Brian Streit

Math 2451

Section 7.3 Selected Solutions

2. For this surface

Tu = (2u; 1; 2u) and Tv = ( 2v; 1; 4) :

1 1
to calculate these vectors explicitly at 4 ; 2 ; 2 we must …nd the point(s) in
1 1
the uv plane corresponding to the point 4 ; 2 ; 2 . To …nd (u; v) we must solve
the system 8 2
< u v 2 = 41
u + v = 12 :
: 2
u + 4v = 2:
Subtracting the …rst equation from the last we obtain
9
v 2 + 4v = :
4
Applying the quadratic formula to
9
v 2 + 4v =0
4
we see that
1 9
v= or :
2 2
If v = 12 then u = 0. We see the image of 0; 21 is 1 1
4 ; 2 ; 2 and that v =
9
2
does not yields a value of u that solves all three equations above. We compute
a normal to the surface by
i j k
Tu Tv = 2u 1 2u = (4 2u; 8u 4uv; 2u + 2v)
2v 1 4

at 0; 12 = (u; v),
Tu Tv = (4; 0; 1) = n.
Since the equation of the tangent plane at (x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) ; where the normal vector
to the surface n is known, is given by

n (x x0 ; y y0 ; z z0 ) = 0;

our desired equation is

1
4 x+ + (z 2) = 0 or 4x + z 1 = 0:
4

1
 6. Here
T = ( 3 sin sin ; 2 cos sin ; 0)
and
T = (3 cos cos ; 2 sin cos ; sin ) :
Thus,
T T = 2 cos sin2 ; 3 sin sin2 ; 6 sin cos
and 1
kT T k = sin 5 sin2 sin2 + 32 cos2 +4 2
:
Hence a unit normal vector is
T T 2 cos sin2 ; 3 sin sin2 ; 6 sin cos
= p :
kT T k sin 5 sin2 sin2 + 32 cos2 + 4
x2 y2
Since 9 + 4 + z 2 = 1, the surface is an ellipsoid.

15. (a) We parameterize by

x = 5 cosh u cos
y = 5 cosh u sin :
z = 5 sinh u

(b) Since f (x; y; z) = x2 + y 2 z 2 = 25, the unit normal is

rf
n= where rf = (2x; 2y; 2z) .
krf k
Thus,
(x; y; z) (cosh u cos ; cosh u sin ; sinh u)
n= p = p :
x2 + y 2 + z 2 cosh 2u
(c) Since the normal vector of the tangent place is parallel to the gradient
rf (x0 ; y0 ; 0) = (2x0 ; 2y0 ; 0), an equation of the plane is

(x0 ; y0 ; 0) (x x0 ; y y0 ; z z0 ) = 0 or x0 (x x0 ) + y0 (y y0 ) = 0.

(d) Just plug into the equation of the surface and of the tangent plane. Note:
The property here is very special and the surface is called ruled since this ar-
gument shows that the surface is a union of straight lines. If one looks at
some cooling otwers, one sees that architects make them a hyperbolic shape
partly because their ruled nature allows for structural strength as well as some
construction advantages.

16. (a) The linear transformation D (u0 ; v0 ) is represented by the 3 2

matrix 2 @x @x 3
@u @v
4 @y @y 5
@u @v
@z @z
@u @v

2
with all partial derivatives evaluated at (u0 ; v0 ). For a vector v = ( ; ) 2 R2
we have 2 @x @x 3
@u @v
D (u0 ; v0 ) v = 4 @y
@u
@y
@v
5 = Tu + Tv :
@z @z
@u @v

Thus the range of D (u0 ; v0 ) is (by the de…nition of "span") the space spanned
by Tu and Tv . If Tu Tv 6= 0, Tu cannot be a scalar multiple of Tv (or vice-
versa) and thus this space is a plane (rather than a line or a point).
(b) If w is in the range of D (u0 ; v0 ) then by part (a) w = Tu + Tv
for some ; . Since Tu (Tu Tv ) = 0 and Tv (Tu Tv ) = 0 it follows
that w (Tu Tv ) = 0. Conversely assume w ? (Tu Tv ). It is here that we
really need the assumption that Tu Tv 6= 0. If Tu Tv = 0 then all vectors
are perpecdicular to 0, yet the range of D (u0 ; v0 ) is, in this case, either a line
or a point. Now note that the set of vectors perpendicular to Tu Tv is a
plane P passing through the origin which has Tu Tv as a normal. However
as ; run through all real numbers, he set of vectors of the form Tu + Tv is
also a plane P 0 (since Tu cannot be a multiple of Tv or vise-versa) which passes
through (0; 0) ( = = 0) and which is perpendicular to Tu Tv . Thus P
must equal P 0 , and so we are done.
(c) Let = (x (u; v) ; y (u; v) ; z (u; v)) ; so that
2 @x @x
3
@u (u0 ; v0 ) @v (u0 ; v0 )
D (u0 ; v0 ) = 4 @u
@y
(u0 ; v0 ) @y@v (u0 ; v0 )
5
@z @z
@u (u0 ; v0 ) @v (u0 ; v0 )

since
@x @y @z
Tu (u0 ; v0 ) = (u0 ; v0 ) ; (u0 ; v0 ) ; (u0 ; v0 )
@u @u @u
and
@x @y @z
Tv (u0 ; v0 ) = (u0 ; v0 ) ; (u0 ; v0 ) ; (u0 ; v0 ) ;
@v @v @v
we see that the columns of the matrix D (u0 ; v0 ) are Tu (u0 ; v0 ) and Tv (u0 ; v0 ).
The normal vector is
@ @
n = (Tu Tv ) (u0 ; v0 ) = (u0 ; v0 ) (u0 ; v0 ) :
@u @v
For the "parameterized plane" we have
2 3 2 3
x x0
4 y 5 = 4 y0 5 + D (u0 ; v0 ) u u0
v v0
z z0
or 2 3
x x0
4 y u u0
y0 5 = D (u0 ; v0 ) :
v v0
z z0

3
We see that

n (x x0 ; y y 0 ; z z0 )
@ @ u u0
= (u0 ; v0 ) (u0 ; v0 ) D (u0 ; v0 )
@u @v v v0
@ @ @ @ u u0
= (u0 ; v0 ) (u0 ; v0 ) (u0 ; v0 ) ; (u0 ; v0 ) :
@u @v @u @v v v0

Since
@ @ @
(u0 ; v0 ) (u0 ; v0 ) (u0 ; v0 ) = 0
@u @v @u
and
@ @ @
(u0 ; v0 ) (u0 ; v0 ) (u0 ; v0 ) = 0
@u @v @v
we get
n (x x0 ; y y0 ; z z0 ) = 0:
Thus the tangent plane as de…ned in Section 6.2 is the same as the parameterized
surface
u u0
(u; v) 7! (u0 ; v0 ) + D (u0 ; v0 ) :
v v0