confidence level 90% 95% 99%

zα/2 1.645 1.96 2.575

STA 291, Section 001-006, Spring 2010, Prof. Zhou

Formulas for Exam 2

• Sample size n necessary for margin of error B when estimating a population . . .

 z 2  z 2
. . . mean: n = σ 2 · . . . proportion: n = p̂ · (1 − p̂) ·
B B

• Large sample confidence interval for the population proportion

p
p̂ · (1 − p̂)
p̂ ± z · √ ; assume np > 10 and n(1 − p) > 10
n

• Confidence interval for the population mean, µ, when σ is . . .

σ s
. . . known: X̄ ± z · √ . . . unknown: X̄ ± t · √ df = n − 1
n n

• z-Score for an individual observation

x−µ
z= x=µ+z·σ
σ

• Sample mean X̄
n
P
xi
i=1 x1 + x2 + · · · + xn
X̄ = =
n n

• Sample variance s2
n
(xi − X̄)2
P
i=1 (x1 − X̄)2 + (x2 − X̄)2 + · · · + (xn − X̄)2
s2 = =
n−1 n−1

• Sample standard deviation s

p
s= sample variance

n+1
• If n observations are ordered in ascending order, median is the 2 th observation.

• Population mean µ

• Population variance σ 2

• Population standard deviation σ