Energy and Living Organisms Energy and ing organisms. Energy exists in mary diferent forms in biological systems, However, the energy usually originates from the Sun. All green plan's have the ability 1a capture te Sun's energy and convert it into cherrical energy by the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. The chamizal enercy is then converted into ATP (adenosine triphespha‘e] by CELLULAR RESPIRATION oy by cther metabolic reactions. ATP can then be used by the cells to camry cut useful work! Fisersys Fee eeeAdenosine Triphosphate (ATP) isto ATR LSTA LTTE, ATES ATP The diagram below is a diagrammatic representation of an ATP molecule. When enetay is neeced, the third phosphate bord can be broken by the addition of water (HYDROLYSIS) producing ADP (adenosine diphosphate) P; (narganicphosphate) and ENERGY. isin (stpIntroduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis | Respiration | Questions p33 The hydrolysis of ATP is a reversible reecton a phosphate) ADP aT P+ remy Both the condensation reaction and the hydrolysis reaction ere cetelysed by the enzyme ATP-ase. 1 mole of ATP pravidies 34 kd of energy when itis hydrolysed, some ofit is wasted es themal energy, but the majonty is used by the organism to power the metabolicreactians. @iG@aae feo LastRage) ee Geumem seme EEE EE pi/28 Photosynthesis GES ese paysIntoduetion a ATP 4 Photosyntiesis a Respiration _ Questions 4 pared Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which crganisns (aren plants), using cht eneray, eynthesize their organic raquiremente. The summary equation far photosyrthesis is: Carbon diode +yae, —ge glucose + nygen Light ene or 6CO, + 6H i CHy0, + 60. ? Protests oe : sinerts Photosynthesis uses morganic carbon in the form ot cerbon dicxile to produce a carbohydiate (glucase) by using light energy for spliting ('4ysis") water. The process af photosynthesis tekes place within the chloroplest qua (hse peje Introduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respirction | Questions paved Experimental research ceiried out in the 1930's discovered thet photosynthesis was a two-stage chemical process (1) Light reaction ~ cevendient upon the presence of ia. @ Dark reaction ~ independent cf light, eeerseeIntroduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respiration 4 | Questions paves The Light Reaction ‘The leatis the main site of photosynthesis and is specially adapted to bring together tho tae raw materiale neodoc: C0, a 1,0 Gi) light The leat allawe CO. to diffuse into it through the STOMATA (tiny pores in the loaf) Lea! veins containing XYLEM VESSELS bring weter fo tha photosynthetic ieoues andl lightic captured by CHLOROPLASTS. isto biaducion a OOTATPONTa. [Phooey Ressiaion a ['Gueehonee Adaptations of the Leaf for Capturing Light oe Sunlight isthe scurce of eneray for photosynthesis ~ so itis usually the ‘actor which ‘limts' the rato of the reaction. Loaves have meny adaptations simod at capturing the light onargy ac efficiently as possible The diagram below shows a vertical section through a dicetyledonaus leaf. The main site of photosynthesis is in the ‘gelisade layer’ where chloroplasts are packed tightly within each cell waxy cuticle 4 < ‘chioroplasis| popper eptcarmia |] patsade mesooty — Hower epidermis ax » vascular bunale: xylem phioom om \ ome snappers miei Photosynthesis can additionelly accurin ather layors (0.9. spangy mecophyll or guard cells) ifa chloroplast s present OZ cae (stpee ee ee Ta ensure oficient absorption of light, the leat has evolved the iollowing adaptations: (1) Ihas a lexge surface area and is perpendicular to the sun's rays, so coptuing as much light as pnssiala, The leat is able to follow the passage of the sun across the ky duting the day. Q The waxy cuticle and upper epidermis is transparent ellowing light to enter the photosynihatic tissues below, @ The majorty of chloroplests ave packed into the polisode layer, allowing maximum adsorption cf light. The chloroplasts arrange themselves to be Perpendicular to the sun's rays: (9 The chlorophyll end other photnsynthatic pigments are postioned on membranes (thylokoids} in the chloroplasts, allowing maximum absorption af ight © The leat ic vary thin G7 layers of calle in thicknoss) oncuring the lower levels of cells (spongy mesophyll cells) absorb light — not all of the light is tiered oy the palisade lever LG tirosniony ocaTe oa iPhones Resbaion a [Onestore™ a The light energy is tapped by photasyntheric pigments. Thare ere many diferent types of photosynthetic pigment etlached to the thylakoids (membrane sacs) ofthe chloraplast Diferent pigments wil ebsarh diferent wavelengths of light. The mast akunciant ofall he pigments is Chlorophyll a. Pigment Colour of light absorbed Chlorophyll: chlorophylla | yellow-green chlorophyll | blue-green Carotenoids: cerctenes | orange xenthophylls| yellow Chlorophylls absara the majorty af lightin the red end blue regions of the visible light specttum, reflecting green. This is the reason why the majority of leaves eppeer green.Introduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respiration 4 | Questions pare Absorption and Action Spectra ‘An absorpiion spectum is a graph showing the relative absorption at different wavelengths of light by 9 phatosyrtheic pigment The graph kelow shows the absorption spectum ai chlorophyll a chlorophyll b end carotenoids. ‘Absomption Spectrum Fram tho graphitic avidert that wavolongths of light 400 nm to 500 nm and 680 nm to 700 nin ave the anes used by plents to photosyrihesize @Geze piste) eg shes => Gece, seu Ee OE OO The action specrumis e.graph showing the effectiveness ofdiferentwevelenaths oflight in bringing about photosyrthasis. The fllowng graph shows the ebscrption spectun ot the pigments and the action spectrum, Theta is @ close cimilanty kewaen the two: thie CORRELATION indicates tho! these pigments are responsible for ebscrking ligh’ used in photosynthesis absorption spacirum action specitum i a 700, Wavelenginvam ‘Absorption Spectum and Action Specttum combined GZ (eaeIntroduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respiration 4 | Questions pues The Role of Light Photosyrthetic pigments ate used to hervestligh! filam the sun The pigments absorb the light which cause elections within the pigment 1o become excited — they are raised 10 a higher energy level causing a flow of electrons, \ Light eneray Chiorophyl Chlorophyll" + © (electron donor) (electron) (reduced torn} foadises torn) Each of the electrons last by the chioaphyfl wil be accepted by anotier molecule — an ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, The shorier the wavelengt of light (violetblue), the greater the energy carried by the light. Ithas a greater potential io excite the electrons SEE i Seareh nen p> LB tivosnion somata inherits Rasetaion a [Ovestore 4 me The Photosystems The photosynthetic pigments are antanged in Ightharvesiing groups on the ‘thylakoids. The cluster of pigments is called the photosystem, The photosynthetic pigments of a photosystem can be divided into wo categories: () Primary pigments — chlorophyll a which centains wo different types, each abscrbing a slightly diferent wavelength oflight: 690 nm and 700 nm, (i) Accessory pigments — cther forms of chlorophyll a. chlorophyil b anc the carotenoids. In = photosystem, there ara saveral hundred accessory pigmants passing energy Ww a primary pigment molecule, The primary pigmert is called the REACTION CENTRE History 23) eeveeIntroduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respiration 4 | Questions p.izize The diagram below is a diagrammatic representation of a photosystem. It isethar called PS T (contairing chlorophyll a. absorbing 7001nm lich) or PS I (containing chlorophyll a, eosorting 880 nm iat Tho energy rapped —in the form af excited clectone ~ is thon pascod ante the light-dependent reaction SEED Tice => = Gemma seni Re EE SOT ‘Summary of Light Dependent Stage of Photosynthesis. Bed Increasing Energy Level fio osm pear eee] key: —> = flow of electrons for non-cycic photophosproryltion > =!low of elections tor cycic photophosphoryation SB eexe eb ashesIntoduoion ATP 4 Photosyntiesis y Respiration 4 Questions 4 14/24 of Water Photolysi “The flow ol electrons fom Phatasystem II depends upon the spliing (photolysis) of water. Light ns H,O ——™ 2H” +O, +2e7 “The reaction is depencientupen awater spliting enzyme. The hydrogen iens @H") combine with electrons rom PhotosystemI te REDUCE NADP to NADP+2H* This is then used in the ightincependent reaction. The elecrons used to reduce NADP ate replaced ky elections from the phetelysis of water, ea ee Re ee 218/24 Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation Nor-cyclic photaphosphoryletion uses bati photosystem T and photosystem I, itis also krown es the'2-scheme! Lightis ebsorbed by PS TI and excites elections which are accepted by an ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, Thay are then passed along @ series of election camiers converting energy into stored chemical energy [ATP] hy the process, of PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION. The electrons are ten boosted to an even higher energy level by PS I The electrons are occepted by a seccnd electron eccepior and are used to combine NADP end 2H" to form NADP+2:1", which is then passed to the lightindependent reaction Fee eeeIntroduction 4 ATP 4 Photosynthesis y Respiration 4 Questions 5 p.16/24 Cyclic Photophosphorylation Electons fom the PSL mey pass back to the election carer system ater being boosted to a higher energy level As they pass along the election comier system they yield ATP. The electans are not lost fram the eysiem ta hel reduce NADP". Diegram ilislory Gs Beare Ese) Li OT a ma The Biochemistry of the Light-Dependent Reaction ‘The products of the lightdepandent reaction are (1) The synthesis of ATP from ADP+P; by PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION. (2) The spliting of water to procluce hydregen ions by PHOTOLYSIS. (8) The reduction of NADP ta NADF+2H* using the hydrogen ians from water (eee 2) Thie ctage takes place antrely in the thialcaide. UistpagsInvoducion 4 ATP Photosynthesis Respiration Questions The Light-Independent Reaction B18/24 The lightirdopendent reaction takes place in the STROMA of the chloroplast and will ‘eke place whether ight s present or a, This reaction is scmemes called he ‘Calvin cycle! aterthe researcher Wein Cabin The energy (ATP end NADP«2H%) ftom the ight dependent reaction is used to reduce gales soon tata carbon SE Geter P “S oe) Fouose sprospate ree pporomne (Fu te (5c) are — . ‘Triose Phosphate NADP +24 et ‘Hose Prospnae + ris) eae LG tirosnion ovate a irae Resbaion af Onestors™ a meet Carbon coniained within C0, becomes xed! to 0 S-carlsen compound [Rikulose Bicphacphete] ky an orzyme callad PuBicco. The recultng E-catbon compound is unstable and immedietely breaks down ino Giycerete S-phosphate. With the acuition of ATP end the reduced NADP+2H*, @ carbon ‘compound called Triase Phosphate is formed. This is a 3-carbon sugar. 6 corbohydliate has now been tamed, Some of tho triose phosphates condonsa to form hexose sugars, starch and cellulase or ave converted ina amino acids and fatty acids. Gthets regenerate to form Pibulase Biephospha'e, and then the cycle begins eqn UistpagsIntroduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respiration 4 | Questions p.avize Factors Affecting Photosynthesis “The ‘ate of photosynthesis is affected by @ number at diferent factors. The main feclore arc: (1) Lightinensity @ > Temperature @) Catbon dioade @) Woter Hany of these fectors are in short supply, tiey will limit the tote of photosynthesis. They are said to be ‘limiting factors". The factor which is nearest to ts minimum will determine the rale af phatosyrthesis How canwa maacura the tate of photosynthosis? The simplest method for measuring she rate of phonsynthesis is by measuring the rete of oxygen evolution from an aquatic plent=the plant eladea is usually used => = Questions paves ‘The set of apparatus shown above can accurately measure ox/cen evolved aver @ set peiod of time. The foctors afecting the rate of phctcoynihesis, apart kemweie can easily bevvaried {1} Light canbe ircreased by moving alight saute amp) nearer the appa. (2) Caton desde ean be increased eeng zodun vogen caborate NWAHCD) tothe water (6) Temperature can be incressed by heatna the water The volume of oxyyen evolved (measured by the graduated scale) incicates the rate of photosynthesis @Geze piste) eg sheshiedicion a ATP [Phtbgyosi a ["Reopton a Oster a Limiting Factors Limiting factors are vey important to horticulturalists, since an increesed tate of photosynthesis will almost guarantee an increased yield of crap. Blackman. in 1908. frst established the principle, by researching the effects alight intensity end temperature an the rate af photosynthesis, Light In low light intensity (brightnasc) she rate of photosynthesis will incroace linearly with incteased intensity. Gradually, the rete of protesynthesis slows end finally remains constant as cther factors become limiting, ker 2 2 (1 nish at (2) lights soy being replaced by other iting ractrsie CO, 312 13) light is no longer a limiting Facters. 3 Iightineraynresoed ere isreinoease nite phoosytes Light intensity Gs eal she) > Ls sacton a ovATP a Phare Ressiaions Ouse a me Carbon dioxide Cerhon diavide is used in the lightindependent reaction where @ is fired ta forn a Srearbon carbohydrete. Under normal circumstances, carbon cioxide is the main limiting ‘actor. The simospherc cancentration of carhon dioxide is 1.03% whilst the optimum concentrator for mest plants is 0.5%, Temperature The lightindependent reaction and, io a lesser extent, the light-dependent reaction are enzyme-contolled, so cre effected by changes in temperature, For mest plants their optimum tempereture is 25°C, even though tor every 10°C rise (up to 35°C) the rate of photosynthesis doubles. But .ucually the rate of photosynthesis above 26°C is limited byothertectors, Searéh moeIntroduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respiration y Questions 5 p.24/24 Water Waler is a raw material neecied for the supply ol electrons and hydrogen ions in the lightdependent state of ahotosynthesis. Usually. there is an adequate supply of water, but oven a. emall dropin supply can quite saveroly recuce crop yields, However, if e plant is lacking water it will conserve its supplies by closing its stamate, This not only prevents further escape atwatar into the environmenttaut alse prevents carbon claxide fram entering the leat, This mechanism for water conservation usually takes place in all plants curing the hottest part of the day 1200 noon to 200 pm wien light is at ts greatest intensity, meaning the plants rate of photosynthesis is much reduced even though ightis not a limting factor. (eee Gemma OR ES SCTE ie Respiration 1 Gee piste) eg shesInreduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y Respiration 4 Questions 5 p22 Cellular Respiration Organisms require & constant supply of energy ifthey are to maintain their survival There aro two stratagioe for abtaining onoray: (1) Autotraphic nutrition — whore energy from the cunis normally used to fx carbon to join acarbohydrate, Thisis adopied by all green plants. (@ Hotorstiophicnutrtion—where the arganiom cannct uillze the sun's energy andl ‘must rely yon ather arganisins for its source of energy. Whichever strategy is usec, the enargy goes through a complex series of reactions {cellular respiration) to change the chemical energy stored in ‘food! to a form which can bo utlicod ky tho organiom's cols = AT AM TTT Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Thete are two diiferenttypes of cellular respiration: (al Aerobic respiration ~ celluler respiretion requiring oxygen io be present (b) Anaerobic respiration ~ cellular respiration not requiring oxygen to be present Mast argenisms tespire aerobically because it relaasas the greatest amcunt of energy, and so increases the ‘itness! of the individual. However, some organisms, bacterin patticular, can only respite anaerobically: they use this ‘o their advantage by explating acalogical niches availaelo only'te tham ky tho lack af oxygen. Some arganisms. including plants and animals. normally respire aerobically but - under severe circumstances - can canvert this for of respiration to anacrobic respiration for a limited time. For exemple, muscle tissues respire enaerobically tor shon patiods of ime during strenuous exercise SEED GEE easesIntroduction 4 ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respiration 4 Questions psv22, Aerobic Respiration Asrobic respiration descriaes the complex series of reactions that requires oxygen to release energy fram all types af ood, The most comman typa of molecule used fas an energy source is the carbchycrate hexose sugar ~ GLUCOSE. However, other molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids are also used, thaugh to & lesser extent. The summary teaction for glucose aerobic respiration is C4403 + 60,———* ECO, + GH, + 38ATP (glucose) (@xygen) (earbon water] (@nercy) dioxide) For every one glucose molecule respirod, up to 36 moloculae of ATP (the enoray form used by cals to camry out metabolic reactions) can be produced Uistpags Ch A A AM TT a Reduction-oxidation Reactions (Redox Reactions) Reduction and oxidation reactions usually occur together anc are known gy the shorened name 'Redex Reactions’ Oxidation reactions may invalve () the addition of oxygen to a malacule cor (@ the removal of hydrogen from arnotecule But itis scicithot the molecule loses electrons and so becomes oxicised. Reduction reactions involve the gaining of electrons Reduction and oxidation reactions occurtogether, because one reaction involves the loss af elections whilst the ather involves the gaining of electrons Searéh moeIntroduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respiration y Questions 6/22, Tho reduction af Catban dicxide (by the action of Hydrogen) results in the production of glucose (s2e lightindepencent stage of phatasynthes's). The glucose molecule contains energy, which cen be released by cxidation. Molecules which centain mara hycrogen than glucose, namely lipids, wil conian greater mounts of energy. Lipids are therefore ideal storage comaounds, Q. Isthe energy stored in glucose teleased in one sien? A. No. the oxidetion of glucose is a gradual process requiring many small steps, releasing energy ina contelled manner CoHy205* oxygen nnutistep oxidation releasing \ enercy na contlled manne! cred \ Ne co This cortralled release of energy fram glucose lases less hect as thermal energy. A single oxidative sien would leed to the combustion af glucase — releasing enercy as heat and light, Gee pstory Sesh she) > Eh AT A A ATT pile Glucose Aerol Respiration ‘The complete process cf glucose breakdown by aerobic respiraton can be divided into four stages () Glycalysis @) The link! reaction (pyruvate oxidation) @) The Krebs Oycle @) The Election Transport System ‘Where does respiration take place? The chemical reacions of azrabic respiration take place in the mitochondria af cells All ining cells will contain mitochondria. The greeter the density of mitachandriawithin ‘he cell the more metabolically active the cell will be. Liver cells have lerge numbers af mitachondhiato provide anergy for the 1000's of ciffarant reactions occurring ast Pigserrs eee ER ASE CTT A summary of Glucose Aerobic Respiration perez, SEED sie) E> Introduction 4 ATP. Photboynthesiog | Reepiration 4 Questions pare (1) Glycalysio The first stage of apiabic respiration takes place in the CYTOSOL (fluid part cf the cytoplasm) and involves the apliting (lysia) of glucose. This stage cozs no! require oxygen, end is common to both eerobio end ‘anaerobic respiration. Glycalysis invalves ten diferent reactions, each requinng a diferent enzyme. @i@ia I meGem EE CS CT TT ives Summary of Glycalysis For One glucose molecule © 2molecules of ATP are generated (4 are created but 2 are used in the process of glycolysis) © 2 molecules of NAD" are REDUCED to 2NAD+2H" [tensterred to the "Electron Trancpon Systom'] © 2 molecules of pyruvate ave Generated which then enter the ‘Link Reaction’. Each molecule contains 3 carbon atoms, @ GED © His iz) > Goma EE EO CT pz (@ ‘The Link Reaction’ - pyruvate oxidation The second stage of aerobic respiration occurs in the mattix of the mitochandiie and ‘links’ olycolysis with the Krebs Oycle. During the ‘Link Reactan’, the pyruvate combines with a compound called coenzyme A to farm acetyl coonzyme A, Inthe process, @ mclecule of carbon dioxide and twa hydrogen atoms are removed Tho 2-carbon acetyl coonzymo Awill dissacists, forming coorzymo A scotato which will then erter te Krebs Cycle. OS GEEB cae (eaeInttoduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis w Respiration 4 Questions p.izize (@) The Krebs Cycle The thitd stage cf aerchic respiration, like the ‘Link Reaction! occurs in the mitochondrial matix. The oycle is named after Hans Kies, who discovered the cycle in he 1930s. The. main purpose of he Krebs Cycle is to supply © continuous flow of elections to the Election Transport System, for use in the procuction of ATP. Acatyl cacnzyme A fiam th Link Reaction ie usad to genoratt «three molecules of NAD reduced to NADH+H™ © one molecule of FAD reduced ta FADH ‘© twa molecules af carbon dioxide © one molecule of ATP by phosphorylation © oxaloacetate is regenerated to star the cycle again by one tum of the Krebs Cycle, For each glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle tums twice. The most important part of he Krebs Cycle is the release of hydrogens ta ta be used in the Election Transport System far generation of ATP. SEs (Fistor ‘seer (ase) > TT A A ATM ATI pivz A Summary of the Krebs Cycle Remember two cycles of the Krebs Cycle occur ‘or one glucose molecule, beceuse each glucase molecule generates two pyruvate molecules ‘The overall equation ior ane glicase molecule is: The reduced NAD" and FAD are transferred to the ‘Election Transport SystemIntroduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respiration _ Questions 14/22 (4 The Electron Transport System The fourth, ancl final, stage of aerobic respiration takes place on the inner ritochondrial membrane which contains e series of electon cerrier molecules, The electran transpert system converts energy in the form of hydrogen atoms into ATP. The hydrogen atoms recevedi fom the Krebs Cycle at2 aiteched to the hycrogen carriers [NAD end FAD ], which are reduced. ‘As the reduced NAD and FAD ara pacced along the alectron tanspott chain the hycrogers are removed and the Hydragen ators salt (12. oxidised) into () Hydrogen ion -H" (proton), andl () Electon— 27 At the and of the electon transport eystem, the hydrogen ions and electrons recombine, ond are then used ta REDUCE oxygen to forrn wate, The formation of ATP through the oxidation ofthe hydrogen aioms is called OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION, SEE i cae) > (Gh cnrcererims_mmrarmny ERRERINRy RESET, (ACCOSTED 8 — A Summary of the Electron Transport System — 1.15/22 [Asan elestion passes ram one carer lo the rent, loses energy, hich i bs. es heat, tuts alsa used to convert ‘ADP +P; —a ATP, molecules of ATP ate produced ftom each FADH molecule | Simoes of ATP at od.cedtemesch NADH « H”moecle SD Gin Ge anIntcluction 5 ATP 4 Photosynthesis’ | Respiration y Questions Summary of Aerobic Respiration BIE The following table summarises respiration for one glucose mclecule. Stegeinaerabic | ATPoraducedty | ATPused | NADH+H | FADHp respiretion phosphorylation produced | produced Ghycolysis 4 2 2 0 Link Reacton 0 0 2 0 Krobs Oycle 2 0 6 2 Electron Transport | 30[NADH+H"] - - - System 4IFADH] S 5 = [oxidative phosaharyletion] Total a0 2 10 2 From the table, the overall production of ATP by asingle molecule of glucose is: 38 (le Total of ATP produced — Total cf ATP used) Big Introduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respiration _ Questions piri2e| Aerobic Respiration of Other Fuels In addition to glucose, other carbohydrates, proteins and lipids can all be used as energy sources for ATP synthes's. These large polymers cen be broken down inta ther monomers by hydrolysis, giving amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol, then cataiolized to yield ATP. Amino Acids Ag the body cannat store excess amina acids, they are broken down in the iver by & process of DEAMINATION, where the nitiogen-canteining ‘arina’ - group is removed as ammonia The remaining carbor-cantaining compound entars the Krebs Cycle, Lipids can be broken down into: (@) Glycerol Glycerol, « component of triglycerides, is converted into one of the molecules found in alyealysis (b) Fatty Acids Thes2 molecules are long chains of carhon anc Hydrogen atoms which can easily be broken clown end converted into acatyl coenzyme A; thus, theycan be fed! stich into the Krebs Cycle.Intoduetion ATP 4 Photwsynthesisy Respiration y Questions 5 18/22} The Res atory Quotient The respiretary quotient (RQ) can be used ta determine the type affaad being respired, The FQis the ratio catbon diode produced anci cxycen consumed par unit time Volume of carton dioxide pracuced r- ————rr per unittime Volume of oxygen used The following equation summarises the aerobic respiration jor glucose: Cgtlyp05 8 0p ———w 6 C0 + 80+ energy [38 ATF] Siv carbon diovide melecules are produced for every six avygen molecules used, RQ =6/6=1 The following table summatioes RO values for diferent subetratae Respiratory substrate RQ ‘lucuse (carbohydrates) 10 protein osa9 lpia 07 @ Gee ice Last Page Introduction 4 ATP 4 Photosynthociey Respiration 4 Questions 5 p.19/22, Measuring Respiratory Quotients. By using a piece of apparatus called RESPIROMETER tt is possible to calculate the RO of amellargariams such eowoodice or germinating seeds. three-way tap (KOH) absorbs gauze atom eeeIntroduction 4 ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respiration y Questions 4 2022 Using the Respirometer (@) Caleulating oxygen used “The apparatus an the previous screen was leffor | heur with 60 g atwondlice “The coloured water isthe U-tube moved up the let hand side arm due ta caygen molecules being used by the woodlice for serobic respiraton. The volume of the ges can he calculated by the equatian anh So. i the flid moved 80 mm and the diameter of the tube was 1 mm, the volume of gesis 3.14x 0.62% 60 = 47.1 mmi However, the gas absorbed by the woadlice would he replaced to a certain evtent by carbon dioxide produced. 80 the potassium hydroxide in the tubes absorbs all 0, So, forthis example, 47.1 mm of oxygon has lbocn absotbad ky tho woodlice GE i cig > CTD tneacueion 4 ATE u Photesyihess'y © Respiration 4 Guests (b) Calculating carbon dioxide produced pave Using the same woodllce, the KOH solution is replaced with water, s0 the carbon dioxicle produced is not absorted. After 1 hour, the coloured water in the tubs had maved 10 mm Up the lefthand arm ofthe Lube. To calculate carbon dioxide produced Volume of Volume of peluge of CO, Oy used - COpgivenott less O, used produced Oster) (eed et = arimm? = @1ax05*x10) = 424mm = 7.85 mm? = 38.25 reed Therefore the RO tor woodlice is: RQ= volume of CO, produced perhour Volume of Op used 39.25 men? = PERM 08 (The RQ suggest proteins arebsingrecpied) ee) (iesie) E> (nest He]Gomes, oe OE, rae Anaerobic Respiration During chaetobicrespitaiion, glucose is broken down into pyruvate but, because there is no oxygen present. the ayruvate cannot mave ania the ‘Link Reaction’. So, curing anaerobic respiration, only glycolysis occurs. The pyruvate is then broken cown into a weste product depending cn the organism. The total eneray released is theretor= rasticiad to TWO ATPs, Anaarabie respiration is very inefficient producing only 5% of the energy of aerobic respiration, Glucose JC otras Pyruvate scomnsee f/ \ Veaaed Lactate Ethanol + Cp ‘A summary of anaerobic respiration (rote thatthe net gain of ATPisorly 21 @Gaap Giss iD @ enn > (Gl neodeton 4 ATP iu Photooynthecie'w | Resoiiefon 4 | Quodione Quick Fire QuestionsIniraduction ATP 4 Photosynthocicy Respiration _ Quocions Questions << Gee sy (bast pays > Intoduction 4 ATP 4 Photosynthesis y Respiration y Questions 4 Question 1/ Which of the followng equations comrecty shows photosynthesis? light AL| oH4,0,780, 5005+6H,0 + energy photosynthetic pigment light BL | 6c0,+aH. CyH) 0, +80. ye photosyntheicpigment ones PRs light 6.00,+8H{0 —————— 2,440, + 803 photosynthetic pigment light D. | Oy44.05+ 600. 6H, +60, ie photosynthetic pigment @ Gs ug) Wessh elesIntroduction 4 ATP 4 Photosynthesis Respiration y Questions 5 Question 2) Where in the leet does the mejority of phctosynthesis take place? AD] Spongymesophyl layer Bl] Guardcell Upper epidermis D.| Palisade layer GS Geze Histon) gi) easel Introduction ATP 4 Photosynihasis Respiration 4 Questions 4 Question 3 Which of he following leat adeptatons makes the leef mcre efficient at capturing the sun's light energy? (There is only ane correct ancwar, the rest are untrue), ‘The leat is horizontal to the sun's rays. ‘The waxy cuticle and upper eoidermis ere not transparent, The majority of chloroplasts ere packed into the spangy mesophyll layer. The leat is very thin ensuring he lower levels of cell absorb light. @ Gp story seus) Lesh eigsBerrien comare Question 4 Photosyrthesis 4 Respiration 4 Questions 4}. Fram the following list of wards select the carrectones io fillin the gaps. Nove that natal the words will be required. Blue Red Green Absorption Excite Energy Absorbance Chlorophyll Electron Longer Shorter An spectrum is = graph showing the relative of diferentwavelenaths of ight A creph will show that andred coloured light are used by green plants ta ahaoeynthesise. The rcle of light energy. elections raising them to a higher end accepted by an the wavelength af light he greater the energy canted, isto Electrons ara denated by acceptor. The level & Photosynthesis 4 Respirction 4 | Questions 4 Question 5/ What are the products of the Light Dependent Reaction’ of photosynthesis? H,0, NADP and 2. ATP. NADP+2H*, end 2ADP +P, O,and2 ADP +P; 1» NADP + 2H* and 2ATPIntroduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis» Respiralicn _ Questions Question 8) The following diegrarn summarises the ‘Light IndependentReactian’. Fillin the spaces using the options below. Glycerite phosphate usp Pyruvate 2ADP Carbon dioxide 2NADP —Oxaloacetate Acetyl coenzyme A are 5 hycorte Ciphorphas C NADP + 2b Tense Tiose Prosprate Hexose Susar zug) Gz nee (Mase A A TT TAT Question 7) The following gragh shows the effect of ightintensity on the rate of photosynthesis. Key:(@) 15°C. CO, cone. of 0.04% (H) 15°C, CO, cone. of 05% (925°C, CO,cone. of 15% Question; Wich factoris limiting the rate of photosynthesis at — Lightimensity Carbon Dioxide Temperature Gz iScny esterIntroduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis Respiration y Questions 5 Question 8/, Which equation correctly summarises aerobic respiration? +60, ——» + + CoH y205 +805 6D, +6H)0+ 38 ATP 6 Cyt 90g +6 Op——— 2 C0, + 4,0 +38 ATP CgHy20g +8 Oy] ———— 8 COp + 8 H+ 40 ATP BY] 6yH420)9 + 8 0p ———™ 60+ 5 HO + DAT OO Gs igh) Lesh Introduction 4 ATP 4 Photosynthesis» Respitation 4 Questions Question 3/ Which of te following statements is correct? An oxidaton reaction involves the gairing of elections. whilst a reduction reaction involves the loss of electrons. Bl) 1 eidaton reaction involves the loss of of electrons whilst reduction reaction invalves the gaining af electrons Reduction invalvac the addition of oxygen whilst oxidetion invalves the removel of hyragen, Reducton reactions are not coupled with oxidation reactions. Hiscony (eseplyIntioduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y Respiration» Questions 4 Quest chemical process of aerobic respiration Fill in the gape using tha ‘allowing: a 10/ Tho diagram below cummaticas the T ‘Unk ‘The Link Reaction’ FADHy Hydrogen Giycalysis Water oxygen Krebs Cycle carbon dioxide +H Electron Transport ‘ — ™ CT A. CT ATT. ATT Question 11 The follawing diagram ilustiates the ‘Link Reacion’ of arabic respirction. Camplete the diagram by tiling inthe spaces by using the following. Acetate Acetyl coenzyme A Carbon dioxide 2NADH+H* Coenzyme A Pyruvate feo eee(esrioaracrma Question ATP. a Photosynthesis « Respiration Quostions 12) The following tabla summarisas the praducte ofthe Krabs Cycle. Complete the table by completing the numbers cf each product produced by ONE glucose molecule, Product Numbers of molecules produced FADH ATP Carbon dioxide NADH+ H* Iniroduction Question & Photosynthesis « Respiration Questions 13/ The tebie summations aerobic respiration of ONE glucose molecule. Fill in the missing spaces, entering the number of molecules produced or used in each case, Stage in Aerobic respiration ATP produced by | ATP phosphorylation | used NADH+H? produced FADH), produced Glycolysis Link Reaction Krebs Dyce Elecran Transport System TOTAL 40Intoduction 4 ATP 4 Photosyrihesis y Respiration Questions 4 Question 14} The follewing equation shows the oxidation af stearic acid (ate. Cy ghtggQp * 2607 —— 18. COy + 18 H1,0 \Whatis the Respiratory Quotient (RO) ior stearic acid? SEZ story (ember > GI innccucion 4 ATP u (Photoesntisie | Recpiafon 4 Guertone 4 h Energy and Living Organisms This section contains 14 questions. O questions were attempted. Owere answered correctly Percentage Answered Correctly: #% Print Results Bison) Gazz S23) Lesh eigs >Lh A AC TCTOS TST AAC TASCE Exam-Style Questions (este seus) (Mase Gomes, seem, oe EE Examination-Style Question: Energy and Living Organisms The diagram summarizes pat af the biachemicel pathway cf aercbicrespitation. Study itcareluly before answering the questions, Stoted Polysaccharide Glufose a) Name a stored polysaccharide in 1st crime mer) ae st ant hon and Eo cy snag A Ac Congound BC Compound ad ‘Substance Y- 2H Stage| 5t Compound ATP: Substance ¥ @Geze piste) eg shesSoe, ee, Ee OE Examination-Style Question: Energy and Living Orga The diagram summarizes par of he biochemical pathway of aerobic respiration, Study it carefully before answering the questions Stored Polysaccharide Giutose @] Name a stored polysaccharide in ie enirmais. [1 mark] 3C Suyor Staae| Substhnce X Glyeogen 2nd Stoge| Acetyl Coenzyme A Continue. AC Compownd-e6C Compound ond Substance ¥- 2H stage! ‘ot compeund ATP’ Substance Y GEEZ ceri esas GI intosietion 4 ATP 4 Photosynthesis. Respiration 4 Questions Examination-Style Question: Energy and Living Orga The diagram summarizes part of he kicchemical pathway of aercbio respiration. Study itcaretully betore answering the questions. ‘Stored Polysaccharide Ghtore b) How is this compound convened info glucose. a six carbon sugar? 3C Sugar ios Acetyl Coenzyme A. SS 4C Compound-B= 5C Compound Substance Y- 2H 8 Compound ATP’ Substance Y GZ Se Search (estes(CG) intodueson 4 ATP (Photoayntiesis'y | Resptafon a | Quesfons Examination-Style Question: Energy and ‘The diagram summarizes part ofthe biochemical patway of aerabic respiration. Suicy itcavetully before answering the questions ae ) How is this compound converted a ee f glucose molecules. Acetyl yeres sccmpaee Stamps Substance Y- 2H Stage| Ym ATP ‘Substance Y Examination-Style Question: Energy and Li Tha diagram cummarizes part cf the biccherrical pathway af aorobic recpiretion. Study it carefully before answering the questions. I in sdeaogs he 7 ei sctapana 6 Cnn ‘Substance Y- 2H Stage, \Wicd a, STATES a Phoebe Reopens /-Owseton a Examination-Style Question: Energy and Living Organisms ‘The diagram summarizes partot the biochemical pathway of aerobic respiraton. Stdy itcareuly before answering the questions Stored Polysaccharide los wtoaes Pa e sett bmn N Continue AC Compounds 6C Compound ard Substance Y- 2H T siage| et Compound arp! je em see EE EE SOE Examination-Style Question: Energy and Living Organisms The diagram summarizes par of he biocnemical pathway of aerabic respiration. Suidy. it carefully before answering the questions. Stored Polrsacchavide ode cb Inwhich post of he cell does the fist stageteke place? [I mevk] = Ist Stage| eae ager Ac Compound 360 Canpoud ‘Substance Y- 2H Stage| Substance ¥ i Gsp ee| (- on ATP 4 Examination-Style Question: Energy and Li The diagram surmmatizes pvt af the biachemicel pathway of acrabic respiration. Study ii caretully before answering tie questions. Photosynthesis Respiration ing Organisms Questions 4 d) In which partatthe call does the frst stage take place? [I mark] Call Cyoplacrn ae Acetyl Coenzyme A, Continue AC Compourd-e 6C Compound Substance Y- 2H st Compound ATP! Substance Y ast Stage| 2nd Stage| ard Stage| (GD inrocucton 4 ATP Examination-Style Question: Energy and Living Organisms The diagram summarizes pat of te blochernical pathway of aerobic respiration, Study itcaretully before answerng the questions. & Photosynthesis Respiration Questions 4 ©) Identify substance Y (1 mark) Substance Y. st Compound ATP’ Stored Polyeaccharide Ghose 3 Sugar Substhnce x Acetyl Coenzyme A ny 4C Compound-e 6C Compound 2H Substance Y ast Stage| 2nd Stage| ard Staae| aDCosson ATR ok Examination-Style Question: Energy and Li Photosynthesis The diagram summarizes part ofthe biochemical pathway of aerobic respiration. Stucly itcarefully befcre enewering the questions. e) Identify suvstence'y [1 rank] Carbon Dioxide Reopirction 4 Questions 9 Organisms Stored Polysaccharide Gutose te ac Sugar Bee and Stage Acetyl Coenzyme A 4C Compowni-p 6C Compound na ‘Substance Y- 2H Stage| st Compound FE iwicion a ATP a Photosynthesis « Respiration 4 Questions Examination-Style Question: Energy and Living Organisms The diagram summarizes patt of the biachernical patwey af aambic respiration. Study ii careluly before answering the questions. 4) Whetwill happen to the 2H produced ist [3 marks] L. a anti eng eee ‘Substance Y- an Stage! ATP: Substance ¥ aDATP Examination-Style Question: Energy and a Photosynthesisg Respiration Questions The ciagram summarizes part of he biochemical pathway af aerchic respiration. Stucky it carefully before answering the questions. bythe third stage of the process ? 3C Sugar Stose| [marks] { Towill enterthe electron transport Substance X ana system where itil be usedto Stowe ‘Substance Y- 2H Stage TATE, ATP Examination-Style Question: Energy and Living Organisms The diagram summarizes patt af the biochemical pathway of aerobic respiraton. Study itcaretully before answering the questions. a Photosynthesis Respirstion 4 Questions Glutose ast 1g) What part ofthe cell wil te 24 3C Sugar steoe enter after they leave the third stage ofthe pathway ? [ maik] Substince X Substance Y- 2H Stage| ATP’ Substance Y Stored PolysaccharideIntroduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis» Respiralicn _ Questions Examination-Style Question: Energy and Li The diagram summarizes pert ofthe biochemical pathway of eerabic respiration, Study itcarefully before enewering the questions. Stored Polyeaccha Gtubose I @) Whatper of the call wilthe 2H 3C Sugar Stesel ele after they leave the til stage ofthe pathway ? mark Substince X 2nd 1 singe Aceipl Coenzyme A Tho inner mitachondlial membrane, AC Compowrs-e 6C Compound Subatance¥. 2H stage St Compound ATP! Substance ¥ GEE 3 istry easels Introduction ATP 4 Photosynthesis y | Respiration _ Questions End of Question shel