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Concrete Beam
Concrete Beam
Concrete Beam
Definitions
d the effective depth of the section i.e. the distance
from the top of the beam to the centre of area of the
reinforcement.
h the total depth of the beam d h
As the area of the tensile reinforcement
fck the characteristic cylinder strength of the
cover
concrete
0.85 fck the 0.85 factor is to allow for the fact that
the strength of the concrete in a beam is different from that in a cylinder test
x the distance from the top of the beam to the neutral axis
fyk the characteristic yield strength of the reinforcement
z the lever arm for the moment
I MacLeod 1
s the depth of the stress block = 0.85x
M is the applied moment
Moment equilibrium for the section
Figure 2 shows the forces on the section
The resultant compression in the concrete is:
C = 0.85 bs (fck/c) (1)
where c is the partial safety factor for the concrete
The resultant tensile force in the steel is:
T = Ast(fyk/ s) (2)
where s is the partial safety factor for the concrete
Horizontal equilibrium is C = T (3)
0.85fck/c
s
d x C = bs( 0.85fck/c)
neutral axis
z
T = Ast fyk/s
Under-reinforced section
A standard rule in reinforce concrete beam design is that, in make the failure more
ductile, steel failure should precede concrete failure. A section for which steel and
concrete yield at the same time is called a balanced section. It can be shown that this
condition occurs when
K = M/bd2fck = 0.167 (9)
I MacLeod 2
Steel fails first when K < 0.167. Such a section is called under-reinforced.
If K> 0.167 then compression reinforcement is needed.
2 Shear strength
2.1 Criterion to be used (Ales course project)
Section 6.2.2 of Eurocode 2 gives the following empirical expression for the design
shear resistance of reinforced concrete sections
VRd,c = [ 0.12k(1001fck)1/3]bwd
where:
VRd,c is the design shear resistance of a reinforced concrete section.
k = [1 + (100/d)1/2] 2.0 with d in mm
1 = Asl /(bwd) 0.02
Asl is the area of the tensile reinforcement at the section at which the shear is
define. This area of steel needs to extend for a full anchorage length plus the
effective depth of the section beyond the section.
bw is the width of the section at the level of the tension reinforcement
d is the effective depth
fck is in MPa (N/mm2)
I MacLeod 3