Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bataan Peninsula State University
Bataan Peninsula State University
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirement of the Course
CE PROJECT STUDY- CEPS 523
By:
Alvarez, Archie G.
Baciles, Ace Jan G.
Cruz, Maui Darj C.
Del Rosario, Raymond M.
Dela Cruz, Joshua E.
Macapinlac, Christian P.
Ibanez, Alyssa Mae A.
Ramos, Jameila C.
INTRODUCTION
The average resident produces seven and a half pounds of garbage every day that
is buried down in landfills and litters lands costing a great amount of money. Nowadays,
people face no more critical trouble than the need to save the weakening environment,
mainly in urban areas, where solid wastes are uselessly dumped. It has been observed that
cities have no controlled structure for garbage disposal. Basically, garbage is old, dirty and
wet, so that it is a perfect place for bacteria and other viruses to stay in. Rubbish growth in
cities has been a problem all over the world for centuries. Landfills have always been
regarded as sources of illnesses and unpleasant smells. The harmful wastes from the
garbage spread through the ground from paint, chemicals, petrol, batteries, and other toxic
materials that have been thrown away into the garbage. The toxic chemicals get into the
water pipes and spread through the people’s drinking water. Another reason of that problem
is that people have created all these disasters, which are connected with environmental
pollution. The more modern technologies are created, the more unbelievable become
wastes and remains of what is produced. From this, man is responsible for what he or she
created and for the following consequences. Anxieties about the environment have made
people more aware of their environmental footprints or the kind of waste they leave behind
A common symbol that can be seen on garbage bags, dump trucks and trash cans
is of recycling. The phrase ‘Reduce, Reuse, Recycle’ is taught to children all over the world
in the hope of creating a clean environment. We all know that recycling is a simple way in
which every person can contribute to making a better world. But surely there must be more
benefits of recycling than just reducing the amount of trash we throw out. After all, it takes
time and effort to collect, separate and send away the trash. But the fact is that there are
many ways in which this process makes for a better world. One of the biggest reasons
why recycling has been promoted is that it does reduce the strain on our environment. By
utilizing waste products in a constructive way, we can slowly decrease the size of our
landfills. As the population grows, it will become difficult for the landfills to hold so much
and trash. Another one of the benefits of recycling is that it allows more emphasis to be put
on creating technology to utilize what already exists. This is why a number of industries
support programs where they can receive large quantities of recyclable material to convert
into new items. An unexpected place where the benefits of recycling can be seen is our
economy. A strong economy is one that is efficient in nature. What drags it down is having
to pay for resources that are growing scarce in the country. Every bit of recycling counts
when the economy does not have to pay for planting more forests, mining iron ore or
Hence the researcher aims to establish something that can help individuals to
process some waste products into a usable material that can contribute to the society and
environment.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
proper handling of waste materials, from maintenance of waste transport trucks and
dumping facilities to compliance with health codes and environmental regulations. Waste
can take any form that is solid, liquid, or gas and each have different methods of disposal
and management. Waste management normally deals with all types of waste whether it
was created in forms that are industrial, biological, household, and special cases where it
may pose a threat to human health. It is produced due to human activity such as when
factories extract and process raw materials. Waste management is intended to reduce
The increasing amount of waste being produced around the world is a serious
problem and a major threat to the environment. Animals are losing their homes to make
room for landfills, and disease-ridden vermin like rats are moving in. Trash incinerators
emit carbon dioxide, adding to the already critical buildup of greenhouse gases and
exacerbating global warming. We’re polluting water sources and wild environments with
our careless litter, making once natural habitats hostile for our precious wildlife. This is
only part of the problem. Basically, it comes down to this: we’re producing more garbage
than the Earth can handle, and we’re running out of places to put it.
Garbage and man-made waste isn’t new. Our nomadic ancestors produced waste
like bones, animal skins, and other organic materials. However, what waste they created
was biodegradable, so it broke down and returned to the earth with no harm done.
Landfills aren’t a new concept, either. The first municipal landfill was in ancient
Greece. Still, little harm was done to the environment. The real waste problems began
artificial and non-biodegradable goods, and in much larger quantities. This changed the
type and amount of waste we produced, and not for the better. Since then, the problem has
goods.
New products and technologies contain more man-made components, like synthetic
fabrics, other plastics, and metals. These can take thousands of years to break down, unlike
the organic waste of our ancestors, which took months or at most a couple years. To add to
this, we’re producing these slow-decomposing materials at a much faster rate than the
environment can handle. Large quantities of these materials just lengthen the decomposing
process.
Waste and Recycling Statistics for 2017 based on National Environment Agency
Others (stones,
319,300 7,100 326,400 2%
ceramic, rubber, etc.)
Note:
Metal recovered from IBA for recycling is excluded from total waste disposed.
Wood and horticultural waste recycled include 347,300 tons used as fuel in biomass power
plants.
Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of
waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items
are made can be reprocessed into new products. The benefits of recycling are simple, but
the effect they can have are large. Which is why so many countries support the process and
make sure that their citizens face no trouble at all when they want to take up recycling.
as waste material or bio mass through compaction. A trash compactor is often used by a
home or business to reduce the volume of trash it produces. A baler-wrapper compactor is
often used for making compact and wrapped bales in order to improve logistics.
In landfill sites for example, a large tractor (typically a converted front end loader with
some variant of a bulldozer blade attached) with spiked steel wheels called a landfill
compactor is used to drive over waste deposited by waste collection vehicles (WCVs).
the payload of the vehicle and reduce the number of times it has to empty. This usually
takes the form of hydraulically powered sliding plates which sweep out the
collection hopper and compress the material into what has already been loaded.
Different compactors are used in scrap metal processing, the most familiar being
the car crusher. Such devices can be of either the "pancake" type, where a
the baling press, where the automobile is compressed from several directions until it
material such as charcoal, sawdust, wood chips, peat, or paper used for fuel and kindling
to start a fire. A popular charcoal briquette emerging in developed countries is one which
takes a waste produce such as sawdust, compresses it and then extrudes it to make a
reconstituted log which can replace firewood. It is a very similar process to forming a wood
pellet but on a larger scale. The natural lignin in the wood binds the particles of wood
together to form a solid. Burning a wood briquette is far more efficient than burning
firewood. Moisture content of a briquette can be as low as 4%, while as green firewood
Sawdust briquettes have developed over time with two distinct types: those with
holes through the centre, and those which are solid. Both types are classified as briquettes
but are form using different techniques. A solid briquette is manufactured using a piston
press which simple sandwiches layers of sawdust together, and ones which a hole are
produced using a screw press. The hole is simply a byproduct of the screw thread passing
through the centre however it also increases the surface area of the log People have been
making charcoal since about 4000 BC in both China and West Asia. North and South
American people, Africans, and Europeans also made and used charcoal. The way people
made charcoal was generally by piling wood up and covering it with dampened dirt, and
then lighting the wood on fire, so that it burned very slowly without much oxygen. The
best charcoal comes from burning hard wood like oak or beech. The result is
Paper is the major contributor of solid waste either weight or volume. Yet it is
highly recyclable and can be manufactured into some other materials. Thus, paper charcoal
Solid waste management is one of the biggest problems that our country is facing.
The recent global development is also accompanied by the rapid increase in the volume of
waste. A number of environmental and health impacts is caused by improper solid waste
management practices. People who live near disposal facilities are prone to various
diseases. Improper garbage disposal can also threaten marine life and animals who come
in contact with the contaminated water. Recycling wastes is one of the most reliable
methods of lessening the wastes generated in our country. The problem is, only a fraction
Aside from waste management, the use of charcoal is also a big threat to the
environment. Although it contributes a huge help to our society, the problem is that
charcoal is directly comes from the trees which is often cut solely for making charcoals.
the incredible amount of solid wastes and charcoals that is generated in our country. This
machine is able to help contribute to such needs as it can convert non plastic wastes into a
briquette.
General Objectives:
This study aims to design a machine which helps to compact waste materials
specifically paper and sawdust and convert it into a briquette as an eco-friendly alternative
The results of this study would be of great help to the government, students,
1. Government
This study would help the government to know what policies and regulations they
2. Students
This study would help them to know the importance of waste in our society on how
they prevent serious damage to environment. In addition, it will give them an idea
This study would encourage every member of the community to take the
4. Readers
This study would help the readers to know how to manage their wastes. And it also
5. Future Researchers
This study would help the future researchers as their basis of their study and
SCOPE
This study was conducted to lessen the size of waste materials and same as to give
Saw dust are by-products or waste products of wood working operations such as
sawing, drilling and sanding that is usually burn into ashes. While papers, cartons and
newspapers are being thrown out to garbage after being used once; not knowing that it can
There are some remote areas where its residents cannot afford to buy gas stoves or
electric stoves, so they are only using charcoal and firewood in cooking their food. But
sometimes there are charcoals are easily ached, so they need to add more for cooking. And
1. The capacity of the prototype machine is for compacting sawdust and paper since
the researcher does not have enough time to test other waste materials.
2. The duration of the prototype machine is unknown but a proper maintenance (like
cleaning after use, welding, etc.) could help to lengthen its lifespan.
3. The effectivity such as burning time and emission of the briquette is unknown since
4. The scope area of the study is only for a small scale community.
5. The compactor can produce different types of products but the researchers limit the
9. The budget being accumulated is unknown since it gather many donations from
different individuals.
10. In terms of producing a briquette, the combination of the mixture must contain
carbonized sawdust.
HYPOTHESIS
H0: The compactor is not feasible to compact waste materials such as sawdust and
paper.
H1: The compactor is feasible to compact waste materials such as sawdust and
paper.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a.) Compactor
Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance
c.) Compression
points on a material or structure, that is, forces with no net sum or torque directed