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Biology Times - May 2018
Biology Times - May 2018
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NEET PHYSICS
NEET PHYSICS
NEET PHYSICS
NEET PHYSICS
NEET
NEET
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NEET
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS
PHYSICS MCQ’s with Full Explanations
MCQ’s with Full Explanations
MCQ’s with Full Explanations
MCQ’s with Full Explanations
VOL-4
Ray Optics| Wave Optics| Dual Nature Of Matter & Photo Electric Effect| Atoms X-rays|
VOL-3
Nuclear Physics| Electronic
Electrostatics| Devices|Current
Capacitors| Communication Systems
Electricity| Magnetic Effects Of Current| Magnetism &
Gravitation| Fluid Mechanics| MechanicalWaves
Properties Of Matter| Thermal Properties Of
VOL-2
Matter| Electromagnetic Induction| Electromagnetic
Matter|Units
Simple
& Hormonic Motion| Waves On A String| Sound Waves| Kinetic Motion
Theory Of
VOL-1
Dimensions| Basic Mathematics| Motion In One Dimension| In Two Dimension|
Gases| Calorimetry|
Newtons LawThermodynamics| Heat
Of Motion| Friction TransferMotion| Work, Power & Energy| Centre Of Mass|
& Circular
Linear Momentum & Collision| Rotational Dynamics
VOL-4
VOL-3
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VOL-1
NEET CHEMISTRY
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VOL-5
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VOL-3
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NEET
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CHEMISTRY
NEET BIOLOGY
CHEMISTRY
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CHEMISTRY
NEET BIOLOGY
CHEMISTRY
NEET BIOLOGY
NEET BIOLOGY
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VOL-4
Coordination Compounds| Haloalkanes & Haloarenes| Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers| Aldehydes,
VOL-3
chemistry&InProcesses Redox
Every DayOf Reactions|
Isolation Hydrogens-block
Of Elements| p-block Elements (alkali & Alkaline Earth Metals)| P-block Elements|
Life Of Elements|
Chemistry|dStructure
& F Block Elements
VOL-1
BIOLOGY
Thermodynamics| Equilibrium
BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY BIOLOGY
MCQ’s with Full Explanations
MCQ’s with Full Explanations
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Strategies for enhancement in food production |Microbes in human welfare| MCQ’s with Full Explanations
VOL-5
Biotechnology & its principles|Biotechnology & its applications |Organisms & Population| MCQ’s with Full Explanations
VOL-4
Livingcycle
Biomolecules |Cell World |Plant
& Cell Kingdom|Morphology
division|Digestion of flowering
& Absorption plants|Anatomy
| Breathing & Exchangeofofflowering
gases plants
|Biological Classification |Animal Kingdom|Structural Organisation in Animals
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Biology Times May 18
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When pollen stands on the stigma, it germinates and gives rise to a pollen tube that grows through the
tissues of the flower until it reaches an ovule inside the ovary. The nucleus of the pollen grain (the male
gamete) then passes along the pollen tube and joins with the nucleus of the ovule (the female gamete). This
process is called fertilisation. After fertilisation, ovary develops into fruit and ovules develop into seeds.
The Fruit
The fruit is a characteristic feature of the flowering plants. It is a mature or ripened ovary, developed
after fertilisation.The wall of the ovary develops into the wall of fruit called pericarp. The fruits may be
fleshy as in guava, orange, mango, etc., or may be dry, as in groundnut, and mustard, etc.
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Biology Times May 18
Most fruits such as Mango, Blueberry, Peach etc. develop only from the ovary and are called true fruits.
However, in a few species such as apple, strawberry, cashew, etc. the floral parts other than ovary,
contributes to fruit formation. Such fruits are called false fruits or pseudo-carp e.g., peduncle in cashew-
nut, thalamus in apple, pear, gourd and cucumber; fused perianth in mulberry and calyx in Dillenia. Jack
fruit and pine apple are also false fruits as they develop from the entire inflorescence. False fruits are also
called spurious or accessory fruits.
If a fruit is formed without fertilisation of the ovary, it is called a parthenocarpic fruit. In most of
the species, fruits are the results of fertilisation, there are a few species in which fruits develop without
fertilisation. Such fruits are called parthenocarpic fruits. Banana is one such example. Parthenocarpy can
be induced through the application of growth hormones and such fruits are seedless.
Structure of Fruit
Generally, the fruit consists of a wall or pericarp and seeds. The pericarp may be dry or fleshy. When
pericarp is thick and fleshy, it is differentiated into the outer epicarp, the middle mesocarp and the inner
endocarp.
In mango and coconut, the fruit is known as a drupe. They develop from monocarpellary superior ovaries
and are one seeded. In mango the pericarp is well differentiated into an outer thin epicarp, a middle fleshy
edible mesocarp and an inner stony hard endocarp. In coconut which is also a drupe, the mesocarp is
fibrous.
Classification of Fruits
There is a great variation in the shape, size and even structure of fruits. Broadly, they are divided into three
groups on the basis of their origin and development.
(1) Simple (2) Aggregate (3) Composite
1. Simple Fruits: These fruits develop from monocarpellary ovary or multicarpellary syncarpous ovary and
only one fruit is formed by the gynoecium. Simple fruits are of two types:
(I) Dry fruit
(II) Fleshy fruit
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Biology Times May 18
(a) Cypsela: It is a small, one seeded dry fruit which develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous inferior
ovary. In it, pericarp and seed coat are free from each other. In these fruits a bunch of hair is attached with
the fruit which is known as Pappus. Pappus helps in fruit dispersal. Pappus is modification of calyx. Eg.
Mainly compositae family plants. Eg. Sunflower, Marigold.
(b) Caryopsis: These are small, one seeded dry fruits, which develop from monocarpellary, superior
ovary. Pericarp of these fruits is fused with the seed coat and form a joint surface. These fruits are present
in family gramineae. Eg. Wheat, rice, maize etc.
(c) Achene: These are single seeded fruit which develops from monocarpellary superior ovary. In it,
pericarp is free from the seed coat Eg. Clematis, Mirabilis, Boerhaavia.
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Biology Times May 18
(d) Samara: These are dry indehiscent one seeded feathery fruit. It develops from bi or tri carpellary,
syncarpous and superior ovary. The main character of these-fruits is that wing like structure develops
from its pericarp which helps in dispersal. Eg. Holoptelea.
(e) Nut: This is a single seeded fruit which develops from bi or multicarpellary, syncarpous superior
ovary. In it pericarp is hard and unilocular. Eg. Quercus (oak), Anacardium occidentale (Cashewnut),Trapa
(Water chest-nut), Litchi.
In Litchi, epicarp and mesocarp is fused and give leathery appearance. Endocarp is membrane like thin.
Outer seed coat grows forward and forms an additional coat arround the seed which is called as aril. In
mature fruit, this aril is fleshy and is only edible part.
(B) Dehiscent Fruits: After ripening when the pericarp of the fruit become dry and hard then these fruits
are called dry fruit. When pericarp of such fruits are ruptured and seeds are dispersed outside, then such
fruits are called dehiscent fruits.
These fruits are mainly of 5 types:
(a) Legume or pods: These fruits develop from monocarpellary, unilocular, superior ovary. It is
generally long and multiseeded fruit. Dehiscense of fruit occurs at both sutures i.e. Dorsal and ventral side.
Dehiscence start from apex and reaches to basal part. Eg. Pea, Beans.
When only one or two seeds are present in fruit, then it is also called as pod.
(b) Follicle: It is also multi seeded fruit which develops from superior unilocular, monocarpellary
ovary but the dehiscence of it occur only at ventral suture. Eg. Asclepias, Calotropis, Delphinium.
(c) Siliqua: This fruit develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous superior ovary and ovary has parietal
placentation. Dehiscence occurs at both dorsal and ventral suture and starts from lower part and proceeds
upward. Due to false septum ovary become bilocular. On false septum, seeds are attached. This type of
fruit is found in Cruciferae family.
Eg. Brassica, Mustard.
(d) Silicula: It is reduced form of siliqua. It’s dehiscense is similar to siliqua. It is also found in Cruciferae
family.
Eg. Candy tuft (Iberis amara)
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Biology Times May 18
(e) Capsule: This is dry multichambered and multi seeded fruit and develop from multicarpellary
syncarpous, superior ovary. In it, axile placentation is found and dehiscence occurs by various methods.
Poricidal (Porous), loculicidal, septifragal, septicidal.
Eg: Papaver (Poppy), Gossypium (Cotton), Datura, Hibiscus, Lady finger.
(C)Schizocarpic fruit: It is a multi-seeded fruit. After ripening, it is divided into mericarp and seeds come
out sometimes after destruction of pericarp.The fruits develop from mono or bi or multicarpellary superior
or inferior ovary. The mericarp, contains one or two seeds.
Schizocarpic Fruits are of Four Types
(a) Lomentum: It develops like the legume. These are bisutural fruits which are constricted or divided
in one seeded mericarp, after maturity these are separated from each other.Eg. Tamarind, Cassia fistula,
Mimosa pudica, Arachis hypogea, Desmodium.
(b) Cremocarp: It is a double seeded fruit and develops from bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary. It is
generally found in urnbellifetae family. On maturation, it dehiscence from apex to base in such a way that
two mericarp forms and each contain one seed. These mericarp are attached with carpophore. Carpophore
is -the extended part of receptacle.
Eg. Coriander, Daucus, Cuminum, Foeniculum.
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Biology Times May 18
(c) Regma: This fruit develops from tri to pentacarpellary, syncarpous superior ovary. In it 3 to 5
locules are present and its fruit is breaks into 3 to 5 one seeded part. Each part is known as coccus. At the
outer end of pericarp, spines are found. Eg. Euphorbiaceae family (Castor) has three cocii and Geranium
has 5 coccus.
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Biology Times May 18
(B) Berry: These fruits develop from mono or multicarpellary syncarpous ovary. Ovary may be superior
or inferior. Placentation is axile or parietal. In these, epicarp is thin like membrane and seeds are embedded
in fleshy part. Initially seeds are attached with placenta of fruit but after maturation these seeds are detached
with placenta and are spread randomly in fleshy part.
(i) Plants with superior ovary = Tomato, Grapes, Brinjal.
(ii) Plants with inferior ovary = Guava, Banana, Date palm.
(C) Pepo: These fruits develop from tricarpellary, syncarpous and inferior ovary. These fruits are
unilocular and have parietal placentation. These fruits are fleshy and spongy. Eg. Fruits of cucurbitaceae
family like cucumber, cucurbita maxima, bitter gourd, and muskmelon.
(D) Pome: This fruit develops from bi or multicarpellary syncarpous inferior ovary. The rind and sponge
are made up of thalamus. The main part of ovary is like cartilage. It means it is hard and dry, remain inside
the fruit and seeds are present in it. Eg. Apple, Pear. These are false fruits. Fleshy swollen thalamus of these
fruits is edible part.
(E) Hesperidium: This fruit develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, superior ovary. This fruit is
specialy found in plants of Rutaceae family. Eg. Orange, Lemon.
Epicarp of these is made up of thick rind which is leathery and many oil glands are found in it. Mesocarp is
the white fibrous structure which is attached with epicarp. Membranous endocarp projects inward and form
many chambers. Many glandular hairs are present on the inner side of endocarp. These glandular hairs are
only edible parts.
(F) Balausta: It is a multilocular multiseeded fruit, which develops from inferior ovary. Its pericarp
is hard. Calyx is persistent which is arranged in the form of crown. If persistant carpels are arranged
systemetically. Seeds are irregularly arranged on placenta. Endocarp is hard. Testa is fleshy and Juicy. This
is the edible part of fruit. Eg. Pomegranate (Punica granatum).
(G) Amphisarca: This fruit is multicarpellary and multichambered which develops from superior ovary.
Pericarp is hard and fleshy placenta is found in them. The inner part of pericarp and placenta is edible part
of fruit. Eg. Wood apple (Aegle marmelos), elephant apple.
2. Aggregate Fruits: These fruits develop from multicarpellaryapocarpous ovary. In apocarpous ovary, each
carpel is separated from one another, therefore it forms a fruitlet. These fruits make a bunch of fruitlets
which is known as etaerio.
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in place of single ovary many ovaries and other (ii) Syconas: This fruit develops from hypanthodium
floral parts combine together to form fruit. In inflorescence. Receptacle become hollow having
composite fruits, generally whole inflorescence is a pore surrounded by small scales. Staminate
modified into fruit. These are of two types: pistillate flowers are present near the pore and
(i) Sorosis: This fruit develops from spike, spadix normal pistillate as well as gall pistillate flowers
or catkin inflorescence. Peduncle become thick are present on the lower side. Many achenes
spongy and woody or spongy sepals of female develop from the pistillate flower.
flower fused with each other resulting into a mass Eg. Ficus species Peepal
formed by the flowers of a whole inflorescence. Geocarpic fruit: Underground fruits are called
Eg: Jack fruit, Kevda (screwpine). geocarpic fruit.
In jack fruit (Kathal), pistillate flowers are Eg: Arachis
developed arround the penducle. In fruit
formation pericarp become spongy and fused.
Spiny and rough rind is formed by the upper
part of ovaries. In Pine apple peduncle bracts
and perianth become fleshy. Due to the fusion of
perianths of flower a composite fruit is formed.
Outer growth indicates the flower.
In mulberry perianth becomes fleshy and calyx of
every flower becomes thick, sweet and fleshy and
are edible.
The Seed
The seed is defined as a fertilized mature ovule
that possesses embryonic plant, stored material,
and a protective coat or coats. In the seed, life
activities are temporarily suspended in order to
enable the plant to successfully pass through
unfavourable and injurious climatic conditions.
On the approach of favourable conditions,
(adequate moisture, oxygen and suitable
temperature), they germinate and grows into full
plant.
Structure of Seed
In angiosperms, the seed is the final product of
sexual reproduction. A seed typically consists of
seed coat(s), cotyledon(s) and an embryo axis.
The seed is covered by two distinct seed coats;
the outer whitish one is the testa, while the
otherinner thin, hyaline and membranous
covering is thetegmen. The seed coats give
necessary protection to the embryo which lies
within.
The whitish fleshy body, as seen after removing
the seed coats is the embryo. It consists of fleshy
cotyledons and a short axis to which cotyledons
are attached. The cotyledons store up food
material. Hence, the cotyledons of the embryo
are simple structures, generally thick and swollen
due to storage of food reserves (as in legumes).
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Biology Times May 18
The position of the axis lying outside the cotyledons is the radicle and the other portion of the axis lying
in between the two cotyledons is the plumule. The radicle gives rise to the root and the plumule gives rise
to the shoot which is crowned by some minute young leaves.
At maturity, on one side of the seed coat a narrow, elongated scar representing the point of attachment
of seed to its stalk is distinctly seen which is the hilum. Close to the hilum situated at one end of it there
is a minute pore, micropyle. During seed germination, oxygen and water is absorbed mainly through
micropyle, and radicle comes out through it.
The epicotyl is a part of a seedling, the point along the embryonic shoot (the stem from which everything
grows) just above the cotyledons (the seed leaves) that ends with the plumule (the growth that becomes the
first true leaves).
The hypocotyl (meaning “below seed leaf”) is the stem of a germinating seedling, found below the
cotyledons (seed leaves) and above the radicle (root).
Classification of Seeds
Matured seeds are classified into two type based on thereserve food material present in them that is –
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Biology Times May 18
1. Non-albuminous.
2. Albuminous.
Mature seeds may be non-albuminous or albuminous. Non-albuminous seeds have no residual endosperm
as it is completely consumed during embryo development (e.g., pea, groundnut). Albuminous seeds retain
a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryo development (e.g., wheat, maize, barley,
castor, sunflower). Occasionally, in some seeds such as black pepper and beet, remnants of nucellus are
also persistent. This residual, persistent nucellus is the perisperm.
On the basis of the number of the cotyledons in the embryo in the seeds, the angiosperms have been
divided into two large groups:
1. Monocotyledons, having embryos with only one cotyledon, and
2. Dicotyledons, having embryos with two cotyledons
1. Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed:
Generally, monocotyledonous seeds are endospermic but some as in orchids are non-endospermic. In the
seeds of cereals such as maize the seed coat is membranous and generally fused with the fruit wall. The
endosperm is bulky and stores food. The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinous
layer called aleurone layer. The embryo is small and situated in a groove at one end of the endosperm.
It consists of one large and shield shaped cotyledon known as scutellum and a short axis with a plumule
and a radicle. The plumule and radicle are enclosed in sheaths which are called coleoptile and coleorhiza
respectively.
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Biology Times May 18
iii. Parachute mechanism: In members of the ii. Sticky fruits and seeds: Some fruits like those of
family Asteraceae (Compositae) e.g., Taraxacum, Boerhaavia, Cleome, and Plumbago have sticky
Sonchus, sepals are modified into tufts of hairs glands by which they adhere to the fur of grazing
called pappus. The pappus is persistent and hence animals and are thus dispersed. Seeds of Viscum
found attached to even small, single seeded fruits. (mistletoe), Loranthus, etc. have a viscid layer
It acts like a parachute that allows the wind to which adhere to the beak of the bird which eat
carry them to great distances. Seeds of many them.
nasty weeds are also dispersed by this method. iii. Edible fruits: Human beings, birds, squirrels,
iv. Censer mechanism: In Antirrhinum (dog flower), bats, etc. are of great help in the dispersal of
Aristolochia, Papaver (poppy), Argemone edible fruits from one place to another.
mexicana (Prickly poppy), Nigella (love-in-a- (4) Dispersal By Explosive or Spring Like
mist), etc. the fruit is a capsule. At maturity it Mechanism (Autochory)
ruptures but the seeds do not come out. However, A less common method of seed dispersal is by
when the capsule is shaken violently by the wind, means of explosive fruits. Such fruits open with
the seeds are scattered in all directions. In this force and scatter the seeds in all directions. e.g.,
process all the seeds do not escape together. Balsam fruit (Impatiers), Oxalis, night jasmine
v. Rolling mechanism: In some species, like (Nyctanthus), castor (Ricinus), camel’s foot
Amaranthusalbus, Chenopodium album, etc., climber (Bauhinia vahlii).
plants dry out after bearing fruits and seeds.
Eventually the entire plant breaks off at the base
of the stem due to the force of wind and rolls over
the ground, shedding the seeds all along the way.
1. Coconut fruit is a: (NEET 2017)
Such rolling plants are collectively known as
(a) Berry (b) Nut
tumble weeds.
(c) Capsule (d) Drupe
vi. Hairs: In cotton, hairs are the outgrowth from the
2. The morphological nature of the edible part of
seed coat and occur all along its surface.
coconut is: (NEET 2017)
vii. Persistent styles: Clematis, Naravelia, Geranium
(a) Cotyledon (b) Endosperm
etc. have persistent and feathery styles which help
(c) Pericarp (d) Perisperm
the fruit to be easily carried by wind.
3. An aggregate fruit is one which develops from
viii.Balloon like appendages: In plants like
(AIPMT 2014)
Cardiospermum and Nicandra fruits develop
(a) Multicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium
balloon like appendages which make the fruits
(b) Multicarpellary apocarpous gynoecium
light to be easily carried by wind.
(c) Complete inflorescence
(2) Dispersal By Water (Hydrochory)
(d) Multicarpellary superior ovary
Fruits and seeds, specialized for dispersal by
4. Seed coat is not thin , membranous in
water, generally develop some kind of floating
(NEET 2013)
devices and a protective covering which makes
(a) Bean (b) Maize
them water resistant. e.g., fibrous mesocarp in
(c) Gram (d) Coconut
Coconut, spongy thalamus in Lotus.
5. A drupe develops in: (NEET 2011)
(3) Dispersal By Animals (Zoochory)
(a) Mango (b) Wheat
Fruit and seeds dispersed by animals can be
(c) Pea (d) Tomato
divided into following three categories on the
6. The scutellum observed in a grain of wheat or
basis of their adaptive features :
maize is comparable to which part of the seed in
i. Hooked fruits and seeds: The surface of many
other monocotyledons
fruits is covered with hooks (e.g., Xanthium,
(NEET 2010)
Urena), barbs (e.g., Andropogon), spines (e.g.,
(a) Endosperm (b) Aleurone layer
Tribulus), bristles (e.g., Pupalia), or stiff hairs
(c) Plumule (d) Cotyledon
(e.g., Aristida), by means of which they adhere to
7. The fruit is chambered , developed from inferior
the body of animals or clothes of human beings
ovary and has seeds with succulent testa in
and they are carried unwarily from one place to
(AIPMT2008)
another.
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1. d 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. b
6. d 7. c 8. d 9. c 10. b
11. a 12. d 13. b 14. d 15. b
(a) A- first leaves; B- seed coat; C- cotyledons; 16. d 17. d
D- embryonic root 18.
(b) A- first leaves; B- cotyledons; C-seed coat;
D- embryonic root
(c) A- embryonic root; B- first leaves; C- seed
coat; D- cotyledons
(d) A- first leaves; B- embryonic root;
C-cotyledons; D-seed coat
18. Label EACH of the following features in the
diagram below:
(a) scutellum/coptyledon
(b) plumule
(c) aleurone layer
(d) endosperm
(e) radicle
(f) coleoptile 19. d 20. d
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Biology Times May 18
ZOOLOGY
1. Which statement about trophoblast cells is true? (b) They lack important characteristics of the
(a) They are capable of producing dizygotic twins fungi and plants
(b) They are derived from the endoderm (c) They appear to be more closely related to
(c) They secrete proteolytic enzymes unicellular eukaryotes
(d) They are endodermal cells (d) All of the above
2. What is incorrect for chemosynthetic autotrophic 6. Match the following
bacteria :- Column I Column II
(a) Oxidise various organic and inorganic A. Spiral 1. Nitrogen fixation
substances B.Coccus 2. Anthrax
(b) Uses the energy released through oxidation C.Bacillus 3. Cholera
for their ATP production D.Vibrio 4. Nitrogen assimilation
(c) Play great role in recycling of nutrients like E.Spirochaete 5. Syphilis
nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and sulphur (a) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1, E-5
(d) They are most abundant in nature (b) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3, E-5
3. Assertion:Protochordates are often called (c) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3, E-5
invertebrate chordates. (d) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-5, E-2
Reason: They are connecting link between 7. Which of the following statement is /are incorrect
invertebrates and chordates. in reference to earthworms?
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and I. They are soft and naked and hence cannot
Reason is the correct explanation for survive in the dry earth
Assertion. II. They respire through the nasal openings
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but III. The decaying organic matter of the soil forms
Reason is not the correct explanation for their chief food
Assertion. IV. Rain makes the earth soft for burrowing
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false. (a) II and IV (b) II and III
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true. (c) II and IV (d) I and IV
4. The Dolphin found in Chilka lake is 8. Assertion: Female frog croaks more loudly than
(a) Narwhal (b) Irrawaddy dolphin male frog
(c) Porpoise (d) Ganges dolphin Reason: The males clasp females about the
5. Slime moulds and multicellular algae are included pelvic region
in the kingdom protista because (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
(a) Kingdom Protista includes eukaryotic Reason is the correct explanation for
organisms that do not clearly belong in the Assertion.
other three kingdoms
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Biology Times May 18
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but (b) A - Cross bridge, B - Thin filament, C - Sliding
Reason is not the correct explanation for (rotation), D - Breaking of cross bridge, E -
Assertion. Attachment of new ATP
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false. (c) A - Cross bridge, B - Breaking of cross bridge,
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true. C - Sliding (rotation), D - Cross bridge forma
9. Cysticerci in pig muscles can remain viable upto tion, E - Attachment of new ATP
(a) Six months (b) One year (d) A - Cross bridge, B - Cross bridge formation,
(c) One month (d) Six years C - Sliding (rotation), D - Breaking of cross
10. The largest clam is bridge, E - Attachment of new ATP
(a) Unio (b) Mytilus 14. In plant tissue culture, the tissues can be
(c) Teredo (d) Tridacna regenerated into complete plantlets primarily by
11. Suppose two species A and B share 94% of their altering the concentration of
DNA with each other and species C shares 75% (a) Sugars (b) Vitamins
of DNA sequence with A and B . What inference (c) Amino acid (d) Hormones
can be drawn from it? 15. How many out of the following feature is/are
(a) Species A and B share more recent common common between skeletal and cardiac muscle
ancestor with each other than either shares fibres?
with C. (1) presence of T tubules
(b) Species C evolved more recently than species (2) Number of nuclei per fibre
A and B (3) intercalated discs
(c) Species C is more closely related to species B (4) presence of striations
than to species A. (5) cylindrical shape of fibres
(d) Species A and B have common ancestor but (6) only aerobic contractions
neither have common ancestor with species C. (a) Three (b) four
12. Read the following four statements (A-D) (c) one (d) two
A. Colostrum is recommended for the new born 16. Which of the following is/are important species
because it is rich in antigens. of honeybee utilised in apiculture are
B. Chikangunya is caused by a gram –ve i. Apis mellifera ii. Apis indica
bacterium iii. Apis dorsata iv. Apis florae
C. Tissue culture has proved useful in obtaining (a) i,ii (b) i, ii & iii
virus free plant (c) i,ii, iii, iv (d) ii & iv
D. Beer is manufactured by distillation of 17. Assertion: Mutations occurring in germinal cells
fermented grape juice of gonads are called germ mutations.
How many of the above statements are wrong? Reason: They are heritable raw materials for
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d)1 natural selection lead to origin of new species.
13. Go through the following diagram describing (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
muscle contraction. Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
18. Which hormones are directly involved in cardio-
vascular activity?
Now identify A to E. (a) Adrenaline and insulin
(a) A - Cross bridge, B - Cross bridge formation, (b) Cortisol and progesterone
C - Breaking of cross bridge D - Sliding (rota (c) Cortisol and catecholamine
tion), E - Attachment of new ATP (d) Catecholamine and Oestrogen
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Biology Times May 18
19. A man takes large amount of proteins. He is likely C. Milk ejection 3. Growth hormone
to excrete a greater amount of D. Maintenance of 4. Secretin
(a) Urea (b) Uric acid secondary sexual
(c) Sugar (d) None of these characters in females
20. Which correctly pairs an ECG phase with the E. Over secretion leads 5. Oxytocin
cardiac event responsible? to gigantism
(a) QRS wave – depolarisation of ventricles (a) A-4, B-1, C-5, D-2, E-3
(b) P wave- depolarisation of AV node (b) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-5, E-4
(c) T wave – repolarisation of atria (c) A-3, B-5, C-1, D-2, E-4
(d) P wave - depolarisation of ventricles (d) A-5, B-2, C-1, D-3, E-4
21. Find out the correct option for the chemical 24. Osteoporosis, an age related disease of skeletal
structure of a drug and from which plant it is system, may occur due to
extracted. (a) accumulation of uric acid leading to
inflammation of joints
(b) decreased level of estrogen
(c) high concentration of Ca2++ and Na+
(d) immune disorder affecting neuromuscular
junction leading fatigue.
25.Which of the following is a correct pairing
regarding a specific disorder of muscular or
skeletal system?
(a) Osteoporosis – Decrease in bone mass and
higher chances of fractures with advancing
(a) A-Cannabinoid; B- Cannabis sativa age
(b) A-Cocaine; B- Erythroxylum coca (b) Gout – Inflammation of joints due to extra
(c) A-Morphine; B-Opium poppy deposition of calcium
(d) A-opioid; B- Coffea arabica (c) Muscular dystrophy – age related shortening
22. Based on the structure given below identify the of muscles
type of lipid and to which category it belongs to? (d) Myasthenia gravis- Autoimmune disorder
which inhibits sliding of myosin filaments
26. At which of the following sites is the partial
pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) highest?
(a) exhaled gas
(b) alveolar gas
(c) systemic arterial blood
(d) systemic venous blood
27. Which one of the following statement is correct
with respect to the kidney function regulation?
(a) When someone drinks lots of water, ADH
(a) Cholesterol-Derived lipid release is suppressed.
(b) Palmitic acid-Simple lipid (b) Exposure of cold temperature blood flow
(c) Lecithin-Compound lipid stimulates formation of Angiotensin II.
(d) Stearic acid- Derived lipid (c) An increase in glomerular blood flow
23. Match the items correctly in Column I with stimulates formation of Angiotensin II.
column II. (d) During summer when body loses lot of water
Column I Column II by evaporation, the release of ADH is
A. Secretion of pancreatic 1.Vasopressin suppressed.
juice 28. Test tube babies are produced by
B. Hypertonic urine 2. Estrogen (a) Fertilizing the egg removed from the body of
the females with the husband’s sperm outside
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(d) An enzyme like any protein have primary (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
structure, i. e., amino acid sequence of the Reason is the correct explanation for
protein. Assertion.
41. Micronutrients are: (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
(a) As important as macronutrients but are Reason is not the correct explanation for
required in small amount Assertion.
(b) Called micro as they play only a minor role (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
in animal nutrition (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
(c) Less important than macronutrients 44.Chrysophytes, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates and
(d) None of the above Slimemoulds are included in the kingdom
42. Cancer cells can be easily destroyed by radiations (a) Protista (b) Fungi
due to (c) Animalia (d) Monera
(a) fast mutation (b) rapid cell division 45. Lederbergs replica plating experiments suggest
(c) lack of mutation (d) lack of oxygen (a) Characters are heritable
43. Assertion: Human sense of smell is relatively (b) Natural selection plays an important role in
poor fixing a mutation of survival value
Reason: Olfactory receptors are limited to only (c) Genes are independent entities
small areas of the nasal chambers (d) Bacteria can multiply in culture medium
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Biology Times May 18
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES-III
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Biology Times May 18
• Economic Losses: Crops and plants grown structure. This is because soil microorganisms
on polluted soils can accumulate poison to an help in breaking down organic matter that
extent deemed unfit for human consumption. promotes soil structure regarding vitality and
Consequently, it leads to enormous economic water penetration as well as retention.
losses. In some parts of the world, heavily • Increase in Soil Salinity: The increase in
polluted soils with metals and chemicals such soil salinity, salinisation, is an effect of salt
as lead, asbestos and sulphur are considered accumulation in the soil. Salts occur naturally in
unfavourable for crop production and cannot be the soil. However, increased accumulations are
used to grow crops. linked to soil pollution. Irrigation and agricultural
• Air and Water Contamination: air contamination processes that discharge nitrate and phosphate
by discharging volatile compounds into the deposits in the soil are the primary contributors to
atmosphere. So, more the toxic contaminants in increasing salt levels in the soil.
the soil, the higher the level of toxic particles and Prevention of soil pollution/Control of soil
foul gases emitted into the atmosphere. pollution:
Soil pollution can also lead to water pollution if • People should be educated and made aware of the
the toxic chemicals and materials like dangerous harmful effects of littering. Discuss with friends
heavy metals leach into groundwater or and family and talk about it.
contaminate storm water run-off, which reaches • Reuse any items that you can. Items like clothing,
lakes, rivers, streams or oceans. bottles, wrapping paper and shopping bags can be
• Effect on Plant Life: When soils are repeatedly used over and over again, rather than buying new
contaminated and accumulate large amounts things.
of poisonous materials and chemicals, the soil • Reduce Waste, Reuse things and Recycle things.
reaches a point where it cannot support plant This is true even for governments.
life. When these changes occur, beneficial soil • Personal litter should be disposed properly.
bacteria, soil microorganisms, soil nutrients and • We can separate household waste at home for
soil chemical processes begin to deteriorate to an recycling. More than half of our household waste
extent where they diminish soil fertility. could be recycled or reused but once it is mixed
Soil pollution can as well change plant metabolism up, it becomes more difficult to separate different
and lower crop productivity. components for recycling. This is also true for the
• Acidification: Soil pollution allows emission waste we make at school or hospitals.
of relatively large quantities of nitrogen via • Buy biodegradable products.
denitrification, volatilisation of ammonia and the • Store all liquid chemicals and waste in spill-proof
decomposition of organic materials in the soil. containers.
As a result, this releases sulphur compounds and • Eat organic foods that are grown without
sulphur dioxides into the atmosphere, causing pesticides. Look out for fertiliser or pesticide free
acid rain. products when you go to the market.
• Diminished Soil Fertility: The most evident and • Don’t use pesticides if you can.
crucial element of the soil is its fertility. Once the • Use a drip tray to collect engine oil.
soil is contaminated with chemicals and heavy • Buy products that have little packaging.
metals or degraded due to human activities such • Don’t dump motor oil on the ground.
as mining, its fertility depreciates and might even • Governments can also ensure that there are
be lost entirely. The harmful chemicals and heavy incentives for people to recycle and reusable
metals in the soil decrease soil microbial and products.
chemical activity.
Soil acidification as a consequence of pollution GlobalEnvironmental Changes
also leaches away essential natural minerals like Man’s constant interference with the environment,
magnesium and calcium. direct or indirect, our environment has changed
• Changes in the Soil Structure: Acidification, to a considerable extent, over the past few
diminished soil fertility and death of soil decades. It could be due to population explosion,
organisms in the soil can lead to changes in soil deforestation, urbanisation or industrialisation.
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Biology Times May 18
All done for the benefit of mankind. using less energy altogether, or using alternative
Three major issues are greenhouse effect, global energy sources.
warming and ozone depletion.
GreenHouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon
that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s
energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it
is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed
and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and some
artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs).
The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and
the surface of the Earth. This process maintains
the Earth’s temperature at around 33 degrees
Celsius warmer than it would otherwise be,
allowing life on Earth to exist.
Causes for greenhouse effect:
The greenhouse effect is caused by the interaction
of the sun’s energy with greenhouse gases such
as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and You can help save energy in lots of ways:
fluorinated gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. The • Turn off lights when you leave a room
ability of these gases to trap heat is what causes • If you have a car, don’t use it for short
the greenhouse effect. journeys
Greenhouse gases are made of three or more • Basically, anything at all that uses less
atoms. This molecular structure makes it possible energy
for these gases to trap heat in the atmosphere 2. Eliminating the use of CFCs:
and then re-emit it towards the surface which Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were invented in the
further warms the Earth. This continuous cycle 1920s, they are a compound of carbon containing
of trapping heat leads to an overall increase in chlorine and fluorine. CFCs are man made
global temperatures. This process, which is very chemicals, so we call them synthetic chemicals.
similar to the way a greenhouse works, is why the Since their introduction CFCs have been used as:
gases that can produce this effect are collectively • Refrigerants in refrigerators and air
known as greenhouse gases. conditioning units
The principal forcing gases of the greenhouse • Propellants in aerosol cans
effect are: • Foaming agents in the production of
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) packaging
• Methane (CH4) • Cleaners used in the electronics industry
• Nitrous oxide (N2O) • Fire extinguisher chemicals
• Fluorinated gases 3. New refrigerants have been developed, and new
Major source of these gases are vehicle exhausts, aerosols use other propellants such as butane, so it
industrial gases, incomplete combustion of fossil is now actually quite difficult to get hold of CFCs
fuel, forest fire, burning of wood and coal. (assuming you wanted to get some for something
Possible Solutions for greenhouse effect: anyway).
1. Reducing use of fossil fuels would considerably 4. Stopping deforestation by using renewable forests
reduce the amount of carbon dioxide produced, as and planting a new tree whenever one is felled
well as reducing the levels of the pollutants which would help to raise the carbon dioxide absorbing
cause acid rain. This can be achieved by either ability of the planet.
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Biology Times May 18
Global Warming
Global Warming is the increase of Earth’s average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases,
such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, nitrogen dioxide, CFC’s, emissions from burning
fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth.
Causes of global warming:
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Biology Times May 18
Industries, on the other hand, release various gases 2. Climate Change: Irregular weather patterns
into the water and air. Carbon dioxide, methane have already started showing results. More global
and nitrous oxide are the major greenhouse gases. warming will lead to more evaporation which
3. Landfills: Landfills are those big chunks of will cause more rains. Animals and plants cannot
garbage that stink and can be seen in so many easily adapt to increased rainfall. Plants may die
places around the world. The garbage is then used and animals may migrate to other areas, which
by big recycling companies to make some useful can cause entire ecosystem out of balance.
products out from it. Most of the time that garbage 3. Droughts: While it may be flooding in Savannah,
is burnt which releases toxic gases including severe drought is happening elsewhere in the
methane into the atmosphere. These enormous world. As temperatures warm, the presence of
amounts of toxic greenhouse gases when go into drought has increased in the western U.S. And on
the atmosphere make global warming worse. top of that heat waves and no precipitation, whole
4. Overpopulation: More population leads to more forests have begun to disappear including tens of
demand for food, more carbon dioxide in the millions of trees in Colorado’s Rockies.
atmosphere, more demand for cars and more 4. Diseases: As the temperature becomes warmer, it
demand for homes. More demand for food will can affect the health of humans and the diseases
lead to more transportation since movement they are exposed to. With the increase in the
of goods and services is done by transportation rainfall, water borne diseases are likely to spread
sector. More demand for cars means more like malaria. The earth will become warmer and
pollution in the air and more traffic on the roads as a result heat waves are likely to increase that
which means longer waiting time on the traffic can cause a major blow to the people.
lights and that will result in burning of more fuel. Prevention of global warming:
More demand for homes means cutting down of 1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Reduce waste by
plants and trees to make way for homes, schools choosing reusable products instead of disposables.
and colleges. Buy products with minimal packaging. Recycle
5. Mining: Oil and coal mining leads to paper, plastic, newspaper, glass and aluminium
accumulation of Methane and carbon di oxide. cans.
With the continued use of mining operations, 2. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning
these harmful gases will only increase. 3. Change your lightbulbs: Replace regular light
6. Fertiliser Use: Fertiliser produces nitrous oxide bulbs with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs.
once it absorbs the soil. Nitrous oxide is 300 CFLs last 10 times longer than incandescent
times more dangerous than carbon dioxide. The bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and gives off 70
EPA strongly warns that the farming industry’s percent less heat.
use of fertiliser is one of the leading causes of 4. Drive less and drive smarter: Walk and ride your
global warming. bike more and check out options for carpooling
7. Meat Consumption: The raising, grazing, and to work or school. When you do drive, make
manufacturing of animal products contributes sure your car is running efficiently. For example,
greatly to the rise of global temperature. keeping your tires properly inflated can improve
According to research, 51% of the greenhouse your petrol mileage by more than 3 percent.
gases: methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide 5. Buy Energy-Efficient Products.
are caused by animal agriculture. If we would stop 6. Use less Hot Water: Set your water heater at a
ordering juicy cheeseburgers, excessive amounts lower temprature to save energy and buy low-
of carbon dioxide by animals stop emitting the flow showerheads to save hot water.
atmosphere. 7. Use the “Off” Switch: Save electricity and
Effects of global warming: reduce global warming by turning off lights when
1. Melting of Glaciers: The melting of glaciers will you leave a room, and remember to turn off your
create plethora of problems for humankind and television, video player, stereo and computer
the animals living on the earth. Due to increased when you’re not using them.
global warming, the level of the sea will rise 8. Plant a Tree or two: A single tree will absorb
which will lead to flooding and this will in turn approximately one ton of carbon dioxide during
create havoc in human life. Apart from raising the its lifetime for photosynthesis.
sea levels, it will also endanger several species of Switching to renewable energy, changing lifestyles
animals and thus will hamper the balance of the and diets, and controlling our consumption of
ecosystem. non-renewable products, can greatly make a huge
difference. 27
Biology Times May 18
BOTANY
1. Which of the following points further strengthened (i) It was performed in 1979
Mendelism ? (ii) It was performed by Stanley Cohen and
(a) Law of independent assortment which was Herbert Boyer
based on monohybrid cross (iii) It was a transfer of an antibiotic resistant
(b) Incomplete dominance gave a new way to gene
Mendelism (iv) Gene was transferred from Salmonella
(c) Law of independent assortment which could typhimurium into E.coli
be stated on the basis of segregation of (v) Gene could not replicate successfully in the
gametes target bacterium
(d) A character controlled by a pair of unit factors (a) (i) and (v) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
2. Petiole is modified into green leafy structure (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (iii), (iv) and (v)
called 7. Which of the following meristems is responsible
(a) Phyllode (b) Phylloclade for extrastelar secondary growth in dicotyledonous
(c) Cladode (d) Foliaceous petiole stem?
3. Prokaryotic cell does not possess (a) Intrafascicular cambium
(a) Cell wall (b) Nuclear membrane (b) Interfascicular cambium
(c) Cytoplasm (d) Plasma membrane (c) Intercalary meristem
4. Which of the following statements about food (d) Phellogen
chains and energy flow through ecosystem is 8. Which microorganism is growing on potato
false? dextrose agar containing petriplate?
(a) A single organism can feed at several trophic
levels
(b) Detritivores feed at all trophic levels except
the producer level.
(c) The lower the trophic level at which an
organism feeds , the more energy available
(d) Those who are not producers are consumers.
5. Which ones are degenerate codons?
(a) UAA, UAG and UGA
(b) GUA, GUG, GCA, GCG and GAA (a) Bacteria (b) Fungi
(c) UUC, UUG, CCU. CAA and CUA (c) Virus (d) Viriods
(d) UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA and CUG 9. All photosynthetic green plants contain
6. What is true about the first case of constructing a (a) Chlorophyll a (b) Chlorophyll b
recombinant DNA– (c) Chlorophyll c (d) Chlorophyll d
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Biology Times May 18
10. The population size is more technically called 19. Microfilaments are made up of
(a) Population gradient (b) Population census (a) Actin (b) Tubulin & Actin
(c) Population pressure (d) Density (c) Desmin (d) Porein
11. Use of biotechnology for medicinal purposes 20. The breakdown of detritus into smaller particles
including production of antibiotics and cures by earthworm is a process called
through genomic manipulation is called (a) Humification (b) fragmentation
(a) Red biotechnology (b) Grey biotechnology (c) Mineralisation (d) catabolism
(c) Green biotechnology (d) Blue biotechnology 21. Assertion: Gene expression is a molecular
12. Most water flow in roots occur via apoplast as mechanism by which a gene express a phenotype.
(a) Cortical cells are living Reason: structural genes are controlled by control
(b) Cortical cells are loosely arranged genes.
(c) Cortical cells are thin walled (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
(d) All the above Reason is the correct explanation for
13. The nitrate formed by nitrification is absorbed Assertion.
by plants and is transported to the leaves. In the (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
leaves, it is reduced to form Reason is not the correct explanation for
(a) Nitrogen (b) Ammonia Assertion.
(c) NO2 (d) N2O (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
14. Which hormone is recognised for its growth (d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
promoting as well as growth inhibiting role? 22. Match the following
(a) Ethylene (b) Cytokinin Column I Column II
(c) Abscisic acid (d) Auxin A. Stanley Cohen 1. Separation of DNA
15. The unicellular green algae that undergo both and Herbert Boyer fragments
asexual and sexual reproduction are B. Hind II 2. Construction of first
(a) Chlamydomonas (b) Nostoc recombinant DNA
(c) Anabaena (d) Oscillatoria C.Gel electrophoresis 3. First restriction
16. The sequence of development of embryo sac is endonuclease
(a) Archesporium>megaspore> D. Bam III site 4. At tetracycline
megasporangium>embryo sac resistance gene in
(b) Archesporium>megasporangium> vector pBR 322
megaspore>embryo sac (a) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
(c) megasporangium>megaspore>archesporium (b) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
> embryo sac (c) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
(d) Archesporium> megaspore mother cell> (d) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
megaspore> embryo sac 23. A simple mechanical tissue with non lignified
17. Read the statements regarding sieve elements. walls is
(i) They allow selective and restricted diffusion (a) Parenchyma (b) Collenchyma
of soluble organic substances. (c) Sclerenchyma (d) Chlorenchyma
(ii) Sieve tubes are syncytes and the perforations 24. The first stable product of fixation of atmospheric
are surrounded by callose. nitrogen in leguminous plants is
(iii) They may possess simple or compound (a) NO2- (b) Ammonia
sieve plate. (c) NO3- (d) Glutamate
(iv) Sieve elements show nacreous thickenings 25. Dark reactions in photosynthesis is called so
on lateral walls. because
Select the option with all correct statements. (a) It does not require light energy
(a) (i) and (iv) only (b) (ii) and (iv) only (b) It does not occur in daytime
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only (d) (i), (ii) and (iii) only (c) Occurs rapidly in night
18. Gynoecium has many free pistils in (d) It can occur in dark
(a) Aloe (b) Tomato 26. In a population unrestricted reproductive capacity
(c) Papaver (d) Michelia is called
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Biology Times May 18
(a) Carrying capacity (b) Biotic potential (d) trimming promotes lateral buds growth
(c) Birth rate (d) Fertility rate 31. Match the following items with column I and
27. Given figure depicts the different steps involved column II
in production of genetically engineered insulin. Column I Column II
Select the correct statement regarding the A. Chlorella & Spirulina 1. Single cell protein
enzymes involved in step P,Q and R B. Gelidium & Gracilaria 2. Iodine
C. Nostoc & Anabaena 3. Nitrogen fixers
D. Laminaria & Porphyra 4. Phycocolloid
(a) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
(b) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
(c) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
(d) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
32.Identify the correct match from the columns I, II
and III
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Biology Times May 18
(c) Both A and B (d) None of these (b) PCR and RAPD
38. There is a restriction endonuclease called Eco RI. (c) Electrophoresis and HPLC
What does ‘co’ part in it stand for? (d) Northern blotting
(a) Colon (b) coli 44. An experiment proposed by munch which
(c) Coelom (d) Colon explains the movement of molecules
39. Leaf primordium grows into an adult leaf lamina
by means of
(a) Marginal meristem (b) Lateral meristem
(c) First apical meristem (d) Apical meristem
40. Mycorrhiza helps in
(a) Absorption of water
(b) Absorption of minerals
(c) Protection from soil borne pathogens
(d) All of these
41..Maximum solar energy is trapped by
(a) Planting trees (b) Cultivating crops (a) Mass flow hypothesis
(c) Growing algae in tanks (d) Growing grasess (b) Apoplastic movement
42. Select the correct statement. (c) Starch hydrolysis
(a) Mode of reproduction does not depend upon (d) Transpiration
the habitat of organisms. 45. The relationship of the I and H genes affects the
(b) Asexual reproduction occurs only in expression of the ABO blood type in the following
unicellular organisms ways: genotype HH or Hh, AB produces blood
(c) During maturity stage, organism develops the type AB while genotype hh, AB produces blood
capacity to reproduce. type O. This is an example of :
(d) A mango tree has a much shorter life span as (a) Codominance
compared to a peepal tree. (b) Epistasis
43. Invitro clonal propagation in plants is (c) Incomplete dominance
characterized by (d) Complete dominance
(a) Microscopy
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Biology Times May 18
ZOOLOGY
1. Which of the following is not a function of Sertoli (a) Intestine of cartilaginous fishes
cells? (b) Intestine of bony fishes
(a) To absorb the parts being shed by developing (c) Respiratory system of cartilaginous fishes
spermatozoa (d) Respiratory system of bony fishes
(b) To form blood testis barrier 5. Viruses of the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus are
(c) To secrete testicular hormones called employed as
androgens (a) Atmospheric nitrogen fixing agents
(d) To release anti Mullerian factor (AMF) to (b) biological control agents
prevent development of Mullerian duct in (c) antibiotics
male (d) anaerobic sludge digesters
2. Find the incorrect statement about fungi :- 6. Columella is a specialized structure found in the
(a) They show a great diversity in morphology sporangium of
and habitats (a) Spirogyra (b) Rhizopus
(b) Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, (c) Ulothrix (d) None of these
water, soil and as parasites also 7. Assertion: Cockroach shows sexual dimorphism
(c) They prefer to grow in cold and dry places Reason: The female cockroach bears a pair of
(d) Fungi are filamentous except yeast short thread like anal styles
3. In which of the following the genus name, its two (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
characters and its class/phylum are correctly Reason is the correct explanation for
matched? Assertion.
Genus name Two characters Class/Phylum (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
a.Aurelia 1. Cnidoblast Coelenterata Reason is not the correct explanation for
2. Organ level Assertion.
of organization (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
b.Ascaris 1. Body segmented Annelida (d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
2. Males and females 8. The kidney of an adult frog is
distinct (a) metanephros (b) opisthonephros
c.Salamandra 1. A tympanum Amphibia (c) pronephros (d) mesonephros
represents ear 9. Valveless single chambered heart is found in
2. Fertilization is external (a) Catla (b) Herdmania
d.Pteropus 1. Skin possess hair Mammalia (c) Scoliodon (d) Amphioxus
2. Oviparous 10. In Bufo melanostictus, toxins occur in
4. Scroll valve is present in (a) Saliva (b) Skin warts
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(a) ADH (b) Mineralocorticoids 30. The smallest blood vessel in the body is:
(c) Glucocorticoids (d) Hydrocorticoids (a) Vein (b) Artery
24. Select the correct matching of the type of the joint (c) Capillary (d) Vena cava
with the example in human skeletal system. 31. On stimulation, sympathetic nervous system
Type of Joint Example (a) Increase sweat secretion
(a) Cartilaginous joint between frontal and (b) Increase tear secretion
parietal (c) Decrease saliva
(b) Pivot joint between third and fourth (d) All the above
cervical vertebrae 32. Bohr’s effect is related with
(c) Hinge joint between humerus and (a) reduced carbon dioxide level in blood
pectoral girdle (b) oxidised phosphorus level in blood
(d) Gliding joint between carpals (c) reduced oxygen level in haemoglobin
25. Given below is a list of traits of a muscle fibre. (d) reduced carbon level in lymph
i. Number of mitochondria less 33. Assertion: Human sense of smell is relatively
ii. Number of mitochondria more poor
iii. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is abundant Reason: Olfactory receptors are limited to only
iv. Myoglobin content high small areas of the nasal chambers
v. Sarcoplasmic reticulum moderate or less (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct
vi. Aerobic muscles and Reason is the correct explanation for
vii. Depend on anaerobic respiration for energy Assertion.
viii. Less myoglobin content (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Which of the following traits are applicable to the Reason is not the correct explanation for
redmuscle fibres only? Assertion.
(a) ii, iv, v & vi (b) i, ii, iii & iv (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(c) ii, iii, iv & v (d) ii, iv, v & vii (d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
26. The maximum quantity of air one can expire after 34. A decrease in blood pressure / volume will not
maximal inspiration is known as cause the release of:
(a) Residual air (b) Vital capacity (a) Atrial natriuretic factor (b) Aldosterone
(c) Tidal volume (d) Total lung capacity (c) ADH (d) Renin
27. Kidneys are situated close to the dorsal inner wall 35. Match the following.
of the abdominal cavity between the Column I Column II
(a) Fifth thoracic and third lumbar vertebra A. Neoplasm 1.Hematopoietic cell
(b) T12 and L3 vertebra tumour
(c) Last thoracic and third lumbar vertebra B. Benign tumour 2. Bone cartilage tissue
(d) Both B and C cancers
28. Infertility is the relative state of failure to C. Carcinomas 3. Malignant tumour
conceive after how many/years of sexual life D. Sarcomas 4. Cancer of epithelial
without contraception. tissue
(a) One (b) Two E. Lymphomas 5. Noncancerous tumour
(c) Three (d) Four (a) A-3, B-5, C-4, D-2, E-1
29.At which stage of HIV infection does one usually (b) A-6, B-4, C-3, D-2, E-1
show symptoms of AIDS? (c) A-3, B-5, C-4, D-1, E-2
(a) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an (d) A-2, B-5, C-4, D-3, E-6
infected person 36. Assertion: kidneys maintain the osmotic
(b) When the infected retro virus enters host cells concentration of the blood.
(c) When HIV damages large number of Reason: kidneys eliminate either hypotonic or
T-lymphocytes hypertonic urine according to the need of the
(d) When the viral DNA is produced by reverse body.
tanscriptase (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
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Biology Times May 18
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but (b) It is not fatal disease
Reason is not the correct explanation for (c) It provides immunity against malaria
Assertion. (d) It is controlled by dominant genes
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false. 43. Which one is correctly matched?
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true. Feature SNS PNS a .
37.Which of the following vitamins has some Salivary 1. Stimulates 1. Inhibits
physiological effects similar to those of glands secretion secretion
parathormone? b. Pupil of 2. Dilates 2. Constricts
(a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin D eye
(c) Vitamin C (d) Vitamin B c. Heart rate 3. Decreases 3. Increases
38. Select the correct answer from the following d. Intestinal 4. Stimulates 4. Inhibits
statements. peristalsis
I. Cutin is fatty acid polymer. 44. Refer the following figure and select the incorrect
II. Starch is glucose polymer figures
III. Sucrose is monosaccharide
IV. Maltose is polymer of fructose
(a) I, II, III are correct (b) I and II are correct
(c) II and IV are correct (d) I and III are correct
39. Carboxypeptidase is secreted by :
(a) Stomach (b) Pancreas
(c) Gall bladder (d) Intestine
40. Which ones are not true? (a) P is simple unbranched forms without
(i) Glycerol is a 3-carbon alcohol with 3-OH heterocysts and akinetes
groups as binding sites (b) Q is multicellular colonial form which is a
(ii) Waxes are esters of long chain alcohols and source of vitamin C.
saturated fatty acids (c) R shows heterotrichous filaments with true
(iii) The term protein was coined by Mulder branching
(iv) Agar is an indispensable polysaccharide, (d) S is colonial cyanobacterium which can fix
being a complex polymer of glucose atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells
and sulphur containing carbohydrates 45. Darwin explains all the following except
(a) i and ii ony (b) iv only (a) organisms tend to produce more number of
(c) i and iv only (d) i, ii and iv only offspring than can survive
41. Secretion of gastric juice is stimulated by: (b) within each species there are variations
(a) Gastrin (b) Enterogastrin (c) offspring with better traits that overcome
(c) Cholecystokinin (d) None of these competition are best suited for the environment
42. Sickel-cell anaemia has not been eliminated from (d) variations may or may not be inherited from
the African population because parents to offspring through genes
(a) It is controlled by recessive genes
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Biology Times May 18
• Its composition includes lignin, suberin , cutin, wax and mucilage. sides of the layer of proteins
• Secondary wall is formed only in some cells like sclerenchyma, , hydrophophilic head of lipid
cork, xylem. layer will be facing protein.
• The continuity of cytoplasm between cells is maintained by • Robertson in 1959 stated that
cytoplasmic connections called Plasmodesmata. plasma membrane is a three
• Plasmodesmata facilitates movement of substance between layered structure (trilaminar).
adjoining cells. • Trilaminar membrane has a
• In xylem, the secondary wall exhibits unthickened areas called pits thickness of 75Å(7.5nm).
to support intercellular transport. • It has a central lipid layer with
thickness of 35Å and two
peripheral layers of proteins
with thickness of 20Å each.
• Robertson’s model of plasma
membrane failed to explain
the permeability and transport
across the membrane.
Fluid Mosaic Model
• This model was proposed
by Singer and Nicholson in
1972.
• As per this model, plasma
membrane is composed of
phospholipids, extrinsic
proteins (peripheral proteins
and intrinsic proteins)
(integral proteins) and
Transmembrane proteins.
Functions of Cell wall
• Provides protection to protoplasm
• Provides rigidity and shape to cell
• Maintains osmotic pressure of cell
Cell Membrane / Plasma membrane
• The term cell membrane was coined by Nageli
and Cramer
• The term Plasma membrane or plasmalemma by
Plowe.
• Plasma membrane is a membrane that occurs
outside the cytoplasm of a cell.
• It occurs both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
• It is also called as Plasmalemma. It is selectively
permeable and controls the inward and outward
movement of particles in a cell.
• Most of the studies on plasma membrane have
been done on the membrane of human RBC.
• Bilayer model of plasma membrane
• It was given by Danielli and Davson.
• According to Danielli and Davson, there are
two layers of phospholipids and two layers of
proteins.
• Phospholipid bilayer will be covered on both
37
Biology Times May 18
The quasifluid nature of lipids enables lateral either from one face of the bilayer to the other
movement of proteins with the overall bilayer. It is restricted.
also enables cellular functions like • The carbohydrate moieties attached to some
• Cell growth proteins and lipids of the plasma membrane
• Formation of intercellular junctions. are exposed on the extracellular surface of the
• Secretion membrane.
• Endocytosis. • Carbohydrates of plasma membranes are mainly
• Cell division. hexose, hexosamine, fructose and sialic acid.
• Width of combined fatty acyl chains of both • Selective permeability of the membrane can be
leaflets is 3nm. Polar head groups of fatty acids explained by this model.
with associated shell of hydration make the • Phytosterol is the major component of plant
bilayer 5-8 nm thick. cell membrane and Cholesterol is the major
• Phospholipids form bilayer – the non - polar component of animal cell membrane.
regions face the core of the bilayer and their
polar head groups face outward . Functions of Plasma membrane
• There are two types of proteins in plasma • They protect the cell.
membrane i.e extrinsic and intrinsic proteins. • Plasma membrane allows cells to receive or
• The extrinsic or peripheral proteins are loosely transmit signals through receptors that only
bound at the polar surface of lipid bilayer. allow select chemicals to bind to them.
• Intrinsic or integral proteins penetrate deeply • They allow cell recognition.
into lipid layers. They are held by hydrophobic • They provide sites that anchor internal filaments
interactions with their non - polar amino acid or to external components. This allows the cell
side chains. to maintain its shape .
• Integral proteins which project on both surfaces • Its glycoproteins and glycolipids play a distinct
are called transmembrane or tunnel proteins. role in blood grouping, immune responses etc.
• Both proteins and lipids are free to move laterally • They provide sites to which enzymes can bind
in the plane of the bilayer, but movement of and catalyse reactions.
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Biology Times May 18
• Plasma membrane regulate passage of materials in and out of cell or among areas within the cell. It can
be Passive transport like diffusion and osmosis.
• Transport may be also active transport
• Transport also can be a bulk one. Ex: Exocytosis, Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis.
• Many molecules can move briefly across the membrane can without any utilization of energy is called the
passive transport.
• Transport of molecules across the membrane with the utilization of energy in the form of ATP is called
active transport. Ex: Na+/K+ pump.
39
Biology Times May 18
BOTANY
1. Cytoplasmic inheritance is the result of presence 6. This segment of DNA has restriction sites I &
of genes in II which create restriction fragments a, b and
(a) Mitochondria and Chloroplasts c.Which of the following gel produced by
(b) Ribosomes and chloroplasts electrophoresis would represent the separation
(c) Lysosomes and ribosomes and correct position of these fragments ?
(d) Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
2. Identify the wrong statement
(a) A plant that bears male, female and bisexual
(a)
flowers is polygamous
(b) Actinomorphic flower can be dissected into
(b)
two equal halves from any plane
(c) Superior ovary is found in hypogynous
flowers (c)
(d) Side of the flower towards the bract is called
posterior side (d)
3. Select the wrong statement:
(a) Bacterial cellwall is made up of peptidoglycan 7. Special feature of dividing cells is
(b) Pili and fimbriae are mainly involved in (a) Large lacuna
motility of bacterial cells (b) Thick cell walls
(c) Cyanobacteria lack flagellated cells (c) Dense cytoplasm devoid of lacuna
(d) Mycoplasma is a wall less microorganism (d) Large intercellular space
4.The primary succession refers to the development 8. In STPs major part of sludge is pumped into large
of communities on a :- tanks called
(a) Forest clearing after fire (a) Anaerobic sludge digesters
(b) Newly exposed habitat with no record of ear (b) Aerobic sludge digesters
lier vegetation (c) Biological sludge digesters
(c) Freshly cleared crop field (d) None of these
(d) Pond, freshly filled with water after a dry 9. Which range of wavelength is called
phase photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
5. Translation starts in cytoplasm when (a) 100-390 (b) 390-430
(a) t-RNA comes in contact with m-RNA (c) 400-700 (d) 760-1,00,000
(b) Two sub-units of ribosomes come in contact 10. Shade loving plants are called
(c) Smaller sub-unit of ribosome encounters a (a) Xerophytes (b) Sciophytes
mRNA (c) Halophytes (d) Hydrophytes
(d) t-RNA encounters the bigger sub-unit of m- 11. Which Indian plants have either been patented or
RNA attempts have been made to patent them by
western nations for their commercial uses.
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Biology Times May 18
24. What is the value of BOD of sewage water in (a) Cycadales (b) Coniferales
comparison to normal water? (c) Gnetales (d) Taxales
(a) More (b) Less 32. How many nuclei are involved in double
(c) Normal (d) Zero fertilization?
25. During photosynthesis the reaction when PGA is (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
converted into PGAL, is called 33. Assertion: The strength of linkage will be more
(a) Isomerization (b) Reduction when the distance between two genes is greater.
(c) Oxidation (d) Phosphorylation Reason: Crossing over will be relatively less
26. Which type of vegetation is found in this diagram frequent.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
34.Which one is not characteristic feature of
Asteraceae
(a) Cypsela fruit (b) Syngenesious stamens
(a) Coniferous forest (b) evergreen forest (c) Ovary bicarpellary superior
(c) deciduous forest (d) alpine vegetation (d) Placentation marginal
27. Which pair is not matched correctly? (e) Head type inflorescence
(a) Transgenic sheep - “ANDI” carrying human (a) a, b only (b) c and e only
gene for blood clotting factor IX (c) e only (d) c and d only
(b) Transgenic salmon - First transgenic animal 35. If you view a cell in which the genetic material
for food production is beginning to be visible as separate bodies and
(c) Transgenic chicken - Resistant to avian leuko the nucleoli have disappeared from the view
sis virus (particularly noticeable in plant cells) you may
(d) Transgenic pigs - Serve as bioreactors conclude that the cell is in
28. Stomata of a plant opens due to (a) Telophase (b) Anaphase
(a) Influx of hydrogen ions (c) Metaphase (d) Interphase
(b) Influx of calcium ions 36. Energy transfer from one trophic level to other in
(c) Influx of potassium ions a food chain is
(d) Efflux of potassium ions (a) 10% (b) 20% (c) 1% (d) 2%
29. Mineral absorption occurs 37. Assertion: DNA polymerase I acts as proof
(a) If soil is hypotonic reader.
(b) if soil is hypertonic Reason: DNA polymerase I removes mismatched
(c) independent of water potential nucleotides
(d) independent of water absorption (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
30. Assertion: The apical bud is the only source of Reason is the correct explanation for
auxins. Assertion.
Reason: Removal of apical bud promotes lateral (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
bud growth. Reason is not the correct explanation for
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Assertion.
Reason is the correct explanation for (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
Assertion. (d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but 38. Which statement is incorrect?
Reason is not the correct explanation for (a) T-DNA is present in Ti plasmid.
Assertion. (b) Retroviruses convert common cells to
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false. cancerous cells,
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true. (c) pBR 322 is a natural plasmid-
31. The most advanced order in gymnosperms (d) Agrobacterium tumifaciens is a natural
genetic engineer
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Biology Times May 18
39. Chlorenchyma is known to develop in (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
(a) Pollen tube of Pinus Reason is not the correct explanation for
(b) Cytoplasm of Chlorella Assertion.
(c) Mycelium of a green mould such as (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
Aspergillus (d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
(d) Spore capsule of a moss 43. Transgenic animals developed for study of
40.Trichoderma harzianum has proved a useful normal physiology & development contain a
microorganism for foreign gene that
(a) Bioremediation of contaminated soil (a) alters the formation of a particular factor
(b) Gene transfer in higher plants helping in getting information of role of this
(c) Biological control of soil borne plant factor
pathogens (b) hastens the formation of a particular factor
(d) Reclamation of wastelands (c) itself produces a particular factor in a healthy
41. Plants are removed from the patient’s room at organism
night because (d) produces all of these
(a) They release more CO2 at night 44. The amount of water held by soil after drainage is
(b) They produce CO2 all the time but release O2 known as
also during the day time (a) Mineral water (b) Soil water
(c) They do not consume O2 during night (c) Field capacity (d) Gravitational capacity
(d) They do not photosynthesise at night, 45. Assertion: Translocations may not involve a loss
therefore fail to liberate O2 in the room and or an addition of chromosome.
hence their presence will increase CO2 Reason: During translocation a part of a
concentration chromosome becomes detached and joins a part
42. Assertion: On planet earth, life exists not just in of a nonhomologous chromosome.
a few favourable habitats but even in extreme (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
harsh habitat such as scorching Rajasthan desert, Reason is the correct explanation for
perpetually rain soaked Meghalaya forest, deep Assertion.
ocean trenches, torrential streams, permafrost (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but
polar region, high mountain tops, boiling thermal Reason is not the correct explanation for
springs and stinking compost pits etc. Assertion.
Reason: Even our intestine is a unique habitat for (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
hundreds of species of microbes (d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion.
Biology Times May 18
ZOOLOGY
44
Biology Times May 18
(d) Incisors of rat, gizzard of cockroach and tube 6. Fertilisation is external & development is direct
feet of starfish (a) 2 & 6 (b) 3 & 5
8. The terga, sterna and pleura of cockroach body (c) 2 & 5 (d) 5 & 6
are joined by 15. Assertion: Deep part of dermis is composed of
(a) Muscular tissue (b) Arthrodial membrane rather loose connective tissue and is infiltrated
(c) Cartilage (d) Cementing glue with fats
9. Starvation leads to decrease in size of Reason: It lacks adipocytes
(a) Herdmania (b) Balanoglossus (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct
(c) Saccoglossus (d) Branchiostoma and Reason is the correct explanation for
10. Group where adults are degenerated while larvae Assertion.
are well developed (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct,
(a) Amphibia (b) Agnatha but Reason is not the correct explanation for
(c) Tunicata (d) Cephalochordate Assertion.
11. Of the following possibilities the best way to (c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
estimate an organisms evolutionary fitness is to (d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true
measure 16. System of rotating crops with legume or grass
(a) number of eggs it produces pasture to improve soil structure and fertility is
(b) size of its offsprings called
(c) number of eggs it produces over its lifetime (a) strip farming (b) shifting agriculture
(d) number of offsprings it produces over its (c) ley farming (d) contour farming
lifetime that survive to breed 17. On the basis of phylogenetic ‘tree’ of animal life,
12. Which of the following statement/s is/are not which of the following is assumed to be more
true? primitive than lizards but more complex than
(A) Connective tissues are most abundant and sharks?
widely distributed in the body of complex (a) Salamander (b) Amphioxus
organism. (c) Cray fish (d) Petromyzon
(B) The function of connective tissue is linking 18. It causes glycogenesis
and supporting other tissues / organs of the (a) Glucogen (b) Insulin
body. (c) Melatonin (d) Somatostatin
(C) Areolar tissue often serves as a support 19. Hyperosmotic urine secretion depends upon
framework for epithelium. (a) Width of Bowman’s capsule
(D) Blood is an example of loose connective (b) Length of loop of Henle
tissue where cells and fibres are loosely (c) Length of proximal convoluted tubules
arranged. (d) Length of distal convoluted tubules
(a) A, B and C (b) B and D 20. Which of these accelerates the neurogenic heart
(c) A and D (d) Only D beat?
13. The cervical vertebrae in human is (a) Adrenaline (b) Acetylcholine
(a) same as in whale (c) Norepinephrine (d) All of these
(b) more than that in rabbit 21. Chronic bronchitis is caused by the use of
(c) double than that of horse (a) Alcohol (b) Tobacco
(d) less than that of giraffe (c) Opium (d) Contaminated food
14. Which is not a character of phylum porifera? 22.An element playing important role in nitrogen
1. Generally marine & mostly asymmetrical fixation is
2. Water in canal system moves from osculum (a) Zinc (b) Copper
spongocoel ostia (c) Manganese (d) Molybdenum
3. Water transport helps to gather food, 23. It is steroid hormone of thyroid
respiratory exchange & removal of waste (a) T3 (b) TCT
4. Digestion is intracellular (c) T4 (d) None of the given
5. Sexes are not separate i.e, eggs & sperms are 24. Select the correct statement regarding the specific
produced by same individual disorder of muscular or skeletal system
45
Biology Times May 18
(a) Muscular dystrophy – Age related shortening 28. What do you mean by induced abortion?
of muscles (a) Voluntary termination of pregnancy after
(b) Osteoporosis – Decrease in bone mass and foetus become viable
higher chances of fractures with advancing (b) Voluntary termination of pregnancy before
age foetus become viable
(c) Myasthenia gravis – Autoimmune disorder (c) Foetus removed at incomplete gestation
which inhibits sliding of myosin filaments method
(d) Gout – Inflammation of joints due to extra (d) Accidentally foetus is lost
deposition of calcium 29. Transplantation of tissues/organs fails often due
25.Which of the following options shows correct to non-acceptance by the patient’s body. Which
order of some stages of muscle contraction from type of immune-response is responsible for such
the beginning to the end of the process? rejections?
(a) Stimuli Neurotransmitter secretion (a) Cell - mediated immune response
cross bridges formation Excitation of (b) Hormonal immune response
T-system Sliding of actin filaments (c) Physiological immune response
(b) Stimuli Excitation of T-system (d) Autoimmune response
Neurotransmitter secretion cross 30. The haemoglobin content per 100 ml of blood of
bridges formation Sliding of actin a normal healthy human adult is
filaments ‘H’ band diminishes (a) 5-11 mg (b) 25-30 mg
(c) Stimuli Neurotransmitter secretion (c) 17-20 mg (d) 12-16 mg
Excitation of T-system Release of 31. The tympanic cavity communicates with the
Ca2+ cross bridges formation Sliding pharynx by a pair of
of actin filaments ‘H’ band diminishes (a) Bartholin’s ducts (b) Internal nares
(d) Stimuli Neurotransmitter secretion (c) Eustachian tubes (d) None of these
Release of Ca2+ cross bridges formation 32. Why in ART procedures sometimes involve the
Excitation of T-system Sliding of use of donor eggs or donor sperms?
actin filaments (a) A woman cannot produce ovum
26. Assertion: Aerobic respiration is bioenergetically (b) When the woman or man has genetic disease
more efficient than anaerobic respiration. (c) Problem in coitus
Reason:Aerobic respiration takes place in (d) Both (a) and (b)
mitochondria whereas anaerobic respiration takes 33.Myelin sheath is produced by:
place in cytoplasm. (a) Astrocytes and Schwann cells
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct (b) Oligodendrocytes and Osteoclasts
and Reason is the correct explanation for (c) Osteoclasts and Astrocytes
Assertion. (d) Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, 34. Identify the glands marked A-F.
but Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true
27. In peritoneal dialysis
(a) Blood is removed from the body and a natural
filter is employed
(b) Blood is not removed from the body and
natural filter is employed
(c) Blood is not removed from the body and an
artificial filter
(d) Blood is removed from the body and an
artificial filter is employed
46
Biology Times May 18
47
Biology Times May 18
BOTANY
1. F1 hybrid is intermediate between the two parents. (a) B, C and E (b) B, C and D
The phenomenon is (c) B and C only (d) C and E only
(a) Dominance (b) Codominance 6. Which of the following is not a component
(c) Incomplete dominance of downstream processing?
(d) Blending inheritance (a) Separation (b) Preservation
2. Pappus occurs in compositae for (c) Purification (d) Expression
(a) Air pollination (b) Air dispersal 7. Sieve tubes are best suited for translocation
(c) insect pollination (d) Animal dispersal because they :
3. Which one of the following is a convoluted (a) Posses no end wall
membranous structure formed in a prokaryotic (b) Are broader than longer
cell? (c) Posses a broad lumen and perforated wall end
(a) Mesosome (b) Glycosome (d) Posses bordered pits
(c) Lysosome (d) Peroxisomes 8. Insecticides usually act upon
4. Which of the following statements regarding food (a) Digestive system (b) Nervous system
chain is false? (c) Muscular system (d) Circulatory system
(a) Primary consumers belong to the first trophic 9. _______ are placed one above the other to form
level stack of coins
(b) The detritus food chain begins with dead (a) Oxysomes (b) F1 particles
organic matter. (c) Cristae (d) Thylakoids
(c) In terrestrial ecosystems, a large fraction of 10. Insectivorous plants are best adapted to
energy flows through detritus food chain. (a) water rich soil
(d) In an aquatic ecosystem, grazing food chain (b) water deficient soil
is the major conduit for energy flow. (c) trace mineral deficient soil
5. Read the following statements and find out the (d) nitrogenous deficient soils
incorrect statement. 11. Mark the incorrect statement regarding an event
A. The length of DNA is usually defined as in the application of biotechnology.
number of nucleotides or base pairs present (a) Introduction of human α -lactalbumin gene is
in it. a cow named Rosie in 1997.
B. In DNA, every nucleotide residue has an (b) Production of humulin by Eli Lilly, an
addition of al-OH group present at 2′ position American firm in 1983.
in the deoxyribose. (c) Clinical therapy given to treat adenosine
C. Nuclein was discovered and named by deaminase deficiency to a 4-year old girl in
Meischer in 1969. 1997.
D. Adenine pair with Thymine and Guanine (d) In 2001, a Canadian firm transferred spider
with Cytosine through H-bonds. This makes silk gene in lactating goats so as to obtain silk
one strand complementary to the other. from milk.
E. The position of double helical model of DNA 12. Water in plants are transported by or ascent of sap
was also based on the observation of Erwin takes place through
Charagaff. (a) Cambium (b) Xylem
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Biology Times April 18
27.Sol: When someone drinks lots of water, kidney eating plants and drinking water.
release of ADH is suppressed. • All are present in rocks and are released by
29.Sol: Ringworm in humans is called by fungi. erosion and weathering into soils, rivers, lakes
30.Sol: Amphibians have a three-chambered heart. and oceans.
The three-chambered heart consists of two atria • Some such as N, O, and C are also present in the
and one ventricle. Both atria empty into the single atmosphere.
ventricle, mixing the oxygen-rich blood returning • The movement of the nutrient element through
from the lungs with the oxygen-depleted blood the biosphere is called the biogeochemical cycle.
from the body tissues. Thus, both Assertion and Eg, Carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus,
Reason are false. oxygen and water cycles.
33.Sol: The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease 39.Sol: Peyer’s patches are small masses of lymphatic
(AD) has been linked to a deficiency in the brain tissue found throughout the ileum region of the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine. small intestine.
34.Sol: Posterior pituitary secretes vasopressin which 40.Sol:
stimulates resorption of water in the distal tubules • Proteins are biological molecules that come in a
in the nephron. wide variety of forms.
36.Sol: • They play a lot of different important roles in
• Blood drained from a convenient artery is our bodies from being a structural part of cells
pumped into a dialyzing unit after adding an (like the protein keratin in our hairs and nails)
anticoagulant like heparin. to messengers (in the form of hormones) in our
• The unit contains a coiled cellophane tube body.
surrounded by a fluid (dialyzing fluid) having • Enzymes are just one of the many functions of a
the same composition as that of plasma except protein.
the nitrogenous wastes. • They help speed up life processes so our bodies
• The porous cellophane membrane of the tube can immediately receive their needs without
allows the passage of molecules based on disrupting other bodily chemical processes.
concentration gradient. 41.Sol: Micronutrients are needed only in minuscule
• As nitrogenous wastes are absent in the dialyzing amounts, these substances enable the body to
fluid, these substances freely move out, thereby produce enzymes, hormones and other substances
clearing the blood. essential for proper growth and development.
• The cleared blood is pumped back to the body As tiny as the amounts are, however, the
through a vein after adding anti-heparin to it. consequences of their absence are severe.
37.Sol: Glycogenolysis, process by which glycogen, 43.Sol: The human sense of smell is commonly
the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and believed to be relatively poor compared to that of
muscle cells of animals, is broken down into other mammals, including great apes. Olfactory
glucose to provide immediate energy and to receptors are limited to only small areas of the
maintain blood glucose levels during fasting. nasal chambers. Both Assertion and Reason
38.Sol: are true and Reason is correct explanation of
• Living organisms requires 6 elements in Assertion.
relatively large amounts. C, H, O, N, P, S. These 44.Sol:All single celled eukaryotes are placed under
elements contribute to the structural organization Protista. Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Slime
of living organisms. moulds, Euglenoids, come under Protista. Being
• Phosphorus is important constituent of nucleic eukaryotes, protistian cell body contains a well
acids, sulphur and nitrogen constituent of amino defined nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
acids. 45.Sol: Lederbergs replica plating experiment
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen are frame work suggest that natural selection plays an important
element. Nitrogen forms DNA base pairs. role in fixing mutation of survival rate. Lederberg
• Smaller quantities of the elements required are gave an evidence that drug penicillin and
Na, K, Mn, Ca, Fe, Mg, CI, Mg, CI, I, Co, Bo. streptomycin permitted pre-existing mutations to
• Plants obtained their supplies of material from express themselves.
air, water, and soil. Animals obtained these by
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Biology Times April 18
16.Sol: A plant cell that had its cell wall completely 31.Sol:The sympathetic nervous system
or partially removed using either mechanical or involves the composition of saliva secreted
enzymatic means. rather than the volume of saliva secreted.
17.Sol: Ramapithecus occurred during late Miocene 33.Sol: The human sense of smell is commonly
and early Pliocene. They were found in the believed to be relatively poor compared to that of
Shivalik hills in India. They were having man like other mammals, including great apes. Olfactory
characters. receptors are limited to only small areas of the nasal
18.Sol: Follicle stimulating hormone or FSH is chambers. Both Assertion and Reason are true
secreted by the pituitary gland. and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
19.Sol: Structure of urea cycle components showed 34.Sol: ANF is a vasodilator and does not work in
by Fischer projections, left, and polygonal condition of low blood pressure.
model, right. The compounds correspond, in the 36.Sol: Kidneys play an important role in maintaining
order, carbamoyl phosphate (CbP), citrulline the concentration and osmotic pressure of the
(Cit), aspartate (Asp), argininosuccinate (ArgS), blood. When water intake of an animal is high,
fumarate (Fum), arginine (Arg), urea, and the urine excreted has to be hypotonic and lower
ornithine (Orn) in osmotic pressure than their blood in order to
20.Sol:SA node →AV node →Bundle of His remove the excess of water. On the contrary when
→Purkinje fibres there is a shortage of water, the urine excreted
21.Sol: Nicotene is a stimulant and a highly poisonous needs to be hypertonic and higher in osmotic
substance. pressure than their blood to reduce the loss of
Nicotine normally affects all parts of human body water with urine
but the body system like respiratory, circulatory 39.Sol: The enzyme carboxypeptidase A is secreted
and nervous are the worst hit. by the pancreas and is used to speed up this
22.Sol: In the absence of the enzyme, only 200 hydrolysis reaction.
molecules of H2CO3 are formed in an hour. In 41.Sol: Gastrin controls the secretion of gastric juice.
presence of carbonic anhydrase about 6,00,000 42.Sol: Sickle-cell anaemia ( in which RBCs become
molecules are formed per second. sickle-shaped and stiff) is a genetic disorder that
23.Sol:The zona fasciculata chiefly produces is autosomal and linked to a recessive allele. It has
glucocorticoids which regulates the metabolism not been eliminated from the African population
of glucose mostly during stress. because it provides immunity against malaria.
24.Sol: In a gliding joint, the bones that are People who are heterozygous for sickle cell
articulating can slide upon one another. allele are much less susceptible for falciparum
25.Sol: Red muscle fibres have more mitochondria malaria which is one of the main causes of illness
& sarcoplasm but lesser sarcoplasmic reticulum. and death in them. Thus, sickle cell allele is
High amount of myoglobin provides them red maintained at high levels in populations where
colour and aerobic nature. falciparum malaria is common.
26.Sol: Vital capacity (VC): This is the maximum 43.Sol: Pupil of eye: Sympathetic NS- Dilates;
amount of air that can be expired forcefully from Parasympathetic NS- Constricts
lungs after first filling these with a maximum 45.Sol:Darwin’s theory cannot explain the inheritance
deep inspiration. It is about 4600 ml. of variations from parents to offsprings through
VC = IRV + TV + ERV the genes. Darwin didn’t have any idea regarding
= 3000+500+1100 = 4600 ml. the genes nor genetics. It was gregor mendel who
30.Sol: Capillaries are the smallest of a body’s blood discovered the basic principles of heredity.
vessels and lymph vessels that make up the
microcirculation.
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Biology Times April 18
is caused due to imbalance of hormones like 37.Sol: CIF is secreted by gastric glands.
calcitonin, parathormone and deficiencies of 39.Sol: Out of 22 amino acids commonly occurring
calcium and vitamin D. in foods, 8 are essential for adults - isoleucine,
25.Sol: The contraction of skeletal muscle leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,
includes biochemical and ultrastructural threonine, tryptophan and valine and two more
events. Ultrastructural events leads with stimuli histidine and arginine are also essential for
excitation of T-system followed by cross bridge children and infants.
formation and the cross bridge breakage. 40.Sol: The reason that sucrose is a non-reducing
Biochemical events explain that stimuli leads to sugar is that it has no free aldehyde or keto group.
neurotransmitter secretion, excitation of T-system Additionally, its anomeric carbon is not free and
and release of Ca2+. can’t easily open up its structure to react with
26.Sol:Aerobic respiration is characteristic of other molecules.
eukaryotic cells when they have sufficient oxygen 41.Sol: The dental pulp is the part in the center of
and most of it takes place in the mitochondria. a tooth made up of living connective tissue and
Anaerobic respiration (both glycolysis and cells called odontoblasts.
fermentation) takes place in the fluid portion of 42.Sol:
the cytoplasm whereas the bulk of the energy • Amanita muscaria is noted for its hallucinogenic
yield of aerobic respiration takes place in the properties, with its main psychoactive constituent
mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration leaves a lot being the compound muscimol.
of energy in the ethanol or lactate molecules that • The mushroom was used as an intoxicant and
the cell cannot use and must excrete. entheogen by the peoples of Siberia, and has a
30.Sol: Percentage of Haemoglobin in Human Body: religious significance in these cultures.
Men: 13.5 to 16.5 g/dl, Women: 12.1 to 15.1 g/dl
and Children: 11 to 16 g/dl.
31.Sol: The auditory tube or Eustachian tube is
the channel through which the tympanic cavity
communicates with the nasal part of the pharynx.
33.Sol: Myelin is made by two different types of
support cells. In the central nervous system
(CNS) i.e., the brain and spinal cord cells
called oligodendrocytes wrap their branch-like
extensions around axons to create a myelin
sheath. In the nerves outside of the spinal cord,
Schwann cells produce myelin.
35.Sol: This medication is used to treat various
cancers (e.g., leukemia, melanoma, AIDS-related 43.Sol: Supra optic nucleus in the anterior part of
Kaposi’s sarcoma). It is also used to treat virus hypothalamus is responsible for physiological
infections (e.g., chronic hepatitis B, chronic sweat secretion.
hepatitis C, condylomataacuminata). 44.Sol: Fungi are heterotrophic, non-photosynthetic,
This medication is the same as a protein that your achlorophyllous, non-vascular, spore producing,
body naturally produces (interferon). eukaryotic organisms which often contain chitin
in their cell walls.
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34.Sol: Not chlamydeous; having neither calyx nor 40.Sol: Mycorrhiza helps in Absorption of water,
corolla. Absorption of minerals and Protection from soil
35.Sol: The exchange of genetic material between borne pathogens.
two homologous chromosomes in pachytene is 41.Sol: Maximum solar energy is trapped by growing
called crossing over. grasses as grass have the larger surface area for
36.Sol: Forest Ecosystem is always represented absorption.
upright in the pyramid because higher trophic 42.Sol: Arctic tern travels for about 19,000kms
level comprising the tertiary consumers is annually, from arctic breeding grounds to
generally smaller than that of lower trophic level. antarctica
37.Sol: Accordingly, mutation B will cause sickle 44.Sol: The Pressure Flow Hypothesis/the Mass
cell anemia. SCD is usually caused by a point Flow Hypothesis, is the best supported theory to
mutation in the a-globin chain of hemoglobin, explain the movement of sap through the phloem.
that causes the hydrophilic amino acid glutamic It was proposed by Ernst Munch, a German plant
acid to be replaced with the hydrophobic amino physiologist in 1930.
acid valine at the sixth position. 45.Sol: The Hh blood type has the H antigen,
38.Sol: The convention of naming restriction that is basically found in all RBC’s and also is
enzymes is the first letter comes from the genus, the elementary unit for the production of the
second two letters come from the species of antigens inside the ABO blood group. The lack
prokaryotic cell from which it is isolated. of production of H substance shows mutation
Ex: Eco RI, R is derived from name of the strain. in a distinct gene from the IA , IB, IO allelic
Roman numbers following the names indicate the sequence. The H antigen deficiency is known
order in which enzymes were isolated from the as the “Bombay phenotype”. The Bombay
strain of bacteria. phenotype is misled as Type O due to the absence
of either A or B antigens connected with a failure
to check the H antigen presence.
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Biology Times April 18
8.Sol: In sewage treatment plant major part of sludge is transferred to sheep and made to express in a
is pumped into large tanks called Anaerobic mammalian tissue. ANDI is a transgenic monkey
sludge digesters. with DNA of a fluorescent jelly fish.
9.Sol: Photosynthetically Active Radiation is the 28.Sol: During day time there will be accumulation
amount of light available for photosynthesis, 400 of K+ ions in the guard cells which leads to
to 700 nanometer wavelength range is PAR. PAR migration of water molecules from subsidiary
changes seasonally and varies depending on the cells to guard cells. This increases turgidity of
latitude and time of day. guard cells and thus stomata become open.
10.Sol: Sciophytes are called shade loving plants. 30.Sol: The apical bud is not the only source of
These plants have more photosynthetic units than auxins. Young developing leaves also produce
sun plants. auxins and it has been shown that auxins from
11.Sol: Patents granted for biological entities and for this source may inhibit lateral bud growth. When
products derived from it is called a Biopatent. the apical bud is removed, the lateral buds sprout.
12.Sol: Transpiration, i.e. the loss of water by aerial However, if a paste of auxin is painted on the
parts of the plants, pulls water upwards from the cut end of the decapitated shoot, the lateral buds
xylem components. Root pressure causes water to remain inhibited, as if the apical bud is removed.
rise in plants by pushing it upwards through the 31.Sol: The most advanced order in gymnosperms is
xylem vessels. Gnetales show some of angiospermic characters.
14.Sol: During water stress, rise in ABA levels 32.Sol: Double fertilization is fusion of one male
initially causes stomatal closure. gamete with egg cell and another fusion of diploid
15.Sol: The predominant stages of lifecycle of moss secondary nucleus with male gamete. Totally 4
are gametophyte, which consists of two stages cells and 5 nuclei takes place in this process.
they are protonema and leafy stage. 33.Sol: The strength of linkage is decided by the
17.Sol:The white eye mutation in Drosophila, is distance between two genes.The greater the
responsible for depigmentation of body parts distance, the lower would be the linked strength.
allowing a pleiotropic effect. So, the crossing over would be rather more
19.Sol: Endoplasmic reticulum functions as constant, if the distance between the two genes
cytoskeleton or intracellular and ultrastructural is more than where the distance between genes
skeletal framework by providing mechanical is less.
support to colloidal cytoplasmic matrix. The 34.Sol: The pistil consists of two connate carpels.
endoplasmic reticulum may act as a circulatory The style has two lobes. Stigmatic tissue may be
system for intracellular circulation of various located in the interior surface or form two lateral
substances. Membrane flow may also be an lines. The ovary is inferior and has only one
important mechanism for carrying particles, ovule, with basal placentation.
molecules and ions into and out of the cells. 35.Sol: Metaphase is the third phase of mitosis, the
22.Sol: A probe is a 15–30 long radioactive or non- process that seperates duplicated genetic material
radioactive segment of DNA or RNA which is carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two
used in hybridisation with the DNA segment. identical daughter cells. During metaphase,
23.Sol: Heart wood will not conduct water and the cells chromosomes align themselves in the
minerals because heartwood is physiologically middle of the cell through a type of cellular
inactive due to deposition of organic compounds “Tug of war”. The chromosomes which have
and tyloses formation. been replicated and remain joined at a central at
24.Sol: The value of BOD of sewage water is more a central point called the centromere, are called
compared to normal water. sister chromatids.
25.Sol: During reduction process, ATP and NADPH 37.Sol: DNA polymerase I can remove thymine
are used to convert the six molecules of dimers produced due to UV radiation and fill the
3-PGA into six molecules of a chemical called gap due to excision. The newly formed segment
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. is sealed by DNA ligase
27.Sol: Transgenic sheep is produced, human genes 38.Sol: Ti plasmid means Tumor Inducing Plasmid.
for blood clotting factor IX and α-1-antitrypsin Ti plasmid contains RNA. The Ti plasmid has 196
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Biology Times April 18
genes and it will code for 195 proteins. and thereby favours growth of crops.
39.Sol: The apophysis of moss capsule contains 41.Sol: During night, photorespiration will be
chloroplast bearing parenchymatous cells, called occurring in plants, hence releases CO2 during
as chlorenchyma. Due to the presence of night.
chloroplasts, chlorenchyma cells have the ability 45.Sol: At times a part of chromosome detaches and
to prepare food by the process of photosynthesis. joins to a part of a non-homologous chromosome,
40.Sol: Some common fungal inhabitants of soil help accordingly results in translocation. Exchanges
to combat disease caused by soil borne fungi. can take place between non-homologous parts of
Trichoderma lignorum, Trichoderma harizianum the same chromosome pair, in heteromorphic sex
and Gliocladium fimbriatum are found in damp chromosomes. Translocations does not involve a
soil. They have inhibitory effect on the growth loss or an addition of chromosome yet usually it
of mycelium of pythium. They serve to suppress is associated with deficiencies and duplications,
fungi causing damping off disease of the seedlings as well as unbalanced blend of genetic units.
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Biology Times April 18
trapping insects to overcome nitrogen deficiency. 24.Sol: Biogas or gobar gas is a methane rich
11.Sol: First clinical gene therapy was given to a 4 fuel (gas) produced by anaerobic breakdown
year girl who had ADA deficiency (Adenosine or digestion of biomass with the help of
deaminase deficiency). Enzyme ADA is essential methanogenic bacteria. It is made up of methane
for the functioning of immune system. Gene (50-70%), carbon dioxide (30-40%) with traces
therapy was given in the year 1990 of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen.
14.Sol: Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone, so its 25.Sol: All of these plants are C4 plants, the
production is detected by gas chromatography. characteristic of C4 plants is kranz anatomy of
15.Sol: The antheridia are sessile and reduced, leaf which has dimorphic chloroplast.
embedded or projected and produce motile sperms 26.Sol: The reproductive capacity is the ability of the
(Biflagellated in selaginella and multiflagellated organisms to give birth into younger ones.
in ferns). 27.Sol: Genetic code is the set of nucleotides in
17.Sol: In complete linkage, the genes located on the the polynucleotide chain which determines
same chromosome are not separated rather they the sequence of amino acids. Genetic code is
are inherited through two or more generations universal. Each code for the same amino acid in
due to the absence of crossing over. This kind all the organism.
of linkage allows the combination of parental 28.Sol: Sieve tube elements have pores called sieve
traits to be inherited by itself. For example, the plate through which the food molecules are
genes for bent wings and shred bristle of the IV transported in the plant body.
chromosome of Drosophila displays complete 30.Sol: Plants which require long day photoperiod for
linkage. flowering and a small dark period for vegetation
19.Sol: According to the fluid mosaic model, of cell are known as long day plants e.g, spinach.
membrane structure proposed by Singer and 31.Sol: In the diagram A-Volvox, B- Chlamydomonas,
Nicolson (1972). Plasma membrane contains C- Chara, D- Nostoc.
about 50-60% proteins and 50-40% lipids. Lipids 32.Sol: Parthenocarpy is a production of fruits
form bilayer with hydrophilic heads pointing without fertilization. Fruits resembles normal
outwards. Cell membrane allows transport of fruits but are seedless.
some molecules by passive transport e.g., water, 35.Sol: Interkinesis is a period between meiosis I and
neutral solutes while some are transported meiosis II.
actively e.g. Na+ and K+ pump. 36.Sol: The series of organisms eating and being eaten
21.Sol: Two DNA polymerase molecules work by others is called the food chain. The number
simultaneous at the DNA fork, one on the leading of trophic levels in the food chain is restricted to
strand and the other on the lagging strand. 3–5 as there is loss of energy during the transfer
Each Okazaki fragment is synthesized by DNA from one trophic level to another. The food chain
polymerase at lagging strand in 5’ →3’ direction. helps in the maintenance of ecological balance.
New Okazaki fragments appear as the replication If carnivores are removed from any ecosystem,
fork opens further. As the first Okazaki fragment it will result in an increase in the population of
appears away from the replication fork, the herbivores .
direction of elongation would be away from 38.Sol: Ti plasmid means Tumor Inducing Plasmid.
replication fork. Ti plasmid contains RNA . The Ti plasmid has
22.Sol: YAC – upto 1Mb long DNA fragments, BAC 196 genes and it will code for 195 proteins.
–upto 300-350Kb long DNA fragments , Cosmid- 39.Sol: Dicot stem has Eustele where vascular
upto 45Kb long DNA fragments, Phage –upto bundles are arranged in radial manner. Vascular
23Kb long DNA fragments and Plasmid generally bundles can be described as collateral, conjoint
upto 15Kb long DNA fragments. and open type
23.Sol: Grass leaf anatomy shows uniform distribution 40.Sol: Mycorrhiza is a result of symbiosis between
of the cells where there is undifferentiated the roots of higher plants and fungi. In this
mesophyll. association, plants provides space and prepared
food material to fungi in exchange of this fungi
help in absorption of minerals and water to plants.
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Biology Times April 18
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Biology Times April 18
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