ST.

XAVIER’S COLLEGE
Maitighar, Kathmandu

REPORT OF DCCN

Submitted By
Name: Anish Khichaju
Roll: 016BIM006
Class: 2nd semester

Submitted TO

Mr. Ganesh Yogi

Faculty of Computer Science
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)

PSTN (public switched telephone network) is the world's collection of

interconnected voice-oriented public telephone networks, both
commercial and government-owned. It's also referred to as the Plain
Old Telephone Service (POTS). It's the aggregation of circuit-switching
telephone networks that has evolved from the days of Alexander
Graham Bell ("Doctor Watson, come here!"). Today, it is almost entirely
digital in technology except for the final link from the central (local)
telephone office to the user. In relation to the Internet, the PSTN
actually furnishes much of the Internet's long-distance infrastructure.
Because Internet service providers ISPs pay the long-distance providers
for access to their infrastructure and share the circuits among many
users through packet-switching, Internet users avoid having to pay
usage tolls to anyone other than their ISPs.

ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication
standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice, video, data,
and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public
switched telephone network. It was first defined in 1988 in
the CCITT red book. Prior to ISDN, the telephone system was viewed as
a way to transport voice, with some special services available for data.
The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech and data on the
same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic
telephone system. The ISDN standards define several kinds of access
interfaces, such as Basic Rate Interface (BRI), Primary Rate
Interface (PRI), Narrowband ISDN (N-ISDN), and Broadband ISDN (B-
ISDN).
ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system, which also
provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital
transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires,
resulting in potentially better voice quality than an analog phone can
provide. It offers circuit-switched connections (for either voice or data),
and packet-switched connections (for data), in increments of
64 kilobit/s. In some countries, ISDN found major market application
for Internet access, in which ISDN typically provides a maximum of 128
k-bit/s bandwidth in both upstream and downstream
directions. Channel bonding can achieve a greater data rate; typically
the ISDN B-channels of three or four BRIs (six to eight 64 k-bit/s
channels) are bonded.
ISDN is employed as the network, data-link and physical layers in the
context of the OSI model, or could be considered a suite of digital
services existing on layers 1, 2, and 3 of the OSI model. In common use,
ISDN is often limited to usage to Q.931 and related protocols, which are
a set of signaling protocols establishing and breaking circuit-switched
connections, and for advanced calling features for the user. They were
introduced in 1986.

FRAME RELAY

Frame relay is a packet-switching telecommunication service designed

for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between
local area networks (LANs) and between endpoints in wide area
networks (WANs). The service, once widely available and implemented,
is in the process of being discontinued by major Internet service
providers. Sprint ended its frame relay service in 2007, while Verizon
said it plans to phase out the service in 2015. AT&T stopped offering
frame relay in 2012 but said it would support existing customers until
2016. Frame relay puts data in a variable-size unit called a frame and
leaves any necessary error correction (retransmission of data) up to the
endpoints, which speeds up overall data transmission. For most
services, the network provides a permanent virtual circuit (PVC), which
means that the customer sees a continuous, dedicated connection
without having to pay for a full-time leased line, while the service
provider figures out the route each frame travels to its destination and
can charge based on usage. Switched virtual circuits (SVC), by contrast,
are temporary connections that are destroyed after a specific data
transfer is completed.

An enterprise can select a level of service quality, prioritizing some

frames and making others less important. A number of service
providers, including AT&T, offer frame relay, and it's available on
fractional T-1 or full T-carrier system carriers. Frame relay complements
and provides a mid-range service between ISDN, which
offers bandwidth at 128 Kbps, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM),
which operates in somewhat similar fashion to frame relay but at
speeds of 155.520 Mbps or 622.080 Mbps.

DSL

A digital subscriber line (DSL) modem is a device used to connect

a computer or router to a telephone line which provides the digital
subscriber line service for connectivity to the Internet, which is often
called DSL broadband.

The term DSL modem is technically used to describe a modem which

connects to a single computer, through an Ethernet Port, USB port, or is
installed in a computer PCI slot. The more common DSL router is a
standalone device that combines the function of a DSL modem and
a router, and can connect multiple computers through
multiple Ethernet ports or an integral wireless access point. Also called
a residential gateway, a DSL router usually manages the connection and
sharing of the DSL service in a home or small office network.

ADSL
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a type of digital subscriber
line (DSL) technology, a data communications technology that enables
faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a
conventional voice band modem can provide. ADSL differs from the less
common symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL). In
ADSL, Bandwidth and bit rate are said to be asymmetric, meaning
greater toward the customer premises (downstream) than the reverse
(upstream). Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers
for Internet access for primarily downloading content from the
Internet, but not serving content accessed by others.

VOIP

VoIP (voice over IP) is the transmission of voice and multimedia content
over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. VoIP is enabled by a group of
technologies and methodologies used to deliver voice communications
over the internet, enterprise local area networks or wide area networks.]

How does VoIP work?

VoIP encapsulates audio via a codec into data packets, transmits them
across an IP network and unencapsulates them back into audio at the
other end of the connection. VoIP endpoints include dedicated
desktop VoIP phones, softphone applications running on PCs and
mobile devices, and WebRTC-enabled browsers.

By eliminating the use of circuit-switched networks for voice, VoIP

reduces network infrastructure costs, enables providers to deliver voice
services over their broadband and private networks, and allows
enterprises to operate a single voice and data network. VoIP also piggy-
backs on the resiliency of IP-based networks by enabling
fast failover around outages and redundant communications between
endpoints and networks.

Bluetooth
This wireless technology enables communication between Bluetooth-
compatible devices. It is used for short-range connections between
desktop and laptop computers, PDAs (like the Palm Pilot or Handspring
Visor), digital cameras, scanners, cellular phones, and printers.
Infrared once served the same purpose as Bluetooth, but it had a
number of drawbacks. For example, if there was an object placed
between the two communicating devices, the transmission would be
interrupted. (You may have noticed this limitation when using a
television remote control). Also, the Infrared-based communication was
slow and devices were often incompatible with each other.
Bluetooth takes care of all these limitations. Because the technology is
based on radio waves, there can be objects or even walls placed
between the communicating devices and the connection won't be
disrupted. Also, Bluetooth uses a standard 2.4 GHz frequency so that all
Bluetooth-enabled devices will be compatible with each other. The only
drawback of Bluetooth is that, because of its high frequency, its range is
limited to 30 feet. While this is easily enough for transferring data
within the same room, if you are walking in your back yard and want to
transfer the address book from your cell phone to your computer in
your basement, you might be out of luck. However, the short range can
be seen as a positive aspect as well, since it adds to the security of
Bluetooth communication.
WIFI
Wi-Fi or WiFi is a technology for wireless local area networking with
devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of
the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to
products that successfully complete interoperability certification
testing.[1]
Devices that can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers,
video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers,
digital audio players and modern printers. Wi-Fi compatible devices can
connect to the Internet via a WLAN and a wireless access point. Such an
access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet)
indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small
as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many
square kilo-metres achieved by using multiple overlapping access
points.

Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz (12 cm) UHF and 5
gigahertz (6 cm) SHF ISM radio bands. Having no physical
connections, it is more vulnerable to attack than wired connections,
such as Ethernet.

GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile

telephony system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the
world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA)
and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony
technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses
data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user
data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or
1800 MHz frequency band. Mobile services based on GSM technology
were first launched in Finland in 1991. Today, more than 690 mobile
networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM
represents 82.4% of all global mobile connections. According to GSM
World, there are now more than 2 billion GSM mobile phone users
worldwide. GSM World references China as "the largest single GSM
market, with more than 370 million users, followed by Russia with 145
million, India with 83 million and the USA with 78 million users."

Since many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with

foreign operators, users can often continue to use their mobile phones
when they travel to other countries. SIM cards (Subscriber Identity
Module) holding home network access configurations may be switched
to those will metered local access, significantly reducing roaming costs
while experiencing no reductions in service.

GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of

wireless mobile telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-
Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced
Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Service (UMTS).
Wi MAX

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless

industry coalition dedicated to the advancement of IEEE 802.16
standards for broadband wireless access (BWA) networks. WiMAX
supports mobile, nomadic and fixed wireless applications. A mobile
user, in this context, is someone in transit, such as a commuter on a
train. A nomadic user is one that connects on a portable device but
does so only while stationary -- for example, connecting to an office
network from a hotel room and then again from a coffee shop. Fixed
wireless typically refers to wireless connectivity among non-mobile
devices in homes or businesses.

According to the WiMAX forum, the group's aim is to promote and

certify compatibility and interoperability of devices based on
the 802.16 specification, and to develop such devices for the
marketplace. WiMAX is expected to provide about 10 megabits per
second of upload and download, at a distance of 10 kilometers from a
base station. The Forum says that over 455 WiMAX networks have been
deployed in over 135 countries.

In May of 2008, Sprint and Clearwire announced that they would be

combining their WiMAX businesses. Intel, Google, Comcast, Time
Warner Cable and Bright House Networks combined to invest $3.2
billion in Clearwire. The company has begun deployment of a planned
nationwide 4G network in the United States as Clear WiMax wireless
broadband services. Comcast and Time Warner Cable have announced
that they will resell the service in areas where they have cable
coverage.
NFC

Near field communication (NFC) technology lets smartphones and other

enabled devices communicate with other devices containing a NFC tag.
Whether swiping your smartphone at the checkout lane in the grocery
store, waving it over a display at a local museum, or bumping phones
with a friend to share the latest games, near field technology lets you
pay, play, and learn easily. Explore our website to learn more about
how both individuals and businesses benefit from NFC.