𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

1. Solution for the differential equation 𝑑𝑥2 − 4 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 which has constant co-
coefficient is given by________.
a) (𝑐1 +𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
b) (𝑐1 cos 𝑥 +𝑐2 sin 𝑥) + 𝑒 𝑥
c) (𝑐1 +𝑐2 )𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥
d) (𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 4𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑥
Answer: a

Explanation: We have (𝐷 2 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦=𝑒 𝑥

It’s A.E is 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4𝑚 = 0→(𝑚 − 2)2 = 0→m=2,2…..roots are equal

thus complementary solution 𝑦𝑐 =(𝑐1 +𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 ……(1)

∅(x)= 𝑒 𝑥 →assumed particular solution is 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 ….to find a

𝑦𝑝 ′ = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦𝑝 ′′ = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 ….substituting in given D.E we get

𝑎𝑒 𝑥 -4 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 →a=1, thus 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑥

complete solution is y=𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 =(𝑐1 +𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ….this method is

undetermined co-efficient.

2. Solution of the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑎2 𝑦 = sec 𝑎𝑥 with constant coefficient is

_________
sin 𝑎𝑥 log sec 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥
a) k’ cos ax+ k” sin ax- 𝑎2
+ 𝑎
2 cos 𝑎𝑥 log cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥
b) (k’ + k”x)𝑒 𝑎 𝑥 - 𝑎
+ 𝑎
cos 𝑎𝑥 log sec 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥
c) k’ cos ax+ k” sin ax- +
𝑎2 𝑎
𝑎𝑥 log cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥
d) (k’ + k”x) 𝑒 - 𝑎 + 𝑎2

Answer: c
Explanation: We have (𝐷 2 + 𝑎2 )𝑦 = sec 𝑎𝑥

AE is 𝑚2 + 𝑎2 = 0→m=∓ai
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑎𝑥
Let y=A(x) cos ax+B(x) sin ax…..(1)
𝑦1 = cos 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑦2 = sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑦1 ′ = −𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑦2 ′ = 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥
and W=𝑦1 𝑦2 ′ − 𝑦2 𝑦1 ′ =a, also ∅(x)=sec ax to get A ,B we have
−𝑦2 ∅(x) −sin 𝑎𝑥 sec 𝑎𝑥 − tan 𝑎𝑥 𝑦1 ∅(x) cos 𝑎𝑥 sec 𝑎𝑥 1
𝐴′ = 𝑊
= 𝑎
= 𝑎
, 𝐵′ = 𝑊
= 𝑎
=𝑎
− tan 𝑎𝑥 1
A=∫ 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘′ ,B=∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑘"
− log sec 𝑎𝑥 𝑥
𝐴= 𝑎2
+ 𝑘′ ,B=𝑎 + 𝑘" substituting in (1) we have
 − log sec 𝑎𝑥 𝑥
y=( 𝑎2
+ 𝑘′)cos ax+(𝑎 + 𝑘" )sin ax
cos 𝑎𝑥 log sec 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥
i.e y=k’ cos ax+ k” sin ax- 𝑎2
+ 𝑎
…..Variation of parameters.

3. Solution of the differential equation 𝑥 2 𝑦" + 𝑥𝑦′ + 9𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + sin(3 log 𝑥) with variable
coefficient is given by _________
3𝑥 2 log 𝑥 cos(3 log 𝑥)
a) 𝑐1 cos( 3 log 𝑥) + 𝑐2 sin(3 log 𝑥) + 5
− 3
3𝑥 2 sin(3 log 𝑥)
b) 𝑐1 ( 3 log 𝑥) + 𝑐2 𝑥 (3 log 𝑥) + 13 − 3
3𝑥 2 log 𝑥 cos(3 log 𝑥)
c) 𝑐1 cos( 3 log 𝑥) + 𝑐2 sin(3 log 𝑥) + 13 − 6
3𝑥 2 sin(3 log 𝑥)
d) 𝑐1 cos( 3 log 𝑥) + 𝑐2 𝑥(3 log 𝑥) + 5 + 6

Answer: c
Explanation: Given D.E is Cauchy’s linear equation ,thus put t=log x or 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑥
𝑑
Thus we have xy’=Dy , 𝑥 2 𝑦"=D(D-1)y ,Where D=𝑑𝑡

Given equation becomes [D(D-1)+D+9]y=3𝑒 2𝑡 + sin 3𝑡 reduced to Linear D.E

with constant coefficient thus (𝐷 2 + 9)𝑦 =3𝑒 2𝑡 + sin 3𝑡

A.E is 𝑚2 + 9 = 0 or m=∓3i hence 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 cos 3𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 3𝑡 ,we can get the

solution Either by variation of parameter or by finding particular solution.
3𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡 3𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡
𝑦𝑝 = + 2 = 𝑝 + 𝑞 where p= ,q= 2
𝐷 2 +9 𝐷 +9 𝐷 2 +9 𝐷 +9

3𝑒 2𝑡 3𝑒 2𝑡 3𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡 sin 3𝑡 𝑡 sin 3𝑡 𝑡

p=𝐷2 +9=22 +9= 13
, q= 𝐷2 +9 = −32 +9(Dr.=0) hence q= 2𝐷
=2 ∫ sin 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡

−𝑡 cos 3𝑡 3𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡 cos 3𝑡
q= , 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑝 + 𝑞= −
6 13 6

3𝑒 2𝑡 𝑡 cos 3𝑡
y=𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑐1 cos 3𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 3𝑡 + 13
− 6

substituting back the value of t we get

3𝑥 2 log 𝑥 cos(3 log 𝑥)
y=𝑐1 cos( 3 log 𝑥) + 𝑐2 sin(3 log 𝑥) + 13
− 6
.

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. Solution of the Legendre’s form of linear equation (1 + 𝑥)2 + (1 + 𝑥) +𝑦=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

sin 2[𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑥)] is________

cos 2[log(1+𝑥)]
a) 𝑐1 cos[log(1 + 𝑥) + 𝑐2 𝑥][log(1 + 𝑥)] − 6
sin[log(1+𝑥)]
b) 𝑐1 cos[log(1 + 𝑥)] + 𝑐2 sin[log(1 + 𝑥)] + 2
sin 2[log(1+𝑥)]
c) [𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥] log(1 + 𝑥) + 6
sin 2[log(1+𝑥)]
d) 𝑐1 cos[log(1 + 𝑥)] + 𝑐2 sin[log(1 + 𝑥)] − 3

Answer: d
Explanation: Put t=log(1+x) →1+x=𝑒 𝑡 then we have
dy 𝑑2 𝑦 d
(1+x) = 1. 𝐷𝑦, (1 + 𝑥)2 = 12 . 𝐷(𝐷 − 1)𝑦; where D=
dx 𝑑𝑥 2 dt

so the given D.E becomes [D(D-1)+D+1]y=sin 2t

(𝐷 2 + 1)𝑦 = sin 2𝑡 it’s A.E is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0→m=∓i

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑡
sin 2𝑡 sin 2𝑡 − sin 2𝑡
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐷 2 +1
= −22 +1 = 3

sin 2𝑡
y=𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 =𝑐1 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑡 - 3

sin 2[log(1+𝑥)]
y=𝑐1 cos[log(1 + 𝑥)] + 𝑐2 sin[log(1 + 𝑥)] − .
3

5. Solution of the D.E (2𝑥 + 1)2 𝑦 ′′ − 6(2𝑥 + 1)𝑦 ′ + 16𝑦 = 8(2𝑥 + 1)2 with variable coefficient
is _________

a) [𝑐1 + 𝑐2 xlog(2𝑥 + 1)]𝑒 2𝑥 − 2[log(2𝑥 + 1)]2 𝑒 2𝑥

b) [𝑐1 + 𝑐2 log(2𝑥 + 1)](2𝑥 + 1)2 + [log(2𝑥 + 1)]2 (2𝑥 + 1)2
c) [𝑐1 + 𝑐2 xlog(2𝑥 + 1)](2𝑥 + 1)2 − 2log (2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 1)2
d) [𝑐1 + 𝑐2 log(2𝑥 + 1)]𝑒 2𝑥 + [log(2𝑥 + 1)]2 𝑒 2𝑥
Answer: b
Explanation: Put t=log(2𝑥 + 1)→𝑒 𝑡 = 2𝑥 + 1 then we have
d
(2x+1)y’=2.Dy, (2𝑥 + 1)2 𝑦 ′′ = 22 𝐷(𝐷 − 1)𝑦 where D=dt

given equation becomes [4D(D-1)-12D+16]y=8𝑒 2𝑡

(𝐷 2 − 4𝐷 + 4)y=2𝑒 2𝑡
A.E is 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4=0→(𝑚 − 2)2 = 0→m=2,2

𝑦𝑐 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡) 𝑒 2𝑡
2𝑒 2𝑡 2𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡
𝑦𝑝 = (𝐷−2)2 at D=2 dr. =0 hence 𝑦𝑝 = 2
=𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡 …….differentiating twice and

multiplying by 𝑡 2 , y=𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 =(𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑡) 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡

y=[𝑐1 + 𝑐2 log(2𝑥 + 1)](2𝑥 + 1)2 + [log(2𝑥 + 1)]2 (2𝑥 + 1)2 .