Topic 2

Wastewater characteristics and

design flows

CE 274, ENG 395

CEE, SJSU
September 1, 2011

Prepared by
Issayas T. Lemma, PhD
SJ/SC Water Pollution Control Plant
700 Los Esteros Road
S
San Jose,
J CA 95134
Issayas.tadesse@sbcglobal.net
September 4, 2011 1
 Wastewater Sampling
What is sampling?
Is a process of obtaining representative sample for
analysis
Why sampling?
Because any wastewater characterization starts by
collecting the sample
Sampling Requirements
The sample should be:
Representative —Good representation of constituents both
spatially and temporally
R
Reproducible—Give
d ibl Gi same result
lt
Defensible—Have good degree of accuracy and precisions
Useful—Serve the intended objectives

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 2

 Wastewater Sampling
Sampling process (Harris, 1999)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 3

 Wastewater Sampling
Sample types
Grab sample
Good stable sample (temporally
(tempo all the same)
Good for homogeneous sample (spatially the same)
Gives a snapshoot of a changing sample

Composite sample
“Sample
Sample that has good representation of the constituent
parameters”
Good for sample varying spatially, e.g. Diurnal variation
Good for sample varying temporally,
temporally e.g.
e g Along a tank
length
Usually collected by automatic samplers

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 4

 Wastewater Sampling

Samples collected for Process

Monitoring
i i
Sample location Parameter Sample Type
Aeration
i tankk pH Grabb
DO Grab
Filter Influent Turbidity (NTU) Grab
Final effluent Residual chlorine Grab
Total Coliform Grab
Raw Sewage, Primary effluent BOD, TSS, NH3 Composite-24h
Secondary effluent, Final
Effluent

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 5

 Wastewater Sampling
Diurnal variations of Influent WW Flow (SJ/SC WPCP)
Diurnal Wastewater Flow Variation SJ/SC WPCP (8/26/11‐8/29/11)
160.00
Saturday Sunday
152 MG 151 MG
143 MG 14:00 14:00 143 MG
140.00
12:00 12:00

124 MG
120 00
120.00
23:00

100.00
w (MG)

80.00
Flow

60.00
59 MG
56 MG
6:00 53 MG 52 MG
6:00
7:00 7:00
40.00

20.00

0.00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00

10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00

10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00

10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00

0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00

0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00

0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
Time of day

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 6

 Wastewater Sampling
Diurnal variations (Influent BOD, SJ/SC WPCP)
Diurnal Variations of Influent Flow and BOD ((8/2/10))

Influent Flow Excluding Recycles (MGD) Raw Sewage BOD at EBOS(mg/l)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

20:00

21:00

22:00

23:00
(Hrs)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 7

 Wastewater Sampling
Diurnal variations (Influent TSS, SJ/SC WPCP)
Diurnal Variations of Influent Flow and TSS ((8/2/10))

Influent Flow Excluding Recycles (MGD) Raw Sewage TSS at EBOS (mg/l)

350

300

250
(mg/l) & (MGD)

200

150

100

50

0
10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

20:00

21:00

22:00

23:00
0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

(Hrs)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 8

 Wastewater Sampling
Diurnal variations (Influent NH3-N, SJ/SC WPCP)
Diurnal Variations of Influent Flow and NH3-N ((8/2/10))

Influent Flow Excluding Recycles (MGD) Raw Sewage NH3-N at EBOS (mg/l)

160

140

120
GD)

100
(mg/l) and (MG

80

60

40

20
0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

20:00

21:00

22:00

23:00
(Hrs)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 9

 Wastewater Sampling
Diurnal variations (Influent PO4, SJ/SC WPCP)
Diurnal Variations of Influent Flow and Ortho-PO4 ((8/2/10))
Influent Flow Excluding Recycles (MGD) Raw Sewage Ortho-PO4 at EBOS (mg/l)

160

140

120

100
GD)
(mg/l) and (MG

80

60

40

20

0
10:00
0

11:00
0

12:00
0

13:00
0

14:00
0

15:00
0

16:00
0

17:00
0

18:00
0

19:00
0

20:00
0

21:00
0

22:00
0

23:00
0
0:00
0

1:00
0

2:00
0

3:00
0

4:00
0

5:00
0

6:00
0

7:00
0

8:00
0

9:00
0

(Hrs)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 10

 Wastewater Sampling
Diurnal variations (Sup BOD, SJ/SC WPCP)
Diurnal Variation of Supernatant
p BOD (8/2/10)
( )

300

250

200
(mg/l))

150

100

50

0
0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

18:00

19:00

20:00

21:00

22:00

23:00
(Hrs)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 11

 Wastewater Sampling
Automatic Samplers (www.wastewatercanada.com)

Sequential/discrete sampler
Composite sampler (24 h)
F multiple
For lti l grabb samples
l

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 12

 Wastewater Sampling
Automatic Sampling Options

 Flow-Paced
Sample collection —Proportionate to flow
Constant Volume
Volume, Variable Time —draws
draws constant sample volume
at short interval during high flows and long interval at lower flows
Constant Time, Variable Volume— draws variable sample volume at
constant time interval

 Time-paced
Constant flow at same interval
Could reduce or increase sample concentration

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 13

 Wastewater Sampling
p g
Steps
1. Take time-paced grab sample every hour or two manually or using an automatic sampler
2. Get the samples analyzed for, say, BOD
3. Obtain the corresponding hourly flow rate data of the process under consideration, say, in MGD
4. Tabulate the hourly flow rate (MGD) and BOD consideration (mg/l) against the time of sampling
5. Calculate the summation of the BOD mass loading (lb/d)
6. Similarly calculate the summation of the hourly flow rate (MGD)
7. Divide the summation of BOD mass loading by the product of summation of the hourly flow rate
time 8.34 will give the flow-weighted concentration of BOD in mg/l
8. Compare the flow-weighted BOD concentration with simple arithmetic mean BOD concentration

Flow  Weighted BOD (mg/l) 

 BOD load (lb/day)
8.34 *  Flow (MGD)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 14

 Wastewater Constituents
Solids (Lab analyses M&E, 2003)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 15

 Wastewater Constituents
Solids fractions (M&E, 2003)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 16

 Wastewater Constituents
Organics
BOD5 (5 days incubation at 20 C)
COD ((requires
eq i es 2.5-3
2 5 3 h)
TOC (requires 5-10 min)
Total BOD, BODT = CBOD + NBOD
1st stage ultimate BOD, BODU

BOD Kinetics (First order) 2nd stage

BODU-BOD
BODt
BODr = BODU e-k*t Eqn.1 BOD
BODt = BODU - BODU e-k*t exerted
BODT
BODt = BODU (1- e-k*t) Eqn.2
Where: BODt 1stt stage
t
BODr = BOD remaining BOD
BODr
BODt = BOD at any time, t remaining
k = 1st order rate constant, d-1 (base e)
k = 0.23 d-11at 20 °C

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 17

 Wastewater Constituents
BOD5/BODU ratio at 5 day, 20°C
BOD5/BODU = (1-e-0.23*5)=0.68
In log (base 10) units
BODt = BODU (1- 10-k1*t) Eqn. 3
Where:
k1= 0.4343*2.3 = 0.10 d-1
Temperature correction
kT = k20 ѲT‐20 Eqn. 4
q
Where: Ѳ = 1.047  (literature quotes Phelps, 1944 work)
K for different solids fractions (M&E, 2003)
Fraction Size range
g (µ
(µm)) K ((d-1)

Settleable >100 0.08

Supracolloidal 1-100 0.09

Colloids 0.1-1.0 0.22

Soluble <0.1 0.39

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 18

 Wastewater Constituents
Ratios of Organics parameters (M&E, 2003)
Type of wastewater BOD/COD BOD/TOC

Untreated 0.3-0.8 1.2-2.0

After primary settling 0.4-06 0.8-1.2

Final effluent (BOD=CBOD) 0.1-0.3 0.2-0.5

SJ/SC WPCP
RS BOD / RS COD = 0.6
PE BOD/PE COD = 0.5
05

Theoretical Oxygen demand

O2 required for oxidation of organic carbon and
nitrogen
it tto CO2 andd nitrate,
it t

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 19

 Wastewater Constituents
Nutrients (macro)
Nitrogen
g ((Organic-N,NH3-N,
g , , NO3-NO2-N))
NH3-N, NO3 readily available N sources
Phosphorus (Poly- and Orth-PO4)
Readily available Otho-PO4:
PO4, HPO4, H2PO4, H3PO4
Oxygen demand of ammonia
NH 41  1.5O2  2H1  H 2O  NO21 (Nitrosomonas)
NO12-  0.5O2  NO13- (Nitrobacters)
NH14  2 O2  NO13  2 H1  H 2O
1 g N requires 4.57 g O2
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) = Organic -N + NH3-N

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 20

 Wastewater Constituents
Inorganics
Anions:
Bicarbonates (HCO3-)
Chloride (Cl-)
Sulfate (SO4=)
Cations:
Calcium (Ca++)
P t
Potassium
i (K+)
Magnesium (Mg++)
Sodium (Na+)
Others:
Alkalinity, total dissolved solids
Heavy metals
As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr,
September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 21
 Wastewater Constituents
Biological
 Wastewater organisms
Bacteria
Fungi
Algae
Protozoan
 Pathogenic
Bacteria
E. Coli
Salmonella
Vibrio Chlerae
Protozoa
Giardia lamblia
Crytospordium parvum

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 22

 Wastewater Constituents
Pathogens concentration in raw sewage (M&E, 2003)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 23

 Wastewater Constituents
Industrial Constituents (Mackenzie, 2010)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 24

 Wastewater Constituents
Industrial Constituents (Mackenzie, 2010)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 25

 Wastewater flowrates
Wastewater components
Domestic (
(residential + commercial + institutional))
Industrial (Breweries, Food processing)
Infiltration/inflow (seepage into sewers and storm
water inflow)
Stormwater runoff
Collection systems
Sanitary sewer (domestic, industrial, Infiltration/Inflow)
Combined sewer (domestic, industrial, I/I +
Stormwater))
Storm sewer(storm water collection)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 26

 Wastewater flowrates
Drinking water contribution
In the USA:
60-90% of water consumption becomes wastewater

Fl
Flowrate
t considerations
id ti (f
(for USA)
Domestic (interior) WW flow rate =70 gal/capita-d
Dry weather base flow
flow= 120 gal/capita
gal/capita-d d (70 for
domestic, 10 for commercial & 40 for infiltration)
Infiltration= 100-10,000 gal/d.in-mi
Industrial flow design = 1000
1000-1500
1500 gal/ac
gal/ac-d d
Commercial development= 800-1500 gal/ac-d

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 27

 Wastewater flowrates
Mass loading
Mass loading
g ((lb/d)=
/ ) Conc. ((mg/l)*Flow
g/ ) ((MGD)*8.34
)
Where: 8.34 (lb/MGD)/(mg/l)
Forecasting Flowrates
Elements:
Estimate existing base flow (from current uses)
F
Forecast
t future
f t use (residential, commercial,
institutional)
Allowance for Infiltration

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 28

 Design flowrates
Design flows
Flow rate
Average design flow/Average
annuall flow
fl
Maximum daily flow
Minimum daily flow
Peak hourly flow
Minimum hourly
September 4, 2011
Description Design Use
It is the daily average of an annual data To calculate:
 Treatment plant
l capacity
i
 flow rate ratio
 Chemical cost
 Pumping cost
 Organic loading
Is the largest volume of flow to be received in a 24 Sizing of equalization basins, chlorine contact
hour period tanks, sludge pumping systems
Is the smallest volume of flow received during 24- Sizing conduits where solids may deposit at low
hour period flows
Is the largest volume received during one hour Used for design of:
period based on an annual data  Collection and interceptor sewers
 Wet wells
 Pumping stations
 Flow measuring devices
 Grit chambers
 Settling basins
Is the smallest hourly flow rate occurring over 24 Sizing of flow meters
meters, chemical feed systems,
systems
hours period based on annual data
CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 29
 Design flowrates
(M&E 2003)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 30

 Design flowrates
M&E *2003)

September 4, 2011 CE 274/Issayas T. Lemma 31