CDB 3022 - Environmental Chemical Engineering

INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DR. NOORFIDZA YUB HARUN

Office : 04-03-021
Phone : +605-368 7628
Email : noorfidza.yub@utp.edu.my

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this session, you should be able to:

1 Define and describe what is Environmental

Engineering
Specify related environmental regulations and
2 standards

3 Comprehend the roles of environmental engineers

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING?
 Application of mathematics, science and engineering principles to provide
solution to the problems of environmental sanitation/safety.
 Inclusive of:

1 Provision of safe, palatable and ample public water supplies

2 Proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid wastes.

3 Control of water, soil and atmospheric pollution

4 Control of public health problems

5 Provision of adequate sanitation in rural, urban and recreational areas

6 Analysis on the effect of technological advances on the environment

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RECAP FROM PREVIOUS CLASS
Law
Environmental issues

Engineers

Waste
Sustainability management

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SUSTAINABILITY?

“Avoidance of the depletion of natural

resources in order to maintain an
ecological balance”

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THE NEEDS OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
• A man-made ecosystem that operates in a similar way to natural
ecosystems, where the waste or by product of one process is used as an
input into another process.

AIM
2

3
To reduce
environmental stress
4
caused by industry
whilst encouraging
5 resource
innovation,
efficiency and
6
sustained growth.

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BENEFITS?
Improved
environmental
protection Cost savings
(materials purchasing,
licensing fees, waste
disposal fees,
1
Income
generation
through selling
2
waste or by
products Enhanced
3
corporate image

Improved5 relations
with other industries Avoid resources
and organizations
6 and depletion for future use
market advantages

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EXAMPLE OF A SUCCESS INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Water

“System Air Environment

Approach”

Land/Soil

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WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

 Water is required to meet the physiological needs of

people, industrial plant and agricultural
 Water source commonly determines the planning, design
and operation of the collection, purification, transmission
and distribution works

 2 major sources used to supply community and industrial

needs are surface water and groundwater

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WHAT IS CATCHMENT AREA?
 An extent of land where water from rain or snow melt
drains downhill into a water body, such as a river, lake,
reservoir, sea or ocean.

 Each catchment area is separated topographically from

adjacent area by a geographical barrier such as a ridge, hill
or mountain, which is known as a water divide or
watershed.

 The amount of water reaching the river, reservoir, or lake

from its catchment area depends on
a) The size of the area.
b) The amount of precipitation
c) The loss through evaporation and absorption by the
earth

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EXAMPLE OF CATCHMENT AREA & WATERSHED

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WHY WE NEED TO PROTECT THE
CATCHMENT AREA?

ANY IDEA?
 Clean drinking water
 Natural areas for recreation
 Habitat for plants and animals
 Healthy vegetation and
waterways
 Reliable and clean water for
stock and irrigation
 Opportunities for sustainable
agriculture and industry

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HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
 Ground water and surface water are closely related.
 This relationship is part of the hydrologic cycle.

Precipitation that falls from

the atmosphere in the form
of rain or snow:
- Reaches the land
surface and recharges
rivers, lakes, wetlands,
and other surface water
bodies directly;
- Infiltrates (seeps into)
the ground and
eventually reaches the
ground water; or
- Evaporates back into the
atmosphere.

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HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
 Water resources cannot be properly managed unless we know where
they are, in what quantity and quality, and how variable they are
likely to be in the foreseeable future.
 Data from hydrological networks are used by public and private
sectors for a variety of applications:
- planning, designing, operating and maintaining multipurpose
water management systems
- preparation and distribution of flood forecasts and warnings
aimed at protecting lives and property
- design of spillways, highways, bridges and culverts
- flood plain mapping
- determining and monitoring environmental or ecological flows
- managing water rights and transboundary water issues
- education and research
- protecting water quality
- regulating pollutant discharges.

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MASS BALANCE APPROACH

Concept
Analogous to Balancing in Environmental System
Balance = Deposit – Withdrawal
Or
Accumulation = Input - Output
of mass of mass of mass

Problem Solving Approach

 Draw a Flowchart
 Show Inputs, Outputs, and Accumulation
 Convert to Mass Units

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EXAMPLE

Riv
er
Lake Riv
er
Strea
m
Groundwa
ter in this system can be simplified to:
Mass balance for water in the lake
Mass Out (Evaporation)

Mass in or Water in (river) Mass out or Water Out (river+ stream)

Lake

Mass in/Out or Water in /out (seepage to and

from Groundwater)
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WHO IS THE PERSON IN CHARGE?
WHAT DO THEY DO?
Identify and design
solutions for
environmental
problems

Prepare, review, revise Work with

regulations & Monitor the quality of environmental
recommendations the air, water, and land
reports scientists,
planners,
hazardous
waste
technicians,
engineers, and
other
specialists to
Inspect address
industrial/municipal ENVIRONMENTAL Design solutions for
disposal & management environmental
activities to assess ENGINEER of wastes problems
their compliances

Plan & manage the

recovery of land
degraded, damaged and
altered by industrial
activities

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LAST BUT NOT LEAST..

They should
emphasize on
the sustainable
development
ENVIRONMENTAL of the
ENGINEER
environment

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WHERE DO THESE ENGINEERS WORK?
Environmental engineers work in many places. Some of the common ones
are:

1. Engineering consulting firms that design and construct air and water pollution-
control systems,
2. Industries that need to treat their air or wastewater discharges,
3. Private and municipal agencies that supply drinking water,
4. Companies that treat and dispose of hazardous chemicals,
5. Companies that operate treatment facilities for municipalities or industries,
6. Government agencies that monitor and regulate waste discharges,
7. Universities that teach and conduct research on environmental control,
8. Private and government laboratories that develop the new generations of
pollution-control systems,
9. International agencies that transfer knowledge and technology to the developing
world, and
10. Public-interest groups that advocate environmental protection.

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IS THERE ANY ENVIRONMENTAL
LEGISLATION & REGULATION?
YES. WHAT IS IT?
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974
 An act relating to the prevention,
abatement, control of pollution,
enhancement of the environment and
purposes connected therewith.
 Malaysian legislation gazetted on 14 March
1974.
 Administered and enforced by the
Department of Environment (DOE) under
the Ministry of Natural Resources and the
Environment.

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WHY DO WE NEEDS EQA 1974?

“Environmental problems may be local, regional or global. The

effects of global warming, ozone depletion, and contamination of
the high seas do not recognise territorial or jurisdictional
boundaries. For this reason global, regional and local responses
are often necessary to establish standards, to co-ordinate actions
and to persuade states, industry and us as individuals to work to
improve and protect our environment.”

— Sunkin, M., Ong, D. M. and Wight, R. (1998), Sourcebook on

Environmental Law, Cavendish Publishing, London.

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WHAT IS THE ROLES OF EQA 1974?
EIA requirements

Agro-based pollution (palm

oil & rubber industries)

Industrial effluents and

Control & regulate sewage

Scheduled wastes from

Stipulates industries
conditions/parameter limits
EQA 1974

for waste emissions,

discharges and deposits Air and noise emissions
into the environment from motor engines

Licensing fees apply, vary

with the nature of the
Bases regulatory framework pollution
on the issuance and renewal
of licenses, where
Penalties are imposed

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WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (EIA)?
 A study to identify, predict, evaluate and communicate information
about the impacts on the environment of a proposed project and to
detail out the mitigating measures prior to project approval and
implementation

 Steps:
- Identify and assess the environmental impact of an activity.
- Identify measures to prevent, reduce or control the impact.
- Report the results (EIA).
- Activity to proceed only if the control measures are
adequate (decided by Director General of Environmental
Quality)

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REGULATIONS, RULES, ORDERS UNDER EQA
1974 Please refer to this website for detailed info: http://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/

 CONTROL OF AGRO-BASED WATER POLLUTION

- EQ (Prescribed Premises)(Crude Palm Oil) Regulations 1977
- EQ (Prescribed Premises)(Raw Natural Rubber) Regulations 1978
- EQ (Prescribed Premises)(Raw Natural Rubber) Order 1978
- EQ (Prescribed Premises)(Crude Palm Oil) Order 1977

 CONTROL OF MUNICIPAL & INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER POLLUTION

- EQ (Sewage) Regulations 2009
- EQ (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009
- EQ (Delegation of Powers on Marine Pollution Control) Order 1994

 CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL AIR EMISSIONS

- EQ (Clean Air) Regulations 1978
- EQ (Halon Management) Regulations 1999
- EQ (Dioxin and Furan) Regulations 2004
- EQ (Delegation of Powers)(Halon Management) Order 2000
- EQ (Prohibition on The Use of Chlorofluoracarbons and Other Gases as
Propellants and Blowing Agents) Order 1993
- EQ (Compounding of Offences)(Open Burning) Rules 2000
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REGULATIONS, RULES, ORDERS UNDER EQA
1974 Please refer to this website for detailed info: http://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/

 CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

- EQ (Appeal Board) Regulations 2003
- EQ (Licensing) Regulations 1977
- EQ (Delegation of Powers) Order 2005
- EQ (Delegation of Powers)(Perbadanan Putrajaya) Order 2002
- EQ (Prescribed Activities)(Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987.
- EQ (Compounding of Offences) Rules 1978

 CONTROL OF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE

- EQ (Control of Pollution from Solid Waste Transfer Station and Landfill) Regulations 2009
- EQ (Scheduled Waste) Regulation 2005
- EQ (Refrigerant Management) Regulations 1999
- EQ (Prescribed Conveyance)(Scheduled Wastes) Order 2005
- EQ (Prescribed Premises)(Scheduled Wastes Treatment and Disposal Facilities) Order 1989

 CONTROL OF MOTOR ENGINES EMISSIONS

- EQ (Control of Emission from Diesel Engines) Regulations 1996
- EQ (Control of Emission from Motorcycles) Regulations 2003
- EQ (Control of Emission from Petrol Engines) Regulations 1996
- EQ (Control of Lead Concentration in Motor Gasoline) Regulations 1985
- EQ (Control of Petrol and Diesel Properties) Regulations 2007
- EQ (Motor Vehicle Noise) Regulations 1987

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OTHER LEGISLATIONS

National:
 Local Government Act, 1976 (LGA)
 Street Drainage and Building Act, 1974 (SDBA)
 Town and Country Planning Act, 1976 (TCPA)
 National Land Code (NLC)

International:
 Solid Waste Disposal Act, 1965
 National Environmental Policy Act, 1969
 Resources Recovery Act, 1970
 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 1976
 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act, 1980 (Superfund)
 Public Utility Regulation and Policy Act, 1981
 EU Landfill Directive (1999/31/EEC)

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