bulletin 61 pow 1 foo TT Jaw Design examples for strut-and-tie models LESTE BOLETIN ESTA DISPONIBLEEN BARCELONA Y MADRID Cy Q ci ra i ° ie ie cy o ~Contents Profice ii Examples 1 Solving structural design problems with strtand-tie models 1 ‘Set Dest Doles Jost Rano Marth, Haar Gaeta Die, Hogo Cores Pert "euro met habe encarta powefl a rhe odin ad des of ‘toca tac Inne mop! nd sal sgn agama lows wy of een ‘ot no se rer oe mos Inte mony age eid enble the ‘rome in srt oe legal ened loving els of aa fife ‘Sveti fhe esol ecm Aitrlytisespsialy stn Heng he ‘Scales ad onnaing bs etrcenent yout “Tice | vies aw of plain examples the saande tid at ows so Uden the reson of mods an te version oth clement st ea odes. Spe stra elemens hav een, thy rly designed aca eal teal es {tne ofen plied witetclerjtenon. Thee exon se Exar ts font wet ‘ssl enna Example 2 Fooag adel bang sane T= Plecap pas ‘tno pis Exanpa I s:Daghrap ofa tox gees ‘Torte acing the dg wi ted mel orth rt tine hse xampe se ited ke [pidcunda tensors oes Por thn wih mor oxen ssl dre, > ‘lene and pss nappg Ie meted edocs. Precast corbels fitted tocolumas 3 Jeane: Youmard Taresr wrk no cove ite tw oiting stm with post tone bars The no Cutcb rote eft cat "Coshpel concrete ements Aspen more ie sa a fo ‘dels ese as cet petoned of he rst of fores yt aca etre ‘ween et colon 1Liftshat substructure ” Sen Ale Haugerad Karol Renck ‘Tie example demonsns te pain ot ad ode apeonh fh dso of isa shee ns Paty fe teing Toe signi hs fern mod, wetted on obit Recanmcaatos (99) psd deal ts eo beam beta a concn ode {tom inenestng mene Te ome es niki tl concent near pp {rang espe tines por Pe eeeopnet oft aan det solid owed by ‘Sony cle al soseued doing fica schrgy on CContiauons deep beam 4 gue Lowen, Soo F. Ale Ral Bla “Thiserample shows he appintion of stn moet Sgn nd dtaling of cotnonee “eps en oe buy es asim mode altho sme peal experts oe worth enone, ‘ney the paste iam site soe and desing ode esne Ast hte model eden rhe ale ein ad he tole eins rechecked Fly te Geaing it seid fling cosy developed ste es ‘hese wall in ofice building 3 ud ila, Vlad Bok “Atwny-sorey feline wi sgn fo Via, Ast Ths 7 alse a lan ‘Gaunt of Fim Gm) Sion A waver esr wil aying dens a signed wih Sesto oe cmb of esi, pren on pared as oop beam with an opening oO ‘en Ih Sa Yes, Daniel Kuchono Alu ond taster ea i desig 0 upon ey concent oa apes strict ‘ang The soe dep ean sp ayo cl, eth ih se anes nb a sar wall Te degn cuneate by the prezence of etn pening eee concen Teed nde se {flo Bulletin 61: Design examples for sro modes7. Anchorage block for external prestessng tendon — ‘comparison with et results n Tah lhe, ich Sat Anstchrage oc on cance ede deck, arange on the hin or eb ad bjs > Reon rv etal ndm spel Bsn ptm fr cote sc nis ‘Sula tenes sttandse model is apd acta implement! ali sig {iitsc pote of aor ie. Tae sacorage ack a sled ncrding oP Recommenton (199% merderin ene pay. Tet Cpecty eben compet ‘ihn at rt wna ha he aan dl a rove os tl eng Teascomge cai. 8 Suspended precast RC member 85 dri Fil erie Hao ‘Teed aks wo po te stoping cnt “Avia ho by by sat tie, Slovan vy ae led ates o erp oped the set ing ennrwcton eck. Contr wt {eee af ase est son ht loved lng bg out sie dace of ‘li Ths ws reso eee pees eae one ber. Se shape, srt ‘aden peated sale post rsa ye nl Se mde 9 Connection between prefabricated beams 95 Mut Lowen, ea! N. Camara “Thisexmple orate ation of rane mal fr te deg he omnson beter ‘sheen of To ite ner weredewlope th ei sng bb ‘onsoton an ee os. The nd ein tae spree echo ne ere choked ‘Salih dein peste following be pete dg mds 10 Clampod support of large prefabricated T-ginder 103 Inte example, th clanon spoof ge Tinea onto apes a shen pl i usta The be ha sp about 35 ms pad on printed pera cnestly oped ino test nee eh led pp nthe perm pam he “roto oes obrpe asian ine open mare The examples he ign ferteclsing moses with he tn secon faces a gutatve modeling. At relents snzded ot la een ei we eines. 11 Abutment shear wall of Viadt Lon Algarve Highway un ‘Miguel SLoareng, Js F Abele This eanpl shows te pttion fet ane ml fre desig of inet i suet ‘howls sujet one od perme oats, Semis ne seve dene, ‘hoeh dent stone male were permed Case sree at os eos wesc ‘suming sine cnsleratne eth oneness bj reve and eye Lael ‘ing plane modes wre ead ioe tating eel onceng one ed spe reo 12. Desiging D-rogionsof the Bnmeio stream bridge 133 Sango Pere Padi Mert, Carlos Bao Pani “This eal remot th ven fe notin ren (D eso of te Bei Stews edae ‘gst aed odes hie shown ht reno ejay vty sams cps fh nt ‘mea aes pope excels on wih expat Noo te on ta 13 Dregions ofthe pylens ofa cable-tayd bridge 155 ue Than ger Inds xa chee fo pel Deon in Pans ble-stayed de ing stm "odl reper Theme helo whe eo fm he ii bee seed Ute pylons andor beams sos ta rane meee flow Cay he fw af feces an htt, we elle ae rc and dang ft oped eae {flo Btn 6: Design evempies fo setae mode y14 Design of Feonnections in an offshore terminal Homes Laer Sen Ae Hagerud ‘Te desgn ffs oils materi apn utr of oding tations. Thy seat ‘he elu, aaysenate ai highly atomatedde-sgnprocas as Been develope. Modern compet “Sobletn veif staal malty nd servic ohana of pn cortisone sos, dg ree ota clit ees, ex aie fe os {Hemensao eeay modes tt lo vreion hs eer. Thi al ese he Seren owas dp or dong of comestont nm shoe emia ily of Feed commen. Papers 15. Strut-andl-4i models wlizing concrete tension feds Karl eine Rieck Incoder hizo ofthe cncct tsi enh at fen bia denied neil bon alt tu Yeh en ond nchongeof infec meer cet expe wont ie etn af he ence esgic overt is coneedy wang se suet or he ond Su Lier ein copay of sar witout sh ener! as sd term ofsber tens for wich enpsely Je emule ae pen However, th eons do rot giveay itn he meta blr adhe Na the forces win he mene “Tos per desis th a tse in mobs iho her rence an deve inlets Indl inne eonere tex However he unt imc soo br expla the cues {hecenels andi dowel ato. This mol so explo tansion Fo Bo D-egioos in menses ‘itut chen nfs! nae! be dt th D-epinm ot emote ys xp 16 Gaining experionce with trut-and-tie models for the design of concrete sratires ‘atHelaReneck, Miguel S Lowen, Jado F Alma Sen Ate Hagarad Author information altorial Comments nthe drawings of strand model the following well own convention is wed: forstrut: dashed ines and fore: sli lnes. “The notton follows that of the CHE-FIP Model Code 1590 respectively tht of the FIP Recommeniatons 1999 “Pratl design of stuctualconcee For the spacing of enforcing bars varios symbols were used in th examples according to the fren! raion nthe venous counties 6 @ we Ff of Inthe calculation the decimal symbols coma ), and forte thowsads separator a point () it ured. However, de to different conventions ia CAD program, in some Agus the docinal point used instead of comnts in such ates a pote hasbeen added the vlevat fg caption, 63 8s 197 a7 vi Dalen 6: Design expe frst and te adeleExample 1: Solving structural design problems with strut-and-tie models Sebastian Dieste Ballestrino, José Romo Martin, Eduardo Garefa Diai Hugo Corres Peiretti Example 1-1: Footing under uniaxial bending 1 Description of design task 11 The structure In this example, a compete study of a spread footing under axial force and bending moment, using the strut-and-tie method, is made, A three- dimensional strutand-te model is proposed, ving a clear proposal ‘or the path of loads, There are no clear recommendations to mods this ype of structure, waich could be used to solve other similar problems. In this case tis prticuaey important to resolve efficiently the anchorage of the tensile bars of the columns, ‘which need to havea eottinuity withthe tis et the bottom ofthe foundation. 1.2 — Geometry and loads ‘The geometry ofthe footing and the design loads ae shown in Fig. 1.1-1 and Fig 1.1-2 al nan ZA fa | ss | — —_l ‘ig. 1-4: Geometry andoads, plan view ig. 11-2: Geometry and loads fon view ‘dimensions bn) {fib Btn 6: Design ean for srt te dele 1ample 1-1 Rooting ander tld rey 3.2 Step 2: Creation ofa strut-and-tie model The three-timensional stut-and-ie model intially developed to idealize the force transfer through the footing is shown in Fig 1.1-5 and Fig. .1-6 [M, L1-5: ntl ve cimensionl srt nse mee isometric view) ne2nn com Ta @ : eo / \cuce oso / mm \oo ssonuf Fig, L1-6 View Avett vo dimensional ideation of the tee imenional mode (dimensions nm) The mode! in Fig. 1.15 represents the most efficient and logieal force flow, a8 ties Tag and Taye would eequire ony that amount of rsinforccment noodd to ait the oqulbyium. Nev certeles, the triangular ies disposition would require a very specific and not practical rein Forcement. To solve this problem, « new theee-dimensionsl model has been assumed model fas shovin in Fig. 1.1-7. This new model can be eaily constructed with perpendicular a rangement of reinforcement, built with bars setup in parallel to the external faces ofthe Foot- ing, The new nodes 4 and 4” are positioned inthe middle of half of the footing. the reinforce- ment of which is eonsidxed for tie Tay. At node 2 the te is bent (see Fig 1.1-11) and the reinforcement is anchored behind the bend at node 2° with the anchorage length Jaga" 480 mim (Gee gcton 3.4). This stats from the end of the bend, so that node 2° in the imddle ofthe anchorage length isin a distance of 225 mm from the end ofthe bend {fib Bllean Gt Design exons for suomi mle 3Bxomple 1-2: Footmg under Bail Bndig 1» Footing under biaxial bending Example 1~ 1 Description of design task LA The structure In tis example, the design of a footing under an axial load and biaxial bending moments is pretented. As the applied bending moment isnot orthogonal to the footing faces ti necos- sary to develop a mare complex model then that proposed for the previous example, although the design approach is similar. Some diticltes ate discussed which arise when using thees- dimensional models and some ways to solve them are proposed, ‘These types of structural members are usually designed with simple rues, eg. by calculating the bending moment inthe axis ofthe column, Even though these proceedings are corect and usefl for practical desigs, they are not clear in relation to the rel foree flow and they do not give precise information for developing the arrangement of the reinforcement 1.2 Geometry and loads ‘The goomtty ofthe footing and the design loads are shown in Fig. 1.2-1 and Fig. 12-2, where Ne= I2S00KN; — Mu=4.000 kN; My = 10,000 kN fw Be is ~ {5:08 | Pg. 12:1 Geometry and ee pl view Fig. 122: Geometry an oats on ew | mentors) | {bbl Designee or ade .16 Bape 13: ile cap for proc conte ples Example 1-3: Pile cap for precast concrete piles 1 Des LI Thestrueture Ail cap over prefabrcn piles is sully designed with stut-andte mols. Experimental reals have shown tha th stun te method correctly predicts the behaviour of pile caps, ts they area paiculr example ofa tree dimensional D-rpion, This example ideas yp. ical design sues not when designing highly loaded ple cap, and shows the means to solve them. The tansfer offers fom the clan tothe ple cap is analyzed considering the force flowin coneret and in ear separately, sing diferent sru-andte modes cription of design task Precast piles can transmita service tess of about 12 MPa. tn such eases, it becomes dificult to comply with the low compressive stresses allowed for nodes, since according to-FIP Rec- ‘ommendations (1999) this shouldbe less than fq = O,85:Fy. The example here presented jis taken from real design cases provided by pile manufacturers. The ples witha rectangular ‘ross section of 0,35-0,35m have an ultimate axial capacity of 2.150 EN. 1.2 Geometry and loads The geometry ofthe pile cap and the design loads ae shown in Figs. 1.3-1 and 1.3.2. oe, |: 0 wale] T Fig, 13-1: Geometry an wad, lateral view Fig. 1-2: Geometry and oats, front view (dimensions in) 16 {ib Bulletin 6 Design examples for ton te mdleample 1-4 rie daphraem 124 Example 1-4: Bridge diaphragm 1 Description of design task 11 Thestructure “The diaphragm ofa box gider bridge is an example ofa typical D-rgion for such bridges. I is simply solved with the strut and tie method. Thereby itis assumed thatthe shear frees in the box girder ace transmitted theough the webs and from thereto the load bearing plates Onee the model is established, the set of londs in equilibrium is imposed and the forces in the model solved, 1.2 Geometry and loads The geometry ofa box gircer bridge and the desig loads are shown in Figs. 14-1 and 1.42. Fig, 14-2: Section A with geometry a ld (dimension am) 4 {fib len 6: Design ecampes for strate modelstas ample 1-4 Bridge dpoge 1.3 Design values for materials Concrete: f= 35 MPa Concrete: fice = OBS: fi /1,5 =0.85-38/1,5 ~ 19,8 MPa fe _ 500 Reinforcement f,=502MPa;f,,=2% = 20 .435MPa = fe Tis" 1s 2 Design procedure "The design procedure contains the following steps ~ Step 1: Creation of stut-and te model + Step 2: Determination f amount of reinforcement ~ Step 3: Design of nodes and check of nodal pressure + Step 4: Arrangement of reinforcement 3. Design calculations 34 Step 1: Creation of a strut-and-tie model ‘The shear ofthe box ginkr is transmitted by the webs othe column though the diaphragm, hich works asa so-called “indirect suppor”, see FIP Recommendations (1999), 68.2.2. A thyee-dimensionl stru-and-tie model is proposed to explain the global behaviour as shown in Fig. 14.3. Additionally a two-dimensional linear elastic finite element model has been used asan aid to develop te diaphragm model, and the results are shown in Fig. 14-4 ig, 14-3: The three-dinenslonal model of the box girder {fl Buin 61 Desir exampes for sn anie models 2sExample 2: Precast corbels fitted to columns Jean-Mare Vournard 1 Introduction and design task For the car park underneath the Auchan Shopping Centre in Warsaw, the existing support structure ofthe beams does not allow for sufficient dilatation. The soliton allows the hor ‘zontal slab movement by means of creating a gap between beams and columns ad installing beating pads under the newly corbel-supported beams. The load is tansfered from existing corbels to temporary supports equipped with jacking. units. The existing corbels are then sawed and removed in ower to provide a 10-mim gap between beams and columns. The new corbels, made of two precast “C"-shaped concrete elements, ae filed to the column with post-ensioned bas, fllowed by instalation of the bearing pads (Fig. 2-1a. The load i then :e-trnsfered from iemperay supports tothe colums (Fig 2-18). “These works, which encompass repuits to $7 columas, were completed by the end of Novem- ber 2002. his particular case, the repair works Were executed With PT bar, “The purpose of the example hereafter is to show the design procedure sing strut-and-tc models and to verify the feasibility ofa solution without post-tensioning, in particular with regard to safety agains stdin, For cavity, the actual 3D- systom has been simplified to a 2D- ‘model that doesnot take into account the Tater ores, 4) lew ofcorbel 2) load rnsfr on the cob Fig 2-1: Precast corbel wth post tensioning bars ib ulti Design xope for raat mle atExample 2 Procart corte fied column 2a ‘The design of the models follows sections 6.5.2 and 6.5.3 of the PIP Recommendations (1999), where in Fig. 515 dotiled rules are given for tho design in subsequent steps. Step 1! 8; Fy (b> at) where: ae = Fig) and vs = = fal250 = 13025 feuqe = O88 +17 = 150 MPa a) = 1.080-10°/(800 15,0) = 140 mm 088 ‘When calculating the ditance a, the transfer of the loads by an inclined seu must be consid- ered, which increases aby a distanced 4) = Gia). Pif, =(700--480)- 210/55 = 44 men a mat Sq = 400+ 4 44= Sid mm 2 2 fo} «) sinple medet 2) refined model for 02a <22 Fig. 23: Sitcandtie models for the corbel Step 2: a = d= Vd? =Ga-a = 480~ /480°-2-514-140 = 186 mm 4 186 eed % = 499-88 387 mm a. St =49)- 8 357 Step: col—a/ 2 — 5:4/387= 1,328 > 0 37° Step 4: 7 Ay = 1,608 109/350 Step 5: For the enchorage of tie anchor plates are provided, ‘6010+ Fy ~ LOSD + 1,328-+210~= 1.608 KN 4.583 mn {ib Bltn 51 Design exams for sub e modele 3Example 3: Lift shaft substructure Stein Atle Haugerud, Karolin Reineck 1 Presentation of structure Al General The example demonstratss the application of stut-and-ie models forthe design ofa it shaft substructure in a multistory office building built in Oslo 2001 (Fig, 3-1). The 7-story structure is set on a slong site end includes four levels of offive space and tcc levels of parking. The building features an all-precestsuperstrcture with floaes of topped hollow-core slabs on steel beams and spliced concrete cohunns, a 1 ecarref Thou am om oo Co ) a tue cow all to at cf {{ anne Too | lL + — i ig, 3-1 Ofice complex Guthaugveen 4 (Oslo), wes facade 1.2 Description of structure The lift shaft accommocates both clovator and x stairway and is built up by precast wall coments and gest panes, The shaft is supported by a beum grid structure (Fig. 3-2) consisting of to primary beams (@ and @) and four eross beams (@ = @). The lif shaf substructure is founded on died steel ene piles ais casted in-sit integrally with the pile caps. lt 6; Design exp for srt meds ”‘Beale 3:1 sha abortive 38 With the redundant fore F; determine, tho stru-and-tie model can be developed only from equilibrium conditions. Starting with the compression node at the point of conta shea, the connety of the node may be constructed from the allowable concrete sress (Fig. 3-8), and the assumption ofthe angle Gof the two inclined tuts (fan), The effective suength fur ofthe compression zane according to the FIP Recommendations (1990), Sect $3.22)is feast = 0, fioa=(1 > fa/250) fs =(1~357250) fit = 0,86 figs (= 17,0 MPa) “The resting model is stow in Fig. 3-9 ad the associated stress Fields in Fig. 3-10. [RAE EOExample 4: Continuous deep beam Miguel S. Lourengo, Jodo F. Almeida, Rui Boia 1 Description of the design task 1.1 Geometry and loads ‘Tho deep ben showed in Fig, 4-1 transfers distributed loads from the floors below and above fo the supporting columas. The beam dead load was simulated by «uniform load equally distributed a he botom and vonp ofthe deep beat. 7 — TERRE TTT TERLITTOT TET TTEEEET, 1g 41: Continuous deep beam geometry and loads 1.2 Design values for materials ‘The materials used fortis design ae: Concrete: €30/97: fa 30MPa; figs = 085-30/1,5 = 17,0 MPa Reinforcement ASOONR: f= $00 MPa; fy = $00/1,15=435 MPa 1.3. Statement of design problem ‘The design strut-end-tie model for continuous deep beam presented in ect. 65.5 of the FIP Recommendations (1999) is defined assuming a certain distribution forthe support reactions. Howerer, the suppers stflness can influence the distribution of extemal reactions leading to different intemal forees,‘n practice the support reactions are obtained from the global model ‘ofthe structure in which the deep beam could be modelled by eg, linear members considering the shear sifaess of bya finite element mesh, In this ease, the deep beam is incorporated in an office building, so the support reactions were directly obtained from the global model where the deep bea was modelled by a coarse finite element mesh and the columns by linear members. fb Bln 6: Design examples fo srs models 4sample 4: Contino dsp ea a ong bag tng AD sur | ora { santa | sun ® SS ‘Pig. 43: Gere strane model according to the lod path method In this particular ease 6-015; 20451; 27-0332; an-0,80m and £=7,20m, resulting in 55-0272 and the strut-an-tie mode! shown in Fig. 4-4 ong \ COLT LL wont TOE Fig. 44: Sirt-ante model {fb Bletn 6 Design exams fo sree models aExample 5: Shear wall in office building udovit Fillo, Vladimir Benko 1 Structure 11 Deseription of the structure ‘A twenty-storey, 76 m tll, office building is presented in Fig. 5-1 in exonometre view with plan dimensions of 17 m (30 m) x 54 mI foundation is 10,3 m under the ground. The dae phragm walls and piles of 1200 mm diameter are designed with respect to geology and ex- pected differential setlement. The compasite concrete columas of 500 mm diameter resist vertical loads and reinfowed concrete walls 350 mm and inner core should principally resist horizontal loads (wind, seismic and So on). The depth of reinferced concrete slabs varies from 220 10260 mm. Tn the following the shear wall shown in Fig, 5-1 is designed with stut-and-tie models, Fig £1: Axonometie view of the ofis bung {fb ulin 61: Design xomps for siren te mode ss ‘EeeBeane 5 Shoar val fs bling 57 7e22 Loads - Forces kN strut and tes kN Dimensions m uae 089" us a0 12700 1394 B= 1200 R= 3683 =F 870-1676 // “3998 7’ 186 -7539' | enya / faa Vos TS 1086 yy ght aa. BA sae BT sa fF 56 E420 Fig, 5-4: Sruconte mode A for selon horlzontl forces fram eft {Buttin Dele espe for sande mls 9Example 6: Deep beam with an opening ‘Tjen Tjhin, Sukit Yindeesuk, Daniel Kuchma 1 Introduction and design task ‘A deep beam with an opening, as shown in Fig. 61, is designed using the sru-and-tie mods (STM) approach. The beam supports a factored load from a cokumn, P, of SOOO KN and factored uniformly distributed load, g, of 120 kN/m. The distributed load includes the seli= Weight of the beam, The out-of plane dimension of the beam is 600 man, ‘The eompresive strength ofthe concrete is f= 30 MPa and the yield strength of the steel reinforcement is ‘Su= 420 MPa. This example isnot from a real structure but draws from challenges in the Aésign of deep load trans‘ members ‘he deep beam is statically indeterminate to the fist degree, as schenticallyshowa in Fig. 6- 2 in which te lof support restrans the beam from verieal movement wile the right supports restrains both vertical movement and roaton. For simplicity, and in consideration of the shape of the selected strt-and-ie model, the distributed load was lumped st four locations ‘over the length of beam as also shown in Fig, 6-2, The two reaction frees and one reaction moment were determined using four approaches, ‘one linear elastic two-dimensional finite element analysis and three types of beam analyses, ‘Table 6-1 illustrates thatthe vertical reaction force at end 4, Vi not very sensitive to the analysis conducted. Inthe subsequent design, the value of V, i taken as equal 10 3000 KN and is trate as an additional extemal load ating on the stiueare, thus removing the extemal ‘redundancy. This approach implicitly assumes that the structure possesses sufficient ductility, owing intemal force redistribution to occur to handle any deviation in the distribution of actual reaction forces. pion — "80008 rt huuulitqin| Jilsomp Pome] | gesmt- no {bt caper mes 6 SS OEExample 6 Dos boa with opening 6 In the selected model, the force transfer from the column iosding to the Left support is provided by a direc strut BG and by an indirect path in which the force in stut Bis lifted up by vertical tie AAT and then down strat AG tothe rigid suppor at G (se Fig. 6-4). The main force transfer on the right side ofthe column force is provided by two tase systems, one above and one below the opening. The trss system around the opening is shown in greater detail in Fig 65 sean TN yyy 24018 TW raw 4|+200nm | | i Le Bf so mofo mah 20 no 5244 ats} “me Fig 64 Sra model Fig 6: Detailed srutandte motel around opening Fig. 66 presents the dstibution ofthe forces inthe sutand-tic model, A postive value indicates tension, anda negative value denotes compression, The strut-and-tc design program CAST, by ‘jen etal. 20076) was used to determine the faces in the members of the tss and to produce this image. Not all force values ate clearly presented, but they are given in Tables 6-2 and 6-3 tht fola in section 3, lo len 6 Design eeamplesforstra-onse ede o PeExample 7: Anchorage block for external prestressing tendon - Comparison with test results ‘Toshio Ichihashi, Hiroshi Shiratani 1 Presentation of structure ‘This example demonstrates the application of a three-dimensional stut-and-tie model 10 & concrete anchorage block, which is consructed on a thin slab of @ box-girder and subjected to the prestessng force ofan external tendon, The analytical study was supplemented by testing a scaled model of the anchorage to examine its performance and capacity. The results obtained from the sirut-and-tie model and those from testing are compared in this example. The loading test wa conducted by the lapan Ministry of Land, Inftatrwcture, and Transport, andthe Japan Presressed Conerote Contactors Association 2001) Fig 7-1 shows the loading test model, A box ginler of typical size fora two-lane bridge is | assumed for this model, The scale is about 1/2 and the top slab is omitted for simplicity. The anchorage forthe extoral pretressing tendon is applied atthe bottom slab. Since this model is symmetric about the center lng, only balf side i shown in Fig. 7-1, In this loading test, the prestressing tendons were anchored atthe anchorago block and the end wall. ‘The tendons ‘were tensioned from the skleof the end wall. The design strength ofthe concrete fy ~ 40 MPa (actual strength was 49 MDs), and the notul yield stress of the reinforcing bars was about 380MPa (Fig. 7). ind wll Li atoms ig, Pte Tot model (dimansions in mn) {$8 Blletin 6 Design expe for strtand models n‘ample 7: Anchorage Bok exenal presenting tendon a In this model the web and the end wall are omited. The support contin is also indicated in Fig. 7-3. Tho support atthe end wall ine i fixed inthe vertical and horizontal directions. The support line under the web is fixed in the vertical direction. In the preliminary study, the two «cases of caleulations, with the support under the web vertically fixed end fee, were compte. ‘Asa result, lthough the sectional forces ea the web were somewhat differnt, the sectional forces ofthe critical members (around the anchorage) were similar even with the ehange of these support conditions. Therefor, the web can be considered to have lite influence onthe capacity ofthe anchorage. Consequently, the web was omitted in the model for simplicity, and verially fixed suppor condition under the web was assumed in this example Vesely fed, Yalan ed hae foed a Ay I as Somat: Retort Bor — wicnty enfin Bor oi, 05) ‘ig, 7-3: Analytical model (dienions bm) {ib Bullen 61: Design exanpla for sirtont madly 9 (Reese CE eeExample 8: Suspended precast RC member Eudovit Fillo, Jaroslav Halvonik 1 Description of structure and design task Ll General ‘A three-span bridge with eld lengths of 14,5 m +240 m +14,5 m (Fig. 8-1) has prismatic ‘cross-section composed of thre precast beams connected with cat-in-situ concrete. The main precast beams, three inverted T-shaped pre-tensioned beams with a length of 23,2m and 13,6, respectively, witha depth of i,t m (Fig 8-2), support precast RC members, which are horizontally suspended ste! tes anchored over the central main precast beans, serving a moulds for casting, The cating ofthe bridge was divided into two stages. Inthe first the space between tho webs cf the main precast beams was filled with conerete, After hardening of eoneete, four 13-stand tendons located among the main beams were stressed. Asa result three simply supported beams changed into @ continuous system. Tn the next stage the area ‘over the suspended RC members wes cast and the other four 13.strand tendons among the ‘main beam wore stesso, site tae a ot Tt TH ig, 8-1: Side section ofthe bride 1.2 Geometry and loads ‘The suspended RC membars serve to major fantions in the structure (Fig. 8-2). The first is to offers permanent mould for eastng ofthe bridge during constrution. The second is the achitetural component, which provides the stracture-required shape and the surce-required texture of the wood - an inage of the cast-in-plac conerote structure (Fig, 8-3 and 8-4). The ‘suspended RC members have the width of 2m and they are stiffened by two ribs, ‘lb Bllesin 6 esin example for srt mls 85‘anple 8 Supended prea RC member es 5 ig, 8.7: Sratand-i model | 23 Design 23.1 Design of slab detail A ‘One-way spanning slab without transverse reinforcement with a biaxial tension — compression ‘chord (Fig, 8-7 and 8-8). ‘Au =F! a0, 078/435 =0,000 179 m? (284150) > 330 mm? « Design shear capacity asessed by empirieal formal doh a=100- 198mm; w= 14 PM P1= Add =33011000-81 = 4.0081 Vea =(010 © YDOAR) bud =(0.10.29F00OOAT) 1 01081 ~0,099 MeV = 0011508 87-325 2.32 Design of T-beam— detail B ‘Concrete T-beam with trassverse reinforcement and tension ~ compression chord (Fig. 8-8- and 8-9), + Compression chord Fay™=227 KN = 0,5% = 150-39-0,8-0,033=95 mm ‘lb Bin 61: Desig example for strane models 89Example 9: Connection Between Prefabricated Beams ‘Miguel S. Lourengo, José N, Camara 1 Presentation of the structure 1.1 Description of the structure ‘The SATU (Automated System of Urban Transportation) project was developed for a new concep of urban transpert. Is fully automated vehicle gris within a moving able, having the power source in one end of the system. inorder to avoid obstuction with other infrastruc. ‘ure systems, it runs aver a vinduct. The first phase ofthe development has a total extension ‘of 1.200 m, with three sitios and two connecting viaducts, One of the vinducts, connecting {0 main sitions, hasan extension of 337,5 m, with current spans of 30,0 mand 38.0 m (see ant plan eurvatar, ‘Pag. 9-1: Plan and elevation of iad 1 ‘The vinducts superstructre (See Fig. 9-2) is characterized by two parllel prefabricated ‘beams, conneeted a the bottom by 20,25 an thick slab. The beams have an “I” eross section with a height of 1,70:m,« 1,00 m with flange and 0,25 m thick web, Transverally they are 4.45 m spaced apat and directly supported at the pies on “pot” type beatings superstructure is filly continuous omits total length, Structural continuity was ensure, in seneral, by castin-sit joints between the prefabricated beams, over the supports. Ia the zones with higher plan curvatures, post-ensioned bars connecting the longitudinal bears wore adopted at approximately 1/5 of the main spans. The connection geometty is shown in Figs. 3105 Bln 6: Design eaoa sample 9 Comecton Benween Preface Beans 1.22. Design values for materials cones 555 fy 428 98ra Sec em ASR foeSCOMP fy it 5h 2 Design procedure 2.1 Strutandstie modes for the design "To achieve the design stut-and-tic model for the construction phaso, a simplified Toad path was developed (s Fig, 9-7. The cross section is fully compressed atthe connection eft sec tion even though e small tension eccurson the right side, “The refined stnut and tie modal shown at Fig 98 is attained by dividing the resltant stresses at the D-tegion boundary int to several sus. The ties are dimensioned in Table 9-1. The ‘compression fields are shown in Fig, 9-9, and these then join the continuity cables stuls, -eeping the connocton between the tv precast beams in compression. The vertical ies result from the anchorage deviation forces. SIDR Fig, 24; Sirut ne model for construction phase decimal poi nse of comme, se Eiitorel Comments on pi), Table 91: Te forces nthe consructon phase and required and adopted enforcement ForeeT a Ae tt forcement TIEN 31a 1407 ma 7016 ‘IORI | 3.70T mn FsOmaTn | _qIRIOIO ‘DORN | FAT main Fs0mmTm | PqTRIO,IO 98 {#0 ttt 6: Deg exemple for ravanste modelsExample 10: Clamped support of large prefabricated T-girder Hannes Ludescher 1 Presentation of structure ‘The D-region presented inthis example is part of large offshore terminal built of reinforced, prestessed concrete. The terminalis gravity-based structure (GS) that serves as docking ation for large tankers, storage filly and as basis for processing fects. The ovo bearing imbers are covered by a roof composed of 351m long T-gnlers and the Top Slab, see Fig. 10-Le, Including the 0,5 m thick Top Slab, the geders have astatcal height of3 m and @ ‘width of 0,8 m at midspan. In order to facilitate construction, wob and lower flange of the ‘T-inders are placed a prefibricated beams. The connections und the Top Slab are cast in place in varios casting tps. Inthe operational phase, the T-gtders ae clamped into the support in onder to provide higher stiffness for tp side processing facilities. Ths, the girders a pat of «frame constituted of the Upper Walls and the Top Slab whieh stiffens the terminal aginst transverse loading like ‘waves or tanker impact, see Fig. 10-1b. For the analysis, the sructce is sliced in individual frames with a width of 7. m corresponding tothe beam spacing ) spatial view of souctral members Fig. 10-1: Overview over stuenre 2 Description of design task region design concentrates on the connections a the ger ends. Tn this example, only the design for closing momeats at connections withthe side walls i documented. Closing mo- ‘ments cesult fist of ul fom gravity loads onthe Top Slab, but also from the static and dy ‘narme (waves) water pressure on the Outer Walls, Accidental loading sitvations considered in design incinde tanker impst, earthquake and bast (explosion), {fi Ben 6 Design exon for stand odes 10302, Example 10: Campa yportof lrg prfbricted ger “The entire stractre is highly prestressed in order to minimise crack width and to increase sfines. In de slabs and wall, centric pestessing ensures an average compression of 2 (© '5 MPa, The T-girders have an average compression of sbout 6 MPs, For this reason, the sruc- tural elements behave in a olatvely bitde manner and no redistribution of ation effets is ‘considered Instead, section forces obtained from linear elastic analysis are used for design, 3 Qualitative modelling ‘The decomposition of the connection in various panels and the important contribution of pre- stressing make siu-and-tie modelling challenging. In order to have a sound bass the design models are derived from simple, generic models. for massive connections, see Fig, 10-2, Fig, 10-2 b shows a connection with the actual geometry. The mode! illustrates thatthe various struts aid es are located in different planes. They have tobe deviated to the rain panel Tinking them before equilibrium can be established. The deviation of struts is based on an orfiogonal reinforcement layout in all panels. Altogether, four shear panels ean be distinguished: = Beam Web / Rib Wai: ‘isis the main panel Kinking all other panels. t includes the [Beam Web and lower flange as well asthe Rib Wall that quasi acts as a web forthe (ster and Inner Wal. The entice transverse shear free of the frame system is trans {ered in this plane, = Top Slab: The Top Slab acts as upper Mange forthe T-gitder, Closing moments will primarily cause tension in this panel ~ Outer Wall tthe case of closing moments, the Outer Walls the tension chord ofthe HCshaped eros setion formed by the Outer Wall, Rib Welland Tnner Wall = Inner Well: The Inner Wallis mainly subjected to compression fr closing moments, “The modes in Fig. 10-2 on include a closing moment, but not the eoresponding transverse shear force, A bate picture ofthe main shear panel including transverse shear in the frame system is shown in Fig 10-. Transverse shear doesnot affect the flanges and only results in ‘minor changes tothe mode! for bending only. Compressive stesses culminate in the innet ‘comer of the caunecton, whores tho tensile siresses are spread over the outer comer, <9) massive cms section 2) thin-walled rosesetion ig. 102; Closing moment for masive and thin swale eross-sections 104 lo Blt 5: Design examples for sina modelsExample 11: Abutment Shear Wall of Viaduct 1 on Algarve Highway Miguel S. Lourengo, Jofo F. Almeida 1 Presentation of the structure LL Description of the structure ‘The Algarve SCUT Concession is an expansion ofthe existing Via do Infante (IC, connect- ing Alcamaritha to Lagos in the South of Portugal, which includes eleven current viaducts ith total extension of 4376 m, ‘The viaducts superstructire consists of two parallol decks with 12,4 m width each. The decks has two longitudinal Ushape pre-fabricated, pretensioned beams, spaced 6,15 m between axles, directly supported onthe pies and abutments with neoprene or pot type beatings (see Fig. 11-2), 4.0.25 m thick weinforced concrete slab conaeets the longitudinal beams. The slab is cast inst through a non-effective prefabricated pro-slb, ‘The superstructure is filly continuous on is total length, Structural continuity i ensured by the reinforced concrete deck and by post-tensioned bars connecting the longitudinal beams over the supports, Jn most of the viaducts, the soil canltions led to the adoption of plepier solution which has low capacity to equilibrate horizontal forces. Accordingly, dampers devices were placed inthe abutments in order to resist seismic scion. ‘The major viaduct, VI, ims a total extonsion of 1.204 m, with spans of 32,0 m length. Only ‘one expansion joint was applied, approximately in the middle ofthe total length of the via- ‘duc, in which was placed a transition span of 25,0 m, Two continuous vieduets with 589,5 m length each are thus bta ned, Fig. 11-1 shows the elevation and the plan view of the viadt Asmentioned before the seismic forces are equilibrated inthe abutment, through the damping device system, and atthe fst three set of columns where was posible to apply «solution ‘with direct foundations. The remaining columns a longitudinal sliding bearing atthe top was provided ‘ig. 1-1: Plan and elevation of vad 1 {leben 6: Design example fr srt andi models utBrample 11: Abe Shear Walof Vat In Algarve High na ‘Fig. 1-10 Strata model for the vertical shear wal self weight ‘The combination of each load distibution in the vertical shear wall leads to the resultants shown in Fig. 1-11 and Fig. 11-12 and the final models can be obtained by the superposition ofthe referred models. Tae above models are all based on the assumption of linea clastic re- sponse atthe base ofthe wal, even though it should be romarked that their combination re- fleets the non-linear behaviour of a cracked section, In Tables 11-1 and 11-2 are shown the forcs ofthe ties obtained by the strat-an-tie models and the required and provided reinforcement, @) oat 9) strat ante model ‘Fig. 1-11: Load ud stan i model for the seismic action pushing the abun {fi Balen 61: Design exapleforstr-onte model 123Example 12: Design of D-regions of the Enmedio stream bridge Santiago Perez-Fadén Martinez, Carlos J. Bajo Par 1 The D-regions of the Enmedio stream bridge ‘The Enmedio stream bridge is located within the motorway of Mélaga-Gusdiar, in the tract ‘of Guadiaro-Estepona. It has a length of 158 m with two asymmetic spans of 106 and 82 m 4s shown Fig. 12-1, and i supported by a per with a double wall. The deck isa mixture of a segmental cantilever deck and a composite box gitde. ig. 12-1: View of the Exes streum bridge ‘Taking into account the basic characterites ofthe bridge, the D regions have besa identified (Gee Fig. 12-2), which were designed with stru-and-tie models, These regions ae = 1: Suppor section of metalic deck - concrete segment 2: Deck support setoe om piers += 3: Pier foundation by reans of stepped pilecep + 4and 5: Anchorage el sbutments with vertical prestessng and inverse bearing hel {tb Blom 61: Design espe forse modes 133camp 12: Design of -etont of te Ennedi strcom bide 23 (1999), Compaiility should be considered by, at leat, s close as possibly 8 the stress feds determined fiom a linearlasic analysis, see Fig. 12-4. The support eactons appen a the right side ofthis Fig. 12-4 Several models can be used to explain the behaviour of the stress fields, The one shown in Fig. 12:5 the mixture between two diferent models. The frst model is forthe introduction ‘ofthe vertical force in othe corbel and the second considers the spreading ofthis force in the ‘web according tothe common truss model in B-tegions, ‘The anlysis ofthe tns forces fellows from the global balance of the srvcture. The external forces applied on the concrete segment are a vertical force af 2.000 KN due to the stel deck weight, a prestressing force of 3.500 KN applied atthe top ofthe segment and e prestresing {ree of $00 kN applied at the bottom part. As a result, the tee reactions shown in Fig. 12-3 sre obtained Ry= -ATKN, Ro=2.845KN; Ry 4.023 kN ‘Bach node is then solve, using the equilibrium equations fo obtain te intemal forces, and the balance is verified by checking the lat two nodes, ig. 12-5: Stressed! forthe corbe apport {Sib Bleon 61 Design example forsoutane mode asExample 13: D-regions of the pylons of a cable-stayed bridge Due Thanh Nguyen 1 Description of design task 11 Geometry and loads In frame of proof-chook services for a new cable-stayed bridge four typical D-regions num- bere from 1 to 4 ofthe pylon should be checked using strutand-tie models (Pig. 13-1), The pylon has an H-form with two eross beams. The pylon legs and the eross beams have both ‘eclangolar sections with diaphragms at load transfering points. The main beam of the bridge is of composite box sectian which is supported at pylon vertically bythe lower eross beam and horizontally by pylon legs at dock level, Fr aeessible purpose a man hole is set at each iaphragm, ‘The forces to be transferred through the D-regions are gained fiom stuctural analysis and al- ready factored according to relovat design regulations 1.2. Design values for materials Concrete: f= 35 MPa => figs arf Ye = 0,85 35,0/1.5 = 19,83 MPa 00 MPa => a= fy /%,= 500/115 = 435 MPa Reinforcement fe 1.3 Statement of design problem ‘This is an example for demonstating the use of strut-and-tie models fr the design of compli- cated D-regions of siructual concrete, Not complete solution, but only chosen aspects are prosented which are not sufficiently considered so Tae by conventional design methods (for instance, using finite clement method). Assumptions shall be made based on experience and ‘occasionally by using elatc finite element calculations. The design af the anchorage at nodes is erties In fame ofthis pepe, only the check of two D-tepions (Detegion 1 and 2 in Fig 13-1) is pre sented, As the result, the design of these gions could be confirmed, Suggestions for beter Feinforcement layout and ako fr simpler poorety, however, were made as a help fr future similar design problems, The check is eaied out according tothe FIP Recommendations (1999). {fi Bll: Devin exmplesor ran le modleExample 14: Design of T-connections in an offshore terminal Hannes Ludescher, Stein Atle Haugerud 1 Design process The design of large offshore structures often requires dealing with a large number of Detegions, For this reason, a systematic approach has been developed that allows an eeient esign ofall relovantresons. The bass is an identification of regions and the classification Drith respect to tei geometry and foading. tis important to identify all elovant gions inthe first step, because errors are not caught by subsequent steps, The clasifcaion can subse, ‘quently be refined asthe analysis is refined. The analysis is refined stepwise with an neon ing degree of precision. Fig. 14-1 gives an overviow over the adopted methodology with the various sts passed in {he framework of design. Some ofthe steps are cosy linked, lke classification and analysis ‘of setion forwes. This way, the required depth of the analysis can be adapted in an stenting ‘manne. In addition, the various step ate linked to B-egion design whieh is also pradually refined, Ia an early projet stage, the section foros may nt be well known or sill subject to ‘modification due t enhaaeemnents in load medeling and optimisation ofthe overall project, Minor modificaons in oad modelling require vefication of the chosen design, whereas ‘major modifications may rebut in a re-design. ped tog fr eg nd sittin ef eons eta cent rage + ttre rane + sh De oa + sayin titinredty "mr a Pay ee * coktesan se Aeon» elec atom aaa | + sandopgmte stunt moaee Ma (ratte yosteg _ Raectoneatt anion | aa any + bocce cotta yo _ Sxewessaarainas ama + eimimenstimtrrtonies "Serna nao Peotone eign ant atenion + tne stereo c + vajmen RT + swumeareideccgetegeas Sencar ‘nna + pe dt rtton ‘Pig. 141: Adopted methodology forthe design of D-regions {lb Ballet 61-Dsig examples for urate mele \ 16Bxample I: Dai of Feomecton ia ore erm M9 Fig. 14-10 shows a variant with L-shaped bars and st-and-tie model for the ease of domi nant tension in the discontinuous element. The model clesry shows that the L-bars do not provide the best supporto the diagonal shear struts in the continuous element. The strut is anchored along the straight section of the bar because the angle itslt is somewhat repellent. ‘With respect to the solution with T:headed bars, shear reinforcement in the continuous ele. ‘ment has tobe inereased adjacent to the connection. Inside the bends, one or two bats may be required fo resist splitting tension. Concerning consrucability, the solution is unfavourable because L-bars ae diffe to place, particularly during sip-forming. Siren TT 2) reinforcement layout sing L-shaped bars 2) strutandtie mode, ‘lg. 1410: Reinforcomen yout and stru-andste model for T-shaped conscton with dominant tension ndiscontmous wall ‘Angles are cheaper than headed bars but they have important disadvantages with rgard t construction. For bar diameters of 25 mm or more, they are very heavy which makes ther dificult and dangerous to putin place In the continuous element, the bars add to the contin ous reinforcement that may already be constituted of two bars per bundle. I the continnous ‘clement is slab, angle shaped bars are rarely an opt Fig. 14-11 shows a possible layout with diagonal bars. For the case of dominant tension in the discontinuous element, this layout eppears very efficient, Shear reinforcement can be de- ‘creased significantly and reinforcement congestion in the nodal region is avoided. On the oth er hand, the layout is absclutely inappropriate for beading momen or in-plane shear in the discontinuous element (Fig, 14-9e, d and e) In ation, diagonal bars are very dificult 0 put in place. "i » 4) rebyfercoment ayout 2) struvandte model ‘ig. 4-11: Reinforcement lou using dag brs cd corresponding stra. model for T= ‘shaped connection with dominant tension in dacontintos al. ‘ib lin 61 Dasign example for sbutandse mosels mPaper 15: Strut-and-tie models utilizing concrete tension fields Karl ~ Heinz Reineck 1 Introduction In codes the utilization ofthe concrete tensile strength has often been denied and explicitly been ruled out. Yet, there are many concrete members where concrete tensile sresseh are not resisted by reinforcement and so the canerete tensile strength is ulized to some extent and ‘many examples for that are given by Reinke (1986), Firstly tobe mentioned is the fundamental basis for structural concrete of bond and anchorage of reinforcement in conerete members, which cannot be explained without utilizing concrete in tension. This is clearly dsmonstrated by the stut-andetie model shown in Fig. 15-1, which was proposed by Tepfers (1973), Schober (1988) and others. However, this dependeney on the concrete tensile capacity is covered in the design by using shear stesses forthe bond strength, ‘lg. 15-1: Model for bond betwcon reinforcing hare andl concrete [Tepes (1973)} Secondly, there are plain concrete members, like footings, which do not contain any seine forcement and obviously rely on tensile stresses inthe concrete. As shown in Fig. 13-2 the linear clastic analysis yields the stresses and trajectories from which the eracking load may be ‘determined, However, in design no explicit limits or design values are given forthe concrete tensile stength bu detailing rules forthe geometry of such fotings s shown in Fig, 153, ‘Thirdly, the ultinate eapecity of members witout shear seinforcement has been defined by ‘nominal shear stresses or shear forces, for which empirically derived design value are given ig, 15-3, In Fig, 15-4 the basis for such formulae for the shear eapaciy is briefly summa. Fized and an example given with the formula of SCE (1986) proposed by Okamura and Niwa (1987), The main parameters are also listed in Fig. 15-4, However, such empirically derived ‘design equations do not give any insight ino the structural Behaviour and the flaw ofthe fore es within the member, in contrast tothe truss model for members with shear reinforcement, as indiated in Fig. Therefore. the sist of stress inthe web and the role ofthe eonerete tensile ‘sength is not cleat. Inthe following the shear transfer in members without shear reinforce ‘ment is explained and a simple truss model wih inclined concrete ties inthe web is derived {Balen 61 Design examples fe etre ond te models 185Paper 18: Sra mode lig concrete eson fs iss 2 Models for members without shear reinforcement For structural concrete members without shear reinforcement different theories have been «developed in the ast decades, and surveys aro given in the reports CIB ull. 237 (1997) and ‘chapter 4 of ASCE-ACT 445 (1998). Frequently, the shear transfer in a member without shear reinforcement is explained by an atch fora member with distibuted loads or by an inclined strut between point loed andthe ‘support of « member. These models comply withthe state theorem ofthe theory of plasticity and should yield a lower bound for the capacity. However, the model docs not comply with the development of the crack pattem as shown in Fig, 15-5, because the inclined sttt of the ‘model crosses the failure erick which opens widely prot tothe failure. The reason for this slsrepancy between test and the theory is thatthe basc assumption ofthe theory of plasty snot fulfilled, which i tha the materials are duetle, This isnot the case for the ston and brite fiture inthe webs of members without shea reinforceme ‘Fig. 155: Discrepancy berweon the crack pattern near flare and stut-and-ie mel witha n= lined strat fore ember thou shear reinforcement sje te pot lod? Any theory must therefore sast with the rack pattem before the fiture crack appears and sudenly Teas to faire, anc this is done withthe so-eaedtooth-model shown in Fig. 15-6, ‘The diferent shear transfer sctions are shown in Fig. 15-6, and these ae the forces due to {ition or aggregate interlock along the inclined eracks, the dawel ation of the longi reinforcement and the trast of shear stresses in the compression zone, In addition there ‘may be the transfer of residue concrete tensile stroses aeoss cracks. Al these shear tansfer ‘actions are related to conctee tensile stresses. Further explanations are given in the above ‘mentioned survey repors. {fib Bllein 6 sign examples fr satandiomodels 187Paper 16: Gaining experience with strut-and-tie models for the design of concrete structures Karl-einz Reineck, Miguel 8. Lourengo, Joto F. Almeida, Stein Atle Haugerud 1 Summary and conclusions of examples ‘The primary aim ofthis Bulletin was to present examples whore the application ofthe design with strt-and-tie models is demonstrated as presented in the chapter 6.5 of the FIP Recom- ‘rendations 1999 “Practical Design of Structural Concrete". This Bulletin is a follow-up of te fb Bulletin 16 (2002). The examples in this Bulletin deal with straetres taken from the practice of the Working Group members, and they cover critical details in buildings, several bridges, and even of «specal structure like a concrete offahore terminal In concluding, the examples filly demonstrated tht the modem concepts ofthe FIP Recom- ‘iendatios (1999) “Practical Design of Structural Concrete" enabled practising engineers 10 solve even quite complicated probioms by using strut-and tie model However, there are some topics sil to be investigated and some of them were discussed in the Working Group and ae briefly addressed inthe folloving, One topic is dealt with sepa- rately in Paper 15, since it tured up in several examples and posed problems inthe applica tion It deals withthe modeling of strutural concrete members without shea reinforcement, and it presets a truss model with conerete ties respectively concrete tension fields 2 Gaining experience in designing structural concrete with strut-and-tie models 21 Brief review on the development of strut-and-te models Siruandie mols have Seen used fra ong time to design special regions like cose, deep beams or daped-end beans of scr concrete ener, Sclich (198) stated te development sd proposed to consistent cover te design of stuctrl conte mam. bers ung stamdc mal He dicemed Deregions(B for ening or Beroul) au i continuity cegian (Drgions), whereby th larry bv duet concerted ods (2 up Frame comers or openings n member) er defo the combination of to eg cael with point ad at cols, Focal hee Deion srtand-te model soften the moat prt! Essien oo Since then the method fs been further developed, and the work by Seblaich and Schafer (1984, 2001) and Sehlsic, Scher and Jennewein (1987) was instemental inthis respect. Reineck (1996) supplemented this work with specil emphasis on the shear design and the design of D-egions of bears, and later in 2005 withthe design of D-regions of prefabricated ‘members with many numerzal examples lke corbels, dapped-end beams and beam webs with ‘openings. A fundamental war is also that by Matton, Schwartz and Thalmann (1996) who put an emphasis on stees Field design. {fib Ble 61: Design example srt te mals iw64 Paper 16: Gaining experince wh tate mole 2.3 Dapped beam end Dapped beam end isa frequently occurring D-rogion especially for precast beams, and it is also treated in Example 12 ofthis Bulletin, This D-region is a good example illustate hows diferent models may be eqully valid. Fig. 16-1 shows two different models in question. The ‘mode! | in Fig. 16a requires a concentration of straps atthe face of the beam end, whereas the model 2 in ig. 16-1b lems to a second tie Tz for anchoring the tie Ty and thus allows to distribute the stirrups over some length. Every model has some advantages but also some dis advantages were seen by diffrent researchers, as discussed in Pat § of ACI SP 208 as well as, by Reineck (2005). The validity for the model 1 in Fig. 16-1a was demonstrated by tests of Cook and Mitchell (1988), as explained in Part 3 of SP 208, ‘The mode! 2 in Fig, 16-1b is based on tests by Stinle and Rostisy (1974) and Steinle und Hahn (1988, 1995), who found thatthe high ‘amount of reinforcement according fo model 1 was not fully uilzed and that the total force Aid not exceed the support fore. This behaviour is explained by model 2 in Fig U6-1b. ‘Therefore it must be concluded that both models may exhibit che full desired capacity and ‘ust be regarded as equaly valid. The prerequisite for this is thatthe dapped beam end is properly designed and detailed foreach ase, ie. that especially the nodes and anchorages do not lead toa premature file, a) model 1 by Cook and Michell (1988), 6) model 2 of IP Recommendation (1999) 00 Fig Yen Part 3of ACISP 208, lg. 1: Different models for dapped beam ends 24 Point load near a support ‘The strucand-te model forthe D-region witha point loed near a support isa frequently oc- earring case, and inthe FIP Recommendations (1999) the model shown in Fig, 162 is pro- ‘posed, This mode is intemally statically indeterminate, and therefore an empirically deived tule is given inthe FIP Reconmendstions (1999) for which portion F; ofthe applied load is diretly transferred to the support. The remaining part F is transferred by the truss ation re- {quiring a vertical tic in the mide of the D-region, and it depends onthe distance of the load rom tho support exis secardng to the fllowing ssatonship FF =@ale~ Ds © where: a ~ distance of lod from support axis 2 > inner lever arm ‘This relationship shows the inoteasing necessity for transverse reinforcement inthe range between a=0,5%z and a~=2-, and so. consistent transition is guarantoed from a deep beam ‘with loads near the suppart to slender beam. Inthe latter case the total applied load hs to be transferred my means of a truss und no direct load transfer tothe support by an inclined stat is possible. Therefore, the model of Fig. 16-2 isa proper and practical solution. 200 {Fo Ble Design examples for srt ante modle