QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS BASICS

Quantitative petrophysical analysis is a matter of data reduction and summary, using the basic
laws of mathematics, physics, and chemistry, coupled with a fair amount of common sense
and experience. Analysis and interpretation should not be confused or construed to be one
and the same. Some people use the words log evaluation to mean either or both analysis and
interpretation. We prefer to think that analysis and evaluation mean data reduction and that
interpretation involves trying to understand these results in light of the assumptions made,
and other known facts not used in the analysis.

With the advent of modern, inexpensive, multi-

function, programmable calculators, pocket
computers, and desktop micro-computers,
chartbook methods are quickly disappearing.
Charts are occasionally referred to when
working in complex lithology, where the pattern
or position of points on the chart or graph may
be helpful. Even this can be quantified by
appropriate equations.

Algebra from various Chapters can be merged

together and coded in calculator or computer
language to give customized programs for the
individual user. Once recorded and
documented, they can be carried on the job as
readily as a chartbook, and they are much more
convenient and powerful. Most chartbooks do
not handle shale corrections, so they are now
inappropriate for very many oil and gas
reservoirs.

INTEGRATED PETROPHYSICS
 The Data Reduction / Analysis / Interpretation /
Understanding Model for Integrated Petrophysics

For fast, practical analysis, preprogrammed methods for the calculator or computer are
essential. Spreadsheet software , commercial petrophysical packages, and in-house software
has replaced the chartbook. Unfortunately, many of these systems are delivered pretty
"naked"; you will probably have to code numerous equations into the package yourself.

These are provided in later sections of this Handbook and are "computer-ready". They do not
need to be derived, translated, or heavily modified to be used in virtually all computers with
Basic, Fortran, or similar computer languages or interpreters. This may have made the
equations a little harder to read, but easier to use.

Not all methods outlined in this handbook, or elsewhere, apply in every instance. Nor is there
time or data available to try every method on a particular zone. How to select a reasonable
method is described in appropriate sections of each Chapter.

Most user defined equation interpreters require that you distinguish between a log curve and a
parameter - read your software documentation manual to see how this is done and adapt the
algorithms in this Handbook appropriately.

PETROPHYSICAL ALGORITHMS
An algorithm is a set of mathematical operations impressed upon the log data, assumed
parameters, and possibly on the results of previously applied algorithms, which produces one
or more easily defined numerical results. A series of algorithms make up a routine, and a
series of routines make up a computation. Algorithms presented here are self contained units
and do not rely too heavily on previous algorithms, so some internal duplication exists,
especially in the area of units conversions.

The layout of all algorithms in this book has been specially designed to allow a text editor or
language interpreter program to convert the information into a working program. This has been
achieved by using a very brief pseudo-programming language with few keywords, and yet it
retains many components of the English language to increase readability.

LAYOUT OF ALGORITHMS IN THIS BOOK

1. Chapter sub-heading - (subject name)
2. Introductory text for this subject.
3. Algorithm name and abbreviation.
4. Mathematical formula, using consistent curve and interpretation parameter
names, preceded by an algorithm line number.
5. Dictionary of curve and parameter names, and units of measure.
6. Trailing comments, including recommended usage, and warnings.
7. Recommended values for parameters.
8. Numerical example of the algorithm.
9. Comments may also be interspersed between each line of the mathematics,
and may act as sub-titles for each equation.

More than one algorithm may appear under a single Chapter subheading. Conversely some
Chapter subheadings may contain no algorithm.

The algorithms are written in a pseudo computer language using structural programming style.
The key words are:

IF
AND IF
OR IF
THEN
OTHERWISE (ELSE is used in many computers)
AND
FOR ...TO ...ENDLOOP

Each keyword follows the algorithm line number, and only one keyword can be on a line. For
example:
1: IF X > Y
2: THEN Z = 36

A more complicated IF statement might use several lines:

1: IF X > Y
2: AND IF Z > 36
3: OR IF SWITCH$ = "ON"
 4: THEN W = 14
5: AND Q = 8
6: OTHERWISE W = 15
7: AND Q = 9

Using this style eliminates the need for the END IF statement and allows one to read the
program in English without difficulty. It also lends itself to automatic translation into Excel,
Basic or Fortran by a simple interpreter program or the Find/Replace function of a word
processor. Some language interpreters will insist that the complete IF..THEN..ELSE be on one
program line. Some care is required to keep the AND and OR statements sorted out when you
convert this pseudo-code. Some languages will insist on different punctuation or parentheses
to compile correctly. Read your language manuals carefully to determine what you need to do
to translate the algorithms.

An example will illustrate this point more clearly:

SAM1 - Sample Algorithm

This is line one of the sample algorithm.
1: CSZ = RHT + 2.06 * (BITZ - 1)

A line of math may require more than one line of text,

such as this example.
2: CSZ = RHT[] + 2.06 * (BITZ - 1) * (1 - (999 + METR)) / (1 +
3.28 * (IF KILL$ = "NO"))
The end of an algorithm is signaled by the data dictionary.

WHERE:
BITZ = bit size (mm or inches)
CSZ = casing zugle (mm or inches)
RHT = relative hot tub temperature (deg C or deg F)
X = intermediate variable
Y = intermediate variable
etc.

COMMENTS:
This example illustrates most of the features of the pseudo-
computer language used in this book. A number, followed by
a colon, cannot be used within the comments interspersed
within the algorithm math section, but can occur anywhere
else in the overall algorithm description.

Note that log curves are vectors (a mathematical term for a

string of numbers) and parameters (constants for a zone) are
single-valued. Take care to translate log curves in the
pseudo-code appropriately into your chosen computer
language.

RECOMMENDED VALUES FOR PARAMETERS:

None

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE:
Given BITZ = 205
METR = 1
etc.