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Salt Table
Salt Table
Salt Tables
The following salt tables came from three sources. The
potassium chloride table is from the CRC Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics, 62nd edition. The sodium chloride
table is from Staples and Nuttall, Journal of Physical
Chemistry Reference Data, 1977, Volume 6. The calcium
chloride table is from Clarke and Grew, Journal of Physical
Chemistry Reference Data, 1985, Volume 14. The tables are
divided into the following columns.
1. Percent Wt = the anhydrous solute weight percent, g
solute/l00 g solution.
2. Specific Gravity = the ratio of the density of a body to
the density of an equal volume of water at 4°C. Specific
Gravity is dimensionless.
3. Density = the ratio of the mass of a sample to its volume
at the same temperature. The density of water is
assumed to be 8.33 lbm/gal.
4. lbm of salt/bbl of solution = the pounds of salt in a
barrel solution of the given density.
5. Gallons of water per barrel of solution = the gallons of
water to make up one barrel of solution of the given
density.
6. Salt, mg/L = the concentration of salt in 1 liter (L) of
solution.
7. Chlorides, mg/L = concentration of chlorides in 1 liter
(L) of solution.
8. Volume Increase Factor = the volume increase that
will occur when the specified weight of salt is added to
the specified volume of freshwater. The value in table
column 8a is used for retort corrections.
9. Crystallization Point, °F = the crystallization point of a
solution containing the specified concentration of salt.
10. AW = the activity of the solution. This value has also
been called Formation Activity Coefficient (F.A.C.) in
previous manuals. This value, regardless of the term
applied to it, is a measure of the fluid's potential to
absorb water. (See Chapter 3, Oil- and Synthetic-Base
Drilling Fluids.)
Engineering Handbook
6.0 1.037 8.64 21.8 40.9 62,200 29,582 1.026 26.9
7.0 1.044 8.69 25.6 40.7 73,000 34,718 1.031 26.1
8.0 1.050 8.75 29.4 40.5 84,000 39,950 1.035 25.2
9.0 1.057 8.80 33.3 40.4 95,100 45,229 1.039 24.3
10.0 1.063 8.86 37.3 40.2 106,300 50,556 1.045 23.4
11.0 1.070 8.90 41.2 40.0 117,700 55,977 1.050 22.4
12.0 1.077 8.97 45.3 39.8 129,200 61,447 1.055 21.4
13.0 1.084 9.03 49.4 39.6 140,900 67,011 1.061 20.4
14.0 1.091 9.08 53.5 39.4 152,700 72,623 1.066 20.0
Formulas, Charts, Tables
5-33
Physical Properties of Potassium Chloride Solutions (at 20°C) (continued)
5-34
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Percent Specific Density KCl H2 O KCl Chlorides Vol. Incr. Crystallization
Wt Gravity (lbm/gal) (lbm/bbl) (gal/bbl) (mg/L) (mg/L) Factor Point (T)
21.0 1.140 9.51 83.9 37.8 239,500 114,000 1.111 22.0
22.0 1.147 9.56 88.4 37.6 252,400 120,040 1.117 34.0
23.0 1.155 9.64 93.1 37.4 265,700 126,473 1.125 48.0
24.0 1.162 9.68 97.7 37.1 278,900 132,643 1.132 59.0
METRIC CONVERSIONS:
KCl (g/L) = KCl (lbm/bbl) × 2.85714
H2O (ml/L) = H2O (gal/bbl) × 23.8086
KCl (ppm) = % wt × 10,000
mg/L = ppm × specific gravity
Cl–(mg/L) = KCl (mg/L) × 0.476
KCl (mg/L) = Cl– (mg/L) × 2.1 01
K+(mg/L) = Cl– (mg/L) × 1.103
Formulas, Charts, Tables
14.0 1.103 9.20 54.1 39.85 154,392 93,651 1.054 14.1 0.901
15.0 1.111 9.27 58.4 39.66 166,650 101,087 1.059 12.4 0.892
16.0 1.118 9.33 62.7 39.44 178,912 108,524 1.065 10.6 0.882
17.0 1.126 9.40 67.1 39.25 191,420 116,112 1.070 8.7 0.872
18.0 1.134 9.46 71.5 39.03 204,102 123,804 1.076 6.7 0.861
Physical Properties of Sodium Chloride Solutions
19.0 1.142 9.53 76.0 38.85 216,980 131,616 1.081 4.6 0.850
20.0 1.150 9.60 80.6 38.64 229,960 139,489 1.087 2.4 0.839
Engineering Handbook
26.0 1.199 10.01 109.3 37.27 311,818 189,143 1.127 +25.0 0.759
METRIC CONVERSIONS:
NaCl (g/L) = NaCl (lbm/ft) × 2.85714
H2O (ml/L) = H2O (gal/bbl) × 23.8086
NaCl (ppm) = % wt × 10,000
Cl– (mg/L) = NaCl (mg/L) × 0.6066
NaCl (mg/L) = Cl– (mg/L) × 1.65
mg/L = ppm × specific gravity
Formulas, Charts, Tables
FORMULAS:
Salt (lbm/bbl water) = Volume increase factor × NaCl (lbm/bbl)
Specific gravity = 1.0036 [0.99707 + 6.504 (10-3)(% wt NaCl)
-
+ 4.395(10-5)(% wt NaCl)2] or 1 + 1.94(10 6)(Cl–, mg/L)0.95
Volume increase factor = 1.00045 + 2.72232(10-3)(% wt NaCl)
+ 8.15591(10-5)(% wt NaCl)2 or 1 + 5.88 (10-8)(Cl–, mg/L)1.2
5-37
Aw = 0.99755 − 4.3547(10-3)(% wt NaCl) − 1.8205(10-4)(% wt NaCl)2
Formulas, Charts, Tables
FORMULAS:
Salt (lbm/bbl water) = Volume increase factor × MgCl2 (lbm/bbl)
S.G. = 1.00038 + 7.95497(10-3)(% Wt MgCl2) + 4.38583(10-5)(% Wt MgCl2)2
*Volume increase factor =
0.999074 + 1.58008(10-3)(% Wt MgCl2) + 7.66303(10-5)(% Wt MgCl2)2
Aw = 0.986688 − 1.2334 (10-3)(% Wt MgCl2) − 4.16512 (10-4)(% Wt MgCl2 )2
210.67 – 172.97
New H 2 O (lb m /bbl) = 35.53 – --------------------------------------- = 31.01
8.345
% Weight
Specific lbs NH4Cl bbls Water
Density Ammonium
Gravity per bbl per bbl
lb/gal Chloride
@ 60°F Brine Brine
(NH4Cl)
Ve* 104 Density Specific bbl 11.6 bbl Water Chrystalliza- Weight %
lb/gal Gravity CaCl2 per per bbl tion Point, CaCl2
@ 68°F bbl Brine Brine °F
Ve* 104 Density Specific bbl 11.6 bbl Water Chrystalliza- Weight %
lb/gal Gravity CaCl2 per per bbl tion Point, CaCl2
@ 68°F bbl Brine Brine °F
Engineering Handbook
* Determined by ASTM methods
10.3 1.23 0.601 0.399 –28 25.0
10.4 1.25 0.632 0.368 –34 26.0
2.6 10.5 1.26 0.663 0.337 –41 27.0
10.6 1.27 0.694 0.306 –48 28.0
10.7 1.28 0.724 0.276 –55 29.0
10.8 1.29 0.755 0.245 –51 30.0
10.9 1.31 0.785 0.215 –31 31.0
2.4 11.0 1.32 0.820 0.180 –15 32.0
Formulas, Charts, Tables
Add 10 × 0.264 = 2.6 bbl of 11.6 lb/gal CaCl2 to 10 × 0.736 bbl of fresh water.
Example: To prepare 10 bbl of 11.0 lb/gal CaCl2 from 11.6 lb/gal liquid CaCl2:
2.39 11.5 1.38 0.970 0.030 +43 37.0
11.6 1.39 1.00 0.000 +53 38.0
5-45
Formulas, Charts, Tables
Calcium-Chloride / Calcium-Bromide
Solution Requirements (continued)
Brine 11.6 14.2 94 to 97%
Crystallization
Density lbm/gal lbm/gal CaCl2 (lb)
Point
at 60oF CaCl2 CaBr2 (Flakes or
(o F )
(lbm/gal) (bbl) (bbl) Pellets)
Conversions
ppm CaCl2 = % wt × 10, 000
ppm Cl– = PPM CaCl2 × .64
Formulas
When using 78% CaCl2,
HCOONa HCOONa Initial H20 Density Density Correction Sodium lbs Activity
(Wt%) (g/L) (mL/L) (S.G.) (ppg) Factor (mg/L) HCOONa
/bbl H2O
1.0 10.05 996.6 1.0049 8.371 1.0034 3397 3.53 0.992
2.0 20.20 991.7 1.0102 8.415 1.0083 6829 7.13 0.986
3.0 30.47 987.0 1.0157 8.461 1.0131 10301 10.81 0.979
Engineering Handbook
4.0 40.86 982.4 1.0215 8.509 1.0179 13813 14.56 0.972
5.0 51.38 977.9 1.0275 8.559 1.0226 17367 18.39 0.965
6.0 62.02 973.4 1.0337 8.611 1.0273 20966 22.30 0.958
7.0 72.80 968.9 1.0400 8.663 1.0321 24609 26.30 0.951
Sodium Formate Brine Table
5-55
Sodium Formate Brine Table
5-56
HCOONa HCOONa Initial H20 Density Density Correction Sodium lbs Activity
(Wt%) (g/L) (mL/L) (S.G.) (ppg) Factor (mg/L) HCOONa
/bbl H2O
17.0 187.91 919.1 1.1053 9.207 1.0880 63519 71.56 0.887
18.0 200.16 913.5 1.1120 9.263 1.0947 67660 76.69 0.880
19.0 212.56 907.7 1.1187 9.318 1.1016 71848 81.95 0.873
20.0 226.08 901.9 1.1254 9.374 1.1087 76084 87.34 0.866
21.0 237.75 896.0 1.1322 9.431 1.1160 80369 92.87 0.859
22.0 250.58 890.0 1.1390 9.488 1.1236 84704 98.54 0.852
23.0 253.56 883.9 1.1459 9.546 1.1313 89092 104.36 0.844
24.0 276.69 877.8 1.1529 9.604 1.1392 93532 110.33 0.836
25.0 289.99 871.5 1.1600 9.663 1.1474 98027 116.46 0.828
26.0 303.46 865.2 1.1671 9.722 1.1557 102579 122.75 0.819
27.0 317.09 858.9 1.1744 9.783 1.1643 107188 129.22 0.810
Formulas, Charts, Tables
HCOONa HCOONa Initial H20 Density Density Correction Sodium lbs Activity
(Wt%) (g/L) (mL/L) (S.G.) (ppg) Factor (mg/L) HCOONa
/bbl H2O
33.0 402.68 819.0 1.2202 10.165 1.2210 136119 172.08 0.748
34.0 417.58 812.1 1.2282 10.231 1.2314 141157 179.98 0.736
35.0 432.66 806.0 1.2362 10.297 1.2423 146253 188.12 0.725
Engineering Handbook
36.0 447.90 797.7 1.2442 10.364 1.2536 151407 196.52 0.713
37.0 463.30 790.3 1.2522 10.431 1.2654 156613 205.19 0.702
38.0 478.85 782.7 1.2601 10.497 1.2776 161868 214.13 0.691
39.0 494.52 774.9 1.2680 10.562 1.2905 167165 223.37 0.680
40.0 510.29 766.8 1.2757 10.627 1.3041 172497 232.91 0.670
41.0 526.14 758.5 1.2833 10.690 1.3184 177855 242.78 0.660
42.0 542.04 749.9 1.2906 10.750 1.3336 183227 252.99 0.651
43.0 557.93 740.9 1.2975 10.808 1.3497 188601 263.56 0.643
44.0 573.79 731.6 1.3041 10.863 1.3669 193962 274.51 0.636
Formulas, Charts, Tables
5-57
Potassium Formate Brine Table
5-58
HCOOK HCOOK Initial H20 Density Density Correction Potassium lbs Activity
(Wt%) (g/L) (mL/L) (S.G.) (ppg) Factor (mg/L) HCOOK/
bbl H2O
1.0 10.06 998.0 1.0063 8.382 1.0020 4677 3.53 0.994
2.0 20.25 994.0 1.0124 8.433 1.0061 9411 7.13 0.991
3.0 30.55 989.7 1.0164 8.484 1.0106 14201 10.81 0.987
4.0 40.97 985.1 1.0243 8.533 1.0161 19044 14.56 0.984
5.0 51.51 980.4 1.0302 8.581 1.0200 23841 18.39 0.980
6.0 62.16 975.5 1.0359 8.629 1.0261 28890 22.30 0.975
7.0 72.92 970.5 1.0417 8.677 1.0304 33892 26.30 0.971
8.0 83.79 966.3 1.0474 8.725 1.0359 38946 30.38 0.968
Potassium Formate Brine Table
HCOOK HCOOK Initial H20 Density Density Correction Potassium lbs Activity
(Wt%) (g/L) (mL/L) (S.G.) (ppg) Factor (mg/L) HCOOK/
bbl H2O
17.0 187.03 918.8 1.1002 9.164 1.0931 86930 71.56 0.915
18.0 199.14 908.9 1.1064 9.216 1.1003 92561 76.68 0.908
19.0 211.40 902.9 1.1126 9.268 1.1076 98257 81.95 0.901
Engineering Handbook
20.0 223.80 896.8 1.1190 9.321 1.1151 104019 87.34 0.894
21.0 236.34 890.7 1.1254 9.375 1.1227 109850 92.87 0.886
22.0 249.04 884.5 1.1320 9.429 1.1305 116750 98.54 0.878
23.0 261.88 878.3 1.1386 9.485 1.1386 121721 104.36 0.870
24.0 274.88 872.0 1.1453 9.541 1.1467 127763 110.33 0.862
25.0 288.04 865.7 1.1522 9.598 1.1552 133880 116.46 0.854
26.0 301.36 859.3 1.1591 9.666 1.1638 140071 122.75 0.845
27.0 314.84 852.8 1.1661 9.714 1.1726 146337 129.22 0.836
Formulas, Charts, Tables
5-59
Potassium Formate Brine Table
5-60
HCOOK HCOOK Initial H20 Density Density Correction Potassium lbs Activity
(Wt%) (g/L) (mL/L) (S.G.) (ppg) Factor (mg/L) HCOOK/
bbl H2O
33.0 399.25 812.1 1.2099 10.078 1.2314 185569 172.08 0.780
34.0 413.92 804.9 1.2174 10.141 1.2423 192386 179.98 0.770
35.0 428.76 797.7 1.2250 10.204 1.2536 199283 188.12 0.760
36.0 443.77 790.3 1.2327 10.268 1.2653 206261 196.52 0.750
37.0 458.96 782.9 1.2404 10.333 1.2773 213320 205.19 0.740
38.0 474.32 775.3 1.2482 10.398 1.2899 220459 214.13 0.730
39.0 489.85 767.6 1.2560 10.463 1.3028 227679 223.37 0.719
40.0 505.56 759.7 1.2639 10.528 1.3163 234981 232.91 0.709
41.0 521.44 751.7 1.2718 10.594 1.3303 242363 242.78 0.699
42.0 537.50 743.6 1.2798 10.660 1.3448 249826 252.99 0.689
Formulas, Charts, Tables
HCOOK HCOOK Initial H20 Density Density Correction Potassium lbs Activity
(Wt%) (g/L) (mL/L) (S.G.) (ppg) Factor (mg/L) HCOOK/
bbl H2O
49.0 654.76 682.7 1.3362 11.131 1.4648 304325 335.67 0.617
50.0 672.21 673.5 1.3444 11.199 1.4850 312436 349.37 0.607
51.0 689.84 664.0 1.3526 11.267 1.5081 320630 363.63 0.597
Engineering Handbook
52.0 707.65 654.4 1.3609 11.336 1.5281 328908 378.48 0.587
53.0 725.64 644.7 1.3691 11.405 1.5512 337272 393.97 0.576
54.0 743.82 634.8 1.3774 11.474 1.5754 345722 410.13 0.566
55.0 762.19 624.7 1.3858 11.544 1.6007 354262 427.01 0.556
56.0 780.76 614.6 1.3942 11.614 1.6272 362893 444.65 0.546
57.0 799.54 604.2 1.4027 11.684 1.6550 371618 463.12 0.535
58.0 818.52 593.8 1.4112 11.756 1.6841 380440 482.46 0.526
59.0 837.71 583.2 1.4199 11.827 1.7147 389363 502.75 0.514
Formulas, Charts, Tables
5-61
5-62
Potassium Formate Brine Table
HCOOK HCOOK Initial H20 Density Density Correction Potassium lbs Activity
(Wt%) (g/L) (mL/L) (S.G.) (ppg) Factor (mg/L) HCOOK/
bbl H2O
65.0 958.06 516.8 1.4739 12.278 1.9349 445300 648.83 0.447
66.0 979.11 505.3 1.4835 12.358 1.9790 455083 678.19 0.436
67.0 1000.49 493.7 1.4933 12.439 2.0267 465020 709.33 0.423
68.0 1022.22 481.9 1.5033 12.522 2.0751 476121 742.41 0.409
69.0 1044.33 470.0 1.5135 12.608 2.1275 486397 777.63 0.396
70.0 1066.84 458.0 1.5241 12.695 2.1832 495861 815.20 0.381
71.0 1089.79 445.9 1.5349 12.788 2.2425 506525 855.35 0.366
72.0 1113.20 433.7 1.5461 12.879 2.3058 517405 898.38 0.350
73.0 1137.10 421.3 1.5677 12.976 2.3734 528517 944.59 0.333
Formulas, Charts, Tables
Engineering Handbook
3 1.019 8.5 30 989 30762 5327 1.011 0.993
4 1.026 8.56 41 985 41349 8490 1.016 0.990
5 1.033 8.62 51 980 52105 10680 1.021 0.988
6 1.040 8.68 62 976 63036 12897 1.025 0.985
7 1.047 8.74 73 972 74143 15142 1.030 0.983
8 1.054 8.80 84 968 85429 17416 1.034 0.980
9 1.061 8.85 95 963 96898 19718 1.039 0.977
Formulas, Charts, Tables
5-63
Properties of 85% Calcium Nitrate Solutions (at 25°C)
5-64
H2O Using Volume
Specifc 85% Increase-
Percent Gravity Density 85% Ca(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Calcium Factor Aw
Weight (g/cm3) (lb/gal) Ca(NO3)2 (L/m3) (mg/L) (mg/L) 85%
Ca(NO3)2
16 1.111 9.27 175 930 182538 36676 1.074 0.956
17 1.119 9.34 189 925 195573 39224 1.080 0.953
18 1.126 9.40 201 920 208818 41805 1.086 0.950
19 1.134 9.46 214 915 222274 44419 1.092 0.948
20 1.141 9.52 226 910 235946 47067 1.098 0.942
21 1.149 9.58 239 905 249836 49748 1.104 0.939
22 1.156 9.65 252 899 263948 52464 1.111 0.935
23 1.164 9.71 265 894 278283 56215 1.117 0.931
24 1.171 9.78 279 888 292846 58001 1.124 0.927
25 1.179 9.84 292 882 307538 60823 1.132 0.922
Formulas, Charts, Tables
Engineering Handbook
33 1.243 10.38 406 833 434618 84738 1.200 0.882
34 1.252 10.44 421 826 451615 87901 1.210 0.876
35 1.260 10.51 437 820 468872 91105 1.220 0.870
36 1.268 10.59 452 813 486392 94349 1.231 0.864
37 1.277 10.66 468 806 504178 97634 1.242 0.857
38 1.286 10.73 484 799 522232 100961 1.253 0.851
39 1.294 10.80 500 791 540558 104329 1.265 0.844
Formulas, Charts, Tables
5-65
5-66
Properties of 85% Calcium Nitrate Solutions (at 25°C)
Chemical Information
This section contains the following information:
Mineral Scale
Talc 1 (softest)
Gypsum 2
Calcite 3
Flourite 4
Apatite 5
Orthoclase Feldspar 6
Quartz 7
Topaz 8
Corundum 9
Diamond 10
Acids pH
Acetic, N 2.4
Acetic, 0.1N 2.9
Acetic, 0.01N 3.4
Alum, 0.1N 3.2
Boric, 0.1N 5.2
Carbonic (saturated) 3.8
Citric, 0.1N 2.2
Formic, 0.1N 2.3
Hydrochloric, N 0.1
Hydrochloric, 0.1N 1.1
Hydrochloric, 0.01N 2.0
Hydrogen sulfide, 0.1N 4.1
Orthophosphoric, 0.1N 1.5
Oxalic, 0.1N 1.6
Sulfuric, N 0.3
Sulfuric, 0.1N 1.2
Sulfuric, 0.01N 2.1
Sulfurous, 0.1N 1.5
Bases pH
Ammonia, N 11.6
Ammonia, 0.1N 11.1
Ammonia, 0.01N 10.6
Borax, 0.1N 9.2
Calcium carbonate (saturated) 9.4
Calcium hydroxide (saturated) 12.4
Ferrous hydroxide (saturated) 9.5
Lime (saturated) 12.4
Magnesia (saturated) 10.5
Potassium hydroxide, N 14.0
Potassium hydroxide, 0.1N 13.0
Potassium hydroxide, 0.01N 12.0
Sodium bicarbonate, 0.1N 8.4
Sodium carbonate, 0.1N 11.6
Sodium hydroxide, N 14.0
Sodium hydroxide, 0.1N 13.0
Sodium hydroxide, 0.01N 12.0
Molecular
= ( 2 × 1 ) + ( 1 × 32 ) + ( 4 × 16 ) = 98
weight
Example:
Titration of the filtrate shows a calcium level of 650 mg/L.
To remove all but approximately 100 mg/L, treat 550 mg/L
(650 − 100 = 550) of calcium with soda ash.
Therefore, soda ash required is approximately
550 × 0.00093 = 0.51 lbm/bbl.