Ore genesis

Dr. Irfan Yara

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 Ore genesis
BSc in Geology 2002, University of Sulaimani

MSc in Ore geology 2008, University of Baghdad

PhD in Ore geology and geochemistry 2014, TU

Bergakademie Freiberg

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Welcome to – Ore Genesis course

 I hope that you will enjoy the course.

 Let's work together for informative semester!

 You can contact us if you need a clarification or any additional information..

 You can contact me at

yarairfan@gmail.com

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Syllabus:

Introduction to ore Deposits.

Types of Natural Waters and fluid inclusion thermometry

Origin due to internal processes

Origin due to surface processes

Mineralization in Kurdistan

Introduction Ore Microscopy?

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Course Mark-Weight Distribution and
Grading:
Mid term exam ………………………………….30%

Field Trip … ……………………………….....5%

Quiz ……………………………………….....5%

Presentation …………………………………10%

Final exam ……………………………….50%

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 Presentation

http://econgeol.geoscienceworld.org/content/by/year ( issues 2010-2014)

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/rimg (all issues from 1986 upto 2014)
http://link.springer.com/journal/126 (all issues uptodate)
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 Some Common Terms
Ore is a metalliferous mineral, or an aggregate of metalliferous minerals,
more or less mixed with gangue, which from the standpoint of the miner
can be won at a profit.
Or A natural aggregate of one or more minerals which may be mined and
sold at a profit, or from which some part may be profitably extracted
Or any naturally occurring material from which a mineral or aggregate of
value can be extracted at a profit.
These are non-renewable resources, like fossil fuels
Gangue mineral unwanted material, minerals or rock, with which ore
minerals are usually intergrown

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 Some Common Terms
Mineralization
“ A natural aggregate of material that contains economic minerals but
may not necessarily be economic.”
Protore
is mineral material in which an initial but uneconomic concentration of
metals has occurred that may by further natural processes be upgraded to
the level of ore.
Ore deposits
represent localized concentrations of metals far in excess of their
average crustal abundance

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 Some Common Terms
Average crustal abundances for selected metals and typical
concentration factors that need to be achieved in order to produce a
viable ore deposit (Robb, 2005) Average Typical Approximate
crustal exploitable concentration
Ore deposits may be conceived abundance grade factor
as three-dimensional bodies, Al 8.2 % 30% X4
described in terms of :
Fe 5.6 50% X9
a) Grade The concentration of a
metal in an orebody is called Cu 55 ppm 1% X180
its grade Ni 75 ppm 1% X130
b) Tonnage total mass of the Zn 70 ppm 5% X700
perceived ore body.
c) Cut-off grade the lowest Sn 2 ppm 0.5% X2500
percentage at which deposits Au 4 ppb 5 ppm X1250
can be economically worked Pt 5 ppb 5 X1000
is termed Cut-off grade
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Ore genesis 10
 Some Common Terms
For example, the Kidd Creek volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit reported
(1999) as containing: Average Typical Approximate
crustal exploitable concentration
abundance grade factor
Al 8.2 % 30% X4
Fe 5.6 50% X9
138.5 million tones of ore, Cu 55 ppm 1% X180
Ni 75 ppm 1% X130
Zn 70 ppm 5% X700
 Grading 2.4% Cu, 6.5% Zn
Sn 2 ppm 0.5% X2500
Au 4 ppb 5 ppm X1250
0.23% Pb, 0.5% Sn, and 90
Pt 5 ppb 5 X1000
ppm Ag
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 Some Common Terms
Syngenetic: refers to ore deposits that
form at the same time as their host
rocks.

Epigenetic: refers to ore deposits

that form after their host rocks.

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 Morphology of Mineral deposits

1) Stratiform A mineral deposit

which occurs as a specific
stratigraphic (or sedimentary) bed.

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 Morphology of Mineral deposits

2) Stratabound A mineral
deposit which occurs within a
specific stratigraphic bed or
horizon, but which does not
compose the entire bed.

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 Morphology of Mineral deposits

Stratiform VS Stratabound

Stratabound

Stratiform

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 Morphology of Mineral deposits
3) Layered, Rhythmic and Bedded
“Layered”, “rhythmic” and “bedded”
types of deposits are formed
generally by deposition and
consolidation of sediments that may
or may not be metamorphosed.
 The type of deposit will depend on
the composition of the transported lignite
sediments.
 The deposits showing these
features are iron ore (BIF), lignite,
Gypsum, carbonate and coal
BIF
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 Morphology of Mineral deposits
4) Porphyry
 “Porphyry” is a diversity of igneous rock
consisting of large-grained crystal such
as quartz and feldspar scattered in a fine-
grained groundmass.
 Porphyritic refers to the texture of the
rocks and suffix as granite-, rhyolite-,
and basalt-porphyry.
 The porphyry deposits are formed by
differentiation and cooling of a column of
rising magma in stages.

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 Morphology of Mineral deposits
5) Lenticular
 Magmatic segregation deposits are formed
by fracture filling within the host rock or
contained within them.
 They are generally irregular, roughly
spherical, more often “tabular” or “lenticular”
in shape.
 The width and thickness ranges between few
centimeters and few meters. The length may
exceed kilometers.
 Examples are Sukinda chromite deposits in
dunite-peridotites and Balaria zinc-lead-silver
deposit in dolomite, India
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 Morphology of Mineral deposits
5) Pipe
 “Pipe”-like deposits are relatively small in
horizontal dimension and extensively large in
vertical direction.

 These “pipes” and “chimneys” are orientated

in vertical to subvertical position. Pipes may
be formed by infillings of mineralized
breccias in volcanic pipes.

 Common type of volcanic pipes is a deep

narrow cone of solidified intrusive magma
characteristically represented by Kimberlite
or lamproite
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