Brian Streit

Math 2451

Section 7.5 Selected Solutions

1. Suppose S is the tetrahedron with sides Si de…ned by planar equations

S1 : z = 0; S2 : y = 0; S3 : x + z = 1; S4 : x = y

then
ZZ 4 ZZ
X
xydS = xydS:
S i=1 Si

Recall that for surfaces S that are the graph of some function, say z = g (x; y)
over some planar domain, say D, we will use the equation
ZZ ZZ q
2 2
f (x; y; z) dS = f (x; y; g (x; y)) 1 + (gx ) + (gy ) dA:
S D

Similar equations hold for x = g (y; z) and y = g (x; z). Since each surface Si
is the graph of some function over some planar domain, we will repeatedly use
the above formula. Now, S1 is the graph of z = g (x; y) = 0 with domain

D = f(x; y) 2 R2 : 0 x 1 and 0 y xg:

Since gx = gy = 0 we compute

ZZ ZZ Z1 Zx Z1 Z1
y2 x3 1
xydS = xydA = xydydx = x jxy=0 dx = dx = :
2 2 8
S1 D 0 0 0 0

We observe y = 0 on S2 so
ZZ
xydS = 0:
S2

Next, S3 is the graph of z = g (x; y) = 1 x with domain D. Since gx = 1

and gy = 0 we compute
ZZ p
p ZZ p ZZ 2
xydS = 2 xydA = 2 xydS = :
8
S3 D S1

Finally, we may consider S4 as the graph of y = g (x; z) = x with domain

E = f(x; z) 2 R2 : 0 x 1 and 0 z 1 xg:

1
Since gx = 1 and gz = 0 we compute

ZZ p ZZ 2 p Z Z 2
1 1 x
p Z
1

xydS = 2 x dA = 2 x dzdx = 2 x2 zj1z=0x dx

S4 E 0 0 0
Z1 p
p 2
p x3 x4 1 2
= 2 x (1 x) dx = 2 j = :
3 4 0 12
0

Therefore ZZ p p p
1+ 2 2 5 2+3
xydS = + = :
8 12 24
S

2. The triangle is contained in a plane whose equation is of the form

ax+by +cz +d = 0. Since (1; 0; 0) lies in it, a+d = 0, so a = d. Since (0; 2; 0)
is on it, b = 21 d. Since (0; 1; 1) is in it, b + c = d, so c = d + 12 d = 12 d.
Letting d = 2, we get 2x + y + z 2 = 0 or 2x + y + z = 2. A normal vector
is clearly (2; 1; 1) so a unit normal is
1
n = p (2; 1; 1) :
6
The domain D in the xy plane is the triangle with vertices (1; 0) ; (0; 2) ; and
(0; 1). Now,
dxdy p
dS = = 6dxdy;
n k
and so

ZZ ZZ 1 2(1 x)
p p Z Z
f dS = xy (2 2x y) 6dxdy = 6 2 x x2 y xy 2 dydx
S S 0 1 x

p Z
1
y2 xy 3 2(1 x)
= 6 2 x x2 j dx
2 3 1 x
0
!
p Z
1
2 2
[2 (1 x)] (1 x)
= 6 2x (1 x)
2 2
0

p Z 2
1
x 3 3 3
[2 (1 x)] 1 x dx = 6 x (1 x) dx
3 3
0
p Z1 p
6 4 6
= (1 x) dx =
6 30
0

2
where the last steps were done using integration by parts.

4. We write
ZZ ZZ ZZ
(x + y + z) dS = (x + y + z) dS + (x + y + z) dS
S H+ H

where
H + = f(x; y; z) : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and z 0g
+
is the upper hemisphere and H is the lower. If (x; y; z) 2 H then ( x; y; z) 2
H so we have
ZZ ZZ ZZ
(x + y + z) dS = ( x y z) dS = (x + y + z) dS:
H+ H H

This implies
ZZ
(x + y + z) dS = 0:
S

7. Since S is the graph of the function g (x; y) = z = x2 + y 2 with domain

D de…ned by x2 + y 2 1 we have
q p
2 2
dS = 1 + (gx ) + (gy ) dxdy = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dxdy
ZZ ZZ p
zdS = x2 + y 2 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dxdy:
S D

We apply a polar change of variables so that

ZZ Z2 Z1 p Z1 p
2
zdS = 2
r 1 + 4r rdrd = 2 r3 1 + 4r2 dr:
S 0 0 0
p
Let u = r2 and dv = r 1 + 4r2 dr so that du = 2rdr and
Z p
3
1 + 4r2 2

v= r 1 + 4r2 dr = :
12

3
Then using integration by parts we obtain

ZZ 3
Z1
2 1 + 4r2 2
1 3
zdS = 2 [r j10 r 1 + 4r2 2
dr]
12 6
S 0
p
5 5 1 5
= 2 [ 1 + 4r2 2 j10 ]
12 24 (5)
p
5 5 1 p
= 2 [ 52 5 1 ]
12 24 (5)
p p p
5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1
= 2 [ + ]= + :
12 24 120 12 60

9. Since our function, and therefore our surface integral, do not depend on
how the surface is positioned in space we may assume without loss of generality
that our sphere is centered at the origin. We may also assume (x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) =
p = (0; 0; R) is our …xed point. Let x 2 S so that
2 2 2
kx pk = kxk + kpk 2 kxk kpk cos ' = 2R2 (1 cos ') :

Where ' 2 [0; ] is the angle between x and the positive z axis. Thus our mass
density function is
p p
m(x; y; z) = kx pk = 2R 1 cos '

We parameterize S using the usual parameterization to obtain

dS = kT T' k d d' = R2 sin 'd d'

so that the mass of the surface is

ZZ p Z Z2 p
3
M (S) = m (x; y; z) dS = 2R 1 cos ' sin 'd d'
S 0 0

p Z p
= 2 2R3 1 cos ' sin 'd':
0

Let u = 1 cos ' so that

Z p Z2 p
p 2 3 2 4 2
1 cos ' sin 'd' = udu = u j0 =
2 :
3 3
0 0

Therefore p !
p 3 4 2 16 3
M (S) = 2 2R = R :
3 3

4
 10. Suppose S is the hemisphere
p
z = R2 x2 y 2 ; 0 x2 + y 2 R2 :

Let the mass density be

m (x; y; z) = x2 + y 2 :
We parameterize S using the usual spherical parameterization except with ' 2
[0; 2 ] so that

ZZ Z Z2
M (S) = m (x; y; z) dS = R2 sin2 ' cos2 + R2 sin2 ' sin2 R2 sin 'd d'
S 0 0
Z Z2 Z
= R4 sin3 'd d' = 2 R4 sin3 'd':
0 0 0

Let u = sin2 ' and dv = sin 'd' so that du = 2 sin ' cos ' and v = cos ' then
Z Z Z
3 2
sin 'd' = cos ' sin 'j0 + 2 cos ' sin 'd' = 2 cos2 ' sin 'd':
2

0 0 0

Let u = cos ' so that

Z Z1
3 2
sin 'd' = 2 u2 du = :
3
0 0

Therefore
4 4
M (S) = R :
3

11. (a) Since the sphere looks the same when we re-label the variables, we
see that x2 = y 2 = z 2 on S so that
ZZ ZZ ZZ
x2 dS = y 2 dS = z 2 dS:
S S S

(b) From part (a) we have

ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
3 x2 dS = 2
x dS + 2
y dS + 2
z dS = x2 + y 2 + z 2 dS
S S S S S
ZZ ZZ
= R2 dS = R2 dS = R2 4 R2 :
S S

5
Where we have used the fact that the surface area of a sphere of radius R is
4 R2 . So ZZ
4 4
x2 dS = R :
3
S

(c) Yes, let H denote the upper hemisphere. Since x2 = y 2 on the upper
hemisphere we have
ZZ ZZ
x2 + y 2 dS = 2 x2 dS:
H H
2 2
Since x = x on S we have
ZZ ZZ
1
x2 dS = x2 dS:
2
H S

Now using part (a) we obtain

ZZ ZZ
2 2 4 4
x + y dS = x2 dS = R :
3
H S

15. (a) The area of S is

s
ZZ ZZ 2 2 2
@ (x; y) @ (x; z) @ (y; z)
A (S) = kTu Tv k dudv = + + dudv:
@ (u; v) @ (u; v) @ (u; v)
D D

Now
@x @x
@ (x; y) @u @v
@x @y @x @y
= @y @y = :
@ (u; v) @u @v @u @v @v @u
Similarly,
@ (y; z) @y @z @y @z
=
@ (u; v) @u @v @v @u
and
@ (x; z) @x @z @x @z
= :
@ (u; v) @u @v @v @u
Then,
2 2 2
@ (x; y) @ (x; z) @ (y; z)
+ +
@ (u; v) @ (u; v) @ (u; v)
2 2 2
@y @x @y @x @x @z @x @z @y @z @y @z
= + + :
@u @v @v @u @u @v @v @u @u @v @v @u
Let
@x @y @z @x @y @z
a= ;b = ;c = ;d = ;e = ;f =
@u @u @u @v @v @v

6
so that we have
2 2 2
(bd ea) + (af dc) + (bf ec)
2 2 2 2 2 2
= (bd) + (ea) + (af ) + (dc) + (bf ) + (ec) 2abde 2bcef 2acdf
= a2 e2 + f 2 + b2 d2 + f 2 + c2 d2 + e2 2abde 2bcef 2acdf
2 2 2
= a2 + b2 + c2 d2 + e2 + f 2 (ad) (be) (cf ) 2abde 2bcef 2acdf
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= a +b +c d +e +f (ad + be + cf ) :

But
F = u v = (ad + be + cf )
and
2
a2 + b2 + c2 = k uk = E;
2 2 2 2
d +e +f = k vk = G:

Thus ZZ p
A (S) = EG F 2 dudv
S

and so
ZZ ZZ p
f dS = f (x (u; v) ; y (u; v) ; z (u; v)) EG F 2 dudv:
S D

@ @
(b) If @u and @v are orthogonal then F = 0 so
ZZ p
A (S) = EGdudv:
S

16. We have to show that

p E+G
EG F2 .
2
But F 2 0 so p p
EG F2 EG:
By the arithmetic-geometric mean inequality
p a+b
ab
2
and
p a+b
ab = ,a=b
2

7
we have
ZZ p ZZ
E+G
A( ) = EG F 2 dudv dudv = J ( )
2
D D

with equality only when E = G and F = 0.

E = G and F = 0:

17. We assume
@x @y @x @y
= a; = b; = c; =d
@u @u @v @v
we have that E = G and F = 0 imply

a2 + b2 = c2 + d2 and ac + bd = 0:

We assume that
@x @x
det @u @v = ad bc > 0
@y @y
@u @v
or ad > bc. We want to show that a = d and b = c. Suppose a = 0. Then
bc < 0 and bd = 0 so b = 0 or d = 0. If b = 0 then bc = 0, a contradiction. If
d = 0 then b2 = c2 . But bc < 0 so b = c. In this case a = d = 0 with b = c,
as desired. Now assume a 6= 0 so that ac = bd implies c = bd a . But then
2
bd d2 a2 + b2
a2 + b2 = + d2 =
a a2
so a2 = d2 . Suppose towards a contradiction that a = d. Then c = b and
a2 b2 > 0, a contradiction. So a = d and we see that b = c. Now, since
@x @y @x @y
= and =
@u @v @v @u
we have
@2x @2x @2y @2y
2
+ 2 = =0
@u @v @v@u @u@v
by equality of mixed partials. Similarly,
@2y @2y @2x @2x
+ = + =0
@u2 @v 2 @v@u @u@v
so r2 = 0.

18. We may assume our sphere is centered at the origin and that our point
p lies along the z axis and is such that d = kpk =
6 r. If x 2 S then using the
law of cosines we we obtain
2 2 2
kx pk = kxk + kpk 2 kxk kpk cos ' = r2 + d2 2rd cos '

8
where ' 2 [0; ] is the angle between p and x. We parameterize S using the
usual parameterization to obtain
ZZ Z2 Z
1 r2 sin 'd'd
dS = p :
kx pk r 2 + d2 2rd cos '
S 0 0

Let u = r2 + d2 2rd cos ' so that du = 2rd sin 'd' and thus
r 2 +d2
Z +2rd
r du 2 r p r2 +d2 +2rd
p = ujr2 +d2 2rd .
d u d
r 2 +d2 2rd

But
2 2
r2 + d2 + 2rd = (r + d) and r2 + d2 2rd = (r d)
so
2 r
2 r d (r + d r + d) = 4 r if d < r
(jr + dj jr dj) = 2 r 2 :
d d (r + d + r d) = 4 dr if d > r
The conditions d < r and d > r correspond to p inside and outside S, respec-
tively.

20. Suppose a suface S is de…ned implicity for (x; y) 2 D by F (x; y; z) = 0

where z = f (x; y). Recall
q
2 2
dS = 1 + (fx ) + (fy ) dxdy

and F = 0 implies

Fx + Fz fx = 0 and Fy + Fz fy = 0

or
Fx Fy
fx = and fy = :
Fz Fz
Then
s
q 2 2 q
2 2 Fx Fy 1 2 2 2
1 + (fx ) + (fy ) = 1+ + = (Fx ) + (Fy ) + (Fz ) :
Fz Fz jFz j
Hence
ZZ ZZ q
@F @F 2 2
dS = 1 + (fx ) + (fy ) dxdy
@z @z
S D
s
ZZ 2 2
@F @F @F
= + + dxdy
@x @y @z
D

We could have used exercise 18 of section 7.4 since we computed dS there.