Hydrology and Hydraulic Calculation Bridge

Ministry of Public Works
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Sharan Angor Ada

Corridor Highway MPW-1593- ICB
Design of hydraulic & hydrology

Bridge # 1 At Sta: 102+625
Contractor:
MAB-HKCC JV
Construction Co. Ltd.
Submitted to:
Dong IL Engineering &
Consultants Co. Ltd.
Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of
Sharan- Angor Ada Corridor/MPW -1593-IC
___________________________________________________________________________________
Symbols
A- The cross sectional area of flow at section (m2)
Df- Depth of foundation below H.F.L (m)
D- Normal scour depth (m)
D'- Modified normal scour depth (m)
Dm- Maximum scour depth (m)
D50 Mean dia. of particle, mm
L- Length of the Bridge (m)
H- Max depth of water at structure (m)
H.F.L- High flood level (m)
Sf- Safety Factor
C'- Coefficient of discharge
W- Regime width of water way (m)
V- Velocity (m/sec)
R- Hydraulic means depth (m)
P- Wetted Perimeter (m)
N- Roughness Coefficient
F- Lacay’s silt factor
S- Longitudinal channel slope (%)
CONTRACT# MPW-1593-ICB
PROJECT: SHARANA ANGOOR ADA HIGHWAY PROJECT
BRIDGES: DESIGNED BY CHECKED BY APROVED BY
#1 ENG-HASAM DR.LOGAR KHAN
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
Q- Design discharge (cusicsec)
g- Acceleration due to gravity (m2/sec)
Fb- free board / clearance
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
Table of content
Design Background: ................................................................................................................................... 4

Design of the peak flow discharge: ............................................................................................................ 4
1. Hydrology Calculation with Area velocity method: ............................................................................... 5
Plan Profile & Cross section: ...................................................................................................................... 7
2. Hydrology Calculation with Rational method: ................................................................................. 11
Discharge summary: ................................................................................................................................. 14
Hydraulic calculation: ............................................................................................................................... 14
1. Linear Water way of Bridges: ........................................................................................................... 14
2. Scouring: ........................................................................................................................................... 14
3. Principle categories of bridge scour: ................................................................................................ 14
4. Calculation of Scour Depth of Alluvial Stream:............................................................................... 15
5. Effect of contraction on normal scour depth: ................................................................................... 16
Excel spread sheet: ................................................................................................................................... 16
Summary and recommendation: ............................................................................................................... 22
References: ............................................................................................................................................... 23
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
Design Background:
Bridge engineering is an important branch of civil engineering field. In order to design bridges
properly and safely some knowledge of structural engineering foundation engineering and
hydrological and hydraulics engineering are essential.
The first step in designing a bridge is the hydraulic design part. If a bridge is designed hydraulically
proper then the structural design part will be more safely and surly only because of bad structural
design but because of bad hydraulic design.
In Afghanistan due to the lack of experts and hydraulic data, mostly hydraulic designs are ignored
or paid less attention to it. Also there is another problem too, and that is the lack of enough reliable
hydrological data. In Afghanistan some the important river have hydrology data, however, for the
season water or flood there is no any record for the site
Design of the peak flow discharge:
There are three methods of the determining the design flood discharge
1. By Empirical
2. By Area velocity method
3. By Rational method
In our case, we don’t have any gauge at the site; there for we also use another method to find out
the actual result. If there was deference in the results than we select the max or the average of them
for hydraulic calculation
For second method the flood discharge will be determined by high flood level method which also
calls area velocity method too.
During survey time, surveyor will ask from the elders and make the inquiry,
Highest water level marks can be observed on three trunks and vegetation that exist adjacent to the
proposed site. The information can be supplemented and substantiated by local enquiries and
interviews.
While doing hydraulic calculations attention should be paid to the following:
1. The river cross section should be truly representative. The cross section should not be vitiated by
artificial cuts etc.
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. If the bridge site is along the existing natural crossing, the cross section for hydraulics should be
across the nearby natural undisturbed channel. The cross section within 100-200 m U/S or D/S may
be quite useful.
3. Appropriate coefficient of rugosity should be used. The same rugosity coefficient should not be
used for bed and banks, as the nature of stream changes according to properties of material and
vegetation growth etc.
4. The reasonableness of computed velocity should be judged in relation to bed material for e.g
existence of boulders in the stream and low velocity of flow does not generally go together.
5. The adoption of either the observed H.F.L. obtained by local enquiry or the computed
H.F.L. as design level should be done judiciously. The observed H.F.L. may be affected by
obstructions like rice fields, bunds, blocking of spill channels etc. Higher of the two values be
adopted as design H.F.L
1. Hydrology Calculation with Area velocity method:

In a stream with rigid boundaries ( bed& bank ) the shape and size of the cross-section is
significantly the same during a flood as after its subsidence. If we carefully plot the HFL and
measure the bed slope it is simple to calculate the flow velocity and discharge. Measure the cross-
sectional area in sq. Meter and the wetted perimeter in meter. Then calculate the hydraulic mean
depth R = A/P, next measure the bed slope S from plotted longitudinal section of the stream.
Velocity can then be calculated by Manning’s formula.(See Figure 1,2,3) for the calculation of area
,slop and for P.
Once we obtain these information the following formula will be used to find the discharge.
V = 1/n ( R2/3 S 1/2 )
Where, V = Velocity in m/s, considering uniform throughout the cross-section.

R = Hydraulic mean depth, m.
S = Energy slope which may be taken equal to stream bed slope measure over reasonably
Long reach.
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient of the river bed. ( see the Figure #1 )
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
Discharge = Q = A X V
A = (B+b)/2 * h
B = top wide of water =52.3 m
b = bed wide of channel = 28.12
h = height of water 3.8 m
A = (B+b)/2 * h = (52.3+28.12)/2 * 3.8 = 152.85 m2
p = wetted parameter = b+(a12+h2)0.5 + (a22+h2)0.5 = 53.55= 28.12+10.23+15.2=53.55 m
R=A/P = 152.85/53.55 = 2. 9 m
n= 0.035 (see the Figure #1)
S = 1.2% (see the Figure #2)
V = 1/n ( R2/3 S 1/2 ) = V = 1/0.035 ( 2.92/3 0.012 1/2 ) = 6.35 m/sec
Q = A X V = 152.85 m2 x 6.35 m/sec = 970 cusicsec
Plan Profile & Cross section:
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Hydrology Calculation with Rational method:
As per AED requirements for area less than 20 sq.KM following rational formula is used.
Q = KCIA
Where:
Q = Peak flow (cumecs)
K = 0.278
C = runoff coefficient= 0.35 (see table 1)
A = catchment area ( see the Figure #3 )=215 km2
E1 = Elevation of height point = 3130 m
E2 = Elevation of low point = 2465 m
LC = Channel length = 22 km
Sc = Channel Slope = ELl-EL2/LC = 3130-2465/ 22000= 0.03
Vavg = average velocity unpaved surface =16.441*SC 0.5603 =16.441*0.03 0.5603 =2.3 ft/sec = 0.7 m/sec
Tc=Time of concentration kirpich formula=(0.87 *Lc2/1000*Sc)0.385=( 0.87x222/ 1000 x 0.03)0.385
Tc =165.8 minute
Tc=Time of concentration general formula = LC /60Vavg = 22000 /60x0.7 m/s = 523 minutes
I = rainfall intensity (mm/h) (see Figure#4)
Tc= 165 min , I = 20 mm/hr TC = 523 min , I = 7.8 mm/hr use I = 60 mm/hr
ARF = Area reduction factor 10% = 0.1x 215 = 22 km2
Areq = A- ARF = 215-22 =193 Km2
Q = KCIA = 0.278 * 0.35* 60 * 193 = 1126.73 Cumecs
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
Discharge summary:
Area Velocity 1126.73 cumecs

Rational method 970.00 cumecs
As per above summary our proposed Discharge is 1000 cusics
Hydraulic calculation:
1. Linear Water way of Bridges:
The linear water way of bridge may be calculated by using following formula.
W = C √ Q (for calculation see excel sheet)

Where, W = Regime width of water way.
Q = Design discharge.
C = constant taken as 4.8 for regime channels but it may be vary from 4.5 to 6.3 according to local
conditions
2. Scouring:
In this design the word scour means the lowering by erosion of the channel bed below an assumed
natural level or artificial datum, tending to undermine foundations that would otherwise remain
buried. “depth of scour refers to the depth of material washed away , usually measured from stream
bed surface downward, where the “ scoured depth “ means the depth from the high flood level to
the lower level of scoured materials.
3. Principle categories of bridge scour:

Scour at bridges can be divided into five main types as follows:
 Normal scour across a channel of constricted waterway in some literature it is also called
general scour.
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
 Local scour around bridge piers, abutment nose of guide banks / guide bunds / and wing
walls close to the stream. This is mostly associated with vortex system induced by
obstruction to the flow
 Natural scour in alluvial and tidal channels related to the flow variation and associated to
the channel process including the bed material transport and bed form migration and
channel shifting
 Progressive scour or channel profile degradation with geological time. It is a morphological

problem.
Men made scour is observed due to artificial activity of human being upstream of downstream
because some changes in the physical parameters of a stream may bring changes to the stream
regime shapes slope or other characteristics.
4. Calculation of Scour Depth of Alluvial Stream:
Normal scour depth: If a constant discharge were passed through a straight stable reach of an
alluvial stream for an indefinite time, the boundary of its cross-section should ultimately become
elliptical.
This will happen when regime condition comes to exist. The depth in the middle of the stream
would then be the normal scour depth.
The normal depth for alluvial stream, if the regime width of the stream dose not contract.
D = 0.473 ( Q/f ) 1/3 laceys regime method (for calculation see excel sheet)
Where, Q = Design discharge, ft3/sec.

f = Silt factor, = 12 (see Figure #5)
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. Effect of contraction on normal scour depth:
For special reason if the linear water way of the bridge is kept less than the regime width of the
stream, then the normal scour depth under the bridge will be greater than the regime depth of the
stream and given by
D' = D ( W/L ) 0.61

Where, W = the regime width of the stream = C √ Q
L = the design water way, L < W
D = the normal depth of scour, L = W
D' = the depth of scour, when L < W,
Excel spread sheet:
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Province : Paktika Bridge #1
side slop R 1 8.3235
For Pier side slop L 1 9.3125
Number of span N = 3
Area of flow, A = 163.63 m2
Wetted Perimeter, P = 59.8 m
Hydraulic mean depth, R = A/P = 2.737 m
Stream bed Slope, S 100 : 1.2 0.01200
Roughness Coefficient, n = 0.035
Lacay's silt factor, f = 12
We know,
Velocity, V = 1/n x R 2/3 x S 1/2
V after cons = 6.15 m/sec
Design discharge, Q = A * V = 1000.00 m3/sec
C = C constant taken as 4.8 for regime channels but it

may be vary from 4.5 to 6.3 according to local conditions
We considered 4.8
Regime width of water way, W = C√ Q
Regime width of water way, W = 151.789 m
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
Scour Depth:
Let consider length of the Bridge, L = 60 m
Nominal depth of Scour , D = 0.473 (Q/f)1/3
Nominal depth of Scour , D = 2.04 m
D'= D( W/L ) ^0.61
D' = the modified depth of scour
Modified depth of Scour, D' = 3.59 m from H. F. L
Maximum depth of scour, D max = D' * X
X - For single span structure (with no piers) on a straight reach of the stream 1.5
and 2 on bad sites on curves or for multi span structures. We considered 2
Dmax = 7.17 m from H. F. L
Depth of foundation :
The dept of foundation (Df)below HFL is generally provided as:
Df = 7.17 m
Effective width of opening, L = 60.00 m
If the L<W in this case we will increase the velocity (1 to 1.3)
Safety Factor for Velocity = 1.00
Ultimate Velocity = 6.15 m/sec
Max depth of water at structure, H = 3.06 m
Df ' from RB Df' = Max.Df-H= 4.11
The safe velocity for different types of soil under the bridge are given below:
Lose Clay or Fine Sand = Up to 0.5m/s
Course Sand = 0.5 to 1m/s
Fine Gravel, Sandy of Stiff Clay = 1 to 1.5m/s
Course Gravel, Rocky Soil = 1.5 to 2.5m/s
Boulders, Rock = 2.5 to 5m/s
Siz analaysis:
before construction:
W= 85.38 m width of stream at HFL regime width
b= 42 m width of bed river
h= 2.46 m height of water at regime width
A1 = (B+b)/2 * h 156.683 m2 water area at regime width
P = b + (b'r2+h2)^0.5+ (a2+h2)^0.5 44.46 m Wetted Perimeter
R = A/P 3.524134 m Hydraulic mean depth,
S= 0.012 m/m Stream bed Slope, S
V = 1/n x R 2/3 x S 1/2 7.24804 m/s Velocity at regime width,
Q=A*V 1135.645 m3/sec Design discharge,
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
Siz analaysis:
after construction (under bridge) :
W = L- diameter of column 55.05 m width of stream at HFL regime width should be 55 m
b= 42 m width of bed river
H tro = 0.74 m height of water at Trapezoidal section
At= (B+b)/2 * h 35.90874 m2 water area at Trapezoidal section
Pt = b + (b'r2+h2)^0.5+ (a2+h2)^0.5 55.13455 m Wetted Perimeter at Trapezoidal section
Hrec = 2.32 m height of water at Rectangular section
Arec =W * Hrec 127.7175 m water area at Rectangular section
Pr = 4.64 m Wetted Perimeter at Rectangular section
A total = 163.6262 m total water area
P total = 59.77455 m
R = A/P 2.737389 m Hydraulic mean depth,
S= 0.012 m/m Stream bed Slope, S
V = 1/n x R 2/3 x S 1/2 6.124595 m/s Velocity at regime width,
Q=A*V 1002.144 m3/sec Design discharge, should be 1000
Opening :
Free Board = 1.20 Value for free board from table
Height of lower surface of beam from river bed = 4.76 m
Afflux :
h= v2/2g(W 2/C' 2 L2-1)
h= afflux
v= Velocity of normal flow in the stream
g= acceleration due to gravity
w= width of stream at HFL regime width
L= Linear waterway under the bridge
Coefficient of discharge through the bridge, taken as 0.7 for sharp entry
C' =
and 0.9 for bell mouthed entry
C' = 0.90
V= 4.69 m/sec Velocity of normal flow in the stream
h= 4.02 m < 0.3 m NOT OK
the afflux should be kept minimum and limited as far as possible to 30 cm
h = 0.5
Designed Area A' = 262.04 m2 > A= 156.68 OK
Summary :
2440.6
FRL = 2440.550 m Finish Road Level 0.050
HFL = 2437.190 m Height flood Level
BED = 2434.130 m Bed Level
DFL = 2430.018 m Depth of Foundation elevation
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
HYDROLOGICAL DESIGN
Bridge #1
Province : PAKTIKA
For Abutment
Using Area velocity method
Number of span N = 3
Area of flow, A = 163.63 m2 Taken from Cross Section
Wetted Perimeter, P = 59.774551 m Taken from Cross Section
Hydraulic mean depth, R = A/P = 2.737 m
Stream bed Slope, S 100 : 1.2 0.01200 Taken from Longitudinal section
Roughness Coefficient, n = 0.035
Lacay's silt factor, f = 12 f=1.76√d50
We know,
Velocity, V = 1/n x R 2/3 x S 1/2
V = 6.15 m/sec
Design discharge, Q = A * V * Safety Factor = 1000.00 m3/sec Safety Factor 1
Safety factor taken from 1 to 1.3 range to findout exact discharge
C = A constant taken as 4.8 for regime channels but it
may be very from 4.5 to 6.3 according to local conditions
We considered 4.8
Regime width of water way, W = C√ Q
Regime width of water way, W = 151.789 m

Scour Dept:
Let consider length of the Bridge, L = 60 m
Nominal depth of Scour , D = 0.473 (Q/f)1/3
Nominal depth of Scour , D = 2.04 m
D'= D( W/L )^0.61
D' = the modified depth of scour
Modified depth of Scour, D' = 3.59 m from H. F. L
Maximum depth of scour, D max = D*X
X - For single span structure (with no piers) on a straight reach of the stream 1.25
and 1.5 on bad sites on curves or for multi span structures. We considered 1.5
Dmax = 5.38 m from H. F. L
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
Depth of foundation :
The dept of foundation (Df)below HFL is generally provided as: FRL = 2440.550
Df = 5.38
Ultimate Velocity = 6.15 m/sec Bed EL 2436.560
Max depth of water at structure, H = 3.06 m DF EL = 2434.241
Df from RB Df = Max.Df-H= 2.32
The safe velocity for different types of soil under the bridge are given below:
Lose Clay or Fine Sand = Up to 0.5m/s
Course Sand = 0.5 to 1m/s
Fine Gravel, Sandy of Stiff Clay = 1 to 1.5m/s
Course Gravel, Rocky Soil = 1.5 to 2.5m/s
Boulders, Rock = 2.5 to 5m/s
The Ultimate Velocity should be increased from above value:
Opening :
Free Board = 1.20
Height of lower surface of beam from river bed = 4.26
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
Summary and recommendation:
- The bridge area is souranded by mountain and the upper area slope is 1.2 % and the depth
of the foundation should be adjusted according to site condition and according to
geotechnical report.
- The scouring will not happen, therefore, the height of the bridge should be adjusted to cut
and fill and road finish level.
- After construction all water way should be cleared from debris.
- Mean made scouring should be protected after construction.
- The bridge height should be adjusted according the road finish level or considering cut and
fill volume however , the abutment and pier height should not be less then calculated one .
- The depth of foundation of abutment should be not less than 5.38 m from H.F.L
- The depth of foundation for pier should not less than 7.15 m from H.F.L
- Depth of water under bridge at main stream 3.6 m the height sub structure should be not
less 3.6 m +1.2m + 0.5 m free board at mid part sub structure .
SIGNATURE:
___________________________________________________________________________________
References:
1. Chow , V.T. , “open – channel hydraulics” McGraw-Hill Bc. New York, 1971.
2. Graf, walterhans , “hydraulic of sediment transport” McGraw-HILL book Co . new york ,

1971.
3. Neill , C.R. , ED. “Guide bridge hydraulics” published for roads and transportation
association of Canada by university of Toronto press, 1973.
4. Kohzad , F. “river engineering” rural development department of Afghanistan , Kabul,1980
5. Skogerboe ,G.V. and others “comparison of bridge backwater relations” , journal of

hydraulic division , ASCE ,vol. HY6 ,proc . paper 9799. June 1973, pp 921-938.
6. Barret , J.W.H, skogerboc, G.V. “computing backwater at open channel constrictions “

journal of Hyd. Division,ASCE, vol. HY7,proc.paper , 9841. July 1973 , pp 1043-1056
7. Apelt , C.J. , ISAACS , L.T. “bridge piers – hydrodynamic force coefficients “ jour. Of
Hyd. Division,ASCE, vol HY1, proc paper 5707 , pp 17-30.
8. Indian road congress “guidelines for the design of small bridges and coverts” , special
publication No 13.New Delhi 1973 ,/1978. Reprint/
9. Ondruss, L. and zsamboki , L. , “calculation of backwater due to contraction in trapezoidal

channels” journal of hydraulic engineering, Hungarian national water authority , vol. 4,
1980./in Hungarian/.
SIGNATURE:

Hydrology and Hydraulic Calculation Bridge

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hydrology and Hydraulic Calculation Bridge

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ministry of Public Works

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Sharan Angor Ada

Design of hydraulic & hydrology

A- The cross sectional area of flow at section (m2)

Df- Depth of foundation below H.F.L (m)

D- Normal scour depth (m)

D'- Modified normal scour depth (m)

Dm- Maximum scour depth (m)

D50 Mean dia. of particle, mm

L- Length of the Bridge (m)

H- Max depth of water at structure (m)

H.F.L- High flood level (m)

Sf- Safety Factor

C'- Coefficient of discharge

W- Regime width of water way (m)

R- Hydraulic means depth (m)

P- Wetted Perimeter (m)

F- Lacay’s silt factor

S- Longitudinal channel slope (%)

g- Acceleration due to gravity (m2/sec)

Fb- free board / clearance

Design Background: ................................................................................................................................... 4

Design of the peak flow discharge:

While doing hydraulic calculations attention should be paid to the following:

1. Hydrology Calculation with Area velocity method:

V = 1/n ( R2/3 S 1/2 )

Where, V = Velocity in m/s, considering uniform throughout the cross-section.

Plan Profile & Cross section:

Area Velocity 1126.73 cumecs

As per above summary our proposed Discharge is 1000 cusics

1. Linear Water way of Bridges:

W = C √ Q (for calculation see excel sheet)

3. Principle categories of bridge scour:

 Progressive scour or channel profile degradation with geological time. It is a morphological

4. Calculation of Scour Depth of Alluvial Stream:

Where, Q = Design discharge, ft3/sec.

5. Effect of contraction on normal scour depth:

D' = D ( W/L ) 0.61

Excel spread sheet:

C = C constant taken as 4.8 for regime channels but it

Regime width of water way, W = 151.789 m

Regime width of water way, W = 151.789 m

Summary and recommendation:

of the foundation should be adjusted according to site condition and according to

and fill and road finish level.

- After construction all water way should be cleared from debris.

- Mean made scouring should be protected after construction.

2. Graf, walterhans , “hydraulic of sediment transport” McGraw-HILL book Co . new york ,

4. Kohzad , F. “river engineering” rural development department of Afghanistan , Kabul,1980

5. Skogerboe ,G.V. and others “comparison of bridge backwater relations” , journal of

6. Barret , J.W.H, skogerboc, G.V. “computing backwater at open channel constrictions “

9. Ondruss, L. and zsamboki , L. , “calculation of backwater due to contraction in trapezoidal

You might also like