Linear Motion

Linear motion is the motion in 1 dimension (1-D) or the motion in a straight line.

Youtube Video

Distance

1. The distance traveled by an object is the total length that is traveled by that object.

2. Distance is a scalar quantity.

3. The SI unit of distance is m (metre).

Displacement

1. Displacement of an object from a point of reference, O is the shortest distanceof the object from point O in
a specific direction.

2. Displacement is a vector quantity.

3. The SI unit of displacement is m (metre).

Distance vs Displacement

Distance travelled = 200m

Displacement = 120 m, in the direction of Northeast

1.1.2 Speed and Velocity

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Speed
 1. Speed is the rate of change in distance. It is a measure of how fast the distance change in a movement.

2. Speed is a scalar quantity.

3. The SI unit of speed is m/s (metre per second)

Equation of Speed

Velocity

1. Velocity is define as the rate of displacement change. It is the measure of how fast the displacement
change of a moving object.

2. Velocity is a vector quantity.

3. The unit of displacemnet is m/s (metre per second)

Equation of velocity

Youtube Video 1

Positive or Negative Sign of Velocity

1. In velocity, the positive/negative sign indicates direction.

2. You can take any direction as positive and the opposite as negative.

3. For a linear motion, normally we take the motion to the right as positive and hence the motion to the left as
negative.

Youtube Video 2

Acceleration
Posted by Sek | 8:34 PM | acceleration, linear equation, linear motion | 0 comments »

Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of velocity change.Acceleration is a vector quantity. It is a measure of how fast the velocity
change.
Acceleration is a vector quantity.
The unit of acceleration is ms-2.

Equation

Additional Notes

An object moves with a constant velocity if the magnitude and direction of the motion is always constant.
An object experiences changes in velocity if

 the magnitude of velocity changes

 the direction of the motion changes.

An object that experiences changes in velocity is said to have acceleration.

An object traveling with a constant acceleration, a, if the velocity changes at a constant rate.

Equation of Uniform Acceleration

Most of the motion problems can be solved by the following equations. Therefore, make sure that you memorise all of
them.
How we know when to use the equation?

There are 3 types of motion:

 motion with uniform velocity

 motion with uniform acceleration

 motion with changing acceleration

The 4 equations are used when the motion is uniform acceleration.

Mass and Inertia

Posted by Sek | 11:10 PM | inertia, Newton's Law | 0 comments »

Mass

Mass is defined as the amount of matter. The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg)
Mass is a scalar quantity.

Inertia

Inertia is the property of a body that tends to maintain its state of motion.

Newton's First Law

In the absence of external forces, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with a
constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).

Jerking a Card

When the cardboard is jerked quickly, the coin will fall into the glass.

Explanation:

 The inertia of the coin resists the change of its initial state, which is stationary.

 As a result, the coin does not move with the cardboard and falls into the glass because of gravity.

Pulling a Book
When the book is pulled out, the books on top will fall downwards.

Explanation:

 Inertia tries to oppose the change to the stationary situation, that is, when the book is pulled out, the books
on top do not follow suit.

Pulling a Thread

1. Pull slowly - Thread A will snap.

Explanation:

 Tension of thread A is higher than string B.

 Tension at A = Weight of the load + Pulling Force

2. Yank quickly - Thread B will snap.

Explanation:
  The inertia of the load prevents the force from being transmitted to thread A, hence causing thread B to
snap.

Larger Mass - Greater Inertia

Bucket filled with sand is more difficult to be moved. It's also more difficult to be stopped from swinging.

Explanation:

 Object with more mass offers a greater resistance to change from its state of motion.

 Object with larger mass has larger inertia to resist the attempt to change the state of motion.

Empty cart is easier to be moved

An empty cart is easier to be moved compare with a cart full with load. This is because a cart with larger mass has
larger inertia to resist the attempt to change the state of motion.
Momentum
Posted by Sek | 12:32 AM | momentum | 2 comments »

Momentum

Momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity.

Momentum is a vector quantity. It has both magnitude and direction.
The SI unit of momentum is kgms-1

Formula:

Example 1
A student releases a ball with mass of 2 kg from a height of 5 m from the ground. What would be the momentum of
the ball just before it hits the ground?

Answer:

In order to find the momentum, we need to know the mass and the velocity of the ball right before it hits the ground.

It's given that the mass, m = 2kg.

The velocity is not given directly. However, we can determine the velocity, v, by using the linear equation of uniform
acceleration.

This is a free falling motion,

The initial velocity, u = 0
The acceleration, a = gravirational acceleration, g = 10ms-2
The dispacement, s = high = 50m.
The final velocity = ?

From the equation

v2 = u2 + 2as
v2 = (0)2 + 2(10)(5)
v = 10ms-1
The momentum,
p = mv =(2)(10) = 20 kgms-1
Youtube Video

Principle of Conservation of Momentum

Posted by Sek | 12:32 AM | momentum | 1 comments »

Principle of Conservation of Momentum

The principle of conservation of momentum states that in a system make out of objects that react (collide or explode),
the total momentum is constant if no external force is acted upon the system.

Sum of Momentum Before Reaction

= Sum of Momentum After Reaction

Formula

Example 1 - Both Object are in the Same Direction before Collision

A Car A of mass 600 kg moving at 40 ms-1 collides with a car B of mass 800 kg moving at 20 ms-1 in the same
direction. If car B moves forwards at 30 ms-1 by the impact, what is the velocity, v, of the car A immediately after the
crash?

Answer:

m1 = 600kg
m2 = 800kg
u1 = 40 ms-1
u2 = 20 ms-1
v1 = ?
v2 = 30 ms-1

According to the principle of conservation of momentum,

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

(600)(40) + (800)(20) = (600)v1 + (800)(30)
40000 = 600v1 + 24000
600v1 = 16000
v1 = 26.67 ms-1

Example 2 - Both Object are in opposite direction Before Collision

A 0.50kg ball traveling at 6.0 ms-1 collides head-on with a 1.0 kg ball moving in the opposite direction at a speed of
12.0 ms-1. The 0.50kg ball moves backward at 14.0 ms-1 after the collision. Find the velocity of the second ball after
collision.

Answer:

m1 = 0.5 kg
m2 = 1.0 kg
u1 = 6.0 ms-1
u2 = -12.0 ms-1
v1 = -14.0 ms-1
v2 = ?

(IMPORTANT: velocity is negative when the object move in opposite direction)

According to the principle of conservation of momentum,

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

(0.5)(6) + (1.0)(-12) = (0.5)(-14) + (1.0)v2
-9 = - 7 + 1v2
v2 = -2 ms-1

Explosion

Before explosion both object stick together After collision, both object move at opposite
and at rest. direction.
Total Momentum before collision Is zero Total Momentum after collision :
 m1v1 + m2v2
From the law of conservation of momentum:

Total Momentum Before collision = Total Momentum after collision

0 = m1v1 + m2v2

m1v1 = - m2v2

(-ve sign means opposite direction)

Examples or Application of Conservation of Momentum in Explosion

1. Fire a pistol or rifle

2. Launching a rocket

3. Application in jet engine

4. Fan boat

Example 3

A man fires a rifle which has mass of 2.5 kg. If the mass of the bullet is 10 g and it reaches a velocity of 250

m/s after shooting, what is the recoil velocity of the pistol?

Answer

This is a typical question of explosion.

m1 = 2.5 kg

m2 = 0.01 kg

u1 = 0 ms-1

u2 = 0 ms-1

v1 = ?

v2 = 250 ms-1

By using the equation of conservation of momentum principle

0 = m1v1 + m2v2

0 = (2.5)v1 + (0.01)(250)

(2.5)v1 = -2.5v1 = -1 ms-1

Elastic and Inelastic Collision

Posted by Sek | 12:41 AM | momentum | 0 comments »

Elastic Collision

Elastic collision is the collision where the kinetic energy is conserved after the collision.

Total Kinetic Energy before Collision

= Total Kinetic Energy after Collision

Additional notes:

 In an elastic collision, the 2 objects separated right after the collision, and

 the momentum is conserved after the collision.

 Total energy is conserved after the collision.

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Inelastic Collision

Inelastic collision is the collision where the kinetic energy is not conserved after the collision.

Additional notes:

 In a perfectly elastic collision, the 2 objects attach together after the collision, and

 the momentum is also conserved after the collision.

  Total energy is conserved after the collision.

Youtube Video

Example 1 - Perfectly Inelastic Collision

A lorry of mass 8000kg is moving with a velocity of 30 ms-1. The lorry is then accidentally collides with a car of mass
1500kg moving in the same direction with a velocity of 20 ms-1. After the collision, both the vehicles attach together
and move with a speed of velocity v. Find the value of v.

Answer:

(IMPORTANT: When 2 object attach together, they move with same speed.)

m1 = 8000kg
m2 = 1500kg
u1 = 30 ms-1
u2 = 20 ms-1
v1 = v
v2 = v

According to the principle of conservation of momentum,

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

(8,000)(30) + (1,500)(20) = (8,000)v+ (1,500)v
270,000 = 9500v
v = 28.42 ms-1

Effects of Force
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Force

1. A force is push or pull exerted on an object.

2. Force is a vector quantity that has magnitude and direction.

3. The unit of force is Newton ( or kgms-2).

Unbalanced Force/ Resultant Force 
When the forces acting on an object are not balanced, there must be a net force acting on it. The net force is known
as the unbalanced force or the resultant force.

When a force acts on an object, the effect can change the

1. size,

2. shape,

3. stationary state,

4. speed and

5. direction of the object.

Newton's Second Law

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and is in
the same direction.

Implication:

When there is resultant force acting on an object, the object will accelerate (moving faster, moving slower or change
direction).

Formula of Force

From Newton's Second Law, we can derived the equation

(IMPORTANT: F Must be the net force)

Summary of Newton's 1st Law and 2nd Law

Newton's First Law:
When there is no net force acting on an object, the object is either stationary or move with constant speed in a
straight line.

Newton's Second Law:

When there is a net force acting on an object, the object will accelerate.

Example 1
A box of mass 150kg is placed on a horizontal floor with a smooth surface; find the acceleration of the box when a
300N force is acting on the box horizontally.

Answer:

F = ma
(300) = (150)a
a = 2 ms-2

Example 2
A object of mass 50kg is placed on a horizontal floor with a smooth surface. If the velocity of the object changes from
stationary to 25.0 m/s in 5 seconds when is acted by a force, find the magnitude of the force that is acting?

Answer:

We know that we can find the magnitude of a force by using the formula F = ma. The mass m is already given in the
question, but the acceleration is not give directly.

We can determine the acceleration from the formula

From the formula

F = ma = (50)(5) = 250N

The force acting on the box is 250N.

Impulse
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Impulse

Impulse is defined as the product of the force (F) acting on an object and the time of action (t). Impulse exerted on an
object is equal to the momentum change of the object. Impulse is a vector quantity.

Formula of impulse

Impulse is the product of force and time.

Impulse = F × t

Impulse = momentum change

Impulse = mv - mu

Impulsive Force
Posted by Sek | 1:12 AM | force, impulse, impulsive force | 0 comments »

Impulsive Force

Impulsive force is defined as the rate of change of momentum in a reaction.

It is a force which acts on an object for a very short interval during a collision or explosion.

Example 1
A car of mass 1000kg is traveling with a velocity of 25 m/s. The car hits a street lamp and is stopped in0.05 seconds.
What is the impulsive force acting on the car during the crash?

Answer:

Effects of impulse vs Force

 A force determines the acceleration (rate of velocity change) of an object. A greater force produces a higher
acceleration.
  An impulse determines the velocity change of an object. A greater impulse yield a higher velocity change.

Examples Involving Impulsive Force

 Playing football

 Playing badminton

 Playing tennis

 Playing golf

 Playing baseball

Long Jump

1. The long jump pit is filled with sand to increase the reaction time when atlete land on it.

2. This is to reduce the impulsive force acts on the leg of the atlete because impulsive force is inversely
proportional to the reaction time.

High Jump
(This image is licenced under the GNU Free Document Licence. The original file is from the Wikipedia.org.)

 During a high jump, a high jumper will land on a thick, soft mattress after the jump.

 This is to increase the reaction time and hence reduces the impulsive force acting on the high jumper.

Jumping
A jumper bends his/her leg during landing. This is to increase the reaction time and hence reduce the impact of
impulsive force acting on the leg of the jumper.

Vector Quantities
Posted by Sek | 1:35 AM | vector | 0 comments »

Vector and Scalar Quantity

A scalar quantity is a quantity which can be fully described by magnitude only.

A vector quantity is a quantity which is fully described by both magnitude and direction.

Vector Diagram
The arrow shows the direction of the vector.

The length representing the magnitude of the vector.

Equal Vector

Two vectors A and B may be defined to be equal if they have the same magnitude and point in the same direction.

Vector Addition
Posted by Sek | 1:36 AM | vector | 0 comments »

Vector Addition - Triangle Method

Join the tail of the 2nd vector to the head of the 1st vector. Normally the resultant vector is marked with double arrow.

Vector Addition - Parallelogram Method

Join the tail of the 2nd vector to the tail of the 1st vector. Normally the resultant vector is marked with double arrow.

Addition of 2 Perpendicular Vectors

If 2 vectors (a and b) are perpendicular to each others, the magnitude and direction of the resultant vector can be
determined by the following equation.

Example 1
Two forces, P and Q of magnitude 10N and 12N are perpendicular to each others. What is the magnitude of the
resultant force if P and Q are acting on an object?

Answer:
Magnitude of the resultant force 
Example 2

Diagram above shows that four forces of magnitude 2N, 4N, 5N and 8N are acting on point O. All the forces are
perpendicular to each others. What is the magnitude of the resulatant force that acts on point O?

Answer:

The resultant force of the horizntal component = 5 - 2 = 3N to the right

The resultant force of the vertical component = 8 - 4 = 4N acting downward.

Therefore, the magtitude of these 2 force components,

Vector Resolution
Posted by Sek | 1:44 AM | vector | 1 comments »
Vector Resolution

A vector can be resolve into 2 component which is perpendicular to each others.

Example 1

Diagram above shows a lorry pulling a log with an iron cable. If the tension of the cable is 3000N and the friction
between the log and the ground is 500N, find the horizontal force that acting on the log.

Answer:

Horizontal component of the tension = 3000 cos30o =2598N

Friction = 500N

Resultant horizontal force = 2598N - 500N =2098N

Example 2
Diagram above shows two forces of magnitude 25N are acting on an object of mass 2kg. Find the acceleration of
object P, in ms-2.

Answer:

Horizontal component of the forces = 25cos45o + 25cos45o = 35.36N

Vertical component of the forces = 25sin45o - 25sin45o = 0N

The acceleration of the object can be determined by the equation

F = ma
(35.36) = (2)a
a = 17.68 ms-2

Inclined Plane

Weight component along the plane = Wsinθ.

Weight component perpendicular to the plane = Wcosθ.

Example 3
A block of mass 2 kg is pulling along a plane by a 20N force as shown in diagram above. Given that the fiction
between block and the plane is 2N, find the magnitude of the resultant force parallel to the plane.

Answer:

First of all, let's examine all the forces or component of forces acting along the plane.

The force pulling the block, F = 20N

The frictional force Ffric = 2N
The weight component along the plane = 20sin30o = 10N

The resultant force along the plane = 20 - 2 - 10 = 8N

Forces in Equilibrium
Posted by Sek | 1:48 AM | equilibrium, vector | 0 comments »
Vectors in Equilibrium

When 3 vectors are in equilibrium, the resultant vector = 0. After joining all the vectors tail to head, the head of the
last vector will join to the tail of the first vector.

Forces in equilibrium

Forces are in equilibrium means the resultant force in all directions are zero.
When the forces acting on an object are balanced, they cancel each other out. The net force is zero. 

Effect : 

 an object at rest is continuely at rest [ velocity = 0]

 a moving object will move at constant velocity [ a = 0]

Example 1
Diagram above shows a load of mass 500g is hung on a string C, which is tied to 2 other strings A and B. Find the
tension of string A.

Answer:

Tension of string C, TC = weight of the load = 5N

All forces in the system are in equilibrium, hence

Vertical component of tension A (TA) = TC

TAcos60o = TC
TA = TC/cos60o
TA = 5/cos60o = 10N

1.9.1 Work
Posted by Sek | 2:26 AM | energy, power, work | 0 comments »
Work

1. Work done by a constant force is given by the product of the force and the distance moved in the direction of
the force.

2. The unit of Nm(Newton metre) or J(Joule).

3. Work is a scalar quantity.

Equation of Work

When the direction of force and motion are same, θ = 0o, therefore cosθ = 1

Work done,

W=F×s

Example 1

A force of 50 N acts on the block at the angle shown in the diagram. The block moves a horizontal distance of 3.0 m.
Calculate the work being done by the force.
Answer:

Work done,
W = F × s × cos θ
W = 50 × 3.0 × cos30o = 129.9J

Example 2

Diagram above shows a 10N force is pulling a metal. The friction between the block and the floor is 5N. If the
distance travelled by the metal block is 2m, find

a. the work done by the pulling force

b. the work done by the frictional force

Asnwer:

(a) The force is in the same direction of the motion. Work done by the pulling force,

W = F × s = (10)(2) = 20J

(b) The force is not in the same direction of motion, work done by the frictional force

W = F × s × cos180o= (5)(2)(-1) = -10J

Work Done Against the Force of Gravity

Example 3
Ranjit runs up a staircase of 35 steps. Each steps is 15cm in height. Given that Ranjit's mass is 45kg, find the work
done by Ranjit to reach the top of the staircase.

Answer:

In this case, Ranjit does work to overcome the gravity.

Ranjit's mass = 45kg
Vertical height of the motion, h = 35 × 0.15
Gravitational field strength, g = 10 ms-2
Work done, W = ?

W = mgh = (45)(10)(35 × 0.15) = 2362.5J

Finding Work from Force-Displacement Graph

In a Force-Displacement graph, work done is equal to

the area in between the graph and the horizontal axis.
Example 4

The graph above shows the force acting on a trolley of 5 kg mass over a distance of 10 m. Find the work done by the
force to move the trolley.

Answer:

In a Force-Displacement graph, work done is equal to the area below the graph. Therefore, work done

Potential Energy
Posted by Sek | 2:50 AM | elasticity, energy | 0 comments »

Energy

Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. Work is done when energy is converted from one form to another.
Nm or Joule(J)

Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object as the result of its vertical position (i.e., height).

Formula:
Example 1
A ball of 1kg mass is droppped from a height of 4m. What is the maximum kinetic energy possessed by the ball
before it reached the ground?

Answer
According to the principle of conservation of energy, the amount of potential energy losses is equal to the amount of
kinetic energy gain.

Maximum kinetic energy

= Maximum potentila energy losses
= mgh = (1)(10)(4) = 40J

Elastic Potential Energy

Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in elastic materials as the result of their stretching or compressing.

Formula:

Example 2
Diagram above shows a spring with a load of mass 0.5kg. The extention of the spring is 6cm, find the energy stored
in the spring.

Answer:

The energy stored in the spring is the elestic potential energy.

Kinetic Energy
Posted by Sek | 3:17 AM | energy | 0 comments »

Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

Equation of Kinetic Energy

Example 1
Determine the kinetic energy of a 2000-kg bus that is moving with a speed of 35.0 m/s.

Answer:

Kinetic Energy,

Power

Power is the rate at which work is done, which means how fast a work is done.

Formula:

Example 1
An electric motor takes 20 s to lift a box of mass 20kg to a height of 1.5 m. Find the amount of work done by the
machine and hence find the power of the electric motor.

Answer:
Work done,
W = mgh = (20)(10)(1.5) = 300J
 Power,

Efficiency
Posted by Sek | 3:07 AM | power | 0 comments »

Efficiency

The efficiency of a device is defined as the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy.

Example
In the example above, the input power is 100J/s, the desire output power (useful energy) is only 75J/s, the remaining
power is lost as undisire output. Therefore, the efficiency of this machine is

75/100 x 100% = 75%

Air Conditioner

1. Switch off the air conditioner when not in use.

2. Buy the air conditioner with suitable capacity according to the room size.

3. Close all the doors and windows of the room to avoid the cool air in the room from flowing out.

Refrigerator

1. Always remember to close the door of refrigerator.

2. Open the refrigerator only when necessarily.

3. Always keep the cooling coil clean.

4. Defrost the refrigerator regularly.

5. Choose the refrigerator with capacity suitable for the family size.

6. Refrigerator of large capacity is more efficient compare with refirgerator of small capacity.

Lamp or Light Bulb

 1. Use fluorecent bulb rather than incandescent bulb. Fluorescent bulbs are much more efficient than
incandescent bulbs.

2. Use a lamp with reflector so that more light is directed towards thr desirable place.

Washing Machine

1. Use front-loading washing machine rather than top-loading wahing machine because it uses less water and
electricity.

2. Use washing machine only when you have sufficient clothes to be washed. Try to avoid washing small
amount of clothes.

3. Hooke's Law
4. Posted by Sek | 3:29 AM | elasticity | 0 comments »
5. Hooke's Law

Hooke's Law states that if a spring is not stretched beyond its elastic limit, the force that acts on it is directly
proportional to the extension of the spring.

Elastic Limit

The elastic limit of a spring is defined as the maximum force that can be applied to a spring such that the
spring will be able to be restored to its original length when the force is removed.

Equation derived from Hooke's Law

From Hook's Law, we can derived that

Spring Constant
Spring constant is defined as the ratio of the force applied on a spring to the extension of the spring.

It is a measure of the stiffness of a spring or elastic object.

Graph of Streching Force - Extension

Gradient = Spring constant

Area below the graph = Work done

F-x graph and spring constant

 The higher the gradient, the greater the spring constant and the harder (stiffer) spring.

For example, the stiffness of spring A is greater than spring B.

6. Spring
7. Posted by Sek | 3:33 AM | elasticity | 0 comments »

8.

Arrangement in series: Arrangement in parallel:

Extension = x × number of spring
Stiffness decreases
Spring constant = k/number of spring
9.
Factors Affecting the Stiffness of Spring
Extension = x ÷ number of spring
Stiffness increases
Spring constant = k × number of spring
 Stiffer Less stiff

Material type of spring

(A steel spring is stiffer than a copper spring)

Diameter of wire of spring

(The greater the diameter of the wire, the stiffer the spring)

Diameter of the spring

(The smaller the diameter of spring, the stiffer the spring)

Length of the string

(Shorter spring is stiffer)

10.