (the) guitar time control (your) head ten kilometres energy (your) jab (your) temper (e)rece (a) sk (a) secret money ‘a Make up four sentences about yourself using some of the verb-noun combinations. Example I've never rum ten kilometres in my life. b Compare your sentences with a partner. i What is the difference in meaning between these pairs of words? Compare! ideas with a partner and then check in a dictionary. a job / work © mental / physical b smoke / flames obsessed with / interested in Now discuss these questions. a Is it possible to like your job but not enjoy the work you do? | b What are the different harmful effects of smoke and flanses € Give an example of when you might be physically exhausted but mentally, 4 Is there anything that you were once obsessed with but are nov just inte in or the other way round?Grammar— ‘on verbs and state verbs ring concepts Exploitation on verbs refer to something which happens or which causes a change. 1. Work in pairs. Take turns to be ke was pouring from the building, people were jumping fro: the windows. Student A, ‘an inside an brought out three children. ‘Student A | + verbs refer to something which usually stays the same. You are researching an article seems much happier now that she owns her own business. She prefers working ‘on people's feelings and attitudes | cerslf towards their jobs. Make up questions | the following text. to interview a partner about: ort the verbs in italics into action verbs and state verbs. Make two lists + theit responsibilities | ‘That grammatical difference is there between the two types of verb? + theic likes and dislikes + the challenges of the job + what they would like to change | befong to the police force and I love my job, about their job and wiry though | wish it was less dangerous. Last Thursday was typical. 'm working nights atthe moment and eft tho police station at ten o'lock and walked towards the town centre. | was approaching the Metropolitan Hotel when a fight broke out. A ‘gang of youths attacked a middle-aged man as he was getting on to his motorbike. They dragged him conto the pavement, then kicked and punched him. | thought about trying to stop them but | knew 2. Use your notes to write an article there were too many of them, So | radioed the boeed on your partner's answers. station and said, ‘Ym outside the Metropolitan, \Write what they chink and how they there’s a fight going on and | noed assistance.’ feel in general about the work they ‘While | was waiting for help to arrive someone do. Show your partner your article 12 bottle which hit me on the back ofthe head. woke up in hospital three and discuss any improvements 5 later with a dreadful headache. The motorcyclist was quite badly hurt. 1 she's OK =| beleve he's off the danger list. Unfortunately, this is partly what 41 policeman involves. | doubt if they will evar catch the people concerned. ‘s the worst thing. ‘Make notes oftheir answers. Student B ‘Think of the questions based on the topics above that your partner might ask you about your job. Prepare what youare going to say then answer your partner's questions. Past perfect p16 > used (0, vould pasRez Listening 1. Work in pairs. Look at the two pictures and discuss these questions. a What sort of people live in these rooms? What sort of characters do you think they have? b Which of the two rooms would you feel more comfortable in? Why? You are going to listen to an extract from a radio programme called Hidden Talents, where people talk about an aspect of their character. ‘As you listen 2 Answer these questions, a What is the speaker's particular ‘talent or ‘secret pe Listen for examples. How does the speaker feel abt her talent? b Which of these words describe the tone of her talk amusing heavy humorous ironic ighthearted Interpretation Listeners often have to interpret things they hear in to get the full meaning. You have to listen between lines to understand what the speaker i realy saying! 18 How do you interpret these extracts rom the programme? 1. Tepent whole day looking for an important ttocumen that 1 ne Vd lef... on the table, Alt ‘could not se the document, it was there. 2 [fel the unusual combinations of objects in house might have made the burglar think that my | had aleey been broke int j 3 the object will not be staying for long. b What advantages and disadvantages of her‘hidd talent does the speaker mention? 2 a Which ofthese negative qualities could be used t] describe the personality of the specker you have j heard? Discuss your choices with a partner. Untidy ciorgenized _inefficent careless g3t impatie b What are the opposites of these five qualities? | Speaking personally 1. Have you ever put something in a safe place and bel unable to find it again? 2 Which of your things do you never have to look fon because you always know where they are? 3 Do you have any ‘hidden talents’? What are they? Grami (sas perfect Exploring concepts 1. Underline all the verbs in these extracts from the programme. a I spent a whole day looking for am important document that ‘Thnev Fl left in an obvious place on the able .- a8 Iwas unpacking the food I had just Bought atthe local supermarket, discovered the missing key under a bag of potaivs. € s+. while Iwas looking for my glasses, Feame across a sondlvich Fa lot the previous weekend. b 2. Now answer these questions for each of the three ext ‘8 What is the main action or event in each sentence tense is used? b_ Which of the actions or events mentioned in each took place first? What tense is used? © Why does the speaker mention these other events orare some more sentences referring to past actions or 's. What fs the purpose of the Past perfect verbs in these ices? Choose one or more ofthe uses 1-4. + seven o'clock this morning, 1 done three hours’ work. ier I'd finished worlking, I had breakfast. Fenton hardly anything the day before so 1 was ally hungry. hhad been a tiring day. I hadh’tslept well the night before. + mid-afternoon I was almost asleep, show a particular sequence of actions or events in past give background information to a story explain a past action, event, or state give information shout an action, event, or state which ceded a particular time in the past does the use of the continuous aspect change the sing? What is the difference between these sentences? hile 1 was looking for a serewdriver recently, I found my vughter’s birth certificate, which I'd been searching for r months. 4 secreted for months for my passport. Then, the day ter I got a replacement passport, the old one turned up. ‘nguage commentary p:125 unciation ow is had pronounced in natural speech? After John hiad finished he left. What had he done to deserve that? Had the party finished by two? No, I don't think it iad. No, it hadn't 1 had thought of that, you know. Listen and check your ideas. What rules of ‘onunciation can you work out? citation 2 list of five interesting things you had done by the age icen, Then ask other students questions based on your experiences. aple te age of fifteen I'd visited Australia, Portugal, and Japan. :h countries had you visited by the age of fifteen? ould think about some of these things: aces you'd lived in or visited ents you'd attended or watched sople you'd met. on the most interesting or unustal experiences 2. Imagine you arrived at work after the weekend and found your office in a terrible mess. What had happened? Example "There were small, ound, burn marks on your chair. Someone hind been smoking and had put out their eigartte on the chair. a The door lock was broken, There were red stains on the floor and bottles in the bin. There was 2 half-eaten sandwich on one of the deste There was a broken window and a football on the floor. fe There were opened letters on the floor. £ The desk drawers and filing cabinets were open 3 Work in groups. Use your imagination to explain the background to these events 4 Last weekend your favourite singer or sporting. personality collapsed and was taken to hospital. b Quite suddenly, your best friend got married and emigrated. 4A mini-saga is a very short story with a ttle a beginning, a ‘middle, and an end, It must be exactly 50 words long, not including the ttl, Read this example. Learner driver —————________ Je was the first time I'd driven alone, although fd often. been out with my parents. I knew what to do and was driving carefully. When the. policeman. stopped yae. and asked me. why I war driving so slowly, I said I didn't think children. undler ten chould drive fast. ‘Work in pairs. Make up an entry for a mini-saga ‘competition. Start in one of these ways. + Td spent the whole morning waiting for my friend toarrive. + [couldn't remember where I'd seen her before. unit?Reading 1 Think about a particularly happy day in your life. Compare your ideas with a partner. 2 You are going to read about the happiest day in someone's life. Read the first paragraph of the article. 1 What happened on that day? 1b Which words and phrases tell us the writer was happy? ‘As you read 3 Find out whether the writer remained happy after the excitement of the happiest day. Close up 143. What does but mean in this sentence? (itis used twice) 1an_ What do you do if you keep something under your hat? 1.13 What does house-st mean? Which verb ending inst means ‘to look after young children’? 1.33, What does the phrase fet alone mean here? . s My single ticket to freedo The happiest day of my life ‘The day 1 left home was the happiest day of my life. 1 walked away fot parents’ house, along narrow suburban pavements to the railway station, into the brightest afternoon I had ever lived. hed no bepgage but a brie, and in it nothing but a nightshirt, a paperback book, a hairbrush, | sample bottle of ‘Shocking’ by Schiaparelli. ‘A single ticket} 1 sang i ‘man in the ticket office. Even now, whenever I travel, [feel the warm afte of that afternoon. | IF L was entitled to housing I had no knowledge of the fact. I didn’t ‘mow if I was eligible for the dole, and it never occurred to me to ask. I ‘suppose I thought of a home of my own so much as somewhere to liv ‘years I lived in other people’s houses. Sometimes I would keep the fact ‘was at university under my hat, so as to work as a housekeeper. Sometim| ‘house-sit in properties that were to be pulled down or done up and sold.|- than once I came home’ to find my few belongings dumped unceremon} 1 on the pavement and the locks changed. But one day I ‘an empty hay loft at the back of a Victorian house ne university. The tenants in the house didn’t mind whe! lived there or not. ‘My loft was only 15 feet by 11, the sole access was door in the floor, and the ventilation was a half-d ‘opened into a tree. Itwas freezing, it was insecure, it wasp Thought an old cast-iron wood stove and used to bul hardwood blocks that were removed as the stret Melbourne were macadamized; being impregnated wi 4 they'd bum a treat, On the stove I kepta pot of stew, b) in the least battered vegetables I could find after the 1 lose and serag ens ofthis or that fowl or sheep and bones. Dozens of people survived on stew out of tha probably because of the antiseptic action of the red wir, we wsed to drink by the demijohn, ‘Whatever my abode was, it was not fixed, The owner could have throy out at any time. With no running water, no electricity but a single 40-wat hanging from a rafter, bare brick walls, no ceiling, let alone insulatio home was unfit for human habitation. I was living in a shed and I liked From the outside you would never have known that anyone lived which is way Iwas not turfed out asa fire zisk or a health hazard o: a JETd been gathered up and forced to return to my parents’ clean, warm T would have gone berserk, beaten up my warders, and thrown myself w ‘tuck T needed that space just as it was. Perhaps I felt I had proved I] survive in a crack in the consumer society, It didn’t matter to me wi people classified me as a beatnik or a loony as long as I could sit with 3 in the oven of the old stove reading my book until I felt sleepy, and s! until [felt like waking up. ‘My parents made no aiternpt to find out what had become of me.I vq glad and bitter. I told myself that I didr’t need to feel any remorse running away ard not leiting them know where I was If they’é waa) know, the university could have told them. What I didn’t realize (becad all teenagers 1 was totally self-absorbed) was that when a child does nc at home, the tension is felt by everyone. It was probably better for the! the family that Thad taken myself off. It was certainly better for me,| parents’ house I was sleepless and nervous and used to suffer from re bouts of bronchitis; in my loft I had to develop a resistance to resp, and gut infections, Theepretation tis the opposite of a single ticket? Why does the writer his expression about leaving home? (1.5) were the writer's belongings dumped unceremoniously te pavement? (L14) does the writer say her freezing, insecure home perfect? (1.21) {does this extract from the text tell you: Dozens of le survived on stew out of that pot... ? (.28) 1 to, would ring concepts these extracts from the text and underline ll the verbs. vealed avy from my parents’ house, ‘metimes F would keep the fact that F was at university der my hat... ‘atone day’ found an empty hay loft atthe back of a ictoriaw house .. used to burn hardivood blocks... they'd burn a treat. the red wine that we used to drink. = (0) used to suffer from: repeated bouts of bronchitis. kin pairs. Discuss these questions. “hich of the extracts refer to a past habit or pical behaviour? “hich of the extracts refer to a single past action? toand would can both tefer to past actions and habit «d to/ would smoke whenever I felt nervous. ‘nich form can also refer to pest states? Which of these nntences is correct? used to have long hair and a beard in my twenties. 1 would have long hai and a beard in my twenties, ‘hich form do we use to compare the past with the “esent? Which sentence suggests that the speaker no ger smokes when they feel nervous? Tused to smoke whenever | felt nervous, 1 would smoke whenever I felt nervous. rnguage commentary p.125 unciation cow is used to pronounced in natural speech 1 used £0 go out more. used to eat meat. No, but I sed to. Yes, but | didn't ws to. EB Listen and check your ideas. What rules of ‘onunciation can you work out? Speaking personally Do you agree or disagree with these opinions? ‘The writer is the kind of strong-minded, independent person I admire. ‘The writer was cruel towards her parents, and selfish and irresponsible towards other people. ‘The writer must be a strange person to enjoy living in a cold, insecure hay lot Ie better for children over 18 to live independently of their parents, Grammar — Exploitation ‘Work in pairs. Talk about what life used to be like in your country 100 years ago. Make positive and negative sentences using used fo and would, Use these topics and verbs. + jobs and work (work, stat finish, be pad) + health and illness (die, suffer from, pay) + families and children (have, work) Example forms of entertainment (play, do) People used to make their own entertainment. For example, ‘on Sunday afternoons, my great grandmother would play the piano. ‘A popular magazine is running « series of articles called The Good Old Days to which readers are invited to send contributions. Write a short description of one or two of the most interesting aspects of life you have just been talking about. Work in pairs. What is your life like now compared with five or ten years ago? Talk about some of these aspects: + your daily routine + yourappearance + hobbies, sports, and interests + holidays. Free speech ‘Work in groups, Discuss any of these subjects that you find interesting, Don't spend more than about two minutes on any subject. + My first school + My first girlfriend /boyftiend + Eavourite TV programmes from my early teenage years + Favourite or least favourite kinds of food when I was very youngBE oz Collocations Collocations are pairs or groups of words ‘which are commonly used together. Often there is no logical reason for these word {groups soit is easier to learn combinations of words rather than single items. Here are some different kinds of collocation, ‘with examples ftom this unit verbs and nouns Lfelt so guilty I burst into tears. » adjectives and nouns ‘My house had no running water. Verbs and nouns 1. Match a verb from list a with an appropriate noun from list 8. Some of the ‘verbs collocate with more than one noun. ‘answer do lock make play suffer (rom) take tell watch B the door the housework an lines alie a loss medicine the plano ‘the telephone television ‘Work in groups. Spend about two minutes on each of these questions 1 What musical instruments would you like to play? b What's the worst medicine you've ever had to take? ¢ How much housework do you do each week? 4 What illnesses did you suffer from as a child? What do you say when you answer the phone? ‘Which ten of these nouns collocate with do and which ten collocate make Make word webs. Galea ails ‘Now make word webs with these verbs. Check your ideas in dictio ‘erobies your best a complaint the cool acrosword adecision an effort an excu ‘an exercise someone a favour friends yourhomewerk ajeb living a mistake money anoise notes research” the sho wer play Adjectives and nouns Match an adjective from list A with an appropriate noun from list 8 Some of the adjectives collocate with more than one noun. iter hard rich single strong sweet B bed beer chocolate country exercise facts feelings feet | potato room sauce taste ticket town walls wind wine Some adjectives have different meanings in different collocations. ‘Compare the following uses ofthe same adjectives. What isthe diffe in meaning? aa hard exercise /a hard bed b arich person {a rich sauce € a single person / a single room / a single ticket d strong cofiee / a strong wind € a sweet apple / sweet wine ‘What are the opposites of the adjectives in 2a-e? Verbs and adverbs Think of three verbs which each of these adverbs can be used with. Example carefully: drive, speak, write Gaalaie dingcly ora uly rey wy twa sont cn | ‘Work in groups. Take turns to talk for 20 seconds about some of these subjects, + single beds + people who snore loudly + rich people + people who drive dangerously + the best way to make friends + people who never do anything jnguage in action ‘essing opinions asdrop! ‘at the picture and guess the answers to these questions. ‘ho are the peoplet ‘here are they? “hat are they discussing? ening 1 B Listen, check your ideas and think about these questions, That is the relationship between the speakers? ‘ne of the speakers is unwilling to express an opinion, Who do you think it and why? kin groups of three, Listen to the conversation again lent A Listen and note down expressions used to express opinions. {ent B Listen and note down expressions used to ask someone's opinion. lent G Listen and note down expressions Charlie uses to avoid expressing ‘an opinion, cach other the expressions you heard, Make lists with the following headings: pressing opinions king someone's opinion oiding expressing an opinion. Listening 2 FEBSE You are going to listen to two | more conversations in which people express opinions. As you listen, | answer these questions. | a Who are the speakers? | b What is their relationship? © What are they talking about? Read and listen to the extracts from the conversations on the next page. a Mark any expressions used to: + express opinions + ask someone's opinion + avoid expressing an opinion. b Add the marked expressions to the lists you have already made. onit2 EaBE iz 1 wl you knw wee gogo. dont nnd ay se go orate 1 Wal det you you ight waste your westen yo Extract 1 1. thats very often got some stuff there. About seventy quid, wasnt it? She's got quite 2 lot of pottery areas, Ist? Have you any ideas, Roger? Uean No, nating, no, nothing springs to mind, no, [tink we ought to get a picture ora print, something, you know, something she can T Oh, has sher 3 Well she’. ts quitea small house ~ 2 bit med actualy put on the wal ~ tl be there to space eal, Just azing around? tenenbershy ee 4 Foger come on,whatdo x Wal dant knows fc ty ‘Well, she's keen on at, | mean she went to you think? mean once we get there we might that art couse thi this year, 50 No, can't relly think ‘hat, you know, there all sors thi That would work, yeah, What sort of thin 8 You know her well, your we could do, oethene tee tonne tow ere mcany 8 Wel then, eat dont Well, | dont know. ed be nica to get really don't have any strong ideas on i, | ray mind, I mean, you know, whats something original, but | don't know if mean... don't think potery or gas, 2s you two decide, | mean, if we cn al ‘we've got enough money for that. ‘you say, she's got a lat areal decide. if tw0 of us decide io, seven not much for an oxginal fn something Bigey wesrmimen erent Extract 2 1 St, a th, {No its not much for that IK What, going tothe health Fri? 4 Wall how about. Wl, 1 suppose 0. Might be able to No, aI think if you want something ‘ink pethaps then we ought get rice piece of potten, telexing, perhaps we ought todo something (0 then choose @ neutral erm thouah, or das, or 2 bit more acthe, but rebxing fone that we al something lice that 3: Yeah, but with the heath dub you can do._—_—®_Karen can you suggest 1 Yeah, theres quite a good both, | mean you can do exercises inthe something place down, dour the gym, you can do aerobics, or you can do Well Fm quite happy with any af th ‘end of. the High Street Simming, or you cen jus lounge around suggestions realy, I mean the health someuhie 7 and do rothing. health lb, that sounds fine, “hats rat, thats ight, Mmmm, sound al ght. 8 Yeah but Jue’ not keen on that, ‘hae lovey. 3 What do you think? Features of natural conversation Vague language 2 .a. Say these expressions of opinion (or lack of opini| ‘The term vague language refers to words or phrases which and underline the syllable which carries the main formation, People use vague in each clause. ee 1 Td say (its a good idea), 2 Ifyou ask me, think (it’s fantastic). 3 I don't realy mind. 4 [don't have any very strong feelings. 5 6 7 + they don’t know the exact facts + the precise facts are not important + they don’t want to express their real opinions. Read Extracts 1 and 2 again, and note the highlighted ‘examples of vague language. Decide what the vague terms 1 think we ought to (stay in). It’ not up to me (to decide, is it)? I don’t think (we should), could mean and why they are being used. Listen and check your ideas. Example ae About seventy quid Exploitation Which amounts could this mean? £65, £69, £72, or £78? itn niuker deca kas me ceees eae ‘Work in groups. Choose one ofthese situations. Dis the people in the photographs opposite. You do not Practice to reach agreement, but simply to express opinions. EM Listen and repeat these expressions asking someone {Situation 15 for their opinion. Underline the syllable in each expression ircheaiahc nepantetoepieanls You are the personnel committee of a small busines are looking to recruit two new members of staf to a. What do you think? in your team. Agree what your business is, then deci b How do you feel about it? ‘who you want in your team. All the candidates have| ¢ Have you any ideas? similar qualifications and experience. d What do you reckon? € Don't you think we should discuss ition 2 group is going on a two-month adventure holiday. of the original members of the group has dropped nd you are looking for a replacement. Which of the applicants would you choose? 24, unmartied, confident public speaker {olerant, sense of humour, good at mending things, useless at housework, TV addet, good vith figures, smoker. ye ic CEE Pee erence 28, engaged to be marred, practical, ood listener, non-smoker, can't cook, lazy, j diplomatic, good with money sabe 26, divorced, has experience of running successful business, good cack, good with chilren, always goes to bed late, workaholic +] canitkeep a secret, excelent Jai] rere 35, widow (has a five-year-old chile, rained first aide, honest, untidy, independent, hard-working bossy, talks a lot, punctual i iv me Kate ting are going to write notes that you could refer to when. aga serious conversation using semi-formal language. eare the kind of notes you would make to remind self about important ideas and opinions you wanted a rst, think about the similarities and differences ‘tween normal conversation and more formal ‘oken language. an language ‘sonal | wouldn't even consider lacie Rachel ~ they {woul iti, but gute ke the lok of Chin and sy bln sounds OK fom hs ter sale? cificu os. Several of them sound OK fom th eters 2 Summary unit you have worked onthe fllowing language pons. 5 simple end Past continuous perfect 31, vould socations ‘My ow view is that Jackie's too young. She's got heuelly any experience of living with other people ft seems to nre hat Raclel is rather shy and quiet. I don't think shetd feel comfortable with older people. In nay opinion, Robin's better and | feel sure hed fit in well. | must say, { found iva a bit talkative on the phowe ~ Vinnagine this might be rather ivitating. From my point of view, Christina sould be ideal, She seems mature aud, as fr as fea tell, shell get on well with all of us | Semi-formal spoken language 1b Read these notes that the speech above was based on. Writing Jackie. t00 young, little experience of sharing Rachel radher shy anal quied, nat very camfartable idk alder peaple Rabin, talkative but OK, could be irritating but would probably fit in. Chvistina ony first choice, quite mature, think she'd get on with us all © What has been added to the notes to turn the semi-formal language? > Writing guidelines p.155 * 2 Choose one of these situations. Situation 1252 ‘Write notes in preparation for a telephone call you are going to make to one of the managers of your business. ‘Your notes should summarize your opinions about the kind of person you would like to join your department to ‘work with you on a new project. 2 Situation 2 ‘Write notes in preparation for a meeting, summarizing your opinions about the kind of person you are looking for to join your group on an adventure holiday. 3 Work with someone who chose the other situation, Explain your situation and give your opinions. Refer to your notes to make sure you cover your points, D1 Asking about, expressing, and avoiding expresing opinions Ci wviting notes “Tick the points you are confident about and cross the ones you need to rave, ont?Your thoughts 1 In 1890 the cartoonist Albert Rabida predicted that by the year 2000 the skies above Paris would be busy with aerotaxis. Look at these pictures of how previous generations imagined life in the future. How accurate were their predictions? ‘A fashionable young woman takes an aerotaxl from the balcony of her apartment through ‘the busy skies of Paris In the year 2000, In. 1918, an illustration from the Scientific ‘American proposed a ridiculous solution to 2 problem that didn't exist ~ car parking. wan In the 1950s, despite the atomic bomb, the USA had nothing to fear from the future Fi technology could be relied upon to protect the American way of ‘ie. 2 Here are some pictures shq recent predictions about li the future, Do they seem realistic to yout ‘One of the many plans for sc Japan's overcrowding problet Marinopolis, @ new city floatin, the sea. | Over the next 50. milldn ‘the continents will break up. Isolated continents could de thelr own unique animal Humans could become ext) replaced by robbits as kangeroos, ster and nightstalkers — man flightless bats ~ which hunt by echolocation. |Vorld population » double by 2050 cent figures suggest the population of the world ing to double (to reach ten billion) by the year 2050. 1F nates are correct, and over 90 per cent of that growth is in, there will be a crisis in our cities. What will we do? will we cope? WT ‘would you react if you read this headline in a spaper? How do you think the newspaper will answer ‘wn questions: What-will we do? How will we cope? 4 about one plan for coping with the problem. Did think of this idea? UTUROPOLIS ‘One solution to bud ete underground solution is Japan's underground Geotropolis,on which Cis due to start in the early part of the century. To rnd Tokyo into a city 100 kilometres across, vast caverns be excavated 50 metres below the ground and linked \igh-speed railways. To reduce the negative effects of g underground, natural light will be reflected down ts, Residents will be able to look out of ‘virtual low’ television screens and there will be various other nicks to imitate the sounds, smells, and breezes of ‘e-ground conditions. Mat do you think daily life will be like in Geotropolis? Jork in pairs and discuss normal routines such as iting, drinking, sleeping, travelling, working, relaxing, ould you like to live there? Why? Why not? That will the possible negative effects of living nderground be? son to person ict some of the problems that might arise in the re in your country, or in the world. ‘ou think it is possible to predict the future accurately? 2 Why nott [~ Grammar ~ Futures review, will, going to 1 The two most common ways of making predictions are with willand going fo. How are these two Kinds of predictions different? a Over the next 50 mi break up. If you don’t lke sad films, dos't go. You'll ery from beginning to end. 'b Current figures suggest the population of the worl és | {going to double (to reach ten billion) by the year 2050, “My nose is tickling. Vm gong to sneeze. 2. Will has two other common uses. What are they? a T’llbe 22 next Friday. Can you come to my party? b A I'd love a coffee. B Me too. I'l makeit. ion years the continents will 3. Going to has one other main use. What isi? T'nr going to stop listening to weather forecasts. They'se never right. ‘Are you going to study medicine when you leave school > Language commentary p.126 f- Check 4 Fill the gaps in these sentences with the correet form of will or going to, a Can you drive? I'm really tired. I fall asleep at any minute. b Tye had enough.1 look for another job. «¢ You leave for Japan tomorrow? Wonderful! You love it, 4 The sun goes down very quickly here. It te dark in half an hour. Can't you eat any more? 1__ finish it for you. Pronunciation 5 a How can going to be pronounced in formel speech (Gentence 1) and informal speech (sentence 2)? 1 Polls suggest that the President is going fo win the next clection by a wide margin. 2 Idon't know what I'm going todo, Fran, I really don’t. b IEBIB Listen and check your idess. Listen again and repeat the sentences > Future continuous and Future periect > The language of contrast: but, however, although 925 pa unitsListening 1 David and Tanya are listening to a programme in which experts are discussing the short and long term future of the world and society. ‘What do you think the experts will say about these subjects? Note down some ideas. + computers + employment + wealth and poverty + natural threats LOOKING FORWARD 10 WHAT? ‘As you listen 2 Do the experts mention any of the ideas that you predicted? What threat is mentioned? (nunun Gram} Future continuous and Future perfect Exploring concepts 1. Underline the future verbs in these extracts, Which extracts contain Future continuous verbs and whieh contain Future perfect verbs? Interpretation ‘What do you think the speakers mean in these extracts? a I definitely won't be worrying about comets in a hundred years time, b ... by the year 2200 humans will... have merged with computers . -- itll be very embarrassing, because it means we won't be the most intelligey 4d... the better your credit the higher up the citizen ladder you wil! be. Vocabulary 1 These words express the speakers’ feelings about future events. Find the ide] or events in the tapescript on p.142 that these words describe, incredible scary exciting embarrass 1g ter 19 horrendous frightening a Which four words have similar meanings? Rank these words in order of strength of feeling, b Are there any aspects of modern life that you find horrendous or terrifyi What are they? © What do you find exciting or frightening about the future? dd What ideas about the future do you find completely incrediblet 2. Likehas many different meanings and uses. Match the five examples of like sentences a—d with meanings and uses 1-4. a By about the year 2200 humans will have merged with computers, though Ihave to say I don’t like the idea much. b The idea of people merging with computers sounds like science fiction tom He means well be spending more and more of our time working on compu = you know, we'l be, like, we'll be more dependent on them, 4 You know, like nowadays people lave pacemakers fitted to control their Beare wel maybe th frre, people wil be ited wih oer ina devices, like those virtual reality helmets you wear on your head. 1 be keen on 2 for example | such as 3. similar to 4 used as a pause in the conversation ~ to give the spenker time to think Speaking personally 1. Do you think Earth will ever be hit by an asteroid? 2 What do you think the advantages and disadvantages of mergers between computers and humans would be? 3 How would you feel about living in an independent city rather than a cour 1 definitely won't be worrying about comets in a inundred years’ tie, welll be spending more and more of our time working on computers. well all have been fitted with other kinds of device, well all be walking around with computer chips is our brains «+ fewer people will be paying tx. vo by the year 2100, nations ns we now know them will have broken up ..pare these pairs of sentences, Exploitation sim the difference in meaning in pair, Why or when would you s@ 0 use 2 continuous or a set “ Soubraherthasasinpleverbt {World oil supplies run out City built ak about the meanings of the _ _ | | | | | | Here are some headlines from newspapers of the future. rnuous and perfect aspects — there an 5 4, on Mars omenuereng7) Smoking legal im Japan | 2100 oil reserves willbe aurea RIE OSC TWO) a sing out world jol Miter vitro — |_ Computers take over 95/0 0 Jon 12100 nations as we now know em will have broken up. 2100 nations ag we now knovr ex wil reck up. +2100 nations as we now know em will have broken up. 2106 nations as we now know xn wil be breaking up. 1a When do you think the events in these headlines will come true? Choose one of these dates: 2010, 2050, 2100, 2200, 2500, 300, or add your own. 'b Now make Future pecfeet sentences for the headlines with these dates: 2010, 2200, 3000. Say what will have happened and what won't have happened. Moscow TO BE Elephants now extinct WORLD CAPITAL a Worldwide ban on private cars ‘h form refers to an action: progress at a particular point in oral (Compare your ideas with a partner. sich will be completed before a trticular time in the future and Example f Bush Wil Have w dicey chee er By the year 2010 world oil supplies will have run out Beit ‘They won't have built «city on Mars by 2010. © Choose three headlines and think about their implications, Make Future are some words and phrases we continuous sentences. 1 show how certain we are about wl happen in the fture Example fiaas World oil supplies run out Pre erag Cars an planes will protably be using electric, Key tnsure ‘te nb doubt People will be travelling to work on foto by bike 2 One of the speakers on the radio programme said, There'l be fewer people paying tax in the future. Think about people in your country in the future and make sentences starting lke this a There'll be fewer people .. b There'll be more people... cach of the words and phrases in st to these two sentences. Ibe a mi e'llbe running his own business, 3 a Thinkabout personal and professional aspects of your future life in 20 years time, What things will you be doing? What things will you have done? Write sentences using some of these expressions. guage commentary p.126 ndation ow are the words in italics ; eat - ‘ & 7 confident Pilbe ... Pit have onounced in natural speech? (dow) think ... won't be... | Twon't have: In the future, we'll all be Lespect 11 doubt if ‘working from home. Example By 2100 the world as we know 1h ton yours tne, [hope Pl be rung my’ owns busines, it will have changed completely. ty Work in pair, Make guesses or predict what your partners life will be like in 20 ‘War, however, won't have oti piereeaie years time. ippeared. Example EB Listen and check your ideas actise saying the sentences with >artner. Free speech 4 If you could find out one thing about the future, wnat would it be? is there anything you wouldn't want to know? Think you'll have visited Australia,