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Leucas) Uses Migration To Travel To Canada To Moult and To Reproduce (Hauser Et Al., 2014) - Even
Leucas) Uses Migration To Travel To Canada To Moult and To Reproduce (Hauser Et Al., 2014) - Even
201602589
Conservation notes
Global Distribution
The main global distribution of the Arctic polar region can be scattered and overlapped from
different countries such as Canada, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Russia as the main
connection that links all the countries together is by the Arctic Ocean in figure 1 (Anisimov et al.,
2007). The Arctic Ocean is mainly connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Norwegian Sea, Greenland
Sea and the small sea channels from in Northern Canada (Furgal and Prowse, 2007).
The Arctic region is covered by the Arctic Ocean, small islands and Northern continental land, as the
Arctic is defined as an area within the Arctic Circle with a latitude of 60 degree north of the region
(Anisimov et al., 2007; Kattsov et al., 2005).
Migration
Migration can be expensively costly as some of the species would have to travel long distances to
the Arctic. The reason why species migrate to the Arctic is either for the breeding or feeding
grounds. For example, the Shorebirds which would migrate from the tropics to the Arctic to breed
throughout the summer (O’Reilly and Wingfield, 1995). As well, beluga whale (Delphinapterus
leucas) uses migration to travel to Canada to moult and to reproduce (Hauser et al., 2014). Even
though this species would migrate to the Arctic Ocean to search for any resource available to the
species. This is important because there would be extra resources and habitat for the species to
travel to, especially for any species which would use expensive cost of locomotion to migrate.
Samantha Instone
201602589
References
Anisimov, O.A., Vaughan, D.G., Callaghan, T.V., Furgal, C., Marchant, H., Prowse, T.D., et al. 2007.
Polar Regions (Arctic and Antarctic). Climate change. 15: pp 653-685.
Furgal, C., Prowse, T.D. 2007. Northern Canada. From impacts to adaption: Canada in a changing
climate, pp 57-118. Available online:
http://coastalchange.ca/download_files/external_reports/Furgal_(2008)_Ch3NorthernCanada.pdf.
[Accessed 23/4/2018].
Hauser, D.D.W., Laidre, K.L., Suydam, R.S., Richard, P.R. 2014. Population- specific home ranges and
migration timing of Pacific Arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). Polar Biology. 37:1171-
1183.
Jones, P.E., Andersen, L.G., Swift, J.H. 1998. Distribution of the Atlantic and Pacific water in the
upper Arctic Oceans: Implication of circulation. Geophysical research letters. 25:765-768.
Jones, P.E. 2001. Circulation in the Arctic Ocean. Polar Research. 20:139-146.
Kattsov, V.M., Kallen, E., Cattle, H.P., Christensen, J., Drange, H., Hanssen-Bauer, et al. 2005.
Chapter4: Future climate change modelling and scenarios for the Arctic. Arctic Climate Impact
Assessment. pp 100- 144. Available online:
http://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/764/Ch04_Pre-Release.pdf?sequence=1. [Accessed
23/4/2018].
Kovacs, K.M., Lydersen, C., Overland, J.E., Moore, S.E. 2011. Impacts of changing the sea-ice
conditions on the Arctic marine mammals. Marine Biodiversity. 41:181-194.
O’Reilly, K.M., Wingfield, J.C. 1995. Spring and Autumn migration in Arctic shorebirds: same distance,
different strategies. American Zoology. 35:222-233.
Stroeve, J., Serreze, M., Drobot, S., Gearheard, S., Holland, M., Maslanik, J., Meier, W., Scambos, T.
2008. Arctic sea ice extent plummets in 2007. EOS. 89:13-20.
Samantha Instone
201602589