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Carburettor R
Carburettor R
Starting
Idling
Loads
Cruising
Accelerating
2
Petrol & Diesel Engines
3
Functions
4
Factors affecting Carburetion
5
Remark
For high speed engines (3000 rpm), the time
available for mixture preparation is very small
(0.02 sec).
Load/
Vary
speed
7
Variation of power output and sfc with A-F ratio in SI engine
(Full throttle and constant speed)
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Starting a Cold Engine
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Carburetor Performance
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Simple Carburetor
Inlet
Valve
Throttle
Vent Fuel
Fuel discharge from
nozzle supply
Float
Float
Fuel metering Chamber
jet lip, h Fuel
Choke
Air
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Inlet
Throttle
Float
Float
Fuel metering Chamber
jet lip, h Fuel
Bernoulli Effect:
P+1/2 ρV2 = Constant Throttle Plate
Atomized Fuel
Float Venturi
Metering Orifice
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Operation
15
Operation
Choke Throttle
Venturi
Higher Pressure
Outside Engine
Fuel
17
Drawback of Simple Carburetor
i.e., we need to
calculate
A ma
=
F mf
19
Applying SFEE between A-A (point 1) and B-B
(point 2) and considering unit mass of airflow
1 2 2
q − w = h2 − h1 + (c2 − c1 )
2
For adiabatic flow,
q = 0, w = 0, and c1 ≈ 0
We have,
c2 = 2(h1 − h2 )
c2 = 2C p (T1 −T2 )
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Since mass flow is constant
ma = ρ1A1C1 = ρ2 A2C2
A1C1 A2C2
ma = =
v1 v2
Also,
p1v1k = p2v2k
v1k p2
=
v2k p1
1
⎛ p1 ⎞ k
We have ∴v2 = v1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ p2 ⎟⎠
⎝
1
RT1 ⎛ p1 ⎞ k
v2 = ⎜ ⎟
p1 ⎜⎝ p2 ⎟⎠
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A2C2
∴ma = gives
v2
⎡ k −1 ⎤
A2 ⎢ ⎛ p2 ⎞ k⎥
ma = 2C pT1 ⎢1−⎜ ⎟ ⎥
1 ⎜ p1 ⎟⎠
RT1 ⎛ p1 ⎞ k ⎢ ⎝ ⎥
⎜ ⎟ ⎣ ⎦
p1 ⎜⎝ p2 ⎟⎠
Finally, we have
⎡ 2 k +1 ⎤
A2 p1 ⎢⎛ p2 ⎞ k ⎛ p2 ⎞ k⎥
(ma )theoretical = 2C p ⎢⎜ ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ ⎥
R T1 ⎜ p1 ⎟⎠ ⎜ p1 ⎟⎠
⎢⎝ ⎝ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
(ma )actual = Cd (ma )theoretical
t
where Cd = coefficient of disch arg e of venturi throat
t 22
To find mass flow rate of fuel
Assuming fuel to be incompressible, we have
from Bernoulli’s theorem
p1 p2 C22
= + +z
γ γ 2g
p1 p2 Cf 2
∴ − = + gz
ρf ρf 2
⎛p −p ⎞
∴ C f = 2⎜ 1 2 − gz ⎟
⎜ ρf ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛p −p ⎞
∴ C f = 2⎜ 1 2 − gz ⎟
⎜ ρf ⎟
⎝ ⎠
∵ (m f )theoretical = ρ f A f C f
∴ (m f )theoretical = A f 2 ρ f ( p1 − p2 − ρ f gz )
∴ (m f )actual = Cd (m f )theoretical
f
where Cd = coefficient of disch arg e of fuel nozzle
f
24
Complete Carburetor
idling system
auxiliary port system
power enrichment by economizer system
accelerating pump system
choke
25
Idling system
During starting
or idling, engine Adjusting
runs without load Throttle screw
and the throttle Air bleed
valve remains in
closed position.
Engine produces Idling jet
Main
power only to jet
overcome friction
between the parts,
Float chamber
and a rich mixture
is to be fed to the
engine to sustain Air
combustion.
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Idling system – contd. The idling system as
shown consists of an idling
fuel passage and an idling
Adjusting port. When the throttle is
screw
Throttle partially closed, a
Air bleed
depression past the throttle
allows the fuel to go into
Idling jet the intake through the idle
Main
jet
tube. The depression also
draws air through the idle
Float chamber
air bleed and mixes with
fuel. The fuel flow depends
Air on the location of the idle
nozzle and the adjustment
of the idle screw.
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During normal power or
cruising operation, where the
engine runs for most of the Auxiliary port system
period, the fuel economy has
to be maintained. Thus, it is Throttle
necessary to have lower fuel
consumption for maximum Butterfly
Air
economy. One such valve
+
arrangement used is the Fuel
auxiliary port carburetor as
shown, where opening of Main jet
butterfly valve allows
additional air to be admitted,
and at the same time Air
In order to obtain
maximum power, the
carburetor must supply
a rich mixture. This
additional fuel required
is supplied by a power
enrichment system that
contains a meter rod
economizer that
provides a larger orifice
opening to the main jet
as the throttle is opened
beyond a certain point.
29
Accelerating pump system
During sudden
acceleration of an
engine (e.g., overtaking Plunger
a vehicle), an extra
amount of fuel is Open
system. It consists of a
spring-loaded plunger,
and the necessary
linkage mechanism. Accelerating pump system
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Types of Carburetor
based on direction of flow
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Multi-barrel Carburetor
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Enrichment
(due to variation of air density)
ρ0
E +1 =
ρ
p 0 RT
E +1 =
RT0 p
p 0T
E +1 =
pT0
If ρ/ρ0 = 0.84,
1
E +1 = = 1.091
0.84
E = 0.091 = 9.1%
Enrichment of mixture over the calibrated ratio
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Altitude Compensation Device
METHODS
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Basic Carburetor
Summary
1. The carburetor is a
device which mixes air
and fuel in a
reciprocating internal
combustion engine.
Carburetors are still
found in small engines
and in older or
specialized automobiles
such as racing cars.
However, most cars
built since the early
1980s use fuel injection
instead of carburetion.
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Summary
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