THE BERNOULLI EQUATION AND \O 0? PRESSURE VARIATION(ole teugh on peng no (low oar on ot 4.1 Describing Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines “To inniscand dsb ong ida cagincer we the zcmting rating, and patie Hens, theo ae introduce inthe Pothlines and Streaklines “The palin th ph of id pric at noes through aw eld or example when thewndblews aletthisprovde an ea boat what he wi dang ean ta the Tet siya tached os parle of ahs parce move then the mation he eal wil evel he matin ofthe arte Another wa think aa pln o imagine sac Ing td price. time expose phetogph anf the moving gt woul be the patie One way orev pathic in aw of water to iy bea thal en tral buoyant otha ead mation ithe same ar motion of i parties Observing tee ‘ada they move through the Sow eel he patie ech partie “he stealine the ne generated ys racer fd sch a dye cntmoy jected Into foe bl at starting pa For example f ok node nto alow ow the ‘erling ces ae seals Steaks are own in Bg hee aes were peo ) Thusbe pling Next conser the streline nrc bic race si ar shoe in igre 4c and At shown the tealine i Fig. 44 ifr rom the pine and from any reanine m3Stores pines ond sot rn ow fl, a 4,2 Characterizing Velocity of a Flowing Fluid “is setn es ely and he ety fel Te, ese et eed nace ‘Solos mated for decating maton © Lage spot Deco retention fates * lore preach Desciber motion loco n pce Describing Velocity ‘Wloy ropery dpe ge the ped and cto fel he partie t {tetas inte fe maemo of wey a A vot an where Vite wloky opr Aan th pin pie A ati EXAMPLE, Wen ated om at P45) Va ithe ped nd etn of trot tepieat pou Thevdoaty Vy whee eo dan ee ee ‘Wear doings uk (ol Tekoy Seat ies : fitevoyiee i Series Sie ace Raps FRergontl twSESTONA2 COMEACTRENG VCCI cE AROWNE AUS Velocity Field ‘Adept heey ech parti a. ao aed voy fl neal ‘ch pues ow bar et clay. For enn pres A Bin 458 hee wl ua he wen ld dees bo way rs wih poston (cotpas ‘ly can be dsl ily 4.) or mately own by he sotoingente EXAMPLE. teat dimensana vlc eld inacomeris ven by Ve Gerbi- Gr aay where and ae potion corte mast In mle and andj ae nit ete in ‘ean decione respect When a velo fi gv by a ition lt cn ep one vial the aw Foe rapes theloenion (3) ~ Dante ste = 10 meter andy ~ LO ter into (2) tov te vel as = @mipi= my wa) ot hs pin and sees th ross tke oie to crete Fig Last one cn se dition ofthe sean fine tha every tangent veloc Yeo) tree ‘seal pater (Pg 460) Te ely ald pct by 4.2 chy vec, DUE he ond pen Samory he vlad deste the velo fecha parc x2 atl ron “Te vlolyfld canbe shown ally in Pls 5 andor ereribed maemo inka “Te concept ld can be gneazed A ld ea mathematical or vival descriton| vara fntion of potion sod se [EKAMPLES. A pues eld dss the duruton of prestie a aoa ait in Shee and tine. Aenea fed devs the itibton of epertze a wasn pointe paceand timeN16. Cooma ne snow equsren ane este yaON Tha fig shove ac pratt Sing re he an td gon quar on te (octets rape how ow neten este si nao epoch tps ‘ere ow on Elen spanch Afekdcan be sar ved (eg. temperture ld rss el dca be vector valued (evs ld aclerston Bh, (CHECKPOINT PROMLEN 4.1 Ande = («yates ‘iowa odin oy ans in thy dation oi 25" andy) epson eid The Eulerian and Lagrangian Approaches Insld metancs. tsp to dese the matin fa parle og badly In ceneastthe pares in alowing ld move more compat ways aed Hien pact ‘elo ac the motion of exh are Ths esearch inetd a sean way to decibe the Sn way to dercrib motion (led the Lageenglan approach) involve sling ‘abody and thn describing the motion ofthis body Te econ wy (led the Flea “proach vate selecting ein in space andthe dseribing the motion tht ro aring st ins in space. a ato, the Eulerian approach allows prpertes tobe eal ‘Sedat pata loaion a8 functhn of me, This bce the Bulan approach wie ae [EXAMPLE Consider fling paris (ig, 4.7) The Lagrangian approach es uations ‘hat dsc an ind artic Te lesan approach anes on equation forthe = Toy fll Although th equations of he we aprances ae diferent hey rei the sae rales of veloc. Nowe ht the equion v= V2gh] in Tig 47 was derived byeting he kinetic energy ofthe pace eq the change Sn gravitational ptetal ene = \ When the dae in Fig 4.7 ae generale the independent varias ofthe Lagrangian, spproach a inal postion and tim, The independent vale ofthe Ealran speach ‘2 positon a the fel an time. Table 4 compares the Lagraglan ad the Fara proachesseemon.aa pecemnerio 17 ‘TABLE 4.1 Cenpoien ofthe Loxrngian and he Elerion Approoche ine T ane Talon Apron Taser “Shen ardecte ismaten abi | Cheer decree moon af mare " tine fee | tin — Tai ncaa penny | Uda amis. ‘Usdin ig Cane wlio ow oi Fa mons ea) | Hal mci Balin es | ey a hoa qari Legyllipardesteaine econ f4_| med meen ge le iyi) Sioa famed ae | prac tee am a arin eo fee Ips oye andene( | Sinan ep eine ~ Nes cpap ero ln pe cline lapangin proc‘ Then loun conan Whe ils tea hematin en dere ‘Bropen pest anda ‘Gane pride al ‘Cometic Sec a es Representing Velocity Using Components ‘When he velo felis reeset in Cats anpenet the mutha fr Ve uy et ala ne) + Mey 0k wu) were w= sy. the component ofthe veo vector inane a unit ear inthe “Picton th coud (2) fe the spt loction nel ras tne Sil, the compensa rand wie the and -compooenis ofthe vey eco “Kner ny o repress vex owe normal a eget emponent In hi pron (p48), ver ee tached othe parse and mane wit he price. The ‘Mtge ui vector tanest the pth fhe parle an te nora niet oral path nd ised inward toward he cnr ef curate The psion conde Incas ance ted slong the path Tne vel of «Pad pare i represented = Visors Viste yee the paicieand iting, ‘noun 43 7 | 4.3 Describing Flow Engineer ue many wordt dese fon fa Speaking an undesandng isang ‘seminal prefer rch secson eds cones fo descr Og fie cue thee ae np is asumamary nls resented ee Table 4400 page 19)Flow pate or rent fow lo} Comer ow (eon ve Uniform and Nenuniform Flow “oimrdue: unoem ox, cansider velo ld fhe ar v=viut) wheres dtance twee yf psi slong a pth and iste ig 49) Thi ath ‘ate epsetton sealed oral ad tangential component: Tapeh ea ‘when the pha spare known, Tne nfrm fw, the ely const in gnu nd iecton algae st each ns in tine. In nom How the eamlnes et be einer, whieh means ‘Sag and pull (ee Fg 10), Unfo fow un be described bya auton (B)=Bae teiomtos us Repuding nation nhs tent we the vile that are ed constant when weting pe tl dere oe example nF (5th et ee show the formal way to wet {il derivative and the midlet howe a sper ten, The anal the mpl ‘tation tht tales atare eld conan can be nee om the contest Tm nontnlform fl, the vac changes song teanline ia in made, die ‘on ce ath flows that an flow wih steamline carte sono Asa any flow Invhlch the speed ofthe owe changing tally so nanan. wv oo Crenitacm tom) EXAMPLES. Nonuifcm fw occur in the comeing dct n Fig, 4a becase the speed ins asthe ct converges Nonusifrm ow eis forthe ves nig 4116 ‘Neuse th streamlinesarecuved Fad pr moving ol 2 paleSeong aa pecrenoriow. NP Steady and Unsteady How In genera velcy bald V spend poon rand ine #°V = Ved Homer, many ‘ido he velciy i cost win ines V = VO) Ti ical steady No. Steud Aon meas tht voc at exc can in pce cantar with ine. Tis dea cin be wt tenet 28 a In anunendy ow the veloc changing es a some points inthe veloc “isles can berapesented with angio. eo EXAMPLE, ithe ow in pip hinged wth ime due oa wave oping elosing he flow wd be ented tht rte voc at locos in the loc eld wou ben ‘nga deceasng wah tine. CHECKPOINT PROBLEM 4.2 etm ie amape sein 1 The ln he conte eed ok ‘eth tiin tecntieieuin lominor end Turbulent Flow na fmous experiment, store Ry saved hat sere ae wo diferent kind ow thatcan grr ina pipe The pec lamar fa, awl ore tat of ow in Mich adc i layers nae sayeth espe caches Te low ccs ines {rlaminae An eae of amir iter fk up 4.12). ‘onl Ln an de op wc maps hoi aut ate he Any (Colton Guage Row doom cl sla nah bdr Px by Dock le “telnet age 8house 413 Lomi ond drt ew oaaidt pp (3 ina om (8 Arte ow, fh ces came iy dene om ‘he ec ype of Bow ident by Rey lle arblet fw, which ian wn steady haraterzed by ede fans sie winter stam ming Tub Tent fw exa be observed in the wake of ship Ak ule flow san be aber for smokestack Fg 4.120) Nati thatthe mining the trent ow apart besae the me widens and diperc, Taina flow in apip (ig) ara nowt parol veacy dribton, Tbe how ig 138) has pig shaped wl datrbaton bec des mi the om which tends toes the dees nfm Inbar ned bent low the noice tion pes, Time-Avoraged Velocity ‘Tarblent fw is unsteady 5 the standard speach to repre the vy a tine sseraged vehcity ps ct component Thuy the vlacty i ewened = a Gee Fig 415) Thus the fauting component i defined the deren be {en the lal vel and the time-averaged velo A trblet flow Is deg “edith tine averaged wor ncn wth ine Frain lot ub lentlows seth fi ented Turbulence 3} Tal 4.2 compseana sd ub Sows TABLE 4.2 Compaiton of he Laminar and Tarbln Fow Ae ia ina ow Tete Rew Tas doi Sout owe ain Te ow hat mays of io ss ie ow spa nds te ‘Ylociy profi ina pipe Fanblcrao of men weal ioconeine | eg rao man wc tenn ‘hey er yap fon sey nbemean and, ‘ine Dineninalivaftiow | Tow is rnin Dal peta Tigh owt ming yt pte main teil iam le | meg cam ming nce | linc yan fw canbe aod | Three cary oa fw | sibs orcamptrslaon | There aied umber sae Therere may exiting sons | slain aprences Mary bl fw Solan srewsy ret hated te | Canute ecu rd wh compe ‘emwed wih erin ‘dai or eae laos Eng oon sSyenapcimenat unet le$749. BescHRING ROW. 124 Tonnariow E “Taal How Pacclinparane | Aloojemay pts of paca “hemor af act problnswae Predera nin oe aaepclens | tet i Tp te Sw an ietexpucanacrpoowtt | Wenig i Ma Be ‘ccuese ‘rw thigh alae es (spe rambe) | Repolcoumter ied Char A) One-Dimensional and Mubicimensional Flows ‘he dmeninainy of lo el ca billed by example Fig 14a show the vey Alston for aa sara on ace ut The funn, o Say devel ‘pe soe ylacky does ot changin the flow dretion (2) The vel depends ba cal heaps denn, rey the ri 20 te fw one desl oF 1D. Fg. 4.160 ‘Hho the vel eaton far ner win agar dct nba the wl Se ede on two dimensions, ney andthe How iso dnensood Figure 4140 ao Shows he elo isbn rt ina que dt bat the dt cre sectional ara ‘rpading inthe odors th wl wl Be dependent on ar wel andy. This fpr donno or. Anahegod en ofthe enna ow turbulence because the vec om onc at noe tine depend on he the coordinate cron. For example veo ome ua gen ine Seen on and that 2) Trl lo san ‘ead tthe velo components ao pea on ine “Another defen fue wed i hd mechanic quae Senos ove By ‘hisdefnkon tracted that thee only eneconpoent flac inthe fle dietion nd tha the vlcty pels ane urn itt hat onan vec rss the (ct com ecton Fw densa, yovedenina tow [Bicodnenona fw bid herded ioe‘Viscous end Invicid Flow Ina lcouslow hfe soit with viscous shear rses ae e enough lle the Bo Else ‘When fw spare Pig 416, the dag reo he ody a uly age Th designs seve reduc olin dow partion when desing pod sch a werd ‘plnes Inadtion fe suraion eas ea to atactar re bec he wake ‘ead de te vortex sedi and th ces airy lacs Thee len ene srl‘hans wich an ed to fre ven the ato atr egueney coe hed {Die nex shedding feqeney. Ins nas exaple vrter sbeling assdated with oe ‘Sesion cme ms ar ile Ste Neg wo e417 sows separation fron iro an sic ns body with the cos sesonl shape of wig Faw eratn ois when dhe il rotaed tan arg of atack tht teoigh How scparain in is cones cans ay airplane ttl eh means athe Inplec op rama ane wng canna lnge ep te pane evel ight Sl ‘tobe wand spain en csi ypes For empl ow pang through aoe ina pipe wil epurate (ef 1314 In Seton 13.2) thi cae these of separated fw i ‘Shales reciting one Sparing ow wihin pipes ndesable bese ‘Teme ents leon pret ne th ca ad toca ap irons. Summary Atached flow meat oe song pall owl fa bay. ow para far wich cers nth feral nd etal Bo an the ew pve sym he ‘a ow spar ered to lanenenan of engineering interest suchas dg tral Sibrtons and ean, 4.4 Acceleration editing forces importa othe signe. Bocas foes ae elated to aceon his Definition of Acceleration Acceleration a propery fa fpr tht chacrn the change in sed ofthe pa {idcandthechonge nthe Gectone telat an ineantntme Themen dfntion a shee Vis the veloc othe prise nis tine Src os soweg mm Begs Cre1 ig show fo omic Ite ‘phe iro hid pie fe troing ag te poguten eon Ths fe sons op sombe, Physical lterpretation of Acceleration Acceleration occurs when fl parti i changing sped changing ton of rave, EXAMPLE, Asapartiemovesalang the raph sremiinen Fig 18 doing down, ‘Because pies changing speeds aecleraing (actually declertg in th Angtie pric i changing see there must be acosponet ofthe acelin vector {angen w the pul Ths component of acetone eed te langtal compo of WH D) PXAMPLE. Ava parte moves along curved stesmne (ce Fig) the arte mast havea component of sclera det ind a shown Thi onponet ead he normal component ofthe action vector tn aon the parte changing speed, ‘hetangertal component wl alse presen. Summary Acceleration i propery of ad patil. The tangential compooent ofthe ‘ceeraton vector ie recede chane inspec. The nora comport eso. ted witha dang in dection The normal component willbe nonazr aye «parte ismoring ona curved stein because he price coninaly hangings decom Describing Acceleration Mathematically ‘Becrue the lo of a flowing Ai is detrei 2 veloc fl (ean Daerian sqposch hemathematial represen of clerton ferent ron wha presented [courses ie phscrand dy, heaton denopethe eeesgotion4 acenuaanon, “bein pice parle a seumfine ae sown ng, 420. Wie the veloc wing noma geal orponen: Vo Med thiseqstion the speed fh particle V ia fenton of postion sand time hed rection orate! fhe tiles given bythe ui vector eh by defini, ange theremin Porte moves ona bles. Way acon, cuttin £-(Bp() ” 2-8) “ Ina time othe fi particle move a stance dy so he dvvative df comepons othe ‘peed V ofthe patie nd (4s, Domes nb Cth eration vcard noes because te direction of he nit ‘ctr change ith dine athe parte mow alge pine The derives uy a 410) ihre ise uni veo perpendi tthe palin nd pointing inward twat center oweatare2). Sting (49) and 410) ty (7) get acetone a at van “Teinterprtation thse allows, The scl onthe side isacederation ‘theo parle The terms on eight de erst. wy teat this acclertony ‘hing the wel the wget and helo change th ineealcnen yo ‘Fo opens. [Sec Cn Cows) 2 (4.11) ahows tha the magatde ofthe nal component of sclration ie Vf ‘hedirectin of his aecleraton component snormalto the sine anwar toward te enter a erate ofthe zeae. Tit ter i sometimes cle the ceteipetal ‘sceeation, where the cenit means center sein. Convective and Local Acceleration In Ba (4.10 the tem AVI means the time rate of change of sped whl alding pos ton 2 constr Tine dren terms in Ealerian formation for aceon are fale Toa sceeraion Deca ponitan held constant Althea are called ea ‘wective acceration because they tpialy involve variables assaited with Md EXAMPLE, The conepisof Ba (61) cane lara yuo he cto in i421 “Th carige represents the aid price and the tach he plo, direc wey mee sure the aeration io ide he xrnge and read the neler of sh alo {es Ths es the acedeation n he le side of (411. The Bein approach to ‘cnr da so terms onthe right ie of Ba (411) canbe cleat One weld neste the caring ot two lostlons separated by dance Senden Become: Nest on would mesure Vand rand he caaite V2 Te lc acelin for this ‘sample, youl be ara When nei he caleltons onthe ght se of E41) ‘lenltdvaue wold mach he vale ered bythe celerometer ‘Ss ‘Summary The pbyses of accion se described by considering changing spd en ‘hanging ition oi price Local and conecveacderaton rela the ith ‘outa ters that appear inthe Elerion of eeeraon. ‘When sac eld eps deotv an ulin approach, ado can lest the sclraoa by mbttting ito an appropri foul: Example 44 tates his method.‘scTonL45. sero agesequsson 4 Cabin Acton honey Fil i Spock ‘A eds eigndsach tht the hyn ese 1) = ete acy ten ey ae ee Jog heen why 0 eg 0. Tedscijnunom sor cchecton Pd aceon ‘tc saioahay on be sete C3). DedncibcSraaion Awomptin Foe igs oe dina (nee ‘Sic nomato ne coerie. Csi adertion tro np ‘Geers eaand eon 1, Sie ulin gt cnet of oe 2 Ele tte ing) ‘bc Aatoe Gea Pan) “The da seg he patie it 4. (2) ems ‘ind cometh pein onugar=>00, 4.5. Applying Euler's Equation to Understand Pressure Variation LNGESTAND RESSAEYANANON 27 1. Temp tena Conese aceon comp = ever ent Po eng: Rea a youth te Secon fi ‘etn pie tate wy creas ne ‘SShecon way Be traghh low ‘eet perder ore ‘ules equation the topic of thi ton ed y engoerso understand pes van. Derivation of Euler's Equation ues equation dred by aphing I ~ mato fd particle The derivation simiarso thederiton othe hyo fret cqston (Chae).128. WTA 4 + me BENCUU EouNeN ANE EseNE wan Tobghnedct i pare (F428) and veh rie inan airy recon ‘ance it ree eho a 420, sane a vs es are. Asne heparin al he resenting Nowy New teitsciow inte fet “tows Fe may 2 a Framer + Fou = he Temas ofthe partie “Tenet ace eta protein the ieton Fae ™ PAA ~ (p+ Ap)MA~ ~ApA The force dt graye gay = ~BWe = ~8Weina leas) {pores ing on oad fel, ord etch ‘ing egret, Lee omFic 4236 te tina ~ A180 (41) eames a nawst Fem = AWE “he weigh othe patie AW = CAA. Sbsitating theme ote partic ap thease ‘nthe partic in Eq (4.12) ylde mapa = yn pstana Divdlog thigh by the vom ofthe pale A. ein ay Assn contant density ow so constant and By (418) educa Ftv + 19= oe rr)AqON. SAPS SERS EoUNTEN 70 UNDERSTIND esse ARETON 129 ‘gation (4.15) self of Euler putin, Beets eqation is vein any ‘Tstion ane we his inn gual ete - vp. = pe a0) here Vp the rant ofthe pixar pressure, and asthe aceleraton of the Hd aioe Physical Interpretation of Euler's Equation Eales equation shows th th ese raient cline with he cedeston vector and types dec, A frescec e] ements “tous by ssn knowledge faction a an make inference abot the pres vara tam Thee nortan ese peed ext Att pt we recommend he mn etd Pres Felt ond Fd Acct (Beau thr ls states fades coneps ‘ingabortary experiments ase 1: Petre Variation DaetoChangng Spd of «Parle ‘When afl pares pcding np slowing down it moves loge stealing then pret ‘rel vary na deo tanger to he sean. For carpe Pig 4.23 sows a Bd ate moving long stagationeeneine. Bee the put Is sowing down te ac ‘ratio vc pol othe le. Therefore the pres gent ms ptt the ik. “hs the esr neresing aor the sei and the dren af screaing esi isto the ght Stary Whe pale changing speed en presre willy Ine de otha stent ete tren fours 3.3 Ti ga shoma Bow 9 pave The th be od pri noir og be sas snc, = \ee 7 ——————— a ecg eee I lng lie ts norma estar To prove fc cae aline at oa {othe teamlns (we Fg 20) Then recognize hatFw wah ane Secret ffi pore. spd Ts, he ‘cel car pt ‘nerd ow ec Sone ow wih esis’ seni. The ruber ap gh the ita shaw ht pres ‘oraton naval einen scones pase = Co ewe a SS Becta, ~ Ele equation shows hat the prese patie mat hem: ap + {r= 0. Ts comcade ht peor esse (p+) conta along aye thet Dal othe steaniner: Summary. rower nol ens eine hea Case: Premare Variation Normal a Curved Streamlines ‘When seanlines are carved (Fg 425) then peo pawl cei login ‘hati: norma serine The retin of nerening sre wll bot the center of crear ofthe stearines 4.25 shows why presse wil ary Od parce ‘na curved sreanin must havea component of sclera inward Trlr te ait ‘the presse wl pln outward Because the grader pointe nthe dct of ineasng pres wecancade hat presences slang thee daw noi the se lines. Simmer When strainer curved, thn pres fcrene ata fm he terofcuratire ofthe eames, _ nn Colevltions Involving Euler's Equation Inmost cases calelatonsnvaving ler equation ate yond the aap hich Hee ‘er when ul Is cckrating at 2 rig Body then Els equation can be aplid fa ‘Simple way. amples 42 and 3 show how to do thi“ATONE UES EQUATION TO UncerStND ESE VATION ing Ele sion Cao ol Fi Pesiclerioera = ‘Nena wer ina veal teeing acer sonia vera Greion a Om Teepe rn oc find gerne oe pe “Theva dey eth ‘Nena are big ere by apie |Z Asmpinn 1 Marr etconpreste ‘Agra Bl Ean Gong Ding 2 Gown 191 1, Appi er ogo Ea (5). nthe econ 2. nqgatebetveeloeions Is 3, Serer 2 ge pesu)aseien 4 cae poe on etn. | Take Aion Buco the a) 1 Bese beazedenioncotant tes 20 penne neh prie ete Be secinery tinyBees @ orm--m £2 tation Det cont d= Alpe: nO aes oe ade ‘= 10 gi? (a 10)? 01m ‘he tink rar tuk fe nal wh sire api A019 Te (Gobi drips arco 108 885m} hte on her 20 (6) ngand ite Femara tip ened et ae ‘ith pete shay ae iets 6a (8 high whe mina Sono Decleraing nol ule wh rare © eo peat top rere‘Assumptions pete 218 (640m) Pind 1 rst gang) tip rt nk 2. Marna pes (x a Pin ake 1, App ers genni (1). of ik 2 baleen pont 3 Manian pre wlbeat he py ale ‘ao remot at ft an 4 Sig ot rn ep 2 te pre fot, “ake Aion ct Pan) ners back) a 2) mere a eter dorwsca oo Soe 4.6 Applying the Bernoulli Equation along a Streamline Because the Seroull equation used frequen id mechani this section introduces thst Derivation ofthe Bernoulli Equation Selec pre on arene (4.26). The poston contin «ge the part pos tos he unk vector i tangeat othe streamline ad the unit etre ermal the steamline Asan eady New so the veloc of he particle dapends on posi ely Tl veo. ‘Shc the ‘dann he Banouh enon GeeSEENON. RONG TH HRNCUML EQUATION ALONG 4 RENAE -Asame that vicous forces on le patie ca be elt Then apy Tale egution (64415 tothe prc nthe cet, Let w= om in ‘Acceleration is gien by Eg, (41) Rec the flow i steady, ¥/2¢ = 0 and Ba. (4.1) ye wv anv eye a) Because an Vin E417) ad (4:18) pend ely on postion th pat denies come cvdnny dein (fenton ony of» sage vale) Thus wit the hee sites as ondinay devs ard combine Ep, (6.17) and (418) te hy vra=wit ood(2) un penne’ ea ws When te drive of an expeson ir sa, the eesion ie eal oa conan. Ths, ewe (620) a prvet ot, (ante) wihere Cis conta (4218) the pres form ofthe Berl equation. Tis ales Ube presone orm bec em veut of pret, Disdlg Fa, 21a by he specie ‘rit lhe hed form f te Banal earn which ie given sq (4218) Inshe ead os altermaae wi of erg beat Pertnc leat Peek ea) Physical Interpretation #1 (Energy ls Conserved) ‘One ayo iter the ero etn led tothe ea tat whe the Berl pation ‘ppt eal eal fhe owing dnc an reine To evn te ‘Peon eal ht pesetckd aeodce! Cher dace Blewmerichead = he 2+ 2 eae, nwo Ba (422) into (4218) bE = constant a 2 Nove velocity ead is detined by 2a vetoes 133Connie Ee (422)10(4.24) 10 ge (scr)-(Sar)- (Cana) waa 4. (425 i shown visually in Fg 427. Natice hat piace hed tue ie) and the ‘doy ea (rye) ar changing bt the sum afte poms he lt loc ead ‘eeverywh consant. Ths the ttl eas conta oral pint slong sexing when ‘the Berea equation api. ‘The prvousdicussion nrodoced head. Head i cncpt hate edo characterize ‘he balate fork ar energy flowing lA sow nig 27, ea nb vine asthe igh col of ii Each type fea dese wank oeery tr Walon bad characterize thekneticenexgy in lowing Bud elevation hea character te gar tational poet energy oid aod prea he irl to wrk dane by the pres fee At shown in Tg 4.27, the al he constr: Thi ean tht when the Berl pit 8) _eVL= VD _ (ate m2 seme? ovo elton and th Pra 1. Dieu Ne tht we cry i Ge, spot the peal give eee) 2 Ke leer species ai na 2 awe Te ry sh hth wey he sae pee wean he ee ste potenang 6 iovaes a vente A vent! (locale enue contd ction a shown inthis ramp, Ash ems ro vent the ress fred in ‘Senurow ia calle the oat This drop in pres ical he err fect “The vert can be wd entra gu drops indo of ga an a carbreo.The est can al be wed to mena the ate the yet oman snl wh he Berea equi, Serer a epee teeen tn teh ine elon mcr aon {het 05m The velcty terol ection i ice snap Bn ie Aigo Bough aver ane Scie Gur si cyt pi ‘Genera Tau nd aan Selec he Brolin bec te poben e Siem nee he bad bce ig tte set astra nd ne and 2 Sed se ofa i per ewe he rca beep fae to eae ei comer meres note et Be asm+ com) +8 - asm +8 rR ap tt (om osm Bb a. ie (tose for Vs ‘ale Aaine ct he ln) enol eatin. sm) 1 | ara] igre geo tel omen S aegiieemoaeree ae eae are Storage uncer ThxSESTONAZ.measuane yeoCIY AND MESSE, 199 4.7 Measuring Velocity and Pressure “Theplexmee sation sue and Pat st tbe havelang ee wed to mesure prestie Td nly ndedh many seca teaarrmen are based on hese insets Ts, Uhssncton deere thee este Static Pressure ‘State peessrei the presen flowing dA common way oss ati rest i toca sat hl tthe wal = pe ar then connect pizometer or presi ug his fat be Fp 429)This port incall pestre ap. The fewon al presse tp fel ‘hart providesa way to mensre ac presse tat does ot tthe law. ‘stig dla psa pr od swe Kowa poms Senos wal od Sctomonsesele esas lll ‘CHECKPOINT ROME 4.3 eras fen se ge ca ager (es) the pt osu ede ce Hse peed at peso on ‘Selatan hat Wa cee! gS ‘Sora sel Wi? vot Stagnation Tube A sttion tobe lo known tl bed be) ian ape-ended ake die upstream in ‘Mow Gee fg 120 A sagan he saath sum of stat esr and Knee pres. ‘Kneis iedefnd at ahirary point As: icp) YE spas J 2 ‘Net wl dervean enon for vac nan open cane fo Forte tg be ‘Bi 4st pl Oa on tester, ad = The erol eqsin res ne wae) ‘the ely poit ro (aarti po Hence (428) sips to aeMo. crore. sen aren ane ESR YAATON cunt 3.39 ‘une 4.91 Sogn be Petco IT Next aply hydronic extn: p= ydandp, = + Therefore, (425) can be vedoor ow vate va 0 Pit ibe “he Pht sat abe, named ater the eitenth-centary French hdc engine who in ‘wet it ited on the ume picpe the stagnation eb bt ti mach meee than he again tube, The Pc state ube shown i Fig. 431, ha a pres ap at he "upsteam enc f the tbe fo sensing the net pres Thee ar algo prs lose ctrl tube dametes downstream othe oat end ofthe tbe fe sensing the ate prea inthe fu where the loc cesta the ame athe aproach city, When he Berl ‘poton b.4.210).sapliedbeteen ps and? slg the sesline shown aig 431, erent 2 But Vi, = 0s that egntion for Vs an sation for weloy. i= )” I ptt eeeSSTONA?, gases voc ane mesure Here ¥; = V, where V ste velaky ofthe stan and py aed ps ate the plezomerc frewarsatpoint and eget by connecting «peers gag maoweter Dtwcen the pressure taps shen in ‘ig. 451 thr lead fo pts | snd, ane can est mearre the Mow velo wih he Prtocatae tube A major advantage of he Pots be stat can be sed to me ‘Sess pram pip ption be bt cnet enh Ta deren pesure page scones art he apt the ge mesures the er ein pore ress realy Therefore Eq (431) spits 0 v= VER—TF here pi the prose difeence ease bythe ge ‘Mote iforinaton on Dilot-c tbs and ow meaarement ro abe in the ow Mewsurement Enginerng Hendook (Example 47 desteates the aplication of the oes abe wah manoneer- The, Example 4 illus ap presse ge Pte Aap ore raed {pe imupeing one chown eso ea be ‘nema? tose at pe ‘Reunite apcte pny teers add om witha _Amumptions a tte ego apie Propels n= 8 ome ME AA Sq = SS Fin Rw ley. ‘Gears snakes an 1. ind ieee in promi peer ig he Stoner qi, 2 Paley Delineation AMhacstaitbe i moun a ppeandcaonecedoa ‘Dh nson sete Pn) 1. Manone tn eee pl a on Pr sae Pibow she nue mech oes ee CL Ngee el eGMe. uaren4 9 cane sown ane mace sane y [axsnax Zoe now] eed ‘epi he Sa be ee mnie ‘opraare goed ‘etl proses cancel som he pot Potacibe Whes ie Pits rite ne wid ‘oul he penne i oO Wi ‘elaine ttn he presuandtemesnthe, ‘nn 580 alts 20 rpc A ie romrepge stated os Bt the ferty mosreret in ean Dicusn The 1 in egy (147 elec he alc. thc fhe ile tear, ‘ich endo cuneate et “hh pag man cunning fee 1 Aldo tet. + Moke egnon pia Propet Tle A2 Ry = 297K Find esr redacy n 1 Ung hee pansies. Langit 2 Pov be equation vires pea ge: = VIS v= Vex TNA 4.8 Characterizing Rotational Motion of a Flowing Fluid In addition velocity and acceleration, engines lio drt the retain fa Ths thitope is roduced in thissectan At is oie ecend he line vot ln (Gy betas isn show the concep inthis ton ung born experi, Concept of Rotation therottion of id partic seine a he serge rttion of tony mtuly per la fes Mid patil The tet nt lok he aon ofthe line fat Wee ah faces (ot and in Fig 432) The ange ete thsi andthe ornSECTION. 8 cacreNe ROMNIONA MONON OF ALON HUD,.48, ‘une 4.32 Resse fo as pore Flow ttn o ove fed sorry sacl oe “he genera rdatanip etc andthe angles ding the ie ie hewn in Fig. A3, where athe angle foe se ithe andthe angle the seg fhe teri seth he yas Te ane beeen he sides is B= % + By ~ By ote oenttion of the arte with espet othe asi reeteloee Gren ood Rid once. ‘ne manracl epee iting us 11 = othe seotatonal ich mean tha tert ee (as defined by 9.433) ¢ ser orl pits in the velo ed Nese dive an esto fr 8 ers af the vlc fd, Conse hepatic town nig 404 The sides ofthe ert aren perpen wits lng Av and 9, "Then the parle mons with sed defers showy wp Dingo pte 11 {nd post to The eegih ofthe care anhange Alter me A the esol Seas {ett couterclols by Ay andthe vera de lacks negative ie) by Ap “hey coi companeat of pot ev + (wt) ad the xcompnent of pin 2 s+ Guly)Sy Thence dupont of pins aod 2 re" ano tar = Bana ae snore aya heehee utente yo graceune 434 Tron nd ‘rpaicn ha poe Refrngto Fig. 44.the angles 80s and re given by an, s so, aa(22) 22 vag an) ~aty = aa) a Lidge Asn eb 1-0 js nh no tn at 6 sl Teas) ‘sting re 43 pt tna ti pre ew i ac =o 3-3) “hicomponent ef rttonl elas ined as O50 a @ ws =i wa ‘There tton vari A+ 0) + a0)SECTONA 8 COMRACTRING ROTOR NONALOF ACHING FIND 14S spe) aby sre “The mos etensve spline eins iin ow theory. An ea aw i te ow oan stata nee Bad. lw Sli which scour eles are al fan ofa be eared ss retoa In fc f ow of an ncomprese ild Mld intial rotational wil ean ratatona Vorticity “hemos eamman way to decibertaton owe vr. which in ete equa oie ‘hee tin et The mage the oc ideates the eatin of ewe Trey importa flow where cous sts Sominat, soc sDoudary ye. ps ‘aed an wake lw The ery eatin “E-BeG- DC “ where > V isthe crf he vay Sl "hn leatina ow sigs fm the vor wee everywhere es. Example 49 sss bow fo crate he tana of ew Bland Example 40a the fhm oad patie Ee ‘Gece Mow od Nae an Pobeiee ele ‘ecw Oand 2 = apy (4380 toeraate Fen Scat a ee tigen Gutekcee ese) Le ‘ery npc ee nc fag ae Sate } ase fawn1, coB0T4 «1 RNC EoUANON an PRESSURE ARON, ‘tle Dann ‘i exis een tony nd moving pa ft nthe enya Se dae ‘ose ne anne ape cr eminent otis ha a pre ected ow ane feito an ence Asmsine Pas Sor(= 02a 2-0, Fi theta of pari iad) tte ‘llpiafer tango, ‘Geer nd as an £1 eg (379 eat rion wih =, 2 din fp oem 2 alate moto titi, Tie Atos cet ) 1. Nt arte 90) 2 Tet to 210) oon ~ oot mis 3. Amowuktatin aoe ax Dac Ne tt he itn agate ci dca 4.9 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow When flow sittin. he Bernal suntan cn plied between any wo psi hit oy Tha he point do nat eed tobe onthe sae tule. Thi ron for of he emo eation i sed extensively tm apions sch tcl hoy de sexys of ting sce (vn) and imap winds, Ths thst decries how to desethe Sermo qeto fora ition done Tio acer cols showing ensanm eae ns ‘bestest | “Toteinthederaton, py the ule equating (15). then ection formal to (9 19 = pay wat) here the pati erate of» srepaced bythe edinary drive Bete the flow is ‘tuned ely (oo tine dependence Two ace sears andthe decom meson InP. 4.35. elcid spends, the loc ain of crate of the reine “Theaceleaton sonal tothe strexine the cenit aceon soSECTPA 410 DESCNNG TRESS ED FoR tow ON A CCU CHINE, where nese sgn acu cathe etn mou fa the center f crete ln the cnet clertn r ard the enter f erature Ug the rant ‘fod the cen cn be ween st eo Ao the desiratve with respecte rane expe a erie wth respec H@-a@e-aG) ecu te diction of ie the seat ap dni wt) ws 9, (44) cabe erin Substintng the expression for aceon ito Fae eqution, (AI) and asuing constant deny res Efrered) 1 e pees oy c ae) Which isthe Beroul eto. snd Ci consantn thew etn (across sealing) Summary For notation! oh canst Cl the Bernal gation ete sam cost Scumlng as wl log reams so isthe sane everyman the How Bl Tom ‘then applying he Beroul pution forall on cm et ois and 2 ay Ticatons not rt longa sree 4.10 Describing the Pressure Field for Flow over a Circular Cylinder Hl oer a iar pide ia psig (Le, fr external ow ower may bets. ‘The Pressure Coefficient ‘eo deee te pressure ld engines often we dimensions group cle the pressure ‘eaten abe via” ViFee) oe urwas "tly Sten oe ens tn = ESS (pms a \ {) QO Sze NK SZ Pressure Distribution for an Ideal Fluid ‘Aa idea id dened a ld that svc and that has constant density IF we ‘srume an iotaiona flow of an idea fl, then elaine reve the rest show i jg 4360, rates tote in ths get +The presse dstsaton symm on the font and back ofthe finde “+ The presi oeffcleat i smaines negative (ted out), wich comeponds to epee prs 1 The pres cafe i orcime pose (plate nwa, which comesponds 6 rate ge ress 1 The maxim pressre (= +10) acu the otal backf the ender atthe stagnate ptt (pits and ‘+ Theminioum presre(G ~ ~30)occursatthe midsection where the voy it ight fin). "Next we inode the concepts of fsa an adverse peste grade T en apoly le eqeton wile neglecting raisins eects ‘One notes tata > 0 Apis < oh the Mid parle ase f the presre decrees wih tance along pale his isa favorable presse gradient. On te eher hand Oi apts > Oso thei pare decelerate the presse increta + Pale. This is adverse premae gradient. The dlons of preere rae ‘sled inthe ale > Sac) Odean) Fernticpraregaion pr = 0 ‘Abene prose pais pty > 0 ‘Visulizethe medion of id pris n F436 at tae around the inde for ‘Ato Bio Cte Dand nal to E Note that ist dclertsomthe festa oct 0{STON CALCUATNG TH RESSREFELEFoR AROIAING FO ro voy the ford stagnation point ast ate adverse presse eli hen {it pn fmt 6 hen feeble pena rain and tater ihe {pel Pam CoD the presure erases apna toward thera tation ptt athe [tile ects ht bar enough morenti to eh Daly he peste decreases From D t Ean thi vcs prasute grant clea the Prt tack 1 the fe steam wacky Pressure Distribution for a Viscous Flow Conse teowo rel so) ad pt cyte ashen in Eg 437. The ore patra ‘tea ofthe macnn ery alr tothe ater for an ea eid Henn ina ‘ur i the vay atthe rc 2 opciones with he ow of 1 ‘nv ude arlene na be er Besse of waco ec a boundary yer {ern et othe face Te vl changes rom ero the ure the ee sa Ye aly scrote banda layer, Ow te fran eto fhe de were ese ‘aden forse the Boundary yer gute hi rouse 237 Flow lal pat a erred Flow pain Pe debut, ovata ofthe mide, te pre grain aes, andthe ld parle in ‘the Boundary layer done by wcos elec ca al go far and then ae eee o dost ben fn eure. The partie ped of the wal by presae foes anced wi he {ee preue pate he prt whe he ow lees he wal ced the apron Fein Ares fl cll ake develope behind the ender The How in he wake "pos cll separated fo Te estar rrisin on he einer sure i he wake "eBem te constr at shown ig 4378 Te redaced rer waked ‘sented rag. 4.11 Calculating the Pressure Field for a Rotating Flow ‘Thisseton desrbs howto rate ese nd elt for in sli ody ton To nerd soi body eatin, cre indi cote of water (i438) wt ‘nary agin thathe cota place in rattan abot an (Pg 38) ue,150, cyan Skach vad cle Fata aed by eaton +. OEIC EqUAnON ane RESURE agTEN tnd allowed reach steady sate with a angular speed of At steady te the i parties vil beat et wi pet to each ober That nthe dance betwee nwo Bu Wil cans This condition sn dese etton oil boda this yp oo Yam defi 3 lin ald ody oaton ‘Suan which ii rtates 53s ody ae found in many eglceing spl ‘ions Ope ammo apltion ithe cea spars The cent lan sulting Hom rotting id seperate the ener partie or helper pales the Teaver paride move wved the ootide and height partes xe paced tow the ‘ter A mk epartor operates in this fashion, a des &eyelne seartr erro, fartcletroman sr tea, Derivation of an Equation for a Fluid in Solid Body Rotation Toi. apy ler eto intercon normal othe stein an outer fom the center ttt In his ase the Bud partis rte athe Spokes of whe 0 he breton Cin alr equation by (443). eacedby vig 4 Fle +98) 08 as) here he pti drat a been replaced by an ordinary derivative Bese the ow ead andatencion only ofthe rds Pom (41th sclerston nthe aia hon (oy fe he centr ferratie tnd Euler epaton Becomes wa Forel body ration shou a ad, Sahsttatingti ec debution int Euler equation ress osm so)‘CTO CCUATNG TE ESSIEN FOR AROUWING OW. Integrin (4.50) wt espettor gies pte et cme “Thin equton can aio Be wten at pty -Taseequalet equations dere rs erin rating fw Esp own appythe eaten Exo Caen he Sura Pris of tang Lud Acti aod hw ine Sgr otig Silat a Te dame “hein A Spee gd terre ttn od ‘li ows ee pert be ‘Se Fit cen dire Dre ido else ee wasn) sel asa) 1 shows © Gencotiea and Make i 1 iy (42 eee pit ad. 2 Cli te eonton does, ‘Be Asien coc) 1. un (459. a, Sim, wd yh a 8 ae “hemes Dot ols maar op, ~ and ‘heres eae ot Arpt y= de tt Thee es dey Mea aoa ala? x (025) Ais iting acide a Sac Goa Cc te vain dren ce) Bs ld Note hte ce ole ple152. SHER THE NENoANU UREN AnenEsNE ye Example 12st thane a oating a ina mana Exe lingo Rtng Monomer ibe ‘Whe he be at aed her andi te ee ‘own the betel sa he care eta re ata thene wart be Kees — xm Amine ged i conpree Fad then of ater in ele ‘eae aad a Thea leghf egies ate te ‘ness eran nan on Au oat what remain the bao eg Te preset 1. Apt se gason rene yarn aig og gin tenis dieencein den abe 2 hips of gd keg ad hee in ca, ‘Te Aaon (Bech Pan) 1. Aplotion 94) Bten tp goa) ora paca scan Zan (antl age = RN sem — aia 2. Thesumattheheighin che 6am. Seluson othe eh eas fe rol ws epee none es. ‘ose toe endo ei sr oad be [nthe iepandthe olen whee 4,12. Summarizing Key Knowledge Pathline, Streamlines, and Streaklines + Tovsualue fo engineer usethe streaming reali andthe patio. > Thesraminesa cre that verre angen tothe loa wl wc. > Thesrarieisa mathematical ety tht anna e observed inthe ysl werd > Thecogurationof streamlines ina ow Bld iced the flow pater. The pane the ine (right or carved that pati allows > A sealine isthe ne produced by adj roth maker Bi troduced ats point * tnseay So: putblns eteklns and sreanines az concent Le, ontop a eich ‘beri hey share commen pare, * Inunseaty ow patlins seaklns and seamlines ae ntsc.SECTION 412, susan reranonaence 159 Velocity and Velocity Feld 4 tn aowng hi els find athe peda deco of wave id particle 1 A ely fl isa materi ce rpc Ssrptin tht show the vey tach ote pal eaton) within fo, Evlerian and Lagrangian Descriptions “here are two way to describe mote (Lagrangian and ale). «+ Inthe Lagrangian apa the eginer dente pci caleton of mater and ‘serie mtn For erampe when a engineer esi the etn of ad pre thi la Lagrangian hae deseripon- Inthe Eulerian opjroah the engoer entifier repon nace sad descebes the ‘oto of mates oat psig yin erm of what baprening vaso pi Tocon Forename the wl el an Palen bed one > the Bnerian approach wes fil A fl i tert or raph desertion that Shows ow a vrei dati aptly Ald canbe clr eld oa ell. he Eolesanaprosch uss thedergenc, aden. and eu peas. > The uleran proach wer mere camped materi (eg pat eaves) than he Lagrangian approach Describing Flow gine des owing gt er mead in Tale 4 {TABLE 4.4 How Ensineas Desc Flowing Fie a i Tay kaernige ~Faices iy sr anjomor enna] = Uaiinaents ne dec ew hoy wep "femurs Unen ow wie ein oa ‘Ginter. Nomi sean Bat acy atari i gen soci ee [a ieee SIN tay or as wy aging whine stone ral penetra ogee ae tnd a indy Ea _ | REISE eeteernconmeanone ce eo Fagan oars | Lao iro nen ge ai i Ic | feted ng foes iad ye of ne. | "Rov untay ight iy Occ ego dr fo rnin Tae ‘ar gag sr tina ble Gal Fagan ci oa elonTABLE 4.4 How Engincrs Dasribe Flowing lids (Coninsad) Dacron ey Knowle ] “Tegner dine 1D. 2B,@B, «One dina) flor enh ocy pels ono agin diy wear ai orion. | = “Wied ws ding iow | Inthe id owe ‘petal rahe Ey dape oa a Thrice ty denon see purer lc doen en ards Vivant ou lo i es cl is acs hea a sete aon sing ne inci fee aac wi i a te tga Ts Yuu ced wn sng Se ‘sation not Teal boners cw i rele moat and he ow ‘nanny pra ne cena wr aon Tage dese ow crated oad | thebeats Bad el, Vc cs regi athe bode he vl te pon eeprted ow ead ody wpe we ad paride sy ot all +i presi vgs ‘The ren of erated Bow inept lds Acceleration “+ Accel isa property aid pric that charters The chagein speed ofthe parle > Thechige indirection a tveof he arte ‘+ Accel is defined mathematica the deriv of the wl wct, + Accent of afd partiecane dsrbed alti. Guidlines apace is travelng cna curved sealing, there wile component of cleraon tht snore the steamline and etd ard od the center afte pti changing spec, thr wl bea cmpncat face tat tangent the stealing ‘+ tnan Blea representation of acration Terms tt aval deriaves wth ep ote a alain ters leur terms are comectv acetone Mow of thet ile drives ih pet postion Euler's Equation + ul pation New snd f aioe ap fd parte hen teow ‘ove ad iceSESTON 12. SANYURING Fey NcNAERCE, 185 ee eee a ere tn aera ae fit {®). dure (B)-m eS ee re tte ge ere re ee rare eae renee sree ee gers eee When stanines aetna psi vritonnomal¥ the remiss ‘The Bernoulli Equation The Brot ution comers of nergy appid to ai patie i dered by Inti leg fr ea ivi and constant ety om «+ Fortheasumtions just sted. he Bercll eqaton apd betwen any vo points ‘onthe same sean 4 Me Bernt unos ho fet > Hea Rom phy ++ V0) cost + Pm Romp ae (eV = ens «There are wo equivalent st tebe te phys othe Bepoall equation » When aed ines hen pcsomeric pre decrees (ngs ream. > Theta head (local pr ome heal i ens longs seumlio.Thit ‘cnet nergy ince a afd pare move longa sean. Measuring Velocity and Pressure ‘When pressure emer ata ese apn the wl ofp thi vides Ineaurentf atic res he ume measiement a ao be wed To Jeermine presue head or peur hes + Stipes define she pease ina owing Sud Sal preset be ‘esd nay Set des nt ange the vl othe messed presse Rint prsarei(pV? ‘Astagation ub proves mearement of tate pressure) + (inti presi: ava “Tne sett take ever srt to mesure bh ste pres andi reste ‘to poltin flowing ft Thiet vies way oes al Weel. Fluid Rotation, Vorlcty, ond Irrational Flow + Rateofrttion 1 tsa property of fad paris describes wt the paid stig > sie ty pling prpsndculsine ona parle and hen averaging the rotishonal ato teen lea ctr quit wh th ation af the vector hen bythe ght hand ale+ Aconman way to describe rotation sto use vortty vector wich twice the ‘etton elon = 200 4 Incartedan coordinates he erty gies by . &- 2-2-2) 3 ‘+ When apsyng the Bemoll equation orrotatonl ov ec selec pts and arylation not ja songatenine Describing the Pressure Field + The pres ls fen describ ang group calla the peste csc + he presare grant nea body iste to ow separation » Anavasepresie gait ssc wth ow sprain, > A posive ress gradients stot wih stacked fon. “Theyre fel for low oer cil parign fr understanding eterna ho The presreslorg he otf he pr high the eee Wake “+ When oni ttating ald ody.the press fl pan be described wing ee prepa e where sth rottonal ped andr isthe dtc rom the at of oan tte pit in etal Describing the Pressure Field (Summary) Pressure varios ina owing ae soca wth she phesomenc: 4 Weight Dueto the weight fi reso increase with nceasing depth Les ecresngcleation). This topc pete a Chap 3 (yates) ‘+ Acceleration, Whe hid prices ze aceertng there ae lly peste ations ‘sole wh the acerton Inns loth rant the presi lde Aligned ina decton opposite othe seer ete + Viscous ets. When viscous fects are signa here can be united presre changes For empl there ae peste dnp salted wth os in hoon pps {nd dts This top prevented in Chapter 10 (Condi Fw REFERENCES 1. low Vili al Neca Pig dade Tis om iene 2. RC Dy geod Ch Ns Pri Hal, 2 Tre a Mecha lt donde 731 igen 4. Pree Rand ad ton al Mechan , ood 7171 om beh hai 5. ile (6) ow Mentemet geri anak (6 trey. Pr Pr 2. Fd Man i dovdond ‘i nt sdPROBLEMS (ADs rom stein Wy PLUS nara dro. ‘Steomlns, Seeks, od Paine 4A fun you coach gh i prt teste: two ena you fngaed Bes patina? Egan es dniono och {6 lobe yten pode by anode ag fom echinnyo9 Srey min spine ot pn {GIT vind ue pd de sad aid Sidon drink ee ibernad sete edansin eye edd ‘hayes pine azclneer anie {UG ont aon elie abe > aay aga fe aeaty 4s stew = aye vain at pie Aino fd yuh ee baler iecedraeuine celta wasn aie ts tao ta The ‘re he cet 0 resent rm at ged Decency tne tcnae gut 0p Drie tne pri ans 4a Ne yearn amine ming = 4s cng ntact bewhinwtes Phamyye mtd yeaa ‘ed st pith Selatan! = a pak “thesome fae Dro soe the seine patie he Fares stelingstnet™= 10. 4 tne t= a years at pt An ain ‘eidorga Te specdathe ow ons e108 ste ow actin nt ery eat a7 Faalarinae the eon eel te ‘inet anal pul ty town ave Dew (tub) aseeamine rte ow t= ‘Den (al pun it oe wld seat = 10 fora peice patel pst = 2 (cad oni C0) Prien rie WHALE oN oats a7 ‘ely orth Vly al (2) Gd Ady fl pen mathematics V4 ‘evento < 2Dixandy ‘The Erion ond egrangon Approaches $4.2) 49s Thea pte lin jee The pra Iden cy ed eine how may ee tel are lng eer atte ‘Heemgency apeoder mented teeing selecting one pe a Stile ecumenical unt oy cp ous th ath cy Sarsag fhe eran rns nage how cen eis wth etched eareny ‘ema uth ow wince) Teper hae ‘bcnatel pouhe wih semen et cone? {Thendral proche ng are agg oe ‘Theyre aga pach and te hence ave Eo on, Dexering ow 143) “410 Lee cans an tiny wand eg at ‘Se them ra ty Sm {AN So ing sap cor pence che fraps oe he eee dein pe arenes wt We {Uns hey a agro = ge 2 »Depdstely © -pantunnaty © 2bandaey (4 2Dandentedy “avs be osteo ey dace tba ot “01 nhs he feet abet iy (pened instant act etn ang ‘peur How wold youd th fw Be ee ‘eEagopenl! ow wand yo ca ow a At ‘kerning tine i Hons een) Used er (cnr oes | {416 tat pater comeing tens wold Yoel tont 4417 Comer nash condi Thecondet cee ‘erereion Pref econ cnt ard fas dameterthat changer i ese Ten linha cond crely mac he ein lo Ath ‘einem “See | “Newnes | 4.18 Chyna oe meno = ‘eer to nthe cat fog pla da, 1s Rowinastihthoznal pipe € Howin cantar antes iple ht lohe Contour of he os yey sein omni tea Ahaha 1 Vere pats ge tat dors tefl ‘rn ton of we ct hn ecleasion 4 4419 Acero thet feng wast whine ‘hence versa aged he lt wr? Epa 420 Foraratatng ose sein oe ie cee ‘ton scp a cap nr! Lk ed ‘ange an word 421 F005 ns towing certo ce i sd peri can decon b ietoe «engi both edad rcton 4220s Teton ping hgh asa tend. The ped ihe id ere beeen ote oe ta The cranial ewe th ec a he ass olsen 1 gute «oct Insel ow 4.240 gre 609.14 10 so te ow pte fer pte scl cylde Anse ht hea ‘ok scot dos ont ay whi) 1 Ibe pte cinders orantety? 1 tence of eee dimes ce «freee goof te ew eel ae Son igre am sw te hy ean show ‘scooting Seals ep Arete a repo foe wher comet ep rn “425 Bs ne woot songs pene gen by Venld)= #0 wher eee deed “Thera furan tm Erte seen ‘anand oral wheats Sd =D a, 4.26 Totecn epee nds in ind Sirsecd Uy helt fw twa ter log ‘belogtacal scsi oand tobe “U0 iP, thre ihe ae fhe pers then Pac on the aera ofthe hea ee Mareaty Betatoeremmtednayoer ine [Stand muring qt oc dese ln aoe foi gosantardinet= 5 420 A thenoen ees ch are ‘cncy tive inet fn ee ea Tp Aamg gt nein wt ie ‘Soe akon wy bre tated et i ‘Serco at hee od ie hep Neg 1 42 bint a ey ty in ‘Bowes nae Te way ote (8) ae a ‘prt i) Wht le erence ng Se neha ast 460 Lg he igh i nen sets ‘ecient ign rr a Sanda? HS. 1B -——s——| PRORLSA30,451 431 what vie hc theca 4432 fh he wet fate wth ode nis rey Be ong re 10 ~ ost wine V = sci fe precast = tin nsec, TThaanaheg eran gente = 48 ‘vauns Ostend! sa hail acetal, ‘Secon What wth comecie seein Sone ‘esc deon fieas a) = stg nd Pre Wore 43) Seemuestnt ‘Sewarc acdsee benenstocaroands Se eee Susman erent aaeriocecomt oaemeceee Bees eee edger asl ee ee Sbarro tent eee ata aoe eae IraMe. sweerna 4438 te pita dae = 624 hae acer meats re 04g ale he pears ep Bln roams PROBLEMS 44,439 439 GE Wir (p~ ee sisal cdf 0h ‘etl pipet pent htop a oto futon Wo up sero he pny [Bccacsprosn ats pagina sor ep “440 ADs wh pres dient eo acer wae noha ins hort ppe arc te ‘441 Warp = 10m? cers fom tina zonal peta ngand oem date eertion rowed vr en) em hie (doa cet 442 Wer = 64h?) sand pho 0 ine ‘erp hit dosed etm by pion Aang ‘hate aor see) termite mi ‘emma cterto tan be eo eoaht ‘Stung ther immedsoy hve pe, 449 Agatha of 2 ode. ‘aspen ia tata ey The pres spins Nand e109 an 10 perp Wha (erm) owen aoe eth? (eV Thevdsywinhe ponte ecm The cys Menge fees 0) Test repute ‘cain Theaelraion ine pat deen 4.4 fey vise wit dag eterna it eee ran aly Taught nt p eth, ee oo —_ 4445 he cre a own fil ef gd aed ewmardat Spanos 09g Hee = 3848, Sl tespece nye egal Determine Ps Spe {446 IIe sed shows eh fue ‘cere wan tide ight ip Hee = 258, 1 Sima iad aspect ay. Detemine Pe pasnipe pe Rey El ‘Averig he Bern Equation (44) 4447 Destiny wn ors ow a ape wk {4 Whe te Bal uti alse Sschakin Fig 427 on 14in he age tre lal pi) 1 fbewdocy baad elton ea nr he rs ei des Boas Theta eft ong id cot lng 1449 Fs were vic fn ua sha ‘Tas odachy ite te ets Clash igh te ew ie (at App he eel eu lng ‘seem 4450 Arysref ik gee thea water ‘ended nk The dst om he terete ‘suet wo.sm Tepe ft wr Fe ‘lyf a at Te pd ote wee ‘Sree machle than he war pene aereel isioor {451 Bites oe rghit (tet) ‘Scton Pomme ata be param pez ‘Slum ren sacon shown These ep 0. esnmse ints The wr tpete iE Wat ‘Bede (sa teins aa cl 452s Komen 3 ta asnctin tne tod tn secion es pe ce of Ps The le cyt rn son ae What te ‘acy vane pe? Bee a ‘Stagnation bs ond i Ste 64.7) {58 Fs Angin be cn ae ee al lo) cane undt deerioe pene 1 cante undo deerme a aesy mem te ssoatns. 16 51RD ADicesnicinbe mand oa asain ‘econ Aan adr ner tesenpewce ‘Scmging oir of ric mere Waleed? {GEFs Agate mre sting ete Sethe yc end tan rd ete {Geena ony Show eater te ‘illite elo etree oa? 4658 A Roose etn cee oa dk ‘Sem ten rade i ant 1 ea rat {ppch sty a) Ue weal od ae ety ts ng, om pV, pate tang p> wD. ce 2, 2? 4657 Anata mantel ‘ho maurice te manor ees tect? Ame T= anp = 15 {E58 Thelen deve bw nate agin Fbeatuton ena pece tn Tdi s ‘tl Stnsbutr sso Aha dency ewig hd Aer manner camel ee Wont mer icy a? 4g J Rome ass459 Thee Pat poe savn nada mee te (ne wlotyn wer p= 00). ren ea ‘ter agua 9 herd Scot poi erp eid et Besar ‘neers the est chy {nde mesure ome rand apap The osu tptelieac thrintsae hvu he peri rene ees ‘Borate tte temo Vt 4. Us A deem eee wy dine Ppconet oxen us dame oh eer he Depp damser maudlin hp wih mr tips Theft sgn plan oe cd ct ‘ner Dao hep cote he read Prue pies des a0 Sn ow IBtbepipe Ape page cone fee Spat rote dro 8 any 461 Bea ie you ight gn pl Pt tic Frbeto pov he etn a vy of wg en, ‘Teor aacgrae lero on nga ane {142 Panache op ‘Sod osname th way ofa and ono ‘hese eamncesssbwr The bebe bor {arb mores te en cde) = Oya Moana te 4485 Ao ta te do mere ty ate heft pipe earnest cb ving ‘etecin era erento oa heii babe acy? E+ TH ERNUULEQAANON aD esse vases Hs f ce. esti be ne omnes way Steed ent ron tp te teen Sara sanded semaphore roe ss er a oe ‘tena gern pane dence! ete Sey Sonnet adie rere ier tpeae ice usando pore ses ae he tear ™ 446 Peat tthe usd amet pact oe (ie A premature the Mae is ‘from fence 2 po Theda oe pn ec Sib Whaat par csy nt 4467 Ashore es rot raph later atape Tithe Asn dtc dwt bed hep el ested wsh pt eth {Eps prenurenh undated wars he ene epe the cnet sphere the tb vse eer pe her tan ny oa oer pre dan a {6 Ds ty Ate hngh wae tc Cision Wlcters pt Bae Ce nds Seowingedydartened hee mganedre! i ‘odie Wi po49 nen te de er enlan “= ome) =e 470 the spridhwnn fpre e omenre ‘Beep fart theo Suctbig Bem ine ‘Nel mtd st sve ofeach ame {ntact egos semen Arete ‘pinball othe dat conceit er end ae ‘Bete ann Ie ft at abe mana’ ‘Stance nthe decent ort ‘punter cane So weap ad ‘eprasue 50th the mammcer dhs se Gcoidescntelqidenicettenmencerba Soman daned sole Wher hero ne ce ‘beanie dst umings or oy poe Stealth meet two ese HS 168 47 Bnet name se pete sor feos nantes spent ote {Gtfiow dco tho and oneal os msnomee Sheprauesseon tated 058 sme ‘eben noted The pressure and temperate of the tack (use ke an2 25°C Tact fe sts Sg Docmine th way of te nace Ui I ‘ko These inte akan perc ‘Sento pate pt sarin bey ‘Setbaton row mers three = 15 ya bee Yo ‘tte crea sey ad te ge mete ron he few sapton onthe sears = 1 te Ivara aye toDmieandtic a rip 128g, sph Aha he apres eon tbe (cea pent ear? As Asa reese mbes sed masthead Cries Te Pat he comma oa see ag ‘ee ced noe thc spect when he ‘eopeston 1° and th pene 0K Teale critvand “ee thladaed spend Po What Getaeanet| {64 Ana ag 1000 et wes estate eo {Tate ree tenes ne ‘tel enero na prs 98 ad ee ‘Soper lene pre Wes pd ae ‘peel {08 Yn ed msi on acy as orders Smut wail Pattee and seme ‘Shore tht he aon sayin sma ~ of wee the Why poe Inca eran te {aie poune pret Ieee tbe ‘Senta ter mans ced eae ‘Siva ps yr Teens te deny ‘Secale vag tt) = sans164, CHOvTE 4». THE teow equnoN ann reese vst the abi tenperatae i dees Rankine efor you we the Pte jon conti hth tse cone, Deere eyecare Sthasctedtphetwatratectin DD beset hand Renan ety themed equal Rie Whih oe Iwg tenes we eee neh ees ChorceringRotatonl Matin a Fil $4. (497 Whe mean y oaton fa pre? case ‘wean 424 Canara spera eid patie nani i ine ‘Merson ct cy Keene epic ye pea ra? 49 Cs ence ~ 0a — 19} nes ‘icy ei itbefowinwanal? ‘620 he wand cy conga oe fda gh 1 pany =a Drm tod ce 4481 Thess component oman te we wa {622 Arner ow il eon i== edv= "hoyle aoe” {6 ed dor Been a pr tony pts The ‘ace een perso The eos cba the itera wha mania cay athe ‘Shot en The ely prenby =a) we yee the cc Te oe {Tan domstean Finda apresin enn of be snorted) ad parcel odes en ‘eons dace f'n ste tye eee tison oto eet-7) Fc r0 the wc pts gd bly ton andar ‘etn er yen pei, Find iment atone wil ese incampting ne cet wun eer ‘Stan fH he tan rat aw th concert ‘eso pny was Ba tiny The ent Eqn Bron How 69) 4.8 0 un ete ace onde Te Ig rvetand incompetent onl The cy esis a ‘hd om wade tae Tea ie Dtibeeaget mde oueraier nm {46th cnt ce pp 308 samen itn Une ae 129 he wy th npg fr hi ers ‘Wevlsandh = 19m Bc oft onde emcee Pin tho amed ott Undt the {486 The minim ect af hele pt ae cad ‘shown stb spo cy Wha pee ea ieereindacrodmea sown coine|489th acy ad preteen psi be ‘hw arm tees prensa ple St he ety er ee ed and 08 {oon Assume dy dow Tengen tee at ‘Srmig ich ft ouing sane ta) Tene \nthecontacon ennui andi) Te ae ‘econ sunformand wal) Theo Be ‘Strona ab an (2) The ow he ‘Sourcing ened estan 4.0 ie (p~ 5h) Sow lage eae ‘tom hte own Ae it fan. Dit Bt deol posta estan sowton ngewe rely cme hates lpn pat pe VEf 41/3 de one beryl fo pater stan ‘tear tht ee ypc = it Ameya oben ang =a 492 coset of ter bs pe a ‘on plowed a ae Te ae enc he OMENS. 18S sininhend te pet be mong pale pce ‘her cla epost rere bern ee {ice he Bera oun beeen pe. webell 4 noncin-neel sven 4493 eeu fra pe dimension) fain he seat nanan sea -aBh y= deeion eget scat ey aes ‘Wing he eon in Balaton, ow tat wEgZoa)=0 oy Go hk meer Vg + Micon al etn,Prue Fd for @ Creer yd (64.10) 49H A hving setae iS? ip 10 Atgenbiepe pation ted 1 apt he gion pone 1 athesagmtion pant « bten th staton it and sation pin 495 The wl dseon ones ‘pa ef epoca ae che ‘ress wnt and thee esl on the ard ‘Sepncion pain & eames in pelea ‘heptane pein 10 ow ‘eo ha Tne pase a ptr fe pie ‘Suimaplri tue enn be gton pt Spr scaron tevin seater 496 Kooving the spel api fei tea fs ‘ered the rere pel pit intake ‘thre con nese the ere eon aid he pes Secchi Pt neo Pres Fd fr Retaing Fw 411) 497 The spoon nd py sac fyi Repeto te “Snwirahevrce Ponte an xan are cere She 1690 end nk ch nc edt ‘eter hb) andpan ound nver ‘Sadist ne of ra Av open ster ‘Seen ksh cing i min |i 499 acelin (S~ 08) ts Rider snd Tekh 108 gy (sow rig ‘tgs ecm anh be pent pit A Sofie the pene 25 what eros PROBLEM 69 4.100 eprops of iene ‘ee rec on lb ing te ‘igh pal Ins ream apt am alp te use whe brn geod heme A beter ier arb connate cng sero ree (cw ee ron ely enon Seth A com sc eet 0p ie indepen dante wate ‘et erin hegre ok 401 Aono gi 12) relat ‘bet i) ada hee ete ak ‘Seca pdt mero at ‘hed rose nen pot andy Pa PncPia to boo htc 005 ne ‘ive nin sd pout Ate op on aa ee a {4102 A vase tated srt one ees, ere ‘ig ened eg cae ing 25 cen “lenght tebe the 0S dh ge {iS mlng Wha wold et rou aon Gs) ‘eeosrethat oudiexpeed om hot eg? a40s Anan ihasageton beamed ed 10 ‘ina hr plane emo agar ee ‘etm em lng athe neat ater fete ‘cer she eed hae dine ee ‘Sovetakan has spec nt a 1000 406 AU atest 0 eva tant, The ald heath the Ute bape ty of Te Semper ewe betas beU-he nt A chee chr stop ef tae age tino Ca epg [3990 4.105 05 A manatee nosso ‘pede tn avon owen esi teria en: head teeing 10, The ie ‘Sthemaeanetr ballets pce ey a8 Fide Serotec tea pats ——— omus,167 {06 Af nko aetin sender ‘vanes reed oe tin anced he ‘ernum brotedat3 enn Tendon tt ‘hemutinn athe rae mgd tet DiePand he dente fds 0 go? Wate pesuvathe ct eda {BI lpm eae Der sel he gasped a ich ter ‘jst top at othe mal he when etre putea eo ea —— Rost 7 1a ewe (p~ 0g le ede ae nia ‘ue thehrsnt pane opened acest ‘phe nl ot oe da? 4109 veg = 100g) saa deo Ue ‘yen abot swt angle ll —steep fh open ie Aa th ener fr tte theme beta afer ren ‘Suthep inh ned edn smo ‘4110 is A single pry cri of 0m dk ‘tha pr a inn tr pp i ao {Eregha coun tb onthe The es po 3 oi, ‘teil dcrg te simepene pire Toss ifemaimum beg opt be parasne a eyed prema tt npn ‘tester prone Cale nasi ope, Iago. ee Kl PRopLEM 4310 “AML Aoi ako water 9 = 100g) ‘ated et thr hw The ere be ‘hk wthe a(V= rl ean get i ie ‘Song vera ne tg he cnr orton Wat ‘epider re=—tms= tad Fh men wT Srunttoes = Butea ' eed ese a ile wth es (p= 24). is eds ‘tak V~ Therma ven 2 Wht