INTERNAL SECURITY

Static portion
 Security agencies
 Terrorism
 Border management
 Cyber security
 Economic security – money laundering

Dynamic portion in current affairs

Security
 Security means freedom from threat/fear
 Security relates only to extremely dangerous threats – threats that could so
endanger core values, that those values would be damanged beyond repair if
we do not act on it now.
 Violent threat to state
o Defined territory (Palestine, Kurdistan) – India has recognized
Palestine (NAM), i.e. they can have diplomatic offices in those
countries
o Population (Antarctica)
o Government
 Syrian rebels supported by USA; formed govt recognized by
USA
 Assad govt. supported by Russia
o Sovereignty – external and internal
 External – eg. India can make its own decisions
 Internal – there should not be an alternate government; eg.
Chaittisgarh has naxal govt who do not follow the rules of
Indian constitution, i.e. challenge to internal sovereignty

Traditional security threat

 Threat to state/state actors
 What about other threats?
o Threats to life such as Uttarakhand floods, HIV in Southern Africa, sea
level rise in Maldives
o Farmers fear vagaries in climate, he may die of starvation
 1994 UNDP’s Human Development Report broadened the concept of security
o Included non-traditional security threats
o Made it people centric
o Poverty, migration, terrorism
o Women empowerment
o “the concept of security has for too long been interpreted too
narrowly… It has been more related to nation states that people who
security in their daily lives”
o FREEDOM FROM WANT
1. External traditional security threat
 i. Sovereignty
ii. War
iii. Ability of the state to defend itself against military threat
iv. The source of danger is another country which by threatening military
action endangers the core values of sovereignty, independence and
territorial integrity
v. Protect against anarchy of the external world
i. Concept comes from Peace Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
ii. Kings were subordinate to pope
iii. States rejected rule of pope
iv. States said they will not interfere in other states’ internal
affairs
v. Thus originates the concept of EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY
vi. Principal means of security = FORCE
vii. Policies
i. Defence
ii. Deterrence: to dissuade adversary by convincing the opponent
that the cost of action will be more than the benefit of action
1. Eg. India’s Nuclear weapons strategy; No rational
country will strike
2. NPT vs. Realists
a. Realists say please proliferate
b. During cold war nuke weapons were with US,
USSR, UK, France, China
c. Now India, Pak, NK, Israel
d. Nuke weapons are a deterrent
3. This is why states display their nuke power through
repeated tests  to show as a strategy for deterrence
4. Israel has nukes. Iran is trying to balance the power
dynamics in the region by developing their own nukes.
5. That’s why countries try to balance the military
capabilities of their opponents. This can be done
through:
a. Building military capabilities
b. Alliance building
i. Eg. Japan, threat from China post WW2
(Russia pre WW2)
ii. After WW2, Japan became a pacifist
state
iii. Japan and S. Korea allied with USA for
defence
c. Balancing: Allying with countries against
common enemy
i. Axis vs. Allied powers
ii. NATO vs. Warsaw pact
d. Bandwagoning
i. Ally with the source of danger
 ii. Eg. Nepal and India, S. Asia and India
iii. Usually works with neighboring
countries
iv. Eg. Sri Lanka has bandwagoned with
India over balancing by allying with
China
viii. Global measures to prevent external aggression
i. Disarmament:
1. Biological Weapons Convention (1972)  SARS,
Cholera  can impact innocent  it will not stop when
you want to stop  disease will spread to other
countries
2. Chemical Weapons Convention (1992)  Syria incident
when Assad regime allegedly used  Chem has various
side effects, kills many.
ii. Arms control regime
1. NPT (1968)  India said you also destroy your
weapons, then we will. Nobody must have nukes.
Other countries rejected.
2. Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty  prevent spread of anti-
ballistic missile technology
iii. Confidence Building Measures: Countries share ideas and
information with their enimies  demonstrating that they are
not preparing for a surprise attack
1. Eg. China is constructing dam on Brahmaputra
2. China is an upstream country
3. This is a threat to India even though China says it will
not divert any water
4. No TRUST due to lack of transparency
5. Eg. USA is not afraid if UK has numerous nuke
weapons. But is afraid if NK or Iran had nukes  lack of
trust
6. Eg. Immediately after India-Japan 2013 treaty was
signed, Indian foreign office declared that this treaty is
not against China
7. CBMs are to ensure that states do not wage war due to
misperceptions & misunderstanding
8. Eg. WW1 and WW2 UK and France attacked Germany
fearing its threat (?)
GUJARAL doctrine = important CBM from India
 Names after IK Gujaral ex-PM
 Five Principles
i. Do not ask for reciprocity from smaller neighbors  Bhutan,
Bangladesh, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Nepal  No Pakistan  eg. Build
dams in Bhutan and purchase electricity
ii. South Asian nations will not use their territory against the interest
of other countries  Pakistan harbours LeT, JeM etc.  ULFA
 insurgent group in North-East; ULFA leaders were arrested in
Bangladesh  Balgladesh National Party headed by Khalida Zia +
Jamaat-e-Isalaam together came to power in 2001, and many
insurgent separatist groups in India got support from Bangladesh
 Terrorist Bhatikal was operating from Nepal
iii. One country will not interfere in the internal affairs of another
a. Tamils in S. Lanka
b. Nepalese in Bhutan
c. Chakmya in Bangladesh
iv. Respect each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty  don’t
support separatist groups/provoke separatist tendencies
a. Eg. Bangladesh supporting Naga tribes
b. Pakistan supporting separatists in Kashmir
v. Settle all disputes peacefully through bilateral negotiations
 As a CBM, Gujaral revealed RAW locations in Pakistan and dismantled RAW
ops in Pak  but ISI betrayed us  2008 Mumbai attacks are blamed for lack
of Indian intelligence ops in Pakistan  serious criticism of Gujaral doctrine

2. Traditional Internal security threat

i. Developed countries do not have traditional internal security threats
 i.e. threat to internal sovereignty
ii. Developing countries  esp. post WW2  Separatist movements,
LWE, Merger of internal & external threat
i. Coz colonial demarcation of territory  eg. Sinhalese majority
ignored Tamil minority in S. Lanka who questioned the
sovereignty of the state
ii. NE, Nagaland and many tribal communities questioned India’s
sovereignty
iii. So did Punjab, Tamil Nadu
iv. This is because of Diversity
v. Western developed countries people themselves formed
boundaries; i.e. homogenous French formed France
vi. LWEs want to overthrow the state
vii. Merger of internal and external threats  ULFA agents
harbored in Bangladesh
iii. State policy = Force or address the root cause of the problem?

3. UNDP Report 7 areas for Freedom From Want

i. Economic Security
a. Assured basic income
b. MGNREGA
ii. Food Security
i. Economic and physical access
ii. NFSA Rice, Wheat, Coarse cereals for Rs. 3, 2, 1 for 67% of
population
iii. But physical access?
iii. Health security
 i. Minimum protection from diseases and unhealthy lifestyles
ii. People die due to non-availability of water
iii. Govt. policy of 108
iv. Water borne diseases
v. Rural sanitation
vi. In 2013-2014 MGNREGA was linked with Rural sanitation
vii. Midday meals scheme
iv. Environmental security  can be done only by state  Protect
people from short and long term ravages of nature due to man-made
threats and deterioration of natural environment
i. Eg. Uttarakhand floods disaster 2013 – was due to cloud burst
 but development was in extreme disaster prone areas
ii. Landslides and other natural disasters due to developmental
activities
iii. Uttarakhand cloud burst vs. cyclone Phailin both in 2013 
Orissa & AP state was prepared for a disaster and IMD
informed the people and govt.  Dis. Management cell +
Army helped evacuate people = death toll was minimal
iv. 2005 hurricane Katrina hit coastal Florida + Cuba  the
number of deaths in US was far far more than in Cuba  coz
US was not prepared and did not evacuate people effectively
 Cuba was prepared  state stocked food, medicines etc. 
people segregated the waste  most problems post flood is
due to sewage and improper waste management
v. Where state has the will, countries can be protected
v. Personal security – protect from physical violence, domestic violence,
threats on social media
i. State needs an effective law
ii. Effective courts to dispense justice
iii. Domestic abuse of servants and house maids
vi. Community security
i. Protect people from loss of traditional relationships and values
from sectarian and ethnic violence
ii. Eg. Bauxite mining in Niyamgiri hills in Orissa by POSCO 
Adivasis
iii. Traditional relationships between communities and
environment
iv. Sudan conflict, Democratic Republic of Congo conflict,
Rwandan conflict
v. Minority rights: Adivasis, Dalits, Muslims
vii. Political security
i. Honor basic human rights
ii. During communal violence, people lose their basic human
rights
iii. 2013 UP riots – people were kept at Muzzafarnagar camps in
Dec-Jan winter  Children died of cold
Non-traditional society
 Here the basic reference is human being
 Includes human security and global security
 Human security = poverty (Africa), migration (UK), health (Africa, Asia) 
mostly relevant to developing countries
 Global security = Terrorism, climate change

Global Security
1. Global warming
a. Sea-level rise due to increased temperatures
b. Maldives, Bangladesh, island nations, India’s Sundarbans
c. Climate refugees
d. Territory (a fundamental unit of state) is threatened
e. How can the human rights of the people of Maldives be protected? 
International cooperation
f. UNFCCC
2. Terrorism
a. Irish nationalists
b. Bhagat Singh in pre-independence
c. In 1980s-90s terrorists attacked only developing countries
d. 9/11 AlQaeda allegedly attached US  WTC bombarded by aircrafts
e. (Devayani Kobragade Dec-2013 arrested by USA  India reciprocated
by reversing privileges of US diplomatic office in India  coz of it’s
importance)
f. International events that altered the world (i) WW2 USA rise, USA-
USSR rivals; (ii) end of cold war USA becomes unipolar power; (iii)
9/11 attack by non-state actors (Al Qaeda belongs to no state)
changed focus on security
g. 2008 Kasab harbored in Pakistan
h. Non-state actors do not have a fixed home town, but may be
supported by a state
i. Non-state actors that threaten us can be
i. Terrorists  gained prominence after 9/11
ii. Drug cartels
iii. Arms smugglers
j. After 2008, India realized that the weapons Indian police carried is not
capable enough, technology is outdated  Terrorists used ICT far
better
k. Terrorists can be external or internal (home-grown)
l. UN 1566 Resolution = definition of terrorism  criminal activities
targeted at citizens with the intent to cause death or serious bodily
injury to provoke a state of terror in general public and compel govt.
or intl. org. to abstain from doing something which constitutes
offences under international convention, which are justifiable under
no circumstances
m. How to curb?  International cooperation
 n. Khandahar hijack of Indian Airlines  states came together and
entered an agreement on civil aviation, maritime activities (2008
attack)
o. 13 major agreements to curb terrorism
i. Civit aviation
ii. Maritime transport
iii. Diplomatic hostages
1. Indian embassy in Afghanistan attacked
iv. Nuclear materials
1. Pakistan is not safe to have nukes  nukes could get to
the hands of terrorists
v. Financing terrorism
UN Counter Terrorism Committee
 Terrorism is a trans-national threat
 Nodal agency in the world to counter terrorism
 Cannot enforce decisions, can only recommend to states
 1. Technical assistance to states  many states in middle east and North
Africa have become battle grounds for terrorism  UN helps these states
 2. Country visits at their request
 3. Country report (eg. EU reported that India is not safe for data security. This
has economic impact coz overseas companies were skeptical of sending –
outsourcing – data to india eg. Medical reports etc
 4. Special meetings

State-actors and terrorism

 From the perspective of minority groups, State is the terrorist
 Eg. Sri Lankan Tamils who has faced atrocities at the hands of terrorists
 Similarly any place where minority rights have been compromised
 NE Manipur – Indian army rapes  AFSPA
 J&K separatists
 Rohingya genocide
 South Sudan 2014 incident

Another negative of terrorism

 LTTE are freedom fighters for Tamils in S. Lanka
 Afsal Guru arrested for Parliament attack is considered freedom fighter in
J&K
 Bhagat Singh in pre-independence
 China Uyghur population attacks the state  China suppressed through
military acts  China calls them terrorist groups
 Russia Chechenya rebels
 When there is any offensive act against the state, the State usually labels
them a terrorist

3. Health
 Health epidemics
 HIV southern Africa
 Bird flu
 SARS
 Migration
 Business
 Military operations
 Tourism
 If the source country is unable to prevent it, it will affect other
countries also  human security becomes a global security  Ebola,
Zika
 Poor countries cannot treat their citizens  eg. India  lack of
advanced technologies  WHO, World Bank etc. helps
 Epidemics in animals  mad-cow disease, bird flu, foot and mouth
disease  large economic impact
o Eg. Indonesia banned foods from countries affected, eg. India

4. Global Poverty
 Linked to population and level of development  sub-saharan Africa
 Low development = high poverty
 More population = high poverty
 As poverty increases = security threat increases
 Why is it a security threat?
o People are subjugated, exploited and dying
o Deaths due to malnourishment and diseases
 Eg. In India what is the relative proportion of people dying
from terrorism, war and poverty (i.e. non-availability of basic
facilities), diseases (non-availability of basic healthcare),
hunger (non-availability of food), disasters
 BUT India spends more than double on military expenditure
than on eradicating poverty
 Allocation of resources is not proportionate to other aspects
that are causing deaths
o Threat = disenfranchised people will turn to terrorism
o Anti-social elements will turn to crime and violence
 Somalia  no govt.  located near Suez Canal  Pirates
attack ships
o To prevent migration, US must invest in developing Mexico
o Many people in developed countries believed that poverty is the root
of terrorism  eg. Kasab in 2008 attacks  he was paid by Jihadists
to attack India  but not entirely true coz even in developed
countries David Headly etc. were active in US  poverty can be one
of the reasons

5. Migration to developed north

 Visa restrictions
  Visa restrictions for security reasons
 Economic reasons also, but that received backlash from the world
 After 9/11 migration happening both ways due to development in
Economic South  Less brain drain
 Eg. David Headly came to India and survery the country before the
Mumbai attacks  i.e. terrorists move from developed to developing
countries as well
 3 forms of Migrants
o Illegal migrants (Bangladesh  India) = PULL FACTOR
o Refugees (leave their country due to force = war, genocide,
ethnocide, natural calamities) = PUSH FACTOR
 Eg. Tibetans fearing political persecution
 Jews migrating from Europe in WW2
o Internally displaced people
 Eg. Due to Tsunami many people move to other provinces
within the country
 Eg. Kashmiri Pundits in India 1970s-80s terrorists were
threatening Hindus
 Eg. Displaced due to construction of dams, developmental
activities etc.

For traditional security threat = use force and remove the threat
For all the non-traditional threats = can be prevented only through cooperation

Terrorism in India  India, Pakistan, Bangladesh must cooperate

Climate Change  UNFCCC Paris accords
Health  Polio eradication with WHO help = world cooperation
Poverty
Migration  Human and economic development of all countries

Cooperative security can be bilateral, multilateral or regional

 International organizations – UN, WHO
 NGOs – Amnesty International for human rights violations
 Businesses MNCs – Elon Musk R&D of Giga factories solar energy
 Great personalities – Nelson Mandela, MG, Mother Teresa

Non-traditional security is much better when the use of force is sanctioned and
applied collectively by the international community collectively rather than
individual countries applying force.

“The world can never be at peace unless people have security in their daily lives.”

“Development is a lot cheaper than sending soldiers-robots.” – Development will

reduce inequality
India’s security threats
1. Left Wing Extremism
2. Secessionist/Separatist tendency
3. Terrorism/Militancy
4. Insurgency – want to occupy some border territory
5. Cyber-security
6. Economic security
a. Black money
b. Fake currency
c. Money Laundering
7. Drug-Arms cartel
a. Transnational cooperation
b. Benefits anti-state elements
8. Communal divide
a. Security agencies
9. Caste and ethnic tensions
10. Illegal migration

First 5 are direct threats and last 5 are indirect threats.

All the major groups want territory, except cybersecurity

Political spectrum
 Left = progressive, reform; extreme left = Naxalism
 Right = retrogressive; extreme right = Terrorism
 Center

1. LWE: Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, upto Nepal

2. Seperatism: J&K, NE (Punjab earlier)
3. Insurgency: UP, Bihar Nepal border; from Bangladesh border
4. Post Mumbai attacks, entire coast has security threat
5. Terrorism: Gujarat, Mumbai
6. Communal divide: Gujarat
7. Ethnic tensions: Rajasthan
8. Kerala: source of some terrorists

These are security threats to:

1. Territory – Separatists, LWE, Terrorists, insurgents
2. Freedom for people – Separatists, LWE, Terrorists
3. Rule of law – question constitutional authority
4. Development – cybersecurity, economic security, LWE, terrorism
a. Terrorist targets tourist destinations – Mumbai, Bodh Gaya – showing
people that India is not safe
b. LWE is present in mineral rich mines areas
5. Unity and Intergrity

Factors supporting security issues

1. Relationship with neighbors
2. Poor governance
3. Exclusive development activities – post LPG, mining and dams displaces people =
exclusive; replaced people are not rehabilitated = people become anti-state
4. Political insecurity – esp. Dalits
5. Communal divide
6. Transnational crimes
a. Drug cartels – finances
b. Arms cartels – incites violence for more sales
c. Trafficking
d. Countries need to cooperate to fight this
7. Globalisation
a. ICT revolution – gather resources and recognition across the world - ISIS

Important neighbors
1. Afganisthan
2. Pakistan
3. Bangladesh
4. Myanmar
5. S Lanka
6. Maldives
7. Nepal – Maoists who were supporters of India did not get majority; border not
fenced
8. Bhutan – open borders with India, i.e. no border guarding and not fenced

Cross border issues

 Arms
 Money
 Insurgent people
 Drugs
 Trafficking
 Place for training non-state actors

Bangladesh: India relations depend on political party in power. India friendly with
Awami league (that won after 1971). When Awami league is in power, India has
good relations

Nepal: Indian naxals and Nepal Maoists came together to fight against both states

Left Wing Extremism

 From Konkan coast in Karnataka  AP, Telangana  Chattisgarh, Jharkhand,
Bihar  Nepal border
 Ties with Maoists in Nepal
 Nepal Maoists fought monarchy to make it a democracy
 RED CORRIDOR = Nepal border  Dandakaranya forest in AP-Chatt-
Jharkhand border
 Purpose = est. red corridor within entire India
o Overthrow Indian constitution
 o Install constitution of Maoists and rule

START
 1946
 Q) How did Naxalism/LWE survive 6-7 decades?
o History
o Support; LWE strategy
o Goals
o Causes for spread
 India has a development agenda
 But the loopholes in governance and system promotes
discontent and LWE
o Deficiency of India state
 Misgovernance, A. 244, 5th schedule
o How does non-implementation of 5th schedule lead to strengthening
of Naxal movement
 4 ideologies of Naxals
1. Marx “workers of the world unite”
2. Lenin
3. Stalin
4. Mao Ze Dong
 1925-1947
o CPI
 1946-51
o Telangana Movement
o Nalgonda AP
o Peasants fought with communist support against landlords
o Communists wanted to give land to landless
 In 1946 almost 80% of Indian population were dependent on
agriculture directly or indirectly
 But majority did not have access/ownership to land
 They wanted to reduce inequality by bringing land to landless
 Similarly was Vinoba Bhave’s Bhoodaan movement – this
cause was very important then
o This movement spread to Warangal and Bidar
o Almost 3000 villages were liberated
 i.e. ~10,000 hectares were captured and distributed
o These villages were under rule of Nizam
 1946-49 Nizan did not want to join India
 He formed a group called Razakars to fight against Indian
supporters
 This peasant movement was directly against the Nizam
o 1948 peasants from these villages formed ‘communes’ and fought
against
 Landlords and
 Nizam
o 1949 Chinese liberation
  People’s Republican Army came to power under Mao Ze Dong
 Mao followed “Guerilla Warfare”
 This inspired Indians
o First split in CPI after this
o Once Nizam was gone, whom should the Maoists fight?
 State = NEHRU = Socialism + Democracy brought in
 Anti-Zamindari laws
 Land Reforms
 Bhoodan movement was most successful in Andhra
 People were happy and Maoist movement weakened because
of ideals of Indian state
o Ashutosh Ghosh and Dange approached Centrist idea of
Parliamentary Democracy
 1957: Communist party won Kerala government
o Created a mindset that we can fight together
o CPI united
 1962: Indo-China war
o CPI split again to
1. CPI – non-capitalist
2. CPI(M) – centrist
o They fought together and won in West Bengal
o This is how communist party got involved in Naxal movement in
Naxalbari in 1967
o Bimal Kissan was a peasant in Naxalbari, he fought with Zamindar and
won the case through judicial order
o When he went to plough his land, the Zamindars attacked BK
o Peasants in turn attacked the Zamindars and got huge support from
the communists in
 WB (not the government) and
 AP
 Kerala
 TN
 Bihar
 J&K
o WB government suppressed the movement
o Communists in other states without power utilized this opportunity
o Improper implementation of Land Reforms + 5th schedule
o 1968 Communist parties formed the All India Coordination Committee of
Communist Revolutionaries (AICCR)
o 1969 Communist party split again
 Reg. annihilation of class economy
 CPI(ML) disagreed with mass agitation
 Maoist Communist Centre formed under Chatterjee followed
Mao philosophy
o Build organization/consolidate power
o Spread area-wise through terror attacks
 o Overthrow enemy (state) through conventional
warfare
o In the process awaken the masses to get their support
and they will give you the legitimacy to rule them
 1970 CPI(ML) became active with a new leader = Charu Mazumdar was elected
 2 people under him = Kanu Sanyal and Jaghal Santhal
 Movement spread fast to other parts of the country
 Till Indian Army put a severe brake to it
 1971 Bangladesh independence war
o In this time India capture Charu Mazumdar
o Suppressed the movement through violence
o Charu Mazumdar was captured an d killed in 1971
 1972 = “end of first wave”
o Naxal history has 3 waves
 1977 Kanu Sayal gave up violence and took up parliamentary
democracy
 1980s Vinod Mishra entered parliamentary democracy
o “second wave of Naxal movement ended”
 1980 another split
o People’s war group by K Sitaramayyah in Andhra
o CPI(M-L)under N. Prasad in Bihar
o The groups were competing
 1991-2004
o LPG, FDIs
 2004 Grey hounds and AP police suppressed People’s war
group and removed them from AP
 This PWG merged with Maoist Communist Center in 2004
o Peak in activities of Naxals
o Two groups together formed Maoist Constitution
 Overthrow semi-feudal semi-colonial state
 Armed agrarian revolution
 Organize people through basis of culture and
ethnicity

Development Linkages
 LPG 1991  FDI + Industrialisation
 “resources to be utilized”
 Mineral deposits in forest areas  extraction = displacement of people 
landless
 Earlier Naxals wanted to give peasants land
 After 2004 new concept in the Naxal document = “Urban Perspective”
o Target Industrial belt = displaced people and Indian govt. had failed in
successful rehabilitation
o Bhilai, Ranchi, Dhanbad and Kolkata
o Wanted to spread in Mumbai, Pune, Surat and Ahmedabad
o SEZs in these areas
 SEZs take land and give it to foreign capitalists
 o State had an EXCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
 After 2004 peace process starts between Cental govt + force where Naxals
were revolting/reacting
 2011 Kishenji (who was involved in peace talks) was killed
o ended the “third wave of naxalism”
 2012-2013 In chattisgarh Mahendra Karma was killed and the entire top
brass of Naxals in Chattisgarh coz he ran SALWA JUDUM
o in 2005 in Chattisgarh there was a tribal group (Gondi)
o Economic activity = growing and selling Tendu leaves
o When Naxals were intervening in their activity, they formed a
protection group = Salwa Judum
o Salwa Judum got support from the state
 i.e. state gave them authority to fight Naxals
o State made them ‘Special Police Officers’ SPOs
o This tribal group was effectively subduing Naxals
 Coz they know the forest better
 Was the customary recruitment base of Tribal
o They started attacking other tribal groups  lead to trouble
 Severely criticized by civil society
 They came back to Kerals
o Mahendra Karma maintained he own Salwa Judum
o These atrocities committed by people helped Naxals get more
support

Support LWE needs

1. Economic support
2. Arms
3. Place for training
4. People’s support
5. International support

1. Economic support
 Abduction and ransom
o Govt employees kidnapped for ransom
o Attack state industrial houses in the red corridor and collect money;
extortion
o Illegal mining in Naxal affected area

2. Arms and ammunition

 Naxals support other insurgency groups in the country/separatist movements
o J&K, Manipur, Tripura, Assam, Nagaland
o Coz all are fighting the Indian state = common enemy
 Linkage between seperatists and other countries
o Separatist in NE support from China, Myanmar and Bangladesh while
BNP was in power
o Separatist in J&K support from Pakistan
o Nepal border gets support from Nepal Maoists, China
3. Training centers
 ULFA from Assam wanted to merge with Naxal cause
o Training centers in Myanmar
o ULFA + Naxals were planning a joint training
o Arms supply possibly through Laos-Thailand-Cambodia-Myanmar-
India

4. People’s support
1. Low level of development
a. Eg. Dantewada – 1220 villages of which
b. 1161 villages do not have proper medical facilities
c. 214 villages no primary schools
d. High illiteracy and very small minority are educated in Naxal affected
areas
e. Displacement due to dam constructions (esp. pre-LPG); mineral
extraction; SEZs; FDI
i. Eg. Vedanta wants to remove people from Niyamgiri hills
ii. State is intervening into tribal culture
iii. Forest Dwellers Act
iv. PESA
v. 5th schedule
vi. 2001 Liberal states formed CCOMPOSA – coordination
committee of the Maoist parties & organisations in South Asia
vii. 2006 met for 4th conference in Nepal  common enemy is the
Indian state
f. Naxal movement in India wants support from the non-state actors
i. Insurgent groups
ii. Separatist groups
iii. Maoists across South Asia
g. State actors
i. Eastern land border neighboring countries- Bangladesh, China,
Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan

Development linkages with Extremism

1. to tackle economic support
 Border management
 Security forces
2. Arms
 Security forces
 Intelligence gathering
3. People’s support
 Who are the people?
 Why do they support the Naxals?
 Has Indian states tried to address these issues?
 If so, then what are the problems?
4. Government’s plan
People’s support
 Who are the supporters?
 >50% of population still in Agriculture
 And many of them are landless
 The landless in the red corridor support Naxals
 Naxals redistributes land in this area
 Who are affected by landlessness?
o Dalits
o Adivasis
o Women
o Peasants (lower strata of society)
o Maoist manifesto says they will build support by focusing on areas
with cultural, ethnic and caste divisions
o AGAINST upper strata and zamindars
 Other misgovernance issues
o Poverty of Dalits – economic benefits do not reach them
o Displacement of Adivasis
 Losing their traditional rights
o Women
 From lower strata
 Oppressed
 Naxalism has taken advantage of the misgovernance of state and improper
developmental activities
 Dalits + Adivasis = 25% of Indian population  but are spread across
 But Bihar, UP, WB, Odisha, MP has highest proportion of SC/ST
 80% of SC/ST is in rural areas
o Highest poverty rates are in rural India
o Depend on agricultural activities
 Poverty leads to
o Health issues
o No education
 Agriculture dependent
o Landlessness
o Economic crisis due to money lenders
 Dalits
o India’s caste system/social structures did not allow them to
grow/mobilise upwards socially
o Failure of governance
 Adivasis
o They don’t want education, health
o Their own tribal culture which is not in sync with mainstream culture

Dalits
1. Social/cultural issues
a. Caste oppression
b. Problem with freedom of movement
 c. Poor implementation of constitutional and legal rights
2. Economic issues
a. Landless agri laborers
b. 1998 report by SC/ST Commission
i. Unresolved dispute over land  after independence landlords
recaptured their land and govt did not support the landless
ii. Non-payment of wages properly  landless and dependent 
bonded labour still traps many
c. Constitutional rights not implemented well
i. Abolition of Zamindari
ii. Security of tenancy
iii. Ceiling on agricultural land holdings
3. Political issues
a. Poor quality schools or no schools  SYTEMATIC MARGINALISATION
OF THESE GROUPS
b. Poor implementation of constitutional and legal rights
c. Constitutional rights not implemented well
i. Abolition of Zamindari
ii. Security of tenancy
iii. Ceiling on agricultural land holdings

Adivasis
 Forest dwellers
 Traditional way of life
 Their own culture
 Their own economic structures
o Agricultural practices – shifting and Jhum cultivation
o Land ownership
 Government encroachment into forests has troubled the people
o Right from British times
o Tribal uprisings started pre-independence and tried to stop forest
exploitation
 Even within the adivasis there are many communities
o Many are not aware of mainstream life
o Biggest challenge for entering into the mainstream
 Post-independence the British rules and regulations in certain things were taken
over by the Indian government
 Forest policies restrict the movement of people
o Dwellers are captured and displaced to villages and being inducted into
modern education where people don’t realize the need for it
 Economic issues
o Displacement due to mining, dam construction
o Need rehabilitation
 Credit mechanism
o Money lenders manipulate them
 Property rights, land rights
 o It is their ancestral property and they do not have any certificate to prove
ownership

Women
 Gender inequality
 No education
 Poor health care, nutrition priority
 Rape of dalit women walking on public road
 Religious superstitions - Devadasi system of religious prostitution
 No justice
o Even the police system oppresses them
 Social oppression by upper caste
 But government machinery fails to protect women and instead abuses them
o Law and order problem
 RANVIR SENA 1995  upper caste militant group that are against SC/ST
o Bihar Dalit massacre
o They kill children coz they grow up to be Naxals
o They kill the women who give birth to Naxals
o State did not intervene or help displaced SC/STs in these cases
o Armed group with support of the police; Naxals supported the people

Access to basic resources

1. Forest Conservation Act 1980
a. Declared reserve forests and prohibited tribal community access to it
b. It is made suitable for economic benefits for MNCs and FDIs
c. With increasing criticism from civil society and within govt. they have
brought the 
d. ST and other traditional forest dwellers (recognition of forest rights)
Act 2006
e. 1980-2006 discontent spread among the communities
f. Post 2006 implementation to be inspected
2. Land to the tiller
a. SEZs lead to displacements without proper rehabilitation mechanism
b. Both adivasis and dalits vulnerable  who move to new areas 
Police oppression accusing them of capturing new areas

Naxals People
support support
people Naxals
 3. National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy 2007
a. Forcing displacement is harming fundamental cultural rights of tribals
4. National Mineral Policy 2007
a. State failed in proper rehabilitation
5. POLICIES EXIST BUT NO PROPER GOVERNANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION
a. This has increased the distance between the government and the
governed

Naxalism advantages
1. Law and order problem quickly solved through people’s courts
2. Health taken care of by civil society
3. Space provided for rehabilitation

Govt to-do list: occupy the space in which Naxalism prevails

1. Address governance issues
a. Provide basic amenities
2. Address armed Naxal issues
a. Presence of Naxals prevents state from entering this area to do
developmental work
b. Naxals themselves want to keep the state out and vilify them

Constitutional provisions for Dalits and Adivasis

 5th Schedule A. 244(1)

o has not been properly implemented  this has lead to LWE
o Executive power of State over center; center can advise
o Tribal Advisory Councils
o (1) Governor can declare if a law of Parliament or State legislature will
not apply
o (2) Governor can make regulations for peace and good governance
o Prohibit/restrict transfer of land by or among members of STs in
the area
o Regulate allotment of land to members of STs
o Regulate money lenders
 A. 275(1)
o Parliament can allocate money from CFI to states for promotion of
welfare of STs / raising level of administration in scheduled areas
 A. 342(1)
o President can w.r.t. any State (with consultation with Governor) will
recognize tribes in this area as STs in that State
o Eg. Tribe from Odisha displaced and moved to AP, who did not
recognize them as ST. Police oppression. Naxals were supporting
them.
 A. 338(1)
o National Commission for SCs (Dalit rights) failed to take appropriate
measures to uphold
 A. 338A (1)
 o National Commission for STs (Tribal rights) failed to take appropriate
measures to uphold
o Their duty to investigate and monitor constitutional safeguards &
inquire complaints on deprivation of rights
o To advice in planning
o Annual/as necessary report to President
o Recommend to states/Union
 A 339
o (1) President will appoint a commission after 10 years to report on
Admin of STs in the States
o (2) Union can give instructions to State for ST welfare
 STRUCTURAL FAILURE OF PROVISIONS  UNION AND STATES NOT ACTIVELY
INTERVENING TO CORRECT
 PESA 1996
o Part IX was not applicable to Schedules areas
o 4a. State legislation on Panchayats be in consonance with the
customary law and traditional management practices of the
community resources
o 4d. Gram Sabha be competent to preserve traditions & customs of
people, cultural identity, community resources and customary dispute
resolution mechanisms
o 4e. Gram Sabha will approve plans/projects for economic
development  to protect against displacement; and identify
beneficiaries of poverty alleviation programs in Scheduled Areas
o Gram Sabha will be consulted before land acquisition + rehabilitation
+ resettlement
o Planning and management of minor water bodies with Panchayat
o Gram Sabha recommendations mandatory before granting
prospecting license
o State Leg. Must ensure panchayats have power to
 Regulate/prohibit sale of intoxicants
 Ownership of minor forest produce
 If they are given a share of profits, that becomes a
source of accountability  incentivizes preservation
and sustainable use
 (“Tragedy of Commons” = everybody’s responsibility
(i.e. public property) is nobody’s responsibility) 
common phenomenon with forests and forest
resources
 Prevent alienation of land/restore alienated land
 Manage village markets
 Exercise control over money lending to STs
 Power that Governor had is being decentralized for
them
 Power to control local plans, tribal sub-plans
 STs and other traditional forest dwellers (recognition of forest rights) act
2006 AKA Forest Rights Act 2006
 o To give rights ignored by PESA
o Recognise rights of STs and other forest dwellers who have been
residing in forests for generations whose rights have not been
recorded  eg. Property ownership
 Just because they did not have land record documents, State
could not encroach their property  just coz they don’t follow
your systems and methods does not give anyone the right to
delegitimize their systems/rights
o Recognise that they are integral to the survival and sustainable use of
forest ecosystem
 Earlier mindset of the state was that they are not good for
sustainability for forests  this changed
o Duty of state to conserve and sustainable use of forests
o Thereby strengthen conservation regime and livelihood and food
security of forest dwellers
 Post 1991 encroachment of forests started on large scale 
PESA  FRA
o Address access rights of these communities and those who were
forced to migrate due to government development interventions
o Important rights:
 Right to hold and live in forest land for cultivation
 Right of ownership, access to collect/use minor forest produce
 Traditional uses of resources which may even be seasonal
 Rights of any state law accepted as rights of tribals under
traditional/customary law
 Central govt. provide space for diversion of forest to schools,
hospitals, anganwadis, fair price shops, training centers,
electric and telecommunication lines, rain water harvesting
etc.

Government’s Approach towards LWE

 Address security, governance, development deficits
 Govt. identified 106 districts in 9 states
 Development measures
o Central schemes like Backward Regions Grants Fund
o MGNREGA
o PM Gram Sadak Yojana
o NRHM
o Ashram schools
o Rajeev Gandhi Grameen Vidhyuthikaran Yojana
o Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – RTE 2009
o Indira Awas Yojana
 INTEGRATED ACTION PLAN
o Specifically for LWE affected areas
o Deficit in public infra of 82 areas
o 2010-2011 budget 1st introduced to address development of LWE
affected areas
 o Under Security Related Expenditures (SRE) scheme under MHA
o Central Assistance = 100% implemented by District Collector
o Committee will make a plan for public infra = schools, drinking water,
health PHCs Anganwadis, electricity, village roads etc.
o Planning commission will do macro level review
 Road Development Plan in 34 worst LWE affected districts
o Mo Road Transportation and Highways
 Security measures
 Police and public order is state subject  center will try to assist, send troops
o Center provides CAPF
o CoBRA battalion = special force trained in counter-insurgency and
jungle-warfare
 Security Related Expenditure scheme (SRE)
o Center will reimburse training and operational cost of security forces
o Assist LWE cadres who surrender
 Poverty is a key reason  give monetary benefits
 So if they change their mind and want to come back, they
should not fear state repercussion
 So state should have policies
o Assist in community policing  Salwa Judum
o Security related infra  bridges etc
 Fortified police stations
o Coz LWEs usually attack police stations to get weapons
o Center will assist strengthening of ~400 police stations 80:20 basis to
LWE districts
 Scheme for special infrastructure
o Roads/tracks/helipads etc for movement of police/security forces
o Many instances when police at vulnerable outposts will approach
Naxals to ask them not to harm  in return will extend favors  this
must be avoided
 India Reserve Battalions
o One IR Bn in AP, Jharkhand, Maharashtra been converted to
Specialised India Reserve Battalions (SIRBs)
 Counter insurgency and anti-terrorist schools to train
 Civic Action Program =Successful scheme
o Financial grants to CAPF in LWE areas
o Build bridges between local population and security forces
o Eg. CAPF seen to help construct anganwadis, help sell Thendu leaves
etc.
 Surrender and rehabilitation Policy
o Monetary reward for surrender of weapons
 Central scheme for assistance to civilian victims/family of victims of
terrorist/Naxal/Communal violence
o 3 lakh for each death/incapacitation  DBT
 Review and Monitoring Committee
 Standing committee of CMs of concerned states under Union HM
chairmanship
 o Government level
o Coordinate on strategic polict
 Coordination Centre chaired by Union Home Secretary with state chief
secretaries + DGPs
o Bureaucratic level
 Task Force under Special Secretary (Internal Security) MHA with senior
officers from intelligence agencies, CAPF and state police
o Ground-level, who actually work

INSURGENCY IN NORTH-EAST
 Reorganisation of states
 Developmental linkages
 State and non-state actors

Geography:
 Assam touches Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar
o Goal is to separate from India and form their own country
o But majority of society does not want this
o 70-80% voter turnout in North-East = people have faith in Indian
democracy
 Meghalaya borders Bangladesh
 Tripura borders Bangladesh
 Mizoram borders Bangladesh and Myanmar
 Manipur and Nagaland border Myanmar
 Arunachal Bradesh borders China (Tibet & Kunming) and Myanmar
 Siliguri corridor (WB) ~ 21 km = Chicken neck corridor
o Access to NE only through this 21 km neck
o No sea-port for NE to access via sea
o Many provinces only have Helipads
o i.e. geographic access to NE is very less = little economic development
 How do you supply food, electricity, man power..?
o Need to access through neighboring countries = IR with Bangladesh
o China has roads till Arunachal Pradesh = security threat
 Harsh Terrain = more inaccessibility
o Mountains
o Dense forests & Tribal communities who cannot be displaced
o Border Management
 Easy for infiltration from Myanmar cos porous border
 (open border = Bhutan, Nepal = anyone can come and go; no
Visa etc needed)
 (Myanmar, China, Bangladesh needs visa = illegal migrants
come in = porous borders)
 (movement of arms, drugs, fake currency, trafficking through
all borders)

Security issues in NE
1. Geographical inaccessibility
 a. No direct land or sea route except for a 21km stretch
b. Difficult terrain
2. Dependency on neighbors
a. Need to have good relations
b. Bad relations = increased security problems
3. Migration issues
a. Assam  Bangladeshi migrants enter into Assam illegally
4. Inaccessibility and mis-governance create developmental problems
a. Education
b. Health
c. Opportunities
d. No energy
e. Security threat due to separatist movements who quote development
in the rest of India  India’s 7-8% growth does not translate to
development in NE
i. Modi said “West is very strong, East is not”
ii. Build good relations with Bangladesh to develop NE
f. IDEOLOGY of movement = Overthrow Indian rule and become
INDEPENDENT
i. Coz ‘rest of India is different from us’
5. Culturally and socially it is an integral part of India  but the economic and
human development that has happened in the rest of India has not happened
in the NE
6. Situated between China, Bhutan, Bangla, Myanmar =4500 km of international
border
7. Arunachal Pradesh  contested by China  International maps do not show
ArunP as part of India  considered part of Tibet by China eg. Tawang
Tibetan monastery
8. The region is connected to South East Asia and China through
a. Ancient Silk Route and
b. Burma road built during WW2
i. Japan had attacked Burma and Britain built this road to send
troops
9. 1991 “Look East” policy of PV Narasimharao
a. Develop NE by connecting it to countries in South-East Asia
b. Bangladesh-NE-Myanmar-South East Asia

Overall problems in NE
 Political and cultural contact between NE and rest of India is very less
o Historically less even during Freedom struggle
o Nation building consciousness was not built among the tribal groups
in NE
o Nehru said “struggle for independent India did not affect the frontier
regions and its tribal communities”  problem is historical and not
just because of Bangladesh
 o Nehru “They never experience a sensation of being in a country called
India and were hardly influenced by the struggle for freedom and
other movements in India”
o Nehru and Erwin’s policies were implemented in NEFA – outside the
jurisdiction of Assam

AIM
 The fight to restore the sovereignty of these provinces begins with the
annexation of Assam following the defeat of Burma in 1826 in the 1st Anglo-
Burma war
 The were retained by India post-1947
 Before that people believe that they were an independent State
 (SVP called Iron Man coz he integrated states post independence)
 i.e. reorganization of states has not yet ended in India

Process of nation-building:
1. ‘Melting Pot Model’ = Heterogeneous cultures melt to become homogenous
a. Eg. Sri Lanka, Pakistan attempted to impose culture
b. Chakma refugees in Chittagong province of Bangladesh who were
oppressed saying that Bangladesh belongs to Bengalis
c. India has different cultures  communities in NE India are in different
stages of primitive-to-advanced  Nation-building is a serious
problem to be tackled to address insurgency/separatism
2. ‘Mosaic Model’ = Multicultural different structures mix, but remain different
a. eg. We may be of different religions, but of the same Indian culture 
Indian Christians may follow Hindu customs  Indians have similar
cultural homogeneity
b. Even though cultures mix, the state allows them to be separate
c. Communal, separatist movements etc occurs due to homogenization
of culture
d. Indian constitution has made provisions for this

MIZORAM
 Corner last state
 Myanmar-Bangladesh
 Illegal movements between Myanmar and Bangladesh happens through
Mizoram
 Periphery regions usually lack ameneties
o Same is true in state borders eg. Kerala-Karnataka border
o State is always interested in developing the center
o Border roads are usually bad
 British colonial policy
o Lal (chieftainship) system
o Mizo-inhabited areas were treated as excluded areas = seen as
‘buffer state’ = cornered in politics between states = lack of civil
amenities, economic backwardness, regional hegemony of Assam =
Separatist tendencies
  Mizo Union 1946 formed to react to oppression of Assam hegemoy and
neglect by Indian government
 6th Schedule
o Autonomous district council status to Lushai hills
 1959 Bamboo flowering season and huge rodent population explosion =
damaged cash crops = terrible famine
o When both Indian and Assam government failed to help
o Laldenga (ex-soldier) formed Mizo National Famine Front and
succeeded in providing local relief through local initiative
 Similar to Naxal movement
 1961 Laldenga turned it into Mizo National Front (MNF)  demanded
o Independence
o Socio-economic status (neglect due to excluded province perception)
o End exploitative chieftainship
 1966 Mizo National Army was formed and it captures 11 towns and declared
independence
 1972 Center offered status of ‘Union Territory’
 1986 Mizo Peace Accord between Union Govt. and MNF
 1987 State-hood
 Now Mizoram is mostly peaceful

NAGALAND
 Myanmar = porous border = thick forest and rivers = inaccessible
 Want complete independence – but the tribal community has many tribes
o There are Naga tribes present in Assam, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh
o Goal: GREATER NAGALAND = NAGALIM
o This is the complexity = they have issues with Indian government and
surrounding insurgent groups as well
 Major support = Myanmar

History
 They also could not identify themselves with the rest of India = strong tribal
identity
 1918 Naga club formed with 20 members of Naga French Labor Corp who
fought in WW1
o They were exposed to European battlefields helped them politically
organise
o This is how the separate consciousness started
 British did not dissuade Naga Club coz they were not a threat
 Nagas were more afraid of Indian Nationalists; They were not very anti-
British
o When Simon Commission came, they submitted a referendum = said
that there is no commonality between people of Nagaland and rest of
India; So separate them from India.
 o (Same logic used in AP-Telangana, Demand for Pakistan etc. = driver
for separatist agenda is promote and exaggerate a common identity
link)
 1945 WW2 ended
 1946 the club formed Naga National Council (NNC) under charismatic leader
A Z Phizo from Angami tribe
o He was trained by British in WW2 on Burma Front against Japanese
force
o He in turn trained the NNC in guerilla warfare = small army defeating
large army by using hideouts  in inaccessible areas  that’s why
border management is very important
 Negotiations have played a major role in pacifying NE insurgency/separatism
o Unlike LWE  in separatist force is not as effective coz (1) you’ll
create martyrs; and (2) they will agree to power sharing (carrot and
stick)  this is not the case with LWE
o Eg. Nepal monarchy vs. Maoist who wanted to overthrow monarchy
 entire structure had to change
 1947 Nine point Agreement = Akbar Hydari agreement
o Naga tribes will have right over their land
o But will not be a separate country
 Phizo rejected; declared independence on 14th August 1947
 Lead to revolt  AFSPA 1958  Human Rights violations
o (some call it collateral damage; eg. US Drone attack killing innocents
to get one terrorist. Similarly during police excesses it is called
collateral damage.)
o Point is = Army presence and ‘collateral damage’/HR violations makes
people More Anti-India
 1963 Statehood granted
 1964 peace mission
 NNC was strong since they had their bases in East Pakistan
 1971 they weakened due to Bangladesh war  NNC lost hideouts
o This is key because leaders of movements are located in hideouts
o Eg. Osama Bin Laden @ Abotabad
 Role of state and non-state actors
o In 1963-64 NNC was not relenting because they wanted a separate
country
o May sections exist that are anti-India and other countries benefit by
supporting these sections – arms, training, hideouts etc.
o When state involved with these non-state actors, the problem
becomes more severe
o India has a major problem because of East Pakistan (maybe why we
involved in 1971 Bangladesh war)
 1975 Indian forces pressurized them to surrender
o Shillong Accord signed by Z Huire
 1980 Muivah, Swe and Kaphlang condemned this and formed the National
Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) in Myanmar
o Today it is one of the largest groups in Myanmar
 o Formed in Myanmar coz India had bad relations with Myanmar
 1988 further split into NSCN(IM) and NSCN(K)  both are in ceasefire with
Union since 1997 and 2001  i.e. both will not use arms

MANIPUR
 Manipur believes that it was independent till 1891; was British Protectorate
 British resident was present in princely states under subsidiary alliance
 1891 British conquered Manipur in battle of Khongjam
 Following anti-feudal struggle lead by Manipur Mahasabha, Maharaja Bodhi
Singh setup a committee to draft a constitution in March 1947 adopted in
July 1947
 Thus when the transfer of power took place in Delhi, Manipur became
independent as a constitutional monarchy with universal adult franchise
 The annexation/integration of Manipur  15th Oct 1949  process of
‘Integration of Indian States’  Meitis believe this
 Manipur has Hills and Valleys
o Meitis are usually present in the valleys
 Social and political problems
 Manipuri community (Meitis) live in the valleys
 Nagas and Kukis live in hills
 Both Nagaland and Manipur are insurgency affected areas and are
interconnected
 NNC wanted to integrate Manipur’s Naga areas into Nagalim
 Since 1990s Kuki group is asking for Autonomous District Council (ADC) vs.
Naga tribes backed by NPF and NSCN (IM) want all 4 hills to be in Nagalim 
conflict
 NSCN is organized with military force
 Kukis want autonomy, but not separation from Indian state  they don’t
want to become minority in Greater Nagaland  Since NSCN is more
powerful, Kukis are afraid that Indian government will give in  That’s why
they prefer to be part of India
 2010 when center granted ADC decided to conduct elections
 Nagas opposed and blocked NH39, the only supply channel to Manipur,
trapping them
 2011 Kuki retaliated by 122 day strike and declared Sarda district
autonomous
 Nagas reacted by another blockade of NH 39
o Financially and physically trapped = serious security problem
 Manipuri Nagas who has often resisted NSCN(IM) attempts to incorporate
them
 Greater Nagalim = Nagaland + adjoining areas of Assam (Karbi Anglong, North
Carchar) + areas of Arunachal Pradesh (Tirap and Changlang) + many hill
districts of Manipur
 Whenever negotiations between NSCN and Union govt happens, the others
will create problem  NE insurgent groups do not want GoI to have ceasefire
agreement with NSCN
ASSAM
 Socio-political and economic causes for growth of discontent in Assam
 1947 Assam was part of India
 1826 Assam annexed from Burma
 Separatist groups in Assam do not make historical claims  claims related to
post-independence socio-political and economic concerns
 Large influx of illegal migrants from Bangladesh
o During partition
o 1971 Bangladesh war of independence
 Issue was
o Bengali speaking population influx
o Muslim population influx
o This changes the demography
o Assamese proportion reducing
o This is a problem in Democracy  coz the migrants will gain
legitimacy to vote  weakening the political strength of Assamese
 Fear among Assamese middle classes and rural masses
o Loss of land  more pressure on land
o Mutual hatred due to perceived loss of culture
 Economic reasons  Union government’s decision to transport crude oil
from Assam to Bihar (i.e. Assamese not benefitting from their resources) +
tea was sent to head-offices in West Bengal for export to international
markets
o Benefits of Assamese resources went to central government
o Created a mindset that this was not benefitting Assamese
 1978 Malpractice in Lok Sabha votes
o 45% illegal migrants’ names in voters list
o More vulnerability esp. with first past the post system
 1983 state elections
o Assam State Students said they must follow 1951 National Register =
no names of illegal immigrants
 Example of Migration being a security threat in India = Assam
 ULFA was formed
 1979 ULFA wanted dual citizenship and Independent Assam  fight against
immigrants
 1992 onwards they extended to include all people of Assam  ‘all
indigenous people must stay and others shouldn’t”  no not want unity in
integrity  do not want a mosaic model = Right wing mentality
 Today ULFA is split into many sects

State Actors
 1960s China, 1970s Pakistan and later Bangladesh has actively supported
ULFA through arms and training
 Jan 2014 Bangladesh govt. gave capital punishment to ULFA leader Paresh
Barua
 o He was transporting Chinese produced arms through Bangladesh
o With Awami League Sheik Hasina govt in power, Bangladesh is not a
safe haven for ULFA
 Arbinda Rajkhowa was arrested near Indo-Bangladesh border
o When BNP + JeI comes to power, they are anti-India
o Good relations with neighbors are important for security of the
country
o Bangladeshi govt. trusting India to sign Teesta agreement, handed
over ULFA terrorist to India  many critics of Sheik Hasina says she
was too soft on India
o 2013 Center has talks with Assam govt. and ULFA
 Union agreed to some ULFA demands
 Granting ST status to 5 communities – Moran, Motok, Chutia,
Koch-Rajbongshi, Tai-Ahom
 ST status grants land rights and reserved seats in Assam state
assembly
o Violence between Remgma Nagas and Karbi militants in Karbi-
Anglong areas
 Previously peaceful communities
 Coz seeds of separation infused into them
 That makes separatist movements poisonous  us vs. them
 identity politics exists in areas seeking secession

Overall NE
Q) Why are there so many armed groups present?
 Political motivation
 Jan 2014 killing of Arunachal Pradesh youth  people claimed racial attack
from mainland India
 (NE asked Indian govt. to include a chapter in NCERT about NE culture)
 When there is no economic integration, many groups take advantage of that
and they promise economic integration after independence from India
 Availability of arms
 “where rebellion is materially feasible, it will occure”
o Arms
o Finance
o Base for training
o Recruitment
o Food supply
o Intelligence networks
 Small arms available from Bangladesh and Myanmar
 UN estimates 640 million small arms in the world  40 million in India 
32% in Manipur  shows the extent of security threat to the country
 Geography and terrain helps them survive and fight guerilla wars  they use
the terrain to fight larger armies

Government’s response
1. Use of force: repressive measures will only benefit the outfits coz
 a. Casuality of killing local people give them more support
b. Eg. Ajit Mahanta case in Assam he was killed and local people
turned against the Indian state
c. In LWE developmental activities can work  not here  here they
want seperation
2. Negotiations
a. Eg. Mizo peace accord
b. Hydari agreement
3. Constitutional provisions
a. A. 244(2) and A. 275(1)
b. Provisions for administration of tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya,
Mizoram and Tripura
c. Autonomous districts and regions
d. If there are different STs in an autonomous district, Governor can
divide it into autonomous regions
e. Power of District Council to make regulations for control of money-
lending and trading by non-tribals
f. A. 371A (1)
i. (a) Nagaland:
1. No act of parliament wrt religious and social practice s
of Nagas
2. Law & procedure of Nagas
3. Admin in Naga customary law
4. Ownership and transfer of Naga land only with
resolution from Nagaland Legislative Assembly
g. North Easter Areas (Reorganisation) Act 1971
i. Statehood for many states in NE
h. Foreigners (Protected Area) Order 1958 – Parts of Sikkim and entire
Arunachal Pradesh – need permission from MHA for outsiders to
enter
i. Reimbursement of Security Related Expenditures
i. Except Mizoram and Sikkim
j. Surrender-cum-Rehabilitation policy of Militants
i. Different states have different policies
ii. Monetary reward + vocational training
k. Repatriation of Bru (Reang) migrants from Tripura to Mizoram
i. Who migrated during violence in Mizoram from 1997 onward
Insurgency in J&K
 Pre independence = Muslim dominated with Hindu Kinf

Pak vs. India vs. China

Geography of J&K
 Glaciers
 Climate

Pak army shoots to distract India so that insurgents can enter

Pak gave up some PoK territory to China

China Pak all weather friends

Threat of unstable Afgan with US withdrawal  Taliban will enter India

Only if Pak supports, will the Kashmir problem ends  enternal problem

Separatists  internal problem

Pak  state and non state actors  when pak army attacks the disclaim saying they
are terrorists

China threat is state actors. But they help non state actors with finance and arms.
 Insurgency at Daulat Begoldi in JK  chinese came and stationed here 
problem solved through dialogue

Afgan threat
 Insurgency peaked in 1989
 Coz China and Pak are answerable to the world coz they are big states and
States are answerable, eg. If Pak army attacks they call it ceasefire violation
and India can attack back
 But Afganistan Hamid Karzai govt. vs. Taliban
o Whom will India talk to?
o Hamid Karzai will say problem is with Taliban
o Taliban had good Taliban and Bad Taliban
o Good Taliban will blame Bad…
o Dialogue is totally not possible
 States like Pakistan can misuse the term ‘non-state actors’ where both Afgan
and Pak will disclaim some attackers, but Indian cannot question anybody on
this = UNCONVENTIONAL WAR that Pak uses against India
 1980s USSR invasion into Afghanistan (cold war era)  so US helped
Afghanistan and Pak was US ally  Pak fought on behalf of Afghanistan and
trained 80,000 Afgan civilians  this is an unconventional war  with limited
people attack big army by isolated bombing etc.  this succeeded  1990s
USSR disintegrated  Pak used the same against India
  1990s, India lost its ally USSR
 Pak saw an opportunity to raise issue of Kashmir 1989  brought it to
international forum
 International community will involve it there is (1) huge human rights
violations and (2) Insurgency
 After Nawaz Shariff came to power, to internationalise the conflict, they
showed that there were killings on both sides  facilitate international
mediation  India wanted to avoid it
 1990s Pak did this
 1987 local elections  NC and INC came together  believed to be rigged
and armed insurgency began from the people on the losing side
 1988 protests against the election turned violent  parties on losing side
became ‘All Party Hurriyat Conference” and gave for a separatist call
 Started using violence
 The believed that JK will progress only when separation happens
 Seeds of separatist movements implemented in minds of people
 Pak exploited it
 Terror groups such as Hizbul Mujahideen set up by Jamaat e Islami  Kashiri
pandits told to leave Kashmir
 Kashmiri Pandits and Jammu & Kashmir people

Prominent terror groups

1. Lashkar e Taiba (LeT)
2. Hizbul Mujahideen
3. Harkatul Mujahideen
4. J&K Liberation Front

LeT
 Formed by Hafiz Mohammad Saeed  believed to be mastermind behind
Mumbai attacks  difficult to prove coz Pak who should capture him says
that he is a freedom fighter
 1980s  inducted foreign militants into Afgan war against Russia
 Spread terror tactics to India  2001 in Parliament, 2008 Mumbai attack
 Has close links with ISI = chief intelligence agency of Pak  propagating
terror tactics against India
 After 9/11 US banned LeT and such groups and called terror groups  In
2002 they changed the name to Jamaat ud Dawa

Hizbul Mujahideen
 1st Kashmiri group in both rank and file
 Pro-Pak individuals were the largest militant group in 1990s  they received
considerable support from Pak and Afgan  Role of State actors
 With Indian Army action these groups have isolated into small pockets

Harkatul Mujahideen
 Pan Islamic group that had fought Russians  now fights US forces
  In Kashmir this group kidnapped 5 western tourists in 1995  impacts
economy and stability of J&K  and to internationalise Kashmir issue
 Now banned

J&K Liberation Front

 The previous groups were pro-Pak
 This group want to be independent
 Pak decided to withdraw support from JKLF coz they did not favor accession
to Pak
 By 1990 much of its cadres were disbursed, destroyed or absorbed into other
groups
 Its leadership also split into factions and some renounced militancy
 Nowthese groups are coming together to reunite Pak and India occupied
Kashmir

Development Issues
 Lack of connectivity between key regions Jammu, Ladakh and Kashmir  due
to physiography and extreme climate
o But it is easy for Pak to come in
o Wherever there is lack of connectivity, there will be separatism
 Increased militancy  economic growth declined  people suffer
 Low human development  Education, heath etc all low
 Measures taken to curb militancy affects people in the region, eg. Mobile
services, internet etc.
 AFSPA  curbs justice  even if militants kidnap anyone, it will be easy to
blame armed forces. Sometimes when armed forces also do wrong and
seperatists groups use this to vilify the Indian army.
 Many seperatists want AFSPA to be repealed  many insurgent groups will
come in
o Eg. 2014 US withdrawal  Afgan govt not able to control Taliban
o Soldiers may have done wrong and those individuals need to be
punished, but the institution is necessary to curb terror groups and
insurgents
 Develop Kashmir and provide them security
 (Israel send Israelis to palastine to increase Jewish population. )
 Try to build cooperation, especially with youth

Government measures
 2004 PM’s reconstruction and rehabilitation project
 today 67 schemes
o Expand economic infra -> roads, power, external borrowing for infra
o Basic services  edu, health, Infra, civil amenities
o Employment and income gen  Tourism, Agri, Food processing
o Relief and rehabilitation of people affected by militancy
o Important projects
 CHUTAK Hydroelectric project, URI II
  Roads  Domel Katra road, Mughal road, Narmal-Tarmarg
road, double laning of Srinagar Ler road (NH 1D) via Kargil,
Srinagar-Uri LOC road
o Special task force for Jammu and Ladakh (army in Kashmir)
o Relief and rehab for Kashmiri migrants
o PM’spackage for Kashmiri migrants  housing assistance, transit agri,
horticulture, scholarships
o UDAAN 
 Under special industries initiative of PM
 Nat skills devp corp NSDC + MHA working with corp sector for
skills training to youth graduates and post graduates
 40k youth over 5 years
 Bring Kashmiri youth and corporate India closer
 People to people contact  cross LOC trade and travel to PoK
o Bus service Srinagar-Muzzafarabad and Poonch-Rawalkote
 After 2008  zero duty on this route for 21 items

Article 370
 Special status to J&K
 People demanding to bring A 370 brought back to how it was in 1947-48
 Part 21
 J&K will determine their consti with their own internally elected consti
assembly  to determine their internal matters
 A 1 and A 370 are the only articles applicable to J&K
 Other provisions will be applied by Presi after consulting state govt

Features of J&K consti

 Adopted 17 nov 1949
 Enforced on 26 Jan 1950
 Declares it as an INTEGRAL PART OF INDIA  no dispute over the territory at
ALL
 Territoty = all that was under ruler of the state on 15 aug 1947
o India Kashmir + PoK + China occupied Kashmir
o This is why Afgan is considered India’s land neighbor
 State can determine who are the permanent residents
o Privileges over other citizens of India
 Has Directive principles
 Provides for Bicameral Legislature;
o 24/111 assembly seats are for PoK  vacant  means India will
never give up
o Council has 36 seats
 Originally President was called Sadar-i-Riyasat and PM as Wazir-i-Azam. In
1965 renamed as Governor and CM
 High Court with CJ + 2 or more judges  presi appoints agter consulting with
CJI and JK Governor
  HC can ONLY issue writs for Fundamental Rights
 Governors rule when state admin fails JK state constitution. Since 1964 Presi
Rule can be imposed under A 356.
o 1977  Governor’s rule
o 1986  President’s rule for 1st time
 Presi has issued several orders to confirm Union’s jurisdiction over JK
o JK included in part 1, sch 1
o But name and boundary cannot be changed by Union without consent
of legislature
o Part 6 not applicable, i.e. JK will be administered with JK consti
o Till 1963 concurrent list was with state leg. Now it is with Union –
some subjects
o Residuary powers with State, except national interest – terrorism,
sovereignty and territorial integrity if India, insult to nat flag, anthem
and constitution of India (respect national symbols to build national
consciousness)
o Fundamental rights guaranteed with exceptions
 Right to property available to JK – acq of land, scholarship etc
o National emergency on internal disturbance will not have effect in JK
except with JK state concurrence. Financial emergency cannot be
imposed.
o A 365 not applicable
o International treaty affecting DISPOSITION of JK territory needs
State’s consent

Autonomy Resolution
 Passed by JK state assembly in June 2000  criticizing extension of powers in
A 370  due to discontent over AFSPA
 Only defense, foreign affairs, comm and ancilliary subjects with Union
 A 356 does not apply to JK
 External aggression/Internal emergency, state govt to have Authority
 Election commission have no role
 No role for All India Services
o 2 important unitary structures in India
 Governor and CM = Sara-i-Riyazat and Wazir-i-Azam
 Center to lose adjudication over inter-state rivers
 No power to parliament to amend JK constitution
 SC powers curtailed, HC given more power
 This was rejected by Union

New Compact with JK

 In 2010Union appointed a group of interlocutors  3 member committee
headed by Dileep Padgaonkar
 Coz JK was fighting against AFSPA, pelting stones on army etc
 It recommended est. Constitutional Committee by members acceptable to JK
people and rest of India
 Purpose = verify articles extended by PoI
 Once PoI passes recommended items, PoI must give up his powers of passing
orders
 Remove ‘temporary’ and call it ‘special’
 Governor should be appointed by PoI based on state Govt’s
recommendations
 Proportion of AIS under A 312 reduced gradually
 Create 3 regional councils – Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh under 1 state admin
 Parliament should make no laws unless it affects internal and external
security + laws on access to energy and water