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Schenkel Color Terms 2007 PDF
Schenkel Color Terms 2007 PDF
Schenkel Color Terms 2007 PDF
),
Anthropology of Color. Interdisciplinary multilevel modeling, Amsterdam und Philadelphia, 2007,
S. 211-228
Wolfgang Schenkel
E g y p t o l o g i c a l Institute, U n i v e r s i t y o f T u b i n g e n , G e r m a n y
The examination of the ancient Egyptian-Coptic color terms, their grammatical identi
fication, their range of usage, and their etymologies permit the following conclusions:
There are four BCTs, all verbs, 'black,' white,' 'red' and 'green,' as traditionally translated.
The focus of 'red' is in the red range and not in the middle of the red-with-yellow range.
The focus of 'green' lies in the green range and not in the middle of the green-with-blue
range nor in the pale green range. In the final, Coptic, stage, the partition of the red range
into 'deep red' and 'light-red' must be assumed. The traditional written language allowed
additional place for further verbal color terms, but these never entered the colloq uial
language as BCTs. Among these alternatives, the use of 'lapis lazuli-colored, blue' is strik
ingly common; that of'charcoal-like, black' and 'golden' is less common. Egyptian did not
develop a BCT for either blue or yellow. Basically Egyptian-Coptic remained at B&K Stage
Ilia.
2.1 e
Gen r a l note s o n the parts o f spe e ch
nb(.w) 'gold';
sl(.wi) 'two-thirds gold' (an alloy);
nb.w n(.i) sp-3 'gold of the third quality';
nb(.w) nfr n(J) hls.t 'f ine Desert Gold';
hrs.t 'carnelian' (which thus had a different color than the tlx 'red' f ound in the same tex
tual context, possibly a yellow variety);
nSm(.t) 'green feldspar' (casual reference, —> Turin Cat. 1966 [love songs] , rto. 2, 4, prob
ably for green);
hsbc 'lapis lazuli';
enh n(.i) sft 'the color o f the wings o f the s/r-bird' (species undetermined).
I n detail, the s i t u a t i o n is as f o l l o w s :
1. B C T s (verbs):
km(.w) 'is black' (-> Edfou II, 208, 1), km(.w) nht 'is dark black' (-»• Edfou II, 207, 12-13;
207, 14-208, 1);
hc(.w) nht 'is bright-white' ( - • Edfou II, 207, 1);
tsr(.w) 'is red' ( - » Edfou II, 205, 16; 206, 6; 206, 16; 207, 12-13; 207, 13), alongside
hvn^fpw: tsr 'that is its color: red (or: being red?)' (-> Edfou II, 205, 14);
mrs(.w) 'is (light-?) red' ( - > Edfou II 206, 1).
b. A t t r i b u t i v e p a r t i c i p l e / a d j e c t i v e :
iwn tsr 'red color' (of mountains where gold is found ) ( - > Turin gold mine m a p
[ASAE49:340]).
2. C o n c r e t e c o l o r t e r m s ( c o l o r s o f m i n e r a l s ) :
a. C l a u s e w i t h n o n v e r b a l ( a d v e r b i a l ) pred icate; i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h m i n e r a l :
nb(.w) 'gold ' ( - • Ed fou II, 205, 13; 205, 14; 206, 5; 206, 9);
hrs.t 'carnelian' (-> Ed fou II, 206, 3);
S J ( . W I ) 'two-third s gold ' (an alloy) ( - > Ed fou II, 217, 4, not in the context o f a prescrip
tion);
also n o n m i n e r a l s as c o m p a r a t i v e material:
iwn (n(.i)) cnh (n(.i) sft) 'the color o f the wings o f the s/r-bird' ( - » Edfou II 207, 7,
corrected after 207,11).
b. I n d i c a t i o n o f m i n e r a l s i n n o u n phrase:
iwn n(.i) nb(.w) 'the color o f gold' Edfou II, 207, 8; 207, 10; presumably also 207, 8;
rwn (n(.i)) nb(.w) hrf kc 'color o f gold and kc -mineral';
iwn n(.() nsm(.t) 'the color o f green feldspar' (—> Turin Cat. 1966 [love songs], rto. 2, 4);
iwn n(.i) hsbc 'the color o f lapis lazuli' (of a lake) (->• Nauri-Decree [J EA 13, PI. X L ] , 11);
iwn n(.i) nb.w n(.i) sp-3 'the color o f gold o f the third quality' (of copper) (—> pHarris I,
78,4-5);
iwn (n(.i)?) nb(.w) nfr n(.i) hls.t 'the color (of) fine Desert Gold' (of copper) (—*• pHarris
I, 47, 4);
iwn (n(.i)?) nb(.w) 'the color (of) gold' (of copper) (—> pHarris I, 6, 9);
here also a c o m p a r i s o n w i t h n o n m i n e r a l :
iwn (n(.i)} cnh n(.i) sft 'the color o f the wings o f the s/t-bird' ( - > Edfou II, 207, 11).
1. B CT s (verbs, participles):
a. kmm 'to b e black':
'But as for any future king w h o shall overthrow any o f m y plans, and just says: 'The lands
are under m y authority (anyway), and they are mine as they were his,' - (this will be) a bad
thing in the opinion o f the gods. See, he will be accused [mk tw-tw r wsb=f) in Heliopolis -
they (i.e., those of Heliopolis) are the Divine Tribunal... they will defend (ir=sn wsb) their
property. They will become red (tsr-sn) as firebrands, so that they may burn up (snwh^sn)
the bodies o f those w h o fail to heed me; and they will consume (sf r sswn) whoever upsets
m y plans, to cast h i m (down) on the slaughtering-block o f the Netherworld.' (-»• KRI 1,69,
2 - 6 , after - » KRI Translations I, p. 59; although one could structure the text differently, it
is a future verbal form: 'they will become red' or 'they will be red' o f the suffix conjugation
and not an adjective *'fhey are red.');
'his body is red (h .Uftsr) like the color of gold' ( ^ Edfou II, 207, 8.).
'he is red(brown?) { wnn^f tsr[.w]), (but) not (entirely?) black (n km=f)' ( - * Edfou II, 208,
4);
'his color is red(brown?) (iwn~ftsr[.w]), and he is very black (wn-fkm[.w] nht)' (—>• Edfou
II, 207, 12-13).
A l t h o u g h partially restored, a reference cited a b o v e ( ' b l a c k like H o r u s , ' 'red like Seth,' —>
p C h e s t e r Beatty V I I rto. 8, 4 ) is also h i g h l y indicative.
T h e verbal usage was also d e m o n s t r a t e d i n S u b s e c t i o n 2.2.
I n C o p t i c t h e v e r b w a s i n use, f u l l y inflected ( i n f i n i t i v e a n d qualitative rors, tors etc.),
t h e p a r t i c i p l e s u r v i v i n g as a relic (fors etc.) ( C r u m 1 9 3 9 : 4 3 2 ) . I n a d d i t i o n , a r e d u p l i
cati ng v e r b (trosr(e)s) i s m o r e f r e q u e n t i n C o p t i c ( C r u m 1 9 3 9 : 4 3 2 ) , a l t h o u g h u n k n o w n
from E g y p it a n :
*tsrsr, Coptic trosr(e)s 'to be very (?) red' (for more detai l, cf. Section 3 below).
A n a d d i t i o n a l C o p t i c n e o l o g i s m i s:
mrs/mls/*mns, Copti c mros etc., and the li ke, Copti c 'to be (li ght-?)red' (for detai ls, cf.
Secti on 3 below).
(label o f a g od) 'he w h o makes the body black (charcoal-like) with charcoal' (partici
ple ccb with verbal actants) (magic spells in medical texts: - > pHearst 11, 13; med.
pLondon 16, 8)
b. hrs 'carnelian-like,' 'to b e red':
(caption above Horus o f Edfu) 'whose two eyes are carnelian-like/red' (-> Edfou 1 3 1 , 8 ,
participle hrs in a verbal relative construction);
w i t h factitive m e a n i n g :
'I make m y two eyes carnelian-like/red (hrs(.i)'l), I make m y two eyes red like ins.l textile
( ; W ) ' ( - » Edfou V I , 75,7-8; also 178, 3).
'Nut (i.e., the personified heaven) is behind you (i.e., the sun-god, the sun), lapis lazuli-
like/blue {hsbt.tl)! (->• B D Naville, 15A, II 8);
'Nut enters lapis lazuli-like/blue (hsbt.t(l?)) behind you.' ( - • T T 65);
'Your (i.e., the deceased to w h o m the text was directed) head is lapis lazuli-like (hsbt.y),
220 Wolfgang Schenkel
your hair is blacker than the doors o f any star when eclipsed. Your hair places (?, fm.w)
lapis lazuli over your face' (—> B D Naville, 172, 12).
(of the sun) 'who renders the fields lapis lazuli-like/blue (!) with his rays' (-> Edfou I, 106,
2 - 3 , participle hsbt);
(of the sun) 'who renders his fields lapis lazuli-like/blue (!)' (—*• Edfou I, 71, 11, participle
hsbt).
e. cfrr 'to b e lapis l a z u l i - l i k e , blue':
'(fields) being lapis lazuli-like/blue (tfrr.(w}(?)t(i?)) with (the plant) color-of-heaven (i.e.,
blue blossoming flax)' (-> Edfou IV, 31, 109,10-11; - > Diimichen, Geogr. Inschr. IV, 118),
on 'flax' (cf. Meeks 1972:116).
2.4 Summary
3.1 P r o l e g on
me a
T h e p h i l o l o g i s t s t u d y i n g t h e texts o f a d e a d l a n g u a g e a p p r o a c h e s the m e a n i n g o f a w o r d
in itially t h r o u g h its use a n d its e x t e n s i o n . P h i l o l o g y c a n establish t h e o b j e c t s t o w h i c h a
c o l o r t e r m is a p p l i e d . T h e philologist's ability t o reach the goal d e p e n d s u p o n the sources.
T h e absen ce o f a n ative speaker m e a n s that f u r t h e r c o n f i r m a t i o n c a n n o t b e m a r s h a l e d .
O n e a d d i t i o n a l restriction u n d e r w h i c h t h e E g y p t o l o g i s t m u s t w o r k is that h e can on ly
turn t o real o b j e c t s f o r o r i e n t a t i o n whereas the texts deal largely w i t h n o n r e a l o b j e c t s
w h o s e c o l o r s c a n n o t b e e x a m i n e d . It d o e s n o t h e l p h i m t o k n o w that the eye o f the g o d
H o r u s can b e w h i t e u n d e r certain c i r c u m s t a n c e s , b u t also green , n o r that there is a H o r u s
Color terms in ancient Egyptian and Coptic 221
C h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n o f real w o r l d objects:
D e s i g n a t i o n s o f real w o r l d o b j e c t s :
2. he ' t o b e w h i t e , l i g h t ' :
C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s o f real w o r l d o b j e c t s :
D e s i g n a t i o n s o f real w o r l d o b j e c t s :
Silver;
hc.w 'onions';
hc.t ' t h e w h i t e o f t h e eye' ( i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e ' b l a c k ' p u p i l ) ;
hc.t ' t h e w h i t e c r o w n ' ( o f t h e k i n g ) .
3. tsr ' t o b e red/brown/yellow':
C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s o f real w o r l d objects:
C a r n e l i a n / s a r d / c h a l c e d o n y : A r c h a e o l o g i c a l l y d i s c o v e r e d o b j e c t s are f l e s h - r e d o r r e d d i s h
brown, in M i d d l e K ingdom and New K ingdom also yellowish (Nicholson & Shaw
2 0 0 0 : 2 7 ) . hrs.t tsr.t, t r a d i t i o n a l l y t r a n s l a t e d as 'red c a r n e l i a n ' c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e d a r k e r v a r i
e t y ( c o n t r a s t to hrs.t hc.t) ( H a r r i s 1 9 6 1 : 1 2 1 ) a n d t h u s p r o b a b l y red t o b r o w n i s h ( N i c h o l s o n
& S h a w 2 0 0 0 : 2 7 ) s a r d (e.g. pEbers 10,11);
N a t r o n : hsmn tsr, t r a d i t i o n a l l y t r a n s l a t e d as 'red n a t r o n , ' "refers t o r e d n a t r o n , s o c o l o u r e d
by s o m e impurity, presumably an iron c o m p o u n d " (Harris 1961:195);
M y r r h : y e l l o w to b r o w n bits;
T h e m e d i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f ' b e i n g red,' a n d t h e d e r i v e d w o r d f o r m tSr ' r e d d e n i n g ' ;
S a n d s t o n e : cw tsr, A r a b i c a l - J a b a l a l - a h m a r , ' t h e red m o u n t a i n ' n e a r C a i r o , a s a n d s t o n e
r i d g e as a n i s l a n d i n a l i m e s t o n e f o r m a t i o n ;
D e s i g n a t i o n s o f real w o r l d objects:
Color terms in ancient Egyptian and Coptic
T h e w o r d is c o m m o n in C o p t i c . T h e d i c t i o n a r i e s v a r y i n i n d i c a t i n g the m e a n i n g b e t w e e n
red a n d yellow, o r i n t e r m e d i a t e tones, b r i g h t red a n d b l o n d h a v e also b e e n u s e d as t r a n s
l a t i o n equivalents. I n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e m e a n i n g i n t h e recent literature, the e t y m o l o g i c a l
a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e E g y p t i a n w o r d , mns.t, for a k i n d o f o c h r e has p l a y e d a m a j o r role.
W h e r e a s t h e earlier literature interpreted it as y e l l o w o c h r e (also Schenkel 1963), red o c h r e
is i n c r e a s i n g l y preferred (cf. B a i n e s 1985).
T h e references i n the C o p t i c D i c t i o n a r y c o m p e l a d e f i n i t i o n i n the red range, b u t a
m o r e precise d e t e r m i n a t i o n is difficult since the C o p t i c translations o f G r e e k d o n o t s e e m
t o c o n s i s t e n t l y d i s t i n g u i s h mros a n d t h e o t h e r w o r d s f o r red (tors etc., trosr(e)s) (Crum
1 9 3 9 : 1 8 3 ) . T h i s m a k e s an A r a b i c t r a n s l a t i o n w h i c h is n o t i n t h e C o p t i c D i c t i o n a r y m o r e
interesting. Jiirgen H o r n d r e w m y a t t e n t i o n t o a G r e e k - C o p t i c - A r a b i c w o r d list (Scale)
w h e r e the C o p t i c adjective mers is translated i n t o A r a b i c as 'sqar (—»• Paris, B N F , C o p t e
4 4 , fol. 66 vso., 11. 4 6 a n d 56) a n d t h u s s o m e t h i n g like ' f a i r - c o m p l e x i o n e d , b l o n d , reddish'
( a m o n g translations in W e h r 1 9 7 9 : 5 6 2 ) . A n o t h e r G r e e k t r a n s l a t i o n p o i n t s i n the s a m e
d i r e c t i o n : zanthor (read xanthon) (->• Paris, B N F , C o p t e 44, fol. 6 6 v s o . , 1. 56) w h i c h the
G r e e k d i c t i o n a r y defines as " y e l l o w , o f v a r i o u s shades, freq. w i t h a tinge o f red, b r o w n ,
a u b u r n " ( L i d d e l l & Scott 1 9 4 0 : 1 1 8 7 b ) .
C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s o f real objects:
Occasionally and not certain: the sky (->• Philae I , 160, 5-6);
D e s i g n a t i o n s o f real objects:
The sea called wic wr, 'The great green.'
C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , n o t real, b u t d r a w n f r o m t h e real w o r l d :
224 Wolfgang Schenkel
The backside of a baboon (cf. Edel 1956:74-76) whose ears are tsr 'red.'
The hieroglyph used in the writing of the word represents the writing utensils. The color
cms could thus be the red used in writing (as the Egyptians used black and red ink). Harris
(1961:227) suggested, however, that "The word is derived from the flower or fruit of some
tree, but cannot be identified precisely."
2. c(w)r, wtr 'to be red' or the like:
Designation of real objects, as variant of tsr:
'The red' as designation for blood (Erman & Grapow 1926-1931: V, 386, 13).
3. hsbc(.i?) 'lapis lazuli-like, blue':
Designation for real objects:
Blue cloth;
The adjective hsbc(.i?) 'lapis lazuli-like, blue' is derived from the word for the material,
and is typically applied to nonreal objects, recalling the semi-precious stone or made of it,
and thus means blue:
Eyes, hair, head, horns, or even the entire figure of gods;
Accidentally, also for blue: of the heavens, but also for the greening of thefields(by the sun
whose rays render thefieldshsbc{.i?)), compare this with Section 2 above.
4. cfrr (J?) 'to be lapis lazuli-like, blue':
Designation of real objects, possibly less a designation than a metaphor:
'Very lapis lazuli-colored' (i:cfrr(.i?)) as a reference to the sky (in a religious text, —> CT
VI I , 220b).
5. nb.w(i?) 'golden':
Designation of real objects, possibly less a designation than a metaphor:
'The Golden One' (?) as designation for the sun (Erman & Grapow 1926-1931: II, 239, 8).
3.3 Summary
As the result of this investigation of the range of uses of the color terms, we can conclude:
1. Those words which were initially identified as abstract {kmm 'black'; he, wbh 'white';
tsr 'red'; and wic 'green') were the most widely used color terms;
2. The focus of tsr 'red' was in the red-range, and wVc 'green' in the green-range, as
traditional Egyptological interpretations imply, and not in the red-with-yellow or,
respectively, green-with-blue ranges;
3. For the final, Coptic, stage, the red-range was partitioned in *tsrsr/trosr(e)s 'deep-red'
and mrs/mls/*mns/mros 'light-red';
4. All of the other, concrete terms have a restricted range of uses, largely restricted for
nonreal objects;
5. I n the final case, the prestigious blue-range is highly significant.
Color terms in ancient Egyptian and Coptic
2. he 'to b e white':
f o c u s c a n o n l y b e c o n c l u d e d o n t h e basis o f a s t u d y o f B C T s i n A f r o a s i a t i c l a n g u a g e s , w h i c h
is b e y o n d t h e c o m p e t e n c e o f a n E g y p t o l o g i s t .
A s i d e f r o m t h e i n h e r i t e d B C T s , C o p t i c ( t h e final sta g e o f t h e E g y p t i a n l a n g u a g e )
p r o d u c e d t w o n e o l o g i s m s : oubas (etc.) ' t o b e w h i t e , ' w h i c h r e p l a c e d E g y p t i a n he ' t o b e
white,' a n d also t h e a n c i e n t E g y p t i a n mrs/mls/*mns, w h i c h b e c a m e C o p t i c mros (etc.) ' t o
b e ( l i g h t - ? ) red.' T h e first is a shift w h e r e b y a n c i e n t E g y p t i a n wbh 'to b e l i g h t ' w a s r e p l a c e d
w i t h C o p t i c oubas (etc.) ' t o b e w h i t e ' ; t h e s e c o n d is d e r i v e d f r o m t h e m a t e r i a l r e d o c h r e
(mns.t).
T h e derivation o f n a m e s for color terms in ancient Eg yptian f r o m object-names
is d e m o n s t r a b l e i n s o m e cases f o r N o n B C T s ( t r a d i t i o n a l w r i t t e n l a n g u a g e ) : hsbc(.i?)
' ( t o b e ) l a p i s l a z u l i - l i k e , ' cfrr(.i?) ' ( t o be?) l a p i s l a z u l i - l i k e , blue,' m / H . f t " t u r q u o i s e - l i k e ,
g r e e n / b l u e . ' O t h e r c o l o r i n d i c a t o r s o f t h i s k i n d a p p e a r , e.g ., ccb(.i?) ' c h a r c o a l - l i k e , black.'
N o n e o f these N o n B C T s w h i c h d e v e l o p e d in E g y p t i a n was m a i n t a i n e d ; n o n e were used
in C o p t i c .
T h e a n c i e n t N o n B C T s i n t h e red r a n g e (cms, c(w)r) are p r o b a b l y o f A f r o a s i a t i c o r i g i n ,
a l t h o u g h a concrete e t y m o l o g y c a n n o t be p r o d u c e d . W h e t h e r these were orig inally c o l o r
terms or derived f r o m objects will obviously depend u p o n discovery o f the etymolog ies.
5. Summary
1. T he re are f o u r B C T s , all v e r b s , ' t o b e ' kmm 'black,' hi (late r wbh) 'white ,' tsr 're d' a n d
wlc 'gre e n';
2. T he f o c u s o f tsr 're d' is i n t h e re d r a n g e , as t r a d i t i o n a l l y t r a n s l a t e d , a n d n o t e d b y
Baine s (1985:283), a n d n o t in the middle o f t h e r e d - w i t h - y e l l o w r a n g e , as a r g u e d
following the color cone approach by Sche nke l (1963);
3. T he f o c u s o f wlc 'gre e n' lie s, as t r a d i t i o n a l l y t r a n s l a te d , a n d n o te d b y B a i ne s
( 1 9 8 5 : 2 8 3 ) in the gre e n range , a n d n o t in the m i d d l e o f the g r e e n - w i t h - b l u e range
as p r o p o s e d b y S c h e n k e l ( 1 9 6 3 ) o n t h e basis o f t h e c o l o r c o n e p r o j e c t i o n , n o r i n t h e
pale gre e n sugge ste d b y the Be rlin a n d K a y hypothe sis;
4. I n t h e final, C o p t i c , stage , t h e p a r t i t i o n o f t h e r e d r a n g e i n t o *tsrsr/trosr(e)s 'e
de p r e d '
a n d mrs/mls/*mns/mros ' l i g he
t-r d' m u s t be assume d;
5. T he traditional writte n language allowe d additional place for furthe r ve rbal color
t e r m s (i.e ., B C T s ) , b u t the se w e r e n o t p r e s e r v e d i n C o p t i c , a n d t h u s t h e y n e v e r e n t e r e d
the colloquial language ;
6. A m o n g t h e s e alte rnative s, t h e u s e o f hsbc(.i?) 'lapis l a z u l i - c o l o r e d ' is s t r i k i n g l y c o m
m o n ; that o f ccm(.i?) ' c h a r c o a l - l i ke , black', nbw(.i?) ' g o le
d n ' is le ss c o m m o n ;
7. T he dominance o f ' l a p i s l a z u l i - c o l o r e d , b l u e ' w a s i n a d e q u a t e l y tre ate d b y S c h e n k e l
(1963) a n d Baine s (1985), d u e to the ir m e t h o d o l o g i c a l pre mise s (se mantic e
fi ld
and B&K h y p o t he s i s ) , a l t h o u g h re c o g n i ze d b y the e mpiricists ( He r m a n n 1969;
Color terms in ancient Egyptian and Coptic 227
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank David Warburton, who translated this contribution from German
into English and at the same time rendered it concise.
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