Teks MC DPNC 2017

PHILIPPINE: POLICY WAR ON DRUGS MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ ABDUL
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ABSTRACT
This research paper is to discover the connection concerning security

studies and the policy implemented in Philippines. Specifically, this paper
empirically focuses on whether the war on drugs which is implemented in
Philippines gives impact to human security of Filipinos after the President of
Philippine, Rodrigo Duterte entered the office.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Introduction Formatted: Font: Bold
International Relations is a arena of study that consist of politics,

economics, and social that studies interactions between states or
organisations that operate in domestic, regional, or even international level,
in which, associated with the international system as for political, economic,
or even social purposes. International Relations is also related to different
actors that have significant roles in determining the political, economic and
social status of the state. The actors involved in this international relations
field of study are state-actors and non-state actors. State actors, for
instances, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines and much more from which
occupies legitimacy, sovereignty and power in politics. Non- state actors, on
the other hands, are any organisations involved states within it, in which it
promotes cooperation between state actors as the affiliates of respective
organisations. International organisations are also categorised as non-state
actors in this field of study. State actors and non-state actors have requisite
goals of achieving their interests in order to sustain and survive in
international politics. Therefore, in short, actors tangled in international
relations, regardless state actors or non-state actors, are driven by its
determination of interests that benefit them in any way.
Furthermore, it is undeniable that international relations area of

study does not waive security. It is because security is part of prominent
aspect in international relations studies as it determines the degree of
survival of a state in globalized world. Security studies, on the other hand,
focuses on conflicts, in which, the manifestation of conflicts is due to
different positions and interests of involved parties. From this perspective,
there are three diverse level of conflicts which are domestic, regional and
global.
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However, domestic conflict is an indicative and as main focus for this

research paper. According to Conflict Studies, conflict is an indicator sign of
clashes between positions and interests the involving parties, therefore, the
occurrence of war is possible and causing repercussions out of conflicts if it
is yet to be resolved. War, in this case, as the last final call to resolve the
issue in order to put an end to what remains unsolved – to end the clashes.
Therefore, this paper will focus on domestic issues which leads to

national security, as a response to the increasing number of drug cases in Commented [P1]: How drug has been frame as a threat
to national security in the Philippines
the Philippines.
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Background of Study Formatted: Font: Bold
Rodrigo Duterte, the President of Philippine, has decided to come up with

an absolute solution as he thinks it could solve the drug-related concerns in
his ruling country, which is through the implementation of War on Drugs’
policy. The policy was started right at the moment after he entered the
office. This policy is the deemed as the policy that against the fundamental
of human rights which is right to life – according to Article 1 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights 1948. However, the president gets the
legitimacy to actually implement the policy as the status quo of Philippine in
related to drug issues is in critical as claimed by him. The president also
believes that this is one of ways to curb the issues from getting worse in
Philippine because it also deemed as a threat to Filipinos. The policy was set
up by the government of Philippine – under the president – concerning the
demand and supply of drugs in the country which leads to the increasing
number of chaotic in the state under his ruling.
The implementation of this policy involves extermination of drug

dealers, addicts, or even suspects as the Philippines nowadays. This is
because drug trafficking is a form of illegal trade. Drug trafficking is an
activity that involves drug smuggling, in which, deprives states’ income or
revenue and also challenge state’s legal control over Philippine’s border. The
increase number of drug trafficking would increase the number of drug
addicts and active operation of drug dealers (pushers). Somehow, to a
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certain extent, the drug-related activities actually undermine the sovereignty

of the state and as well as to render security threats to the Filipinos.
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1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Commented [P2]: Chapter 3
Philippine is a country listed as one out of the ten of ASEAN members.

Philippine is located on the continent of Asia, covering 298,170 square
kilometres of land and 1,830 square kilometres of water. It is, therefore,
resulting Philippine as the 73rd largest nation in the world.1 The former
president of the Republic of Philippine was Benigno Aquino III and the
presidency has transitioned to Rodrigo Duterte, making him as the 16th
President of the Philippines. His presidency started in June, 30th 2016.2
Duterte’s manifesto was, he promised that if he could win the presidential
election, he would kill 100,000 drug users and pushers.3 Elaborating more
on his presidential campaign, his promising manifesto also included the
phase of the first six month – to exterminate the people who involved with
drugs and followed by seven months later.
This policy war on drugs started in 2016 as he entered the office,

after he won the election – his manifesto was to create clean surrounding of
atmosphere without drugs – and he is now given the mandate to safeguard
the people of Philippine at any cost. Therefore, he keeps his policy
implemented, even though, what he does for the good sake of Philippine
really does raise Filipino’s outrage – not a vast majority. However, it still
ignites the public anger as the report of extrajudicial in Philippine hikes up
and the killings have involved and victimized children and teenagers. This
has caused insecurity and unsafe atmosphere in the state ever since drugs
issues have been securitized. This is because the extermination was too
much and inhuman.
1
Where is the Philippines? http://www.worldatlas.com/as/ph/where-is-the-philippines.html,
accessed online January 1, 2018.
2
Philippines’ Security Sector and the War on Drugs ,
http://secgovcentre.org/2017/04/philippines-security-sector-and-the-war-on-drugs/,
3
Ibid.,
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The insecurity seems to be experienced by the Filipinos among them

and it fears the people because of the killings conducted have been
controversial and the persons who got killed in the extrajudicial killing would
not have been found guilty – some of them were only suspected to have
involved with drugs. The number of people who reported dead during the
anti-drug operations was not necessarily accurate.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
You should start with the question or puzzle why do you want to
discuss this topic? What so interesting about this topic
The writer conducts a research about the impact of the policy – the
war on drugs – by the President Republic of Philippine. This is to
ascertain on what are the drive forces for the policy and how
actually the policy is implemented. Also, followed by the reaction of
the Filipinos over the initiated idea by the Rodrigo Duterte –
president of the state.
What exactly happening in the Philippine is the issue of drug-related

issues that are deemed to be the most major threats to the well-
being of the people of Philippines. Therefore, it can be said that the
government is doing their best to curb the social problems that have
been occurring in the Philippine.
The government, as the state actor, has the legitimacy to create a

rule of conduct to achieve the national interests for the sake the
state in the future. National interests do not always have to do with
other states, but it also has to do with the people of the state itself.
In order to make Philippine becomes great and safe, therefore, it
has to start from the within of the state. The stability of the state in
security should be more focused on rather.
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1.3 OBJECTIVES
The writer tends to achieve few objectives for this research paper.
The objectives of this research paper are:
a) To understand the implementation of the policy of war on drugs

in the Philippines.
b) To find out the status quo of drugs-related issues in the
Philippines during the administration of Rodrigo Duterte.
c) To discover the issues and challenges out of the implementation
of the war on drugs policy.
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Theory/Concept
1.21.4 LITERATURE REVIEW
The writer tries to understand in depth the issue in regards to the

policy of war on drugs which initiated by the President Republic of
Philippines – now successfully implemented in the Philippines by looking at
the status quo of drug cases. Through the reading and analysing the
security in the Philippines, it is the intention of the writer to write about the
relationship between the securitization theory and the policy of war on
drugs in Philippines.
According to the book of Globalization of World Politics: An

Introduction to International Relations 4th edition, security can be simply
understood as the state of being secured and freed from any threats and Commented [P3]: Pls refer to the author(s) not the whole
book because this book consists of several chapter with
form of insecurity.4 Also, the absence of insecurity and threats help to different focus
comprehend further about the concept of security. However, back then,
security was defined as protection given by the sovereign states to its
people and the essence of security was merely national security. This is to
simply say that; states have responsibility to safeguard its people from any
external threats or insecurity within the states’ territory – national security.
However, according to the United Nation of Development

Programme (UNDP) in 1994, the range of human security is categorised into
7 dimensions which are, economic security, food security, health security,
environmental security, personal security, community security, and political
security.5 Apart from that, it can also be applied to look much further into
personal, community and political security aspects. In this case, Filipinos are
4
Baylis. J., International and Global Security. In Baylis, J., Smith. S., and Owen. P. (eds)
Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations 4 th Edition. Oxford
University Press: New York. 2008. pp 228-230.
5
Oscar. A. Gomez, and Des, Gasper. Human Security: A Thematic Guidance Note for
Regional and National Human Development Report Teams.pdf. United Nations Development
Programme Human Development Report Office, (n.d), pp. 1-3.
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placed into dangerous situations which could deprive their rights to life as
their security is not guaranteed even though they are in their own country.
In other words, the Filipinos, they are impacted by what is done by the
police forces.
This is because the extrajudicial killings are meant to kill people who
suspected as drug abusers or pushers without having undergone legal jury
process as no further investigation takes place and justice remains not
enforceable.
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You need more literature. Pls categorise your lit review based on the themes – 1)
drugs as a security issue; 2) security issues 3) security theory etc.
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1.31.1 PROBLEM STATEMENTS
The writer conducts a research about the impact of the policy – the
war on drugs – by the President Republic of Philippine. This is to
ascertain on what are the drive forces for the policy and how
actually the policy is implemented. Also, followed by the reaction of
the Filipinos over the initiated idea by the Rodrigo Duterte –
president of the state.
What exactly happening in the Philippine is the issue of drug-related

issues that are deemed to be the most major threats to the well-
being of the people of Philippines. Therefore, it can be said that the
government is doing their best to curb the social problems that have
been occurring in the Philippine.
The government, as the state actor, has the legitimacy to create a

rule of conduct to achieve the national interests for the sake the
state in the future. National interests do not always have to do with
other states, but it also has to do with the people of the state itself.
In order to make Philippine becomes great and safe, therefore, it
has to start from the within of the state. The stability of the state in
security should be more focused on rather.
1.41.1 OBJECTIVES
The writer tends to achieve few objectives for this research paper.
The objectives of this research paper are:
a) To understand the implementation of the policy of war on drugs

in the Philippines.
b)a) To find out the status quo of drugs-related issues in the
Philippines during the administration of Rodrigo Duterte.
c)a) To discover the issues and challenges out of the
implementation of the war on drugs policy.
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1.5 METHODOLOGY
State whether this is a qualitative or quantative?

One of the methods used to collect data and information for
the research paper was to make full use of secondary sources. Apart
from that, research materials in library acted as prioritized sources
as well to actually collect all the reading materials that are related to
the research conducted by the writer and mostly the precedence
chosen libraries were the Library of Universiti Malaysia Sabah and as
well as the ilmusabah.com - library of School of Social Sciences in
the university to obtain further materials such as thesis, books,
proposal and as well as relevant newspapers sources.
In addition to that, information on the trusted official
websites was also taken into consideration as the issue that is
happening in Philippine nowadays requires the writer to do extra
readings on the internet due to lack of writing and publication in
regards the area of conducted research for references.
1.6 SCOPE
Timeframe of your study
What the issue
In order to make sure the research is objectively conducted

and organised, therefore, the writer has decided to focus on the
specific area for a case study. Philippine is the area of study where
research is focused on because the policy war on drug, which
initiated by the Rodrigo Duterte is only applicable in Philippine, and
the extrajudicial killing is done under his ruling area of territory
especially in Manila.
The writer wants to know the status quo number of killings

reported in Philippine due to the drug abusers and pushers. There
are also innocent Filipinos who got killed in the operations conducted
by the police in order to respond to the effort of the president of the
state.
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Following the increased number of reported death, therefore,

the writer wants to find out about the security of the Filipinos due to
actions are taken by the president and security forces of the state, in
response to the policy.
1.7 RESEARCH LIMITATION
The writer had to deal with problems – lack of data and

information in the chosen topic – as the issue of what is actually
happening in Philippine can be considered as contemporary. The
policy is initiated by the current state’s president Republic of
Philippine – Rodrigo Duterte – and the implementation of his policy
was brought into force was started from last year in 2016.
1.8 RESEARCH STRUCTURE
This research paper is divided into six chapters as follow:
Chapter 1 will be focused on comprehensive writing where it

touches on introduction, historical background, literature reviews,
problem statements, objectives, methodology, research scope, and
research limitation while conducting this research paper. This section
will be explained briefly about the research that is conducted by the
writer as a whole to give readers some clear pictures of what this
research paper is all about.
Chapter 2 of this research paper then will discuss further

about the application of theories or suitable concepts that can be
related to the topic that has been chosen by the writer in order to
answer the research objectives accordingly. Theories are temporary
statements used by the writer in order to study the human security
in Philippine after the transition of presidential from Aquino to
Rodrigo Duterte. Theories and concepts which are brought into
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existence by some scholars are very important as those are

guidelines for the writer to write comprehensively and help readers
to understand the topic.
Chapter 3 is a section where the writer has come up with the

statistic and status quo of the research to support the research
paper. This chapter will focus on the background of the Philippines
and drug issue in the Philippines before duterte
Chapter 4 - on the other hand, is a section that emphasises more on

the policy implemented in Philippine, initiated by the president
Republic of Philippine.
Policy on the war on drug – before the election (drug in the duterte
manifesto) – how duterte used the issue to fish the vote of the
philippones – how he sees the drug issue in the philippines society -
and after helm the government – how he portray the drug issue or
how he legitimate war on drug in the Philippines –
you have to identify who is the

- securitizing actor(s) – what the actor says about the drug Formatted: Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 1" +
Indent at: 1.25"
- audience (the mass – Filipinos – which section of the Filipinos
people – who is the majority, military, economic player?, senate,
international community? – ask why?
- etc
what policy he implements – how many has been arrested?, judicial

killing? – how many people die, or other policies?
Chapter 5 is then followed by the issues and challenges, in which

experience by the Filipinos after the policy war on drugs has been
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enforced in the country. In this section, the writer has highlighted

the issues or the aftermath of the policy implementation.
Chapter 6, as usual, will be the final chapter that summarizes all the
discussions that have been made in the previous chapters.
Therefore, conclusion is meant to explain the essence of the
research in short and more understandable ways.
Conclusion
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2.0 Theory and Concept: Securitization TheoryAPPLICATION OF Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma, Bold
CONCEPTS AND THEORY. Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma, Bold
2.11.9 INTRODUCTION
Write a simple introduction before start ………
In this chapter, the writer will focus and seek further discussion on
concepts and theory that are applicable in this research, in order to
understand, review and analyse the subject of discussion to a point
where readers can relate to the chosen case study. By means of
providing definitions, concepts and theory will assist readers to
comprehend the reasoning of the implementation of the policy war
on drugs by the President of the Republic of Philippine, Rodrigo
Duterte. By focusing and devoting to only the focused definitions,
concepts and theory in this chapter will make this research paper
becomes more structured and organised. Also, in this chapter, the
writer has decided to choose the Securitization Theory which was
introduced by the school of thought, namely, the Copenhagen
School.
This school of thought was developed by well-known

individuals who expert in security studies including Barry Buzan, Ole
Wæver, and Jaap de Wilde as a response to many writings at the
Conflict and Peace Research Institute (COPRI).6 The reason of
choosing this theory is because the convincing arguments provided
on how the war has emerged in Philippine by securitizing an issue as
a threat to a national security. Not just that, this research conducted
has to deal with the security issues, therefore, this theory is suitable
and a perfect match to provide readers alternative ways to
comprehensively understand what is the research all about.
6
H. Stritzel. Securitization Theory and the Copenhagen School. In Security in Translation,
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057%2F9781137307576_2, accessed online January,
10 2018.
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The Copenhagen School offers reasonable approaches in

understanding contemporary security studies. According to this
approach, security can be defined by three (3) elements which are:
firstly, security can never be addressed to the use and control of
military sectors alone, but it must be interlinked with another sectors
as well. This is because, threats can come and exist in many ways,
thus, security studies need to cater all – holistically covered. Second,
this school of thought also extends the focus to regional because of
security dynamics in regions were found. Lastly, security studies can
be understood by constructing the security as according to
constructivists theoretical approaches through the process of
securitization.
Another focus that is highlighted in this approach are the must-

include sectors and those have varied into five (5) which are military
sector, political sector, economic sector, societal sector and
environmental sector (Buzan, Wæver and Wilde:1998;7-8). All these
five (5) sectors have distinct concerns in character as those have
different types of interactions taking part in. The military sector, for
example, concerns about the use of coercion or forces, while politics
sector, on the other hand, concerns about the governing system as a
legitimised actor, recognition and possession of authority. The
economic sector, as usual, concerns about the activity of trade –
exchanging products and driven by the growth of economic (wealth),
while societal and environmental concern about collective identities
and human activities towards the earth respectively.
There are alternative ways to analyse and study the politics,

economics, and social irrespective of lens used in order to
comprehend the analysis. Security studies is also part of
international relations field, hence, it lays out the levels of analysis
that must not be side-lined in analysing securities so that it will not
be a vague analysis. International System, International Subsystem,
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Units, Subunits, and Individuals are the levels of analysis. The

explanations of the levels are as follows:
1. International system: is the largest unit in international
relations analysis, in which, in this level it encompasses the
entire unit that involves in international relations actors such
as state actors and non-state actors.
2.1. International subsystem: is the narrowing focus
whereby it only involves groups of units within the
international system. This level focuses on regional level and
usually does already have pacts or institutional in character.
3.1. Units: the small units which comprise various of
subgroups, organisations, communities, and many
individuals. In this case, states, nations and transnational
firms.
4.1. Subunits: the units are reduced to become as smallest
as possible which can be differentiated between units and
subunits. For instance, bureaucracies, group of people, or
lobbies which can give impacts in decisive actions at the
units’ level.
5.1. Individuals: is the level where by it is the final limit
that can be focused on in social sciences.
A good understanding of the two important and fundamental points

as mentioned above will help readers to directly grasp the idea of how the
securitization theory works in security studies. It can be a guideline for
ensuring any research in security studies to be objectively conducted and
well-structured. Therefore, the following sub-points in this chapter will
provide further explanations on the definitons, relevant concepts and
theory.
2.21.10 DEFINITION OF SECURITY
Security, is an absence of absolute definition – mainly after the era

of post-Cold War – because it can be varied based on the application of
lenses and approaches in understanding the security. The term of security
itself does not necessarily have an absolute meaning as security is seen
controversial and dissimilar in character based on how it is valued and
perceived from one’s standpoint.
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In general, the word of security is taken from Latin word, in which

known as Securitas.7 The word Securitas itself gives a connotation that
explains a state of peace and prosperous.8 The state of peace and
prosperous can become achievable by the assurance of freedom from
threats or efforts of dealing with threats; lessen the fear of the being
threatened irrespective of parties concerns. Meaning to say, be it
individuals, groups of people, communities, or state; these all listed parties
must be assured of their security or freedom from threats.
Security is lack of consensus for the reason that it does not have an
absolute meaning as aforementioned earlier. Thus, security can be defined
differently to a different civilization and its interpretations have always been
on debates. Security is indeed an essentially contested concept as
mentioned in Buzan’s writing entitled People, States & Fear. The National
Security Problem in International Relations (1983).9 Supporting to this
argument, security can be really understood with the distinction of security
between objective and subjective. These two distinguishes of security have
different explanations and measures that need to be clearly differentiated.
There are different forms of security which can be differentiated

easily; objective security and subjective security. Objective security, as
stated by Wolfers, is an absence of objective dangers in term of numbers of
calculation.10 For instance, the total number of military troops coming from
external threats. While, subjective security, therefore, is the opposite
dangers, in which, cannot be seen or calculated, but through a feeling of
7
Ramli Dollah and Marja Azlima Omar. Asas Hubungan Antarabangsa. Kota Kinabalu:
Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 2014. p.124.
8
Ibid.,
9
Schäfer, P, J. The Concept of Security. In Human and Water Security in Israel and Jordan,
New York: Springer, 2013, p.5.
10
Brauch, H, G. Concepts of Security Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks in
Coping with Global Environmental Change, Disasters and Security, Hexagon Series on
Human and Environmental Security and Peace 5, New York: Springer, 2011, p.61
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fear.11 In other words, subjective security is not about military troops or

weapons used by the opponents, but possible threats can be posed by the
opponents which reflects to perceptions to one’s standpoint on how threats
is perceived and valued. All in all, irrespective of objective or subjective
sense of security, survival of oneself, a state, or a world – referring to
preferred level of analysis – need to be safeguarded and protected.
According to Barry Buzan (1998) security has nothing else related to

it but undeniably the state of survival as the mere objective. Security means
nothing if the referent object that needs to be given protection is not
protected. Therefore, Buzan asserts that referent object must be identified
and given protection for the sake of its survival. Survival of the referent
object does not necessarily have to do with states but it can be narrowed
down further such as the survival of societies, groups of people and in fact,
individuals alone as well. In short, referent object must be clearly identified
and protection is all for it.
Pls add more writes who define what is security. Pls state what they
had said about security.
You mention about definition, but you did not state what is definition
of security according to scholars. Eg. Walt defines security as “……”
Your references very poor??
2.3 TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY Commented [P4]: Out of sudden you discss about
traditional and non tradistional. What happen before this?
Security is seen as a very complex issue and it can be distinguished through Commented [P5]: Pls separate the discussion traditional
and non-traditional
two types of security according to its differences. Therefore, there are two
types of security that will be highlighted in this section: (1) traditional
security; (2) non-traditional security. These two types of security are
different in characters that the features cater distinct focuses evolving
11
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together with the time changes. This is simply because of world becoming
more globalized, thus, security issues can no longer be focused on
traditional aspect alone but rather flexible and involves wide ranging of
concerns.12 Before the illustration of examples are given to support the
arguments, one must understand and be able enough to differentiate
between the traditional security and non-traditional security above all.
State who are the scholars of realist and their what major works on realism
Basically, traditional security merely refers to the classical realism

standpoints or assumptions in international politics. Realism’s adherents are
extremely fanatical that security is defined as in existence form of military
and it is characterised as state-centric.13 Apart from that, Realists believe
that “state” is the only principle actor in international politics and coupled
with the anarchic international system in which, the absence of the world
central authority. Due to the existence of anarchy – prevailed –, it thus
strengthens the arguments that state is the key actor and its duty in
assuring the survival is significant be it in good ways or another way
around. The prevailed of anarchy – absence of world central authority –
justifies the actions executed by the state actors and conflicts become
inevitable, therefore, the solution of not getting oppressed or involved with
war or protracted conflicts is to dominate others or be strong enough to
face the threats.
Moving to the next point, states’ survival cannot be compromised

and external threats coming from other states surely cannot be stopped.
States’ survival in international realm can never be guaranteed and assure,
as all states around the world are struggling with their own survival and
12
Buzan, B. The New Pattern of Global Security in The Twenty-First Century. International
Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944). 1991. Vol. 67. No. 3. p431.
13
Buzan, B. Waever, O., and Wilde, D, J. Security: A New Framework of Analysis. Rienner
Publishers Inc, 1998, ppXX
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security. The prevailed of anarchy makes threats become more possible to

be posed by others because we can never know what other states would do
for the sake of their survivals. All of the arguments match with the central
idea of Realism which is conflicts or wars are inevitable and cannot be
escaped.14 Therefore, military was the only means used by states for
defensive or even offensive purposes; ensuring security in order to survive
in global politics. In short, quoting from the most popular Historian Greek
masterpiece History of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides asserted that the
strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must. Based on the
quotes, it is a clear cut that, in order to survive, one must be capable
enough to achieve it in many ways.
Explain what types of threat or issues that related to tradituional
The Critique of Traditional Security Formatted: Font: Bold

Formatted: Font: Bold
Discuss the critique of traditional approach that led to the emergence of non
traditional security
Non Traditional Security Formatted: Font: Bold
explain what is traditional security? Definition.
Why traditional security?
Non-traditional security, on the other hand, is not just related to

military alone but rather involves with other aspects such as economic,
environmental, societal, and politics as in comparison to traditional
security.15 Non-traditional security encompasses a wide range of aspects
14
Dunne, T. and Schmidt, B, C. Realism. In Baylis, J., Smith. S., and Owen. P. (eds)
Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations 4 th Edition. Oxford
University Press: New York. 2008. pp 92-105.
15
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which seem to be also essential in understanding security. Meaning to say,

threats are not merely imposed by military sector from other states but
threats can also come from many directions.
As stated by Mely Caballero-Anthonny, non-traditional security can

be clearly defined as distinctive to traditional security in a sense that non-
traditional security is, threats that can exist out of non-military sources.16
For instances, non-traditional security can be seen in such forms as climate
changes, drug trafficking, natural disasters, transnational crimes, ethnic
conflicts and many more which are not relatively associated to the military
sectors. Having said that, other sectors also have potentials to threaten the
stability and give suffers to the existing security. Sectors that are
highlighted in the Security: A New Framework for Analysis are interrelated
and to an extent, can threaten national security and survival.17
What issue?
2.2.11.10.1 DEEPENING AND WIDENING ON SECURITY STUDIES.
In this section, the Copenhagen School has placed two different approaches
to further explain about how security is best understood. Therefore, two
different classifications are introduced which are deepening and widening.
In relation to traditional and nts approach, 2 different approach has emerged

in response to this debate; namely the widening and deepening.
What is explaining? Elaborate further
Defining
16
Non-Traditional Security Threats,
http://www.globalindiafoundation.org/nontraditionalsecurity.html, Accessed online January,
15 2018.
17
Buzan, B. Waever, O., and Wilde, D. J. Security: A New Framework of Analysis. Rienner
Publishers Inc, 1998, ppXX
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Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
What is deepening debate? Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma
Deepening is best represented by traditionalists’ group, and on the

other hand, widening is represented by post-structuralism or namely non-
traditionalists. Traditionalists views on security are so devoted to Realism
approach, in which, the security is always related to the use of military forces
irrespective of purposes – defensive or offensive – as it tells traditionalists’
views are very state-centric due to their assumptions in international politics.
According to this view, security is equated with peace, therefore, in
pursuance of peace, security must be preserved and thus, military forces still
remain as the primary alternative.
The reason for considering the use of military forces is very

straightforward, as most believed by the Realists, it is simply because the
absence of world government leads to the international anarchic system.
Besides, the principal actors in international politics are only state actors,
hence, state-centric does valid in their arguments. Above all, everything that
is done by state actors, the driven force is mere for the sake of states’
survival.
Considering to achieve survival in international politics, therefore,

power is absolutely required for a perpetual survival. For a small conclusion,
security studies, according to most Realists, is a study of threats, use and
control of military forces. The main purpose of having strong and capable
military forces is for defensive and offensive as emphasised in Waltz’ idea.
In contrast, widening or broadening is an expansion of relevant

security studies as it is not dependent merely on states or military sectors.18
Traditionally, Buzan, he believes that security has always been associated
with survival of states. But, the Copenhagen Schools has broadened the
18
23
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security sectors to four which are political, economic, societal, and

environmental. As consequences, referent object can be widened and
designated more not only state alone but concerns wide ranging from
political, economic, societal and environmental sectors rather. For instances,
political security focuses on national sovereignty; economic security, on the
other hands, focuses on domestic economic; societal security focuses on
identities; and environmental security focuses on species and habitats. In
short, broadening or namely widening is socially constructed as it deals with
social aspects as well.
In a small conclusion, the Copenhagen School has presented a broad

definition of security; according to time passage without necessarily setting
aside the fundamental of security, in fact, providing a more holistic definition
that caters all social issues. Security, as according to the CS theory, covers all
aspects, in which, does not necessarily focus too much on the military but
conversely, other sectors as well. CS asserts that military sector is not the
only sector that gives threat to national security but it other sectors also have
potentials to threaten the stability and give suffers to the existing security.
Sectors that are highlighted in the Security: A New Framework for Analysis
are interrelated and to an extent can threaten national security. Commented [P6]: Move to Copenhagen School and
securitization
Copenhagen School and Securitization Theory Formatted: Font: Bold
What is the Copenhagen school
Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma
This school of thought was developed by well-known

individuals who expert in security studies including Barry Buzan, Ole
Wæver, and Jaap de Wilde as a response to many writings at the
24
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Conflict and Peace Research Institute (COPRI).19 The reason of

choosing this theory is because the convincing arguments provided
on how the war has emerged in Philippine by securitizing an issue as
a threat to a national security. Not just that, this research conducted
has to deal with the security issues, therefore, this theory is suitable
and a perfect match to provide readers alternative ways to
comprehensively understand what is the research all about.
The Copenhagen School offers reasonable approaches in

understanding contemporary security studies. According to this
approach, security can be defined by three (3) elements which are:
firstly, security can never be addressed to the use and control of
military sectors alone, but it must be interlinked with another sectors
as well. This is because, threats can come and exist in many ways,
thus, security studies need to cater all – holistically covered. Second,
this school of thought also extends the focus to regional because of
security dynamics in regions were found. Lastly, security studies can
be understood by constructing the security as according to
constructivists theoretical approaches through the process of
securitization.
Another focus that is highlighted in this approach are the must-

include sectors and those have varied into five (5) which are military
sector, political sector, economic sector, societal sector and
environmental sector (Buzan, Wæver and Wilde:1998;7-8). All these
five (5) sectors have distinct concerns in character as those have
different types of interactions taking part in. The military sector, for
example, concerns about the use of coercion or forces, while politics
sector, on the other hand, concerns about the governing system as a
legitimised actor, recognition and possession of authority. The
economic sector, as usual, concerns about the activity of trade –
19
H. Stritzel. Securitization Theory and the Copenhagen School. In Security in Translation,
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057%2F9781137307576_2, accessed online January,
10 2018.
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exchanging products and driven by the growth of economic (wealth),

while societal and environmental concern about collective identities
and human activities towards the earth respectively.
There are alternative ways to analyse and study the politics,

economics, and social irrespective of lens used in order to
comprehend the analysis. Security studies is also part of
international relations field, hence, it lays out the levels of analysis
that must not be side-lined in analysing securities so that it will not
be a vague analysis. International System, International Subsystem,
Units, Subunits, and Individuals are the levels of analysis. The
explanations of the levels are as follows:
1. International system: is the largest unit in international
relations analysis, in which, in this level it encompasses the
entire unit that involves in international relations actors such
as state actors and non-state actors.
2. International subsystem: is the narrowing focus whereby it
only involves groups of units within the international system.
This level focuses on regional level and usually does already
have pacts or institutional in character.
3. Units: the small units which comprise various of subgroups,
organisations, communities, and many individuals. In this
case, states, nations and transnational firms.
4. Subunits: the units are reduced to become as smallest as
possible which can be differentiated between units and
subunits. For instance, bureaucracies, group of people, or
lobbies which can give impacts in decisive actions at the
units’ level.
5. Individuals: is the level where by it is the final limit that can
be focused on in social sciences.
A good understanding of the two important and fundamental points

as mentioned above will help readers to directly grasp the idea of how the
securitization theory works in security studies. It can be a guideline for
ensuring any research in security studies to be objectively conducted and
well-structured. Therefore, the following sub-points in this chapter will
provide further explanations on the definitons, relevant concepts and
theory.
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1.10.2 SECURITIZATION THEORY AND THE UNIT OF SECURITY

ANALYSIS.
2.2.21.10.3
The Copenhagen School with its securitization theory is used as an approach

of whereby, any issue can be a security issue in a way of how it adheres to
(securitize). According to this Securitization theory, any issues can be
securitized, desecuritized, non-politicized, and politicized. Politicized takes
place when specific issues are taken into consideration to deal with the
standard political procedure; non-politicized, on the other hands, takes place
when issues are not brought into public debate, thus, making it significantly
non-politiced. Desecuritization, is a namely reverse process of securitization
where issues are declared not to be in a state of emergency, and urgency,
and thus, extraordinary measures are not into effect. (Waever, 1995).
However, this section, will only be devoted to securitization alone in effort to
comprehensively understand the essence in the next section later on.
Securitization theory, is an intersubjective and socially constructed

approach, because it involves a process of which necessitates the
construction of existential threats to referent objects and thus, lead to the
adoption of extraordinary measures as the consequent of securitized issues
articulated by the securitizing actors. The objective of securitizing issues is
very straightforward and simple as it only wants to persuade and convince
relevant audiences, in this case, functional actors, to address the securitized
issues to be perceived as existential threats which allow the extraordinary
measures as means of addressing with the issues.
Securitization process essentially demands three (3) elements in

determining it as a successful process or vice-versa. Three (3) elements are
outlined in the securitization process: first, referent object which refers to
whose security should be protected. Second, securitizing actor – refers to
who possesses the legitimacy or authority to securitize any issues as threats.
Third, functional actor, considered as the party who is affected by the
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existential threats. Existential threats, are threats which have potential effects
to the security of the referent object, for instance, the security of the people.
Meaning to say, this developed theory – introduced by the Copenhagen
School – outlines the process on how an issue can be securitized is by a
securitizing actor identifies an existential threat to a referent object and
addresses it as a security issue through a speech of act in which it specifies to
a specific or relevant audiences to convince for.
REFERENT OBJECT
Referent object is best defined as the object that wants to and should be
protected. In other word, protection is given to the referent object as it is
the central idea in the securitization because it is confronted with issues that
potentially pose threats to the object; threatened if it continuously occurs or
exists.
For instance, if Muslim society in a state is the group of people that needs
protection from the government due to the emergence of terrorists,
therefore, the government should address the issues of terrorists in the
state and demand for extraordinary measures to be implemented. As
consequently, the Muslims society is referred as referent object because –
their security is concerned – they need to be protected from the terrorists.
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2.2.31.10.4 SECURITIZING ACTOR.
Securitizing actor in this theory, we can say as the actor or party who has
legitimacy – advance position – to securitize anything or any issue as security
issues. Legitimacy, to an extent, gives authority to any actor to securitize an issue
which could be deemed as threats. Securitizing actor is a party who performs
securitizing speech act. Meaning to say, this securitizing actor uses understandable
language to assert to and want the audience to believe and acknowledge that an
addressed issue as a security issue and needs special extraordinary measure to
handle it well. Usually, state-leaders, government, international organisations,
lobbyists, political leaders, bureaucracies, and anyone even representative who has
the legitimacy to do the securitize purposes (Buzan, 1998: 40).
An analogy can be made here to illustrate a picture of how this securitizing

actor plays its role is like a coach who sets a rule for a specific game and the rule
must be adhered under any circumstances. The purpose of setting the rules is to
make sure that players to merely win the game. The role of securitizing actor is to
place existential threats into a hostile or urgency environment, thus it can be seen
as assertive towards an obligation of this actor to ensure the freedom of the
referent object – security of addressed party – from the threats.
For instance, nuclear weapons have been declared as weapon of mass

destruction by a state leader of a country. Thus, the declaration made by the state
leader is known as securitizing issues and the state leader, according to the
securitization theory, is the securitizing actor. This is because, the actor who can
securitize issues as security issues is the one who possess the legitimacy or power
to represent the nation and in this case, the state leader. Simple example can be
made here to illustrate is the president of the United State, declared global war on
terror, to simply address the emergence of terrorists as an international security
issue.
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FUNCTIONAL ACTOR.
Functional actor plays its role as to function the securitization process and in this
case, it can be civilian or society to be placed and deemed as the complimentary
actor. Functional actor is the one who needs to be convinced and thus believe the
security issue is real threats to the referent object. Functional actor or its other
term, namely, audience in the securitization process in fact is very significant
because its acceptance on behalf of the concerned issues as existential really
matters.
In other words, when securitizing actor decides to securitize an issue and as

consequence, referent object will be given protection at all cost by means of
extraordinary measures. Functional actor, therefore, acts as the audience in the
securitizing process because it plays a significant role in determining it, whether or
not the issue securitized by the securitizing actor and the security of the referent
object which needs to be protected for, is a success or otherwise.
In short, anything can be perceived as security issues if it is securitized by

the securitizing actor, by influencing the audience by the means speech of act –
securitizing move.20
2.3.4 SPEECH OF ACT.
According to communication field of study, there are notable differences in early

version of speech of act and it can be segregated into two categories
(Wæver,1989:42). The theory formulated by J.L Austin is to actually assert the
language used by a speaker to perform certain actions towards the listeners
(audiences) match to what is said and as desired by the speaker. Apart from that,
audiences are also placed into a state of receiving the speech and evaluating the
meanings of the speech in which requires responses.
20
The Functional Actor in the Securitization Process, https://m.grin.com/document/141994,
accessed online May 11, 2018.
30
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The speech acts theory at its early stage were: constative and performative
(Wæver, 1989: 42). Constative is a speech of act that describes a statement
whether it is stated as true or false independently. While performative, on the other
hand, is a statement that can thus be a sign of an action to be done as a result of
the speech. Studies, latter conducted by the theorist who introduced this speech
act theory finally combined the two categories into one and named it as speech of
act. However, the features of the theory are then outlined three different key
elements without losing its foundations: first, locutionary.21 Second, perlocutionary
effects22 and followed by the third, illocutionary force.23
However, the essence of communication is to ensure the information is well

delivered, received and understood. Therefore, it is imperative to note that there
are three (3) essential components on communication which are deemed as
associated altogether to perform a success communication. The components are
speaker; message; and listener or hearer.24 The essential components in
communication can be represented as follows:
LOCUTIONARY ACT.
Locutionary act is best known as an actual word used by speakers in conveying

messages to audience. Locutionary act is more into linguistic properties such as
name of places, verbs, interrogative and many more relative to language
characters. For instance, “John is a disreputable businessman”. By using the
example, the word disreputable is a defamatory. In other words, locutionary act is
actual act of uttering and it can also be known as utterance act, from which, the
act of saying something in full and normal sense.
21
Locutionary is an element in the speech of act which still has the same characteristic as
mentioned in the earlier category of the speech of act theory in general: constative
condition which describes a statement which is made based on the true or false.
22
Perlocutionary effects are the impact received by the audience who are requested to
execute something accordingly as words or languages are not necessarily used for
conveying information but as well as carrying out actions.
23
Illocutionary force, on the other hand, is felicity condition whereby
24
COMMUNICATION BASIC THEORY.
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Locutionary is comprised with two types which are utterance act and
propositional act. Utterance act, is simply known as sentences that may or may not
have meanings in it. While on the other hand, propositional act refers to something
on what is said. Meaning to say, a particular reference is addressed in a sentence.
In short, locutionary act is what is said by the speaker to the audiences.
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
Illocution is an act of speakers use language as means of conveying messages to

listeners (audience) with meanings in it. For instance, “the judges fined the
wrongdoer to be guilty for not being able to pay for the tickets. According to the
sentence, the speaker has conveyed few information in the message such as the
wrongdoer is found guilty and unable to pay for the tickets justify the find.
PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
The perlocutionary act is also known as perlocutionary effects. The word “effects”
from the term deliberately gives a meaning of the act of the speech which uttered
by someone or speaker has an effect out of the speech made. This means that,
perlocutionary act will impact the listener or audience to actually follow the essence
out of the speech made as intended by the speaker. In short, the perocutionary act
or effect is followed by actions.
Speech act attempts to explain how speakers use language to bring about
intended actions and thus, how listeners will act or be influenced by the intended
meaning from what is said by the speakers. Therefore, there are classifications of
performative speech of act which relative to actions of audiences towards the
receiving messages.
Sharing of what a speaker knows or believes is usually known as assertive

type of speech of act. This type of speech of act gives audience to believe and get
to know on what is believed by the speakers. Speakers will assert on what is should
be shared to audiences and thus wanting for effects to be accomplished as
expected (believe and know the same thing).
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Directive speech of act on the other hand, is a type of speech which gives
directions or instruction to the audiences. By directing the audiences, therefore,
would lead the audiences to perform an action as instructed different from
declarative. Declarative type speech of act is to change a situation in an immediate
way appropriately to what is wanted to be changed accordingly.
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Commissive, on one hand, is to commit the speaker to do something in

future as it cannot be attempted immediately. Therefore, in order to accomplish the
objective, assurances, guarantees or promises is to be told to the audiences to gain
trust and support.
Last but not least, expressive is a type of speech, whereby, speakers and
audiences are expected to connected to each other as the speakers tell the
audiences on how the speakers feel about something. For example, a speaker
expresses about his or her feelings on certain situations to audiences. Expressive
speech would influence people to come to an understanding from which it can
sympathized audiences to have the same feelings as the speakers do.
To exemplify by an instance which suits to illustrate the application of the

theory, global war on terror is the policy which was introduced by the former U.S
President, George W. Bush, in 2001 after the incident of World Trade Center,
attacked by the terrorist group. The policy explains how the former of U.S President
played his role as a securitizing actor in announcing the policy by using his speech
act. He managed to raise the awareness of global community, resulting a terrific
phenomenon, namely Islamophobia. This phenomenon, in fact, has made Muslims
to be perceived as terrorists as the attack was committed by Al-Qaeda terrorists.
The securitizing actor as exemplified earlier, employed speech act as means

of declaring war on terror by securitizing terrorism as an existential threat to its
country and the people as it really indeed impacted.
Stages in Securitization Theory Formatted: Font: Bold
Securitizing move, Formatted: Indent: Left: 0"
Convincing the audience(s)
Adopting extraordinary measures
Contribution of Securitization Theory Formatted: Font: Bold
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Conclusion Formatted: Font: Bold
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3.0 Formatted: Centered
DRUGS IN BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE

PHILIPPINES.
Introduction
The Philippines? Historical Background.
The Republic of the Philippines, years ago before its independence was identified as
the Philippine Islands and there were three different colonies had successfully
conquered the islands. The colonial era for the Republic of the Philippines can be
stratified into three colonies which were the Spanish colony, followed by the
American and the Japanese colonies.
During the 16th century, it was a Spanish colony who had the control over
the republic before it was taken over by the United States in 1898 after the
Spanish-American War.25 In the following years, the Philippines has turned into a
self-governing known as a Commonwealth of Philippines and a president was
elected – Manuel Quezon – to represent the Republic and started gearing to
strategize for independence after a 10-year transition.26
However, the Republic failed to withstand its territories and, in turn, has led
the republic to be occupied again but this time it was a Japanese colony in the
course of World War II. The Japanese occupation occurred and a consequent to
that, cooperation between the United States’ forces and Filipinos were brought into
existence. The Republic of the Philippines finally managed to gain independence
and in fact, it lasts forever until now. July 1946, marked a historical moment of the
republic whereby the country was started to be administered by Ferdinand Marcos
and surprisingly it had ended after 20 years of ruling. Another transition took place
when the president of the state was replaced by Corazon Aquino.
After president by president, the country had finally received a new

president known, Macapagal-Arroyo. Her presidency was replaced by Benigno
25
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html, 22. May. 2018.
26
http://www.philippine-history.org/philippine-commonwealth.htm,
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Aquino III for the reason that she was marked and claimed as the corrupted
president. The preceded president was then succeeded by Rodrigo Duterte, a typed
of outspoken leader and very committed person. He, a Filipino politician, was
appointed to be the next president of the Republic of Philippines after Benigno
Aquino; making him as the latest leader – 16th president of the republic.
Information Background Commented [P7]: What is information?
The Republic of the Philippines is a country listed as one out of the ten of
ASEAN members. Philippine is located on the continent of Asia, covering 298,170
square kilometres of land and 1,830 square kilometres of water. It is, therefore,
resulting in the Philippines as the 73rd largest nation in the world.
According to World Fact Book, the total number of Philippines’ population as

recorded and established in the year of 2017 is 104, 256, 076 people is the latest.
However, the total number of population as of today 21 May 2018 is 106,322,412
and the figure is supported by the estimations made by the United Nations.27 From
sources provided by the verified figure, therefore, it has placed the Philippines as
the 13th in the rank of among countries populations and somehow, the population
in the country is equivalent to 1.4% of the total world population. 28
The New President of the Republic of the Philippines.
Rodrigo Roa Duterte, he was born on March 28, 1945, and it is an obvious clear-cut
that he came from a family of very strong educational and political background
family.29 Prior to his appointment to be the president of the country, he was the
mayor of the Davao City and in fact, has been securing his position for six-term
27
http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/
28
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html, 22. May. 2018.
29
https://www.biography.com/people/rodrigo-duterte-102616
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straight without having any best candidate to replace as equal as him. With the
position secured by him for quite a long time, allowing him to influent more,
especially in handling crime in the city during his administration determinedly.
His capacity of giving influence before he won the election already impacted
the Filipinos as he was aggressive and very committed to carrying out his duties
during the time he held the position as the mayor. Impacts – positive and negative
– can be seen during his conducts in the Davao City and those impacts were very
significant and effective as according to the Philippine news. Apart from that, he is
just not an ordinary person because he has an educational background in law and
as well as his family that has long been involved in politics as aforementioned
earlier, thus, this explains that what he did in the Davao City – under his territorial
jurisdiction – was basically driven by his knowledge and courage in upholding the
security for the sake of the people.
During his conducts as the mayor, he gained so much support as what he

did for the city was very terrific and unusual. Then, the existence of Davao Death
Squad is deemed as a response to show its support towards the idea of Duterte in
extermining drug-related criminals. This squad is said to be responsible for the
mass killings that occurred in Davao City because they had been giving assistance
in the anti-drug campaigns to actually show their supports.30 The exterminations of
drug-related criminals have changed the city from the dangerous to the safest city
in Philippine.31 He had gotten himself to be part of the security forces and been on
the ground hunting the civilians who involved with drugs. He even managed to kill
some of the criminals by himself and claimed that it was merely for the protection
of (non-criminals) the civilians.
30
Davao Death Squad is a self-appointed group in which its inception is meant to carry out
its own enforcement (conduct) without having legal authority because it is driven by the
belief whereby the government does not have adequate agencies to deal with social
problem, in this case, they want to help the government by participating in the anti-drug
campaign and operations.
31
https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/07/17/rodrigo-duterte-rise-philippines-death-squad-
mayor
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The Filipinos are still astounded by him as his manifesto was very
convincing, in which, he promised that if he could win the presidential election, he
would exterminate 100,000 drug users and pushers.32 Taking into account his
contributing factors in domestic politics, therefore, Rodrigo Duterte is now given
the mandate to bring about policies in making Filipinos greater. Duterte, ever since
his first day holding a portfolio as president, has started his call war on drugs in the
Philippines despite knowing the fact that he would receive criticisms on account of
his conduct not only at the domestic but also at the international level. Commented [P8]: Chapter 4
DRUGS IN THE PHILIPPINES.
Drug problems in the Philippines are not new synthesized problems as its existence
has already been persisted from a long time ago ever since the establishment of
Dangerous Drugs Board in 1972. The Philippine government has been years
fighting against drug-related issues for the sake of the country. Many efforts have
been taken in making it into effect to ensure the drug issues in the country can be
really dealt with effectively. As of today, Dangerous Drugs Board, is an online
platform to access information such as statistics, research, and other research,
mainly, on drugs can be found on the website. The website provides much relevant
information on the drug-related issues in Philippine. Therefore, status quo of drug
issues in the Philippines will be further elaborated in this section.
According to the Dangerous Drugs Board which was first-time introduced

and established by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos, under the Office of the
President, Marijuana has always been the top choice of most of Filipinos and the
board has testified it by stating the 20,000 total of figures in the reports
representing the number of drug users’ choice.33 Ever since the existence of this
mandated board – Dangerous Drugs Board – it has become the government agency
that is responsible for so many things related to drug issues. Its functions are as
follows:
The DDB was mandated to be the policy-making and

coordinating agency as well as the national clearinghouse on
32
Ibid.,
33
Dangerous Drugs Board, https://www.ddb.gov.ph/about-ddb/history.
39
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all matters pertaining to law enforcement and control of

dangerous drugs; treatment and rehabilitation of drug
dependents; drug abuse prevention, training and
information; research and statistics on the drug problem
and the training of personnel engaged in these activities. Commented [P9]: I want u to do like this especially in
chapter 2 (security) and 4 (Dutarte and war on drugs)
(Dangerous Drugs Board, https://www.ddb.gov.ph/about-
ddb/historyyear)
In 2012, Dangerous Drugs Board in cooperation with the Philippine Normal

University Research Centre (PNU) had carried out a survey relatively to drug issues
in the country and it had resulted a big number of 1.3 million drugs users were
unexpectedly discovered in the country as per recorded in the National Household
Survey (ASEAN Drugs Monitoring Report, 2015; 21-22). The research conducted
also justifies that the number of admissions received from treatment and
rehabilitation centres nationwide showed a hike-up trend after the following years
from 3,266 (2013), 4,392 (2014) to 5,402 (2015). The report also specified that
few kinds of drugs were the most frequently used by the drug abusers were
methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu; cannabis sativa or marijuana, and
cocaine.
According to the official website of the Republic of Philippine (Office of the

President) – Dangerous Drugs Board, the number of total cases recorded which
are related to the drug issues in the year of 2016, had shown a lot of numbers in
the record. The statistics have urged the government to come up with some
possible means, in which, in the end, would create a better nation for the country.
As a consequence, the policy war on drugs is was introduced by the new president
of the state.
Drugs Market in the Philippines., years
What is a drug? Briefly speaking, drugs is a substance that gives effect on the
behaviour of the users. Surprisingly, drugs can be a man-made or naturally made,
which really gives impact to the users in harmful ways. Physical and mental of the
40
SAMAN(BA15110363)
users or also known as drug addicts can be influenced depends on the types of
drugs taken. Be it in a small quantity of dose or otherwise, the users will still be
affected. The least of the effect out of drugs taken would be undesirable cravings
which could give sensations of pleasure or happiness, or any possible effects it may
create depends on users (Vicente S. Salas, 2016). According to surveys, substances
such as caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine are the most favourite substances among
the drug users as those substances are available and can be found anywhere.34
I think you can elaborate more on drugs in the Philippines. – how big is Philippines Formatted: Font: Not Bold
market, who consume most, what syndicate, drug from where etc
Why and How serious it is as a security threat
What the perception Formatted: Font: Not Bold
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO THE HIKE UP DRUG ISSUES IN THE

PHILIPPINES. Commented [P10]: Why capital letter?
The driving force of a market is entirely dependent on the demands and supplies of
goods and services provided. The Philippines stagnantly remain as the country that
forever tangled with illegal drugs trade is simply because of the poor population in
the country is at the stage of worrying. Lack of access to education somehow gives Commented [P11]: How poor. Why drug?
impacts towards the Filipinos and makes them become unemployed and unwaged
which eventually cause them stuck with poverty.
Poverty and corruption are the factors that give a boost to the drug trade in the
Philippines as noted earlier, the Filipinos, they do not have adequate and proper
lifes to enjoy as poverty burdens them; barely to cover the expenses of basic living
needs. A professor at Australian National University who has been studying the
issues of drug dealing in the Philippines, studies by her have shown that scarce
34
https://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/156057-drugs-101-ph-drug-situation, 23 May
2018.
41
SAMAN(BA15110363)
social sources and increasing rate of unemployment, have given the justification of
the reasons why most of Filipinos seek for second jobs.35
According to Al-Jazeera, Philippines has been famously known as a country which is

actively exporting domestic workers to countries across the globe. However, due to
the global recession, in result has impacted these domestic workers hunting for
effortless jobs which could give them more income. Therefore, these desperate
domestic workers tend to smuggle drugs in and out of countries. This discourse has
been supported by the Al-Jazeera as most of the offenders which were caught by
authorities were women in almost foreign countries.36 As consequent to that, the
Philippines, therefore, became famous for the increasing number of illegal trade
activities which valued at over $8.4bn in 2011.37
Apart from the devastating fact related to the unemployment and lack of access to
education, corruption also is well socialised among the Filipinos in the country. The
reason triggers the fact of corruption in the country is merely because of the
country is built on corruption. There was a case involving students in particular
school, by which he was dragged into doing things accordance to his teachers’
satisfaction. In addition to that information, even teachers who have drug problems
are still found teaching in the particular schools.38 Resulting to the case, students
were purposely failed by the teachers and therefore, the dropouts of students in
the Philippines are no joke as it is the cause dependence of the rate of
unemployment and unwaged in the country. In 2014, on the other hand, there was
another case, the Filipinos had been fed by drug and bribery scandals in Bilibid
Prison for weeks, which it was said that imprisoned drug lords who were supposed
to live like prisoners were found living like kings, as reported by the Philippine
Justice Secretary.39 If there were no justice served, therefore, the Philippines would
35
http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-philippines-corruption-2017-story.html
https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2011/04/201145151543366504.html, 22
36
May 2018.
37
Ibid.,
38
Ibid.,
39
https://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2016/vol1/253301.htm
42
SAMAN(BA15110363)
eventually collapse. As a result, corruption, bribery and double-standard would be

pervasively accepted in the country; corrupted country.
For that reason, the Philippines is now really in the urgency of taking control
measures because the rate of unemployment and existence of drugs in the country
has made the country become the target market for drug trafficking. Many reports
also detailed out the large number of Filipinos who have been caught for the
offence of drug trafficking, in other words, offences or crimes related to drugs.40
The cause of these crimes are mere because of lack of awareness due to education
systems and the unemployment which give the temptation of being involved with
drugs cannot be avoided.
What measures has been taken? Formatted: Font: Bold
Conclusion Formatted: Font: Bold
40
https://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/156059-ph-target-market-illicit-drugs, 23 May
2018.
43
SAMAN(BA15110363)
Formatted: Indent: Left: 0.5", No bullets or numbering
4 Formatted: Font: 14 pt
Formatted: Centered, Indent: Left: 0.5", No bullets or
numbering
Formatted: Font: 14 pt
3.0 DUTERTE’S AND POLICY WAR ON DRUGS
Formatted: Font: 14 pt
Formatted: Normal
Introduction Formatted: Font: Bold

Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma, Bold
Background of Dutarte – see my comment in page 1 (chapter outline)
This section will be more narrowed down and focused on the policy introduced by
Duterte, which is, the war on drugs policy.
His influence in the Philippines has started growing and the mere reason for
the re-election was only because of his persistence and strong leadership in
handling crimes in the city during his administration.41 Duterte’s commitment,
handling criminals in the Philippines has never diminished, in fact, he continuously
proceeds the policy of hunting drug criminals after he entered the office. The
policy, namely, the war on drugs started in 2016 as Rodrigo Duterte became the
president of the country. He was supported by the Filipinos to be the head of the
country because his manifesto was to create clean surrounding of atmosphere
without drugs and he has given the mandate to safeguard the people of Philippine
at any cost with the position he has now.
As one holds a position as a head of the state, therefore, one must do

whatever it takes for the sake of the state according to policies which by agreed by
the members of the Philippines government. Exterminate drugs and criminals have
always been a top of his priority list. Therefore, he keeps his policy implemented,
41
Ibid.,
44
SAMAN(BA15110363)
even though, what he does for the good sake of Philippine really does raise
Filipino’s outrage – lower class society.
However, the policy war on drugs in the Philippines, in fact, as of today,

receives massive and overwhelming support from the Filipinos.42 Many surveys
have been carried out to find out whether or not, the people aware of the
extrajudicial killings in the Philippines. However, the majority of the Filipinos in the
country support the effort proposed by the government, despite the extra-judicial
killings really take place during the campaign of war on drugs. Meaning to say, the
Filipinos, they come to a consent to exterminate any drug-related issues in the
Philippine. The president, Rodrigo Duterte, has managed to influence the people to
be in favour of the policy by using his speech.
Commented [P12]: Pls rewrite in a proper table.
The speech made by the president has highlighted the consequences of Commented [P13]: Where is the speech act (in
quotation)
increasing number of drug-related issues in the country if it is not well-addressed
and combatted. Thus, the Filipinos are aware of the threats posed by misuse of
drugs and believe that measures need to be taken in dealing with drugs criminals,
42
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/16/1749392/majority-filipinos-support-drug-
war-believe-ejks-occur-pulse-asia
45
SAMAN(BA15110363)
users and pushers. Influencing speech has made the call for the policy remains
implemented and lead for campaigns and operations to be actively conducted in the
country. The anti-drugs operations have resulted in extrajudicial killings and
number of victims – drug criminals or not – increased. The anti-drugs operations
which have been conducted signal the Filipinos about the extrajudicial killings as
stated in the survey.
46
SAMAN(BA15110363)
Commented [P14]: Rewrite in proper table
According to Reuters Investigates, the president justified his action on the

policy of war on drugs to be implemented in the Philippines was by merely
providing exaggerated and flawed evidence to get support from the people. He also
played with the sentiment, whereby the security forces, in this case, policemen
were killed for following the campaign just to see how serious the drug-related
crimes in the country. Knowing the seriousness of the issues, therefore,
extraordinary measures must be taken, and in turn, it has led to extrajudicial
killings in the country.
In addition, according to the Council on Foreign Relations, the president of

the country convinces the people that drugs are the most dangerous issue as it
would inhibit the progress of social and economic in the Philippines. Therefore,
protection should be given to the people and it is a must to deal with the drug-
related issues by using extraordinary measures. Hence, large scale of crackdown on
drug-related issues – irrespective of crimes, dealers, addicts and many more – is
promised to the Filipinos.
In this case, since drugs have been declared as posing threats to the
Filipinos by the president itself, therefore, the security of Filipinos should be
47
SAMAN(BA15110363)
prioritized and focused rather than anything else that seems trivial. This is because
the security of the referent object – the security of the people in Philippine – should
be protected and preserved. The Filipinos who are clean from drugs – regardless
kinds of drugs – are the target group that should receive protection and guards
from the government in order to ensure that their security is not being
compromised.
The policy can never be a success and impactful if the security of the people
(referent object) fail to be protected. Therefore, the role of Rodrigo Duterte, as the
president is very clear and authoritative as the security forces who involve in the
implementation agenda of the anti-drugs operations can only make moves after
receiving orders from the securitizing actor. Since drugs are the causal of
insecurity, therefore, targeted people who are in relative to drugs are to be
removed (killed) and this must be perceived as a real threat to the referent object –
whose security should be protected – in the war on drugs implementation.
Duterte, the president, has been playing his role as the securitizing actor
very well by keeping his policy implemented in the country. Drugs, have been
stemmed in the mind of the Filipinos, that it has posed threats – existential threats
– to the Filipinos, has come to a consensus whereby the police forces in the
country are convinced by the speech (securitizing move) made by the president for
them to make moves for the sake of the Filipinos. In this case, police forces in the
country take actions as instructed by the president, to do kill drug pushers or even
users. Therefore, by doing so, the security of the Filipinos in the country will not be
compromised.
48
SAMAN(BA15110363)
DRUGS IN THE PHILIPPINES AFTER THE NEW PRESIDENT, year.
Ever since the ruling government in the country has been taken over by the
new president, Rodrigo Duterte, many visible and significant changes can be seen
and analysed during his administration. The current statistic after the policy of war
on drugs was implemented since last year, many anti-drug operations have been
conducted and it has resulted in another new statistic numbers. The policy war on
drugs was declared at the end of June in 2016 and the statistic shows the progress
and impact of the implementation after 1 year of its declaration.
49
SAMAN(BA15110363)
Shabu, in this case, is seen as the most frequently found by the enforcers
during the operations and it stated the highest numbers out of all kinds of drugs as
abovementioned. The number of the seizure of drugs has recorded and an
increasing trend was stated during the operations. A year after the implementation
has managed to survey the reality of the drug-related issues in the country.
The anti-drug campaigns and operations conducted have recorded a total

number of cases reported during the operations and also the killings as well. During
the operations, even the enforcers also were killed and wounded and it shows how
drug-related issues are not trivial issues but need to be carefully addressed as it
deals with people’s lives and thus, it could affect the entire society if there are no
measures taken for curbing purposes.
50
SAMAN(BA15110363)
The implementation of the anti-drug operations covers all layers of the

society even different walk of life. The government workers also were not excluded
during the operations and unexpectedly it had resulted in a quite number of
government workers who involved with the use of drugs. The arrests of
government workers are divided into three different categories which are:
government employees; elected officials and uniformed personnel. Meaning to say,
drugs are not taken only by the poor but also government workers and the
operations were conducted disinterestedly.
51
SAMAN(BA15110363)
Supporting to all efforts done by the president, there are remarkable

changes made by the president, especially in lowering the crimes in the country
(philstar.com, August 2016). His commencement as the new 16th president has
revealed his triumph of ruling the country even though not for a long time, but the
effects out of all the things he has done are extraordinary.
Formatted: Indent: First line: 0"
How Successful of the War on Drug Formatted: Font: Bold
Conclusion
52
SAMAN(BA15110363)

numbering
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Commented [P15]: You should focus on issue and
challanges
Formatted: Normal, Left, No bullets or numbering
Introduction
4.0 Elaborate first before you start this chapter ….. Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma
In this chapter, the writer will have issues or challenges outlined as part of
the visible consequences out of the implementation of the policy war on
drugs in Philippine. The issues and challenges are as follows;
Formatted: Normal
Issue and Challenges
Elaborate first that war on drug has many issues and implication ….. Formatted: Font: Not Bold
Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma
Formatted: Normal, No bullets or numbering
4.1 THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE THIRD PARTY. Commented [P16]: Why capital?
The United Nations is an international organisation which was founded in
1948 after the terrible event of World War II.43 The aftermath of the World
War II has made the United Nations come into existence, and in fact,
concretely established up until present playing its significant role, in which,
to stop another world war.
The Republic of Philippines, ever since the new president entered

the office, has massively captured the attention of the global community. It
is simply because of its approach and measures taken in handling domestic
issues in the country is blatantly brutal and inhuman. Therefore, the war on
drugs policy has somehow recklessly invited the third party to be part of the
43
53
SAMAN(BA15110363)
game. Because of the recklessness and the different number of death tolls
reported between the government and other credible observers has
impacted the call for UN-led independent investigations to also do
investigations for check and balance purposes in the country.
5.2 VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
As abovementioned earlier, the policy of war on drugs itself involves with

the commit of extrajudicial killings appropriate to an extraordinary measure
highlighted in the securitization theory. The president of the state has
declared a war on drugs policy and endorsed the policemen to kill all of the
drug pushers, drug dealers or drug users and purged the neighbourhoods
resulting big number of people who were killed during the anti-drug
operations.44 The total number of almost 9000 people were killed and it was
done merely in his first year of ruling the country and also with the
assistance of policemen.
The “criminals” were shot and brutally killed by the policemen,

simply because of self-defence claims, and apart from that, the dead
criminals or victims (accused as drug users, pushers, or dealers) were
planted drugs and guns after the shootings occurred. This are seen as forms
of human rights violations and there could be innocent people who were
accidentally killed in the time of shootings and in fact, they have been
accused as criminals when they were actually not. The shootings were
further encouraged and the drive factor was merely because allocation of
money (money awards) given to the policemen who managed to kill more
people - planned and staged shootings.45 The price of awards are increased
and different according to its victims or criminals classifications and place of
shootings. The policemen also were seen as part of the vigilante groups.
The anti-drugs operations were wrongly and misguidedly conducted

because of no transparency in conducting it as many people were killed
44
https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/the-human-rights-consequences-of-the-war-on-
drugs-in-the-philippines/
45
Ibid.,
54
SAMAN(BA15110363)
simply because they were found or come across without having outfits on
their body – shirtless and deemed differently in comparison to others –
trivial issues. The policy of war on drugs is seen as good effort to create
healthy and prosperous atmosphere for the Filipinos, however, its violent
implementation involving wicked policemen has resulted many human rights
violations. In short, anyone can be obviously labelled as accused drug users,
pushers, and criminals by anyone and thus, can be killed due to the “made-
up” accusations.
For instance, anyone who dares enough to challenge the call for war
on drugs policy are, in turn, accused of involving with drugs-related issues
and to be arrested. One of the victims – the person who dare to challenge
the president – is Senator Leila de Lima. Many cases involving politicians
who challenge the president had to face death were reported despite the
case was neatly disclosed by the involved authority.
The policy related to drugs in the Philippines, to a certain extent, has

made the drug criminals, pushers, and users to surrender to be imprisoned
– fearing from getting brutally and effortlessly killed by the vigilante or even
policemen. However, massive imprisonment, in turn, has made their human
rights violated. The human rights violations can be seen when they are too
many victims or criminals placed in a prison cell, it will then make the prison
become over-crowded and the treatment provided for them can otherwise
be insufficient. Therefore, insufficiency of treatment in prison and
rehabilitation can lead them still addicted to drugs and worst case scenario
that could happen is that they could be dying.
Meaning to say, even though they (criminals) turn themselves into

the prison, however, there is no guarantee that they would get a better life
afterwards as lack of care treatment, inhuman treatment or even basic
human rights cannot be fulfilled.
55
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5.3 THE ROLE OF OPPOSITION PARTY Formatted: Indent: Left: 1.75"
Every country has opposition party against the ruling party in a state
system. Therefore, the opposition party plays its role very well in gaining
support from the Filipinos
56
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numbering
CONCLUSION
Formatted: Normal, No bullets or numbering
Explain if you have achieved your objectives Formatted: Font: Not Bold
Formatted: Font: Not Bold
57
SAMAN(BA15110363)
5.0 Formatted: Font: (Default) Tahoma, Bold
6.02.0 REFERENCES Commented [P17]: Standardize your references
Buzan, B., Wæver. O., and Wilde., J., D. 1998. Security: A New Framework for
Analysis. United States of America: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
Tarry., S.“Deepening” and “Widening”: An Analysis of Security Definitions in the

1990s. University of Calgary: Department of Political Science, (n.d). p.3.
Where is the Philippines? http://www.worldatlas.com/as/ph/where-is-the-

philippines.html, accessed online January 1, 2018.
Philippines’ Security Sector and the War on Drugs,
http://secgovcentre.org/2017/04/philippines-security-sector-and-the-war-on-drugs/,
H. Stritzel. Securitization Theory and the Copenhagen School. In Security in

Translation, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057%2F9781137307576_2,
accessed online January 10 2018.
The Functional Actor in the Securitization Process,

https://m.grin.com/document/141994, accessed online May 11, 2018.
58
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PHILIPPINE: POLICY WAR ON DRUGS MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ ABDUL

This research paper is to discover the connection concerning security

1 Formatted: Centered, Indent: Left: 0.5", No bullets or

Introduction Formatted: Font: Bold

International Relations is a arena of study that consist of politics,

Furthermore, it is undeniable that international relations area of

However, domestic conflict is an indicative and as main focus for this

Therefore, this paper will focus on domestic issues which leads to

Background of Study Formatted: Font: Bold

Rodrigo Duterte, the President of Philippine, has decided to come up with

The implementation of this policy involves extermination of drug

certain extent, the drug-related activities actually undermine the sovereignty

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Commented [P2]: Chapter 3

Philippine is a country listed as one out of the ten of ASEAN members.

This policy war on drugs started in 2016 as he entered the office,

The insecurity seems to be experienced by the Filipinos among them

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTS

What exactly happening in the Philippine is the issue of drug-related

The government, as the state actor, has the legitimacy to create a

a) To understand the implementation of the policy of war on drugs

1.21.4 LITERATURE REVIEW

The writer tries to understand in depth the issue in regards to the

According to the book of Globalization of World Politics: An

However, according to the United Nation of Development

Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0"

1.31.1 PROBLEM STATEMENTS

What exactly happening in the Philippine is the issue of drug-related

The government, as the state actor, has the legitimacy to create a

a) To understand the implementation of the policy of war on drugs

State whether this is a qualitative or quantative?

In order to make sure the research is objectively conducted

The writer wants to know the status quo number of killings

Following the increased number of reported death, therefore,

1.7 RESEARCH LIMITATION

The writer had to deal with problems – lack of data and

1.8 RESEARCH STRUCTURE

This research paper is divided into six chapters as follow:

Chapter 1 will be focused on comprehensive writing where it

Chapter 2 of this research paper then will discuss further

existence by some scholars are very important as those are

Chapter 3 is a section where the writer has come up with the

Chapter 4 - on the other hand, is a section that emphasises more on

you have to identify who is the

what policy he implements – how many has been arrested?, judicial

Chapter 5 is then followed by the issues and challenges, in which

enforced in the country. In this section, the writer has highlighted

2 Formatted: Normal, Centered, No bullets or

This school of thought was developed by well-known

The Copenhagen School offers reasonable approaches in

Another focus that is highlighted in this approach are the must-

There are alternative ways to analyse and study the politics,

Units, Subunits, and Individuals are the levels of analysis. The

A good understanding of the two important and fundamental points

2.21.10 DEFINITION OF SECURITY

Security, is an absence of absolute definition – mainly after the era

In general, the word of security is taken from Latin word, in which

There are different forms of security which can be differentiated

fear.11 In other words, subjective security is not about military troops or

According to Barry Buzan (1998) security has nothing else related to

Your references very poor??

Basically, traditional security merely refers to the classical realism

Moving to the next point, states’ survival cannot be compromised

security. The prevailed of anarchy makes threats become more possible to