Lighti ng Audit:

Introduction
Lighting is the most visible form of energy consumption. It accounts for 17 % of total
energy consumed in India. In commercial and industrial buildings as much as 30 % of the
electricity bill is due to lighting. Because of advances in lighting technologies, a number of
energy efficient lighting products are now available along with better understanding of the
lighting needs. Since the country’s energy generation is not able to match the demand,
conservation of energy appears to be the only solution to reduce this gap.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF ENERGY AUDIT:

Lamps
Lamp is equipment, which produces light. The most commonly used lamps are described
briefly as follows:

Incandescent lamps:

Incandescent lamps produce light by means of a filament heated to incandescence by the flow
of electric current through it. The principal parts of an incandescent lamp, also known as GLS
(General Lighting Service) lamp include the filament, the bulb, the fill gas and the cap.

Reflector lamps:

Reflector lamps are basically incandescent, provided with a high quality internal mirror,
which follows exactly the parabolic shape of the lamp. The reflector is resistant to corrosion,
thus making the lamp maintenance free and output efficient.

Gas discharge lamps:

The light from a gas discharge lamp is produced by the excitation of gas contained in either a
tubular or elliptical outer bulb.
The most commonly used discharge lamps are as follows:
 Fluorescent tube lamps (FTL)
 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
 Mercury Vapour Lamps
 Sodium Vapour Lamps
 Metal Halide Lamps
Luminaire
Luminaire is a device that distributes, filters or transforms the light emitted from one or more
lamps. The luminaire includes, all the parts necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps,
except the lamps themselves. In some cases, luminaires also include the necessary circuit
auxiliaries, together with the means for connecting them to the electric supply. The basic
physical principles used in optical luminaire are reflection, absorption, transmission and
refraction.
Control Gear
The gears used in the lighting equipment are as follows:

Ballast:
A current limiting device, to counter negative resistance characteristics of any discharge
lamps. In case of fluorescent lamps, it aids the initial voltage build-up, required for starting.

Ignitors:
These are used for starting high intensity Metal Halide and Sodium vapour lamps.

Performance Terms and Definitions

Lumen is a unit of light flow or luminous flux. The lumen rating of a lamp is a measure of the
total light output of the lamp. The most common measurement of light output (or luminous flux)
is the lumen. Light sources are labelled with an output rating in lumens.
Lux is the metric unit of measure for illuminance of a surface. One lux is equal to one lumen per
square meter.
Circuit Watts is the total power drawn by lamps and ballasts in a lighting circuit under
assessment.
Installed Load Efficacy is the average maintained illuminance provided on a horizontal working
plane per circuit watt with general lighting of an interior. Unit: lux per watt per square metre
(lux/W/m²)
Lamp Circuit Efficacy is the amount of light (lumens) emitted by a lamp for each watt of power
consumed by the lamp circuit, i.e. including control gear losses. This is a more meaningful
measure for those lamps that require control gear. Unit: lumens per circuit watt (lm/W)
Installed Power Density. The installed power density per 100 lux is the power needed per square
metre of floor area to achieve 100 lux of average maintained illuminance on a horizontal working
plane with general lighting of an interior. Unit: watts per square metre per 100 lux (W/m²/100
lux)
Average maintained illuminance is the average of lux levels measured at various points in a
defined area.

Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a measure of the effect of light on the perceived color of
objects. To determine the CRI of a lamp, the color appearances of a set of standard color chips
are measured with special equipment under a reference light source with the same correlated
color temperature as the lamp being evaluated. If the lamp renders the color of the chips identical
to the reference light source, its CRI is 100. If the color rendering differs from the reference light
source, the CRI is less than 100. A low CRI indicates that some colors may appear unnatural
when illuminated by the lamp.
Lamp Types and their Features:

IES recommendation of standard Illuminance:

The Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) has published illuminance recommendations for
various activities. These tables cover both generic tasks (reading, writing etc), and 100's of very
specific tasks and activities (such as drafting, parking, milking cows, blowing glass and baking
bread).
All tasks fall into 1 of 9 illuminance categories, covering from 20 to 20,000 lux, (2 to 2000 foot
candles). The categories are known as A - I, and each provide a range of 3 iluminance values
(low, mid and high). See Table 10.4.

Table 10.4 IES Illuminance Categories and Values - For Generic Indoor Activities
ACTIVITY CATEGORY LUX FOOTCANDLES
Public spaces with dark A 20-30-50 2-3-5
surroundings
Simple orientation for B 50-75-100 5-7.5-10
short temporary visits
Working spaces where C 100-150-200 10-15-20
visual tasks are only
occasionally performed
Performance of visual D 200-300-500 20-30-50
tasks of high contrast or
large size
Performance of visual E 500-750-1000 50-75-100
tasks of medium contrast
or small size
Performance of visual F 1000-1500-2000 100-150-200
tasks of low contrast or
very small size
Performance of visual G 2000-3000-5000 200-300-500
tasks of low contrast or
very small size over a
prolonged period
Performance of very H 5000-7500-10000 500-750-1000
prolonged and exacting
visual tasks
Performance of very I 10000-15000-20000 1000-1500-2000
special visual tasks of
extremely low contrast

A-C for illuminances over a large area (i.e. lobby space)

D-F for localized tasks
G-I for extremely difficult visual tasks