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Agma 913-A98 PDF
Agma 913-A98 PDF
Agma 913-A98 PDF
ABSTRACT
This information sheet provides information to translate tooth thickness specifications which are expressed in
terms of tooth thickness, center distance or diameter into profile shift coefficients, as that term is used in
international standards.
Published by
ISBN: 1--55589--714--2
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Terms and symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Profile shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 Internal gear pair calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Tables
Figures
Annexes
A Tool proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
B Calculation of profile shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of AGMA Information
Sheet 913--A98, Method for Specifying the Geometry of Spur and Helical Gears.]
This information sheet is intended to provide sufficient information to allow its users to be able
to translate tooth thickness specifications which are expressed in terms of tooth thickness,
center distance or diameter into profile shift coefficients, as that term is used in international
standards.
This AGMA information sheet and related publications are based on typical or average data,
conditions or application.
AGMA 913--A98 was approved by the AGMA membership on March 13, 1998.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
ACTIVE MEMBERS
ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
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AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
The equations in the first part of this document NOTE: The symbols, definitions and terminology used
in this information sheet may differ from other AGMA
(clauses 3 and 4) apply to external gear pairs only. publications. The user should not assume that familiar
The corresponding equations for internal gear pairs symbols can be used without a careful study of these
are contained in clause 5. definitions.
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AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Table 1 (concluded)
ISO Other Where
Symbols Symbols Terms Units first used
jn Normal operating circular backlash mm Eq 31
k Tip--shortening coefficient ---- Eq 32
m Module mm Eq 3
p Circular pitch mm Eq 1
r1, r2 Reference radius, pinion and gear mm Eq 5
ra1, ra2 Outside radius, pinion and gear mm Eq 25
rb1, rb2 Base circle radius, pinion and gear mm Eq 13
rf1, rf2 Root radius, pinion and gear mm Eq 42
rfP1 Radius of the pinion fillet circle mm Eq 60
s Tooth thickness mm Eq 2
sn1, sn2 Reference normal circular tooth thickness, pinion and gear mm Eq 7
u Gear ratio ∫ 1.0 ---- Eq 10
xE1, xE2 Generating rack shift coefficient, pinion and gear ---- Eq 46
x1, x2 Profile shift coefficient, pinion and gear ---- Eq 6
x1min Minimum pinion profile shift coefficient to avoid undercut ---- Eq 20
y Profile shift mm Eq 6
yE Rack shift ---- Eq 8
y1min Minimum pinion profile shift to avoid undercut mm Eq 20
z1, z2 Number of teeth, pinion and gear ---- Eq 4
∼n Reference normal pressure angle ---- Eq 7
∼t Reference transverse pressure angle ---- Eq 9
∼wt Operating transverse pressure angle ---- Eq 9
ϒ Reference helix angle ---- Eq 1
∆aref Center distance modification mm Eq 32
∆sn Amount of tooth thinning mm Eq 8
∆sn1, ∆sn2 Tooth thinning for backlash, pinion and gear mm Eq 31
±a0 Radius of the circular tip of the tool mm Eq 22
±fP Fillet radius of the basic rack mm Fig 1
Σx Sum of profile shift coefficients ---- Eq 53
ΣxE Sum of generating rack shift coefficients ---- Eq 52
σF1, σF2 Allowable bending stress, pinion and gear MPa Eq 30
Subscript conversion
(none) At reference diameter
a At addendum (tip) diameter
b At base cylinder diameter
f At root diameter
n Normal plane
t Transverse plane
w Operating, running or working
y At any (undefined) diameter
0 Tool dimensions
1 Pinion
2 Gear or rack
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
π mn
haP
2
Reference line
π mn
hwP
Dedendum
2
haP0
hfP
± Normal circular
fP
thickness, sn
cP
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AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
If the basic rack is oriented so that its teeth make an The pitch plane of the basic rack is parallel to the
angle β with the gear axis, see figure 3, the section reference plane and is the plane that is tangent to
through the basic rack perpendicular to the gear the reference cylinder of the gear. The helix angle of
axis is called the transverse section. On this the gear at its reference cylinder is equal to β.
section, the transverse circular pitch, pt , and the
transverse tooth thickness, st , are given by: 3.3 Reference center distance
pn
pt = ...(1) The reference center distance of an external gear
cos β
s pair is defined as half the sum of the reference
st = n ...(2) diameters.
cos β
and the transverse module, mt , is defined by: Ꮛd1 + d2Ꮠ
m a ref = = r 1 + r2 ...(5)
mt = n ...(3) 2
cos β
The basic rack represents the theoretical gear tooth where r1 and r2 are the radii of the reference
form, not the form of the cutting tool. No allowance cylinders.
is made for backlash, finishing stock or manufactur-
The reference center distance is not necessarily
ing method.
equal to the operating center distance. It is one of
The standard 20 normal pressure angle basic rack the advantages of involute gears, that the operating
of ISO 53 is commonly used. This document is valid center distance can vary from the reference center
for that basic rack and for any other basic rack which distance without change in operation.
meets the criteria of figure 1.
3.4 Hypothetical tool
3.2 Reference cylinder of the gear (standard
pitch cylinder) The hypothetical tool is the complement of the basic
rack as shown in figure 2. The reference line of the
The reference cylinder of a gear is defined as the
hypothetical tool is the line at which its normal
pitch cylinder where circular pitch of the gear is
equal to circular pitch of the basic rack. If the gear circular tooth thickness is equal to π m n .
2
has z teeth and the rack is oriented with its teeth
making an angle β with the gear axis, then the The use of the phrase “hypothetical tool” in this
diameter, d, of the reference cylinder is given by document refers to a rack--type cutter. For
z mn additional information and an example calculation,
d= ...(4)
cos β see annexes A and B.
Dedendum
π mn
2
hf0
haP
2
haP0
Basic rack
ha0
±a0
Profile
∼n angle
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
A zero backlash gear pair is one which operates in The normal circular tooth thickness, sn , of the zero
tight mesh (has no backlash) on the operating backlash gear at its reference cylinder is equal to
center distance. the normal circular space width of the hypothetical
tool at its pitch plane when in tight mesh with the
3.6 Profile shift zero backlash gear.
Helix angle
β
r
Basic rack in tight Transverse plane
mesh with zero
backlash gear
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AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
strength of the gearset (see AGMA 901--A92). A designer to select the profile shift to minimize
balanced design has a relatively large number of specific sliding, minimize flash temperature or
teeth in the pinion. This makes the gearset balance the bending fatigue life of the pinion and
relatively insensitive to profile shift, and allows the gear.
12
15
20
Number of teeth
30
50
100
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AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
4.2 Basic gear geometry The minimum profile shift coefficient (to avoid
undercut) for the pinion is given by:
z
u = z2 , where z2 ≥ z 1 ...(10) y 1 min
1 x 1 min = ...(20)
mn
z1 mn y 1 min = haP0 − r 1 sin2 ∼ t
r1 = ...(11) ...(21)
2 cos β
where
z mn
r2 = 2 = r1 u ...(12) haP0 is the distance on the cutting tool tooth from
2 cos β
the reference line to the point near the tool
r b1 = r1 cos ∼ t ...(13)
tooth tip where the straight part of the
r b2 = r2 cos ∼ t = rb1 u ...(14) profile ends and the circular tip begins.
h aP0 = ha0 − a0 + a0 sin ∼ n ...(22)
NOTE: The equations to follow in this section are for 4.6 Balanced specific sliding
external gear pairs only. The corresponding equations
for internal gear pairs are given in 5.2.1. Specific sliding is defined as the ratio of the sliding
velocity to rolling velocity at a particular point of
aref (inv ∼ wt − inv ∼ t) contact on the gear of interest.
x1 + x2 = ...(19)
mn tan ∼ t
Maximum pitting and wear resistance is obtained by
4.4 Avoiding involute undercut teeth balancing the specific sliding at each end of the path
of contact. This is done by iteratively varying the
There are a number of design options to compen- profile shift coefficients of the pinion and gear until
sate for undercut teeth, including profile shift. the following equation is satisfied:
C 5 = Ꭹr2a1 − r2b1
method that would not undercut the flanks, there
may be interference of material and generally the ...(26)
gear would not mesh or roll with another gear. See C 2 = C5 − pbt ...(27)
AGMA 908--B89, Geometry Factors for Determin-
C 3 = rb1 tan ∼ wt ...(28)
ing the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of
Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth. C 4 = C1 + pbt ...(29)
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
∼wt rb2
ra2
Line of
action
aw
pbt
EAP
pbt
HPSTC
P
LPSTC
SAP ra1
C1
C2
C3
C4
rb1 C6
C5
Figure 5 -- Distances along the line of action for external gear pair
4.7 Balanced flash temperature two pair zones (between points SAP and LPSTC
and between points HPSTC and EAP, see figure 5).
According to Blok’s theory, the maximum scuffing
resistance is obtained by minimizing the contact 4.8 Balanced bending strength
temperature. This is done by iteratively varying the Maximum bending resistance is obtained by itera-
profile shift coefficients of the pinion and gear, while tively varying the profile shift coefficients of the
calculating the flash temperature by Blok’s equation pinion and gear until the ratio of the bending
(see annex A of ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95, Funda- strength geometry factors equals the ratio of
mental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for allowable bending stresses, i.e.,
Involute Spur and Helical Gear Teeth), until the flash
Y J1 σ
temperature peaks in the approach and recess = σF2 ...(30)
portions of the line of action are equal. The flash Y J2 F1
temperature should be calculated at the points SAP, See ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95, clause 5.2 through
LPSTC, HPSTC, EAP and at several points in the 5.2.3, for an explanation of YJ1, YJ2, σF1 and σF2.
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AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
4.9 Tooth thinning for backlash 4.10.1.2 Full working depth -- option 2
tool to thin the gear teeth for backlash are
considered independently of the profile shift coeffi- h a2 = 1 + x 2 − 1 k m n ...(37)
2
cients (x1 and x2) by specifying the amount the CAUTION: Option 2 (full working depth) may give in-
pinion and gear teeth are thinned for backlash, ∆sn1 sufficient tip--to--root clearance if aw & aref. Check
and ∆sn2. This way, the outside diameters are clearances or use option 3 (full tip--to--root clearance)
independent of tooth thinning for backlash. The to be safe.
total thinning coefficients are selected such that: 4.10.1.3 Full tip--to--root clearance -- option 3
Ꮛ Ꮠ
a
∆ s n1 + ∆ s n2 = j n aref ...(31)
h a1 = Ꮛ1 + x 1 − kᏐ m n ...(38)
h a2 = Ꮛ1 + x 2 − kᏐ m n
w
...(39)
where 4.10.2 Root radius and clearance
jn is normal operating circular backlash Root radii (cut with rack tool). See figure 6.
A common convention among gear manufacturers r f1 = r1 − ha01 + x E1 m n ...(40)
is to reduce the normal tooth thickness of each r f2 = r2 − ha02 + x E2 m n ...(41)
member by the same amount, which may be a value
The root clearances are:
in m or a function of the normal module, such as
0.024mn . This maintains the same whole depth for c 1 = aw − rf1 − ra2 ...(42)
both members. However, for other directions of c 2 = aw − rf2 − ra1 ...(43)
tooth thickness measurement, see ANSI/AGMA
2002--B88.
tool reference line
4.10 Tip--shortening coefficient for external
gearsets
yE
For gears operating on extended centers (aw > aref),
the outside radii of the gears may be shortened to
maintain adequate tip--to--root clearance. The ha0
tool pitch line
amount of adjustment of the outside radii is
proportional to the tip--shortening coefficient, k: r
∆ a ref
k = x1 + x2 − mn ...(32) yE = xE mn
rf
where
∆ a ref = aw − aref ...(33) Figure 6 -- Root radii cut with rack tool
For internal gear sets, see 5.2.3. (refer to annex A for additional information)
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
For internal gear sets, see 5.4. 5 Internal gear pair calculations
4.13 Normal circular tooth thickness
5.1 Internal gear rack shift
2
s n1 = 1 π + 2 x E1 tan ∼ n m n ...(48)
Equations 57 through 59 are equations 7 through 9
s n2 = 1 π + 2 x E2 tan ∼ n m n
2
...(49) altered for the case of an internal gear.1)
Ꮖ
2
jn = Ꮛ2 a w
aref Ꮠ
m n tan ∼ n Ꮛ
Σ x − Σ x EᏐ ...(53)
n ∼ wt + ᎩᏋr 2
0.025 mnᏐ − r 2b1
fP1 +
For internal gear sets, see 5.6.2. ...(60)
The tooth thinning coefficients must satisfy equa- rfP1 is the radius of the pinion fillet circle, i.e., the
tion 31. However, it is usually impossible to radius at which the involute tooth profile
meets the tooth fillet.
determine the ratio ∆sn1/∆sn2 that was used for
existing gears. The following analysis is based on Equation 60 insures that no interference occurs at
common practice where ∆sn1 Ζ ∆sn2Ι in which case: the pinion root fillet. A similar equation can be used
Ꮛ Ꮠ
a to avoid the possibility of interference with the root
∆ s n1 = ∆ sn2 = 1 j n aref ...(54) fillets of the cutter, which would cause the tooth tips
2 w
of the internal gear to be undercut. Other consider-
4.14.4 Profile shift coefficients
ations affecting tip shortening of internal gears are
From equations 46 and 47: discussed in 5.2.3.
∆ s n1 5.2 Internal gear pair profile shift calculation
x 1 = x E1 + ...(55)
2 mn tan ∼ n
∆ s n2 The basic gear geometry equations are given in 4.2.
x 2 = x E2 + ...(56)
2 mn tan ∼ n These equations are valid for both external and
For internal gear sets, see 5.6.3. internal gearsets.
_______________________
1) CAUTION: There are different conventions for the sign of x used in internal gear calculations.
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AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
ᏋCC + 1 ᏐᏋCC + 1 Ꮠ = u
usually cut by a pinion cutter, the tip shortening
6 6 2 ...(63) coefficient is not particularly useful for calculating
1 5 the addendum circle radii of an internal gear pair.
EAP
C4 HPSTC
C3 C5
P
C2
LPSTC
ra1
C1
SAP
C6 ∼wt
rb1
rb2 rfP1
ra2
O1
aw
O2
Figure 7 -- Distances along the line of action for an internal gear pair
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
To choose the addendum circle radius of the pinion, 5.5 Internal gear pair normal circular tooth
the root circle radius, rf2, of the internal gear must thickness
first be calculated. This will depend on the required
tooth thickness and the diameter and tooth thick-
2
s n1 = 1 π + 2 x E1 tan ∼ n m n ...(75)
ness of the pinion cutter. The addendum circle
radius of the pinion should then be given by: s n2 = 1 π − 2 x E2 tan ∼ n m n ...(76)
r a1 = rf2 − aw − c i2 2
...(70)
where
5.6 Determining profile shift coefficients of
ci2 is the required clearance at the tooth roots existing internal gear pairs
of the internal gear.
An expression for the addendum circle radius, ra2, If the normal circular tooth thicknesses are known,
of the internal gear was given in equation 60. This the rack shift coefficients are found from equations
value was chosen to ensure that there would be no 76 and 77.
interference between the internal gear tooth tips sn1 π
and the pinion tooth fillets. There are several other mn − 2 ...(77)
x E1 =
requirements that should also be considered. 2 tan ∼ n
There must be no interference between the internal
gear tooth tips and the tooth fillets of the pinion s n2
mn − 2
π
x E2 = − ...(78)
cutter. The base circle of the pinion cutter should lie
inside the tooth tips of the internal gear (c1 > 0). In
2 tan ∼ n
addition, there must be no rubbing between the
cutter and gear during the return strokes of the 5.6.1 Sum of rack shift coefficients
cutter. Finally, there must be no interference
between the tooth tips of the internal gear and those Σ x E = x E2 − x E1 ...(79)
of the pinion, which can occur when the difference
between the tooth numbers is small. Reference [4]
5.6.2 Normal operating circular backlash
describes a design procedure for internal gear pairs
which includes all of the above considerations.
jn = − Ꮛ2 a w
a ref Ꮠ
mn tan ∼ n Ꮛ
Σ x − Σ x EᏐ ...(80)
5.3 Internal gear pair addendum circle radii
r a1 = r1 + ha1 ...(71) 5.6.3 Internal gear pairs profile shift
coefficients
r a2 = r2 − ha2 ...(72)
From equations 72 and 73:
5.4 Internal gear pair rack shift coefficients
∆ s n1
∆ s n1 x 1 = x E1 + ...(81)
x E1 = x 1 − ...(73) 2 mn tan ∼ n
2 mn tan ∼ n
∆ s n2 ∆ s n2
x E2 = x 2 + ...(74) x 2 = x E2 − ...(82)
2 mn tan ∼ n 2 mn tan ∼ n
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AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
Annex A
(informative)
Tool proportions
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as a
part of AGMA 913--A98, Method for Specifying the Geometry of Spur and Helical Gears.]
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AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Profile
Basic rack “Zero Backlash” gear tooth angle,
∼n
Figure A.1 -- Basic rack and hypothetical tool represented in rack form
∆s is the adjustment if the roughing tool mea- A.3.3 Tool basic rack addendum coefficient
surement line is not coincident with the tool (normalized)
reference line. When the measured tool
Tool basic rack addendum coefficient (normalized)
addendum is taken from the tool reference
line, then ∆s = 0. Otherwise, it may be is:
calculated as:
h a0n = P nd ha0 ...(A.3)
h
∆s = π − t ...(A.1) h a0n = ma0 ...(A.3M)
2P nd n
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
A.4.1 Addendum of tool basic rack (inch units) h a0n = P nd h a0 = 6(0.2305) = 1.383
Data needed for calculation: Tool basic rack addendum, normalized.
0.5236
0.2618 0.006
R =0.0682
Full
0.2460
20.00
20.00
Ref
Protuberance
normal plane
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AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
Calculated values:
A.4.3 Basic rack fillet radius (inch units) Net protuberance
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
Annex B
(informative)
Calculation of profile shift
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as a part of
AGMA 913--A98, Method for Specifying the Geometry of Spur and Helical Gears.]
B.1 Purpose of the sign of x, the tool is “fed in” a little further to thin
the teeth for backlash. When the tool is positioned to
This annex gives a procedure for calculating profile produce these finished teeth, the distance between
shift coefficients from the finished normal circular the hypothetical tool reference line and the gear
tooth thickness. It is based on the assumption that reference circle is known as the generating rack shift
backlash is split equally between the gear and the coefficient, xE .
pinion. Profile shift coefficients for the gear and
pinion affect the calculation of tooth stiffness, which The generating rack shift coefficient for the pinion,
affects load distribution across the face of the teeth xE1, and gear, xE2, may be calculated from the
(KHβ), internal dynamic factor (Kv ) and root bending finished normal circular tooth thickness at the
strength. The nominal (zero backlash) values of reference circle (equations B.1 and B.2). The zero
profile shift coefficient must be used for consistent backlash profile shift coefficients are determined,
results. with this method, by adding equal amounts to the
generating rack shift coefficients, such that they
The profile shift coefficient is the distance (ex- would produce a zero backlash gear pair.
pressed as a coefficient, i.e., normalized) between
the basic rack reference line and the reference circle Figure B.2 shows, in rack form, the hypothetical tool,
on the gear when the basic rack is positioned for zero the basic rack and a finished gear tooth. In rack form
backlash teeth. See annex A for definitions. Figure the simple trigonometric relationships may be seen.
B.1 shows the hypothetical rack tool cutting the zero A tool (hob) is also shown in rack form to illustrate the
backlash tooth form on the left, and cutting the difference between an actual tool and the hypotheti-
finished tooth form on the right. For a positive value cal tool. For gearing produced to final shape without
of the x factor, the tool is “held out” from the part to finishing stock, there is no difference between the
produce thicker teeth than “standard”. Regardless actual tool and the hypothetical tool.
x mn ∆x m xE mn
Profile shift 2 n Generating
For
Hypothetical (zero backlash) backlash rack shift Hypothetical
tool tooth tool
thinning
Figure B.1 -- Hypothetical tool with zero backlash and finished gear
19
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AGMA 913--A98
Figure B.2 -- Basic rack, hypothetical tool and finished gear tooth represented in rack form
π mn π mn π mn
2 2 2
t
Hypothetical αs/2
tool
Material
Hypothetical allowance, q,
tool for finish
dedendum, machining
hf0 Basic rack Tool reference line ∆x
mn x mn
addendum, Finished 2 Basic rack
haP ∆s gear tooth For backlash Profile shift (zero reference line
Basic rack reference line tooth thinning backlash)
2 tan (∼n)
Profile
angle,
∼n
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
In figures B.1 and B.2: The generating rack shift coefficients for the pinion
and the wheel are:
-- The tooth thinning for backlash is greatly ex-
s n1 P nd − π
aggerated;
x E1 = 2 ...(B.1)
-- The profile shift coefficient, x, is multiplied by 2 tan ∼ n
the normal module, mn , to obtain the amount of
profile shift, because x is a coefficient; s n1 π
mn − 2 ...(B.1M)
x E1 =
-- Note that the values for ∆s, xE and x are shown 2 tan ∼ n
positive. They may have negative values, which
would change the relationships shown in the fig- s n2 P nd − π
x E2 = 2 ...(B.2)
ures accordingly. 2 tan ∼ n
B.2 Equations for calculation of profile shift inv( ) is the involute function of the angle.
coefficients inv(∼) = tan(∼) -- ∼ (where ∼ in radians)
Determine the adjustment needed to bring the
Pnd is the normal diametral pitch;
generating rack shift coefficients, xE1 and xE2, to their
mn is the normal module; zero--backlash values.
sn1, sn2 is the maximum finished normal circu- If the value of ∆x is negative, you should review the
lar tooth thickness (after all finishing geometry of the gear pair, since interference be-
operations, including tooth thinning for tween the finished gear flanks is indicated.
backlash) of pinion and wheel respec-
The nominal zero backlash profile shift coefficients,
tively, measured at the reference (stan-
x1 and x2, of the pinion and wheel are:
dard pitch) diameter;
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AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
∼ t = tan −1 Ꮛtancos∼β Ꮠ
n x 1 = x E1 + ∆x
2
= 0.50131 + 0.06591 = 0.5343
2
Ꮛ Ꮠ
= tan −1 tan 20 = 20.6469 degrees
cos 15
x 2 = x E2 + ∆x
2
Operating pressure angle (transverse):
= − 0.03296 + 0.06591 = 0.0000
2
Ꮑ
= cos −1 (21 + 86) Ꮛ2(6)(9.3175)
cos(20.6469)
cos(15)
ᏐᏆ Data needed for calculation:
Pinion WheelUnit
mn 4.23333 mm Normal module
= 22.0120 degrees β 15 deg Standard helix
angle.
Generating rack shift coefficients: ∼n 20 deg Normal pressure
angle at the refer-
ence diameter.
s n1 P nd − π sn 8.19455 6.54812 mm Actual normal
x E1 = 2
2 tan ∼ n circular tooth
thickness at
0.32262(6) − π reference diameter.
= 2 = 0.50131 z1, z2 21 86 -- -- Number of teeth.
2 tan(20) a 236.66450 mm Center distance.
Calculated values:
s n2 P nd − π
x E2 = 2 Pressure angle at the reference (standard pitch)
2 tan ∼ n
diameter (transverse):
0.25780(6) − π
Ꮛtancos∼β Ꮠ
= 2 = − 0.03296
2 tan(20) ∼ t = tan −1 n
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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
Ꮑ
= cos −1 (21 + 86) Ꮛ(4.23333) cos (20.6469)
2(236.6645) cos (15)
ᏐᏆ = 0.53425
s n1 π
∆x = ᒑ x − ᏋxE1 + xE2Ꮠ
mn – 2 = 0.53425 − (0.50131 + (− 0.03296))
x E1 =
2 tan α n
= 0.06591
8.19455 − π
= 4.23333 2 = 0.50131
The values of x1 and x2 are:
2 tan(20)
s n2 x 1 = x E1 + ∆x
π 2
mn − 2
x E2 = −
2 tan α n = 0.50131 + 0.06591 = 0.5343
2
6.54812 − π
= 4.23333 2 = − 0.03296
2 tan(20) x 2 = x E2 + ∆x
2
Sum of the nominal “zero--backlash” profile shift = − 0.03296 + 0.06591 = 0.0000
coefficients: 2
23
AGMA 913--A98 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
24
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 913--A98
Bibliography
The following documents are either referenced in the text of AGMA 913--A98, Method for Specifying the Geom-
etry of Spur and Helical Gears, or indicated for additional information.
1. AGMA 908--B89, Information Sheet -- Geometry Factors for Determining the Pitting Resistance and
Bending Strength of Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth, 1989
2. ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95, Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and
Helical Gear Teeth, 1995
3. AGMA 901--A92, Information Sheet -- A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume
Gears, 1992
4. Colbourne, J.R., The Geometric Design of Internal Gear Pairs, AGMA Paper No. 87FTM2
5. McVittie, D.R., Describing Nonstandard Gears -- An Alternative to the Rack Shift Coefficient, AGMA Paper
No. 86FTM1
6. DIN 3992, Profilverschiebung bei Stirnrädern mit Aussenverzahnung
7. ISO 53:1998, Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering -- Basic rack
8. ISO 1122--1:1998, Glossary of gear terms -- Part 1: Geometrical definitions
9. ISO/TR 4467:1982, Addendum modification of the teeth of cylindrical gears for speed--reducing and
speed--increasing gear pairs
10. ISO/TR 10064--2:1996, Cylindrical gears -- Code of inspection practice -- Part 2: Inspection related to radial
composite deviations, runout, tooth thickness and backlash
11. Lorenz Gear Cutting Tools -- 1961
12. MAAG Gear Book, MAAG Gear Company, Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland, 1990
13. DIN 3960:1980, Begriffe und Bestimmungsgrößen für Stirnräder (Zylinderräder) und Stimradpaare
(Zylinderradpaare) mit Evolventenverzahnung
14. ISO 6336--3:1992, Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears -- Part 3: Calculation of tooth
strength
15. AGMA 918--A93, Information Sheet -- A Summary of Numerical Examples Demonstrating the Procedures
for Calculating Geometry Factors for Spur and Helical Gears
16. ANSI/AGMA 2002--B88 (R95), Tooth Thickness Specification and Measurement, 1988
25
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